Translate into russian the following word combinations whined softly

Инфоурок

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Английский язык

›Тесты›Проверочная работа по английскому языку на понимание текста «Белый клык» Джека Лондона 11 класс.

Translate the following word combinations. Use the word combinations in your own sentences:

feel fine / well / ill / sick / bad

have got a sore throat (eye, finger) / a headache / a stomachache / a toothache / a backache / a runny nose / a cough / a cold / flu

Input
device, network configuration system, computer performance, bar code
scanner, storage media, hardware errors, text-oriented command
interpreter, command-oriented operating system, disk file,
application software, machine language object code, device driver,
hardware features, Hypertext Markup Language, desktop publishing
operator, on-line data processing.

2. Translate
into
English.

Компьютерные
технологии, производительность
компьютера, время доступа, скорость
передачи данных, устройство памяти,
система представления двоичных данных,
программная инструкция, ячейка памяти,
шаг программы, протокол передачи файлов,
емкость носителя, регистр памяти,
дисковод для гибких дисков, высокоуровневые
языки программирования, сервер локальной
сети, слот расширения памяти.

Reading

Operating System

1. Try to answer these
questions.

1. What is an operating
system?

2. How does it work?

3. Make a
list of the current operating systems. What are their advantages and
disadvantages?

Lexis

2.
Read and memorize the pronunciation of the following words.

Coordinate, manipulate,
command, allot, scheduler, perceptible, technique, oriented,
apparent, presumably, imprecise, accessible, resource, consequently,
distribute, consume, delay, recognize, suspend, virtual.

3.
Translate the following word-combinations into Russian.

Operating system, to
manipulate computer hardware, storage media, to manage hardware
errors, command interpreter, graphically oriented interpreters,
single-tasking (multitasking) operating systems, time-slice
multitasking, to run several processes simultaneously, to minimize
perceptible delay, to implement the technique, allotted time, to
recognize an individual’s handwriting, distributed system, to share
resources, to suspend a process.

4.
Translate
into
English.

Однозадачная
(многозадачная) операционная система,
выделенное время, реагировать на команды,
виртуальная память, текстовые командные
интерпретаторы, многочисленные
пользователи, приостанавливать процесс,
увеличивать производительность,
распознавать слова, управлять доступом
к файлам, программа обработки электронных
таблиц.

5.
Fill
in the blanks:

6.
Now read the text and check your answers to task 1.

Operating
system
(OS), in computer science, is the basic software that controls a
computer. The operating system is known to have three major
functions: it coordinates and manipulates computer hardware, such as
computer memory, printers, disks, keyboard, mouse, and monitor; it
organizes files on a variety of storage media, such as floppy disk,
hard drive, compact disc, digital video disc, and tape; and it
manages hardware errors and the loss of data.

How an OS works.

Operating systems control
different computer processes, such as running a spreadsheet program
or accessing information from the computer’s memory. One important
process is interpreting commands, enabling the user to communicate
with the computer. Some command interpreters are text oriented,
requiring commands to be typed in or to be selected via function keys
on a keyboard. Other command interpreters use graphics and let the
user communicate by pointing and clicking on an icon, an on-screen
picture that represents a specific command. Graphically oriented
interpreters are considered to be easier to use, but many experienced
computer users prefer text-oriented command interpreters.

Operating
systems are either single-tasking
or multitasking.
The more primitive single-tasking operating systems can run only one
process at a time. For instance, when the computer is printing a
document, it cannot start another process or respond to new commands
until the printing is completed.

All modern
operating systems are multitasking and can run several processes
simultaneously. In most computers, however, there is only one central
processing unit, so a multitasking OS creates the illusion of several
processes running simultaneously on the CPU. The most common
mechanism used to create this illusion is time-slice multitasking,
whereby each process is run individually for a fixed period of time.
If the process is not completed within the allotted time, it is
suspended and another process is run. This exchanging of processes is
called context
switching.
The OS performs the “bookkeeping” that preserves a suspended
process. It also has a mechanism, called a scheduler that determines
which process will be run next. The scheduler runs short processes
quickly to minimize perceptible delay. The processes appear to run
simultaneously because the user’s sense of time is much slower than
the processing speed of the computer.

Operating
systems can use a technique known as virtual
memory
to run processes that require more main memory than is actually
available. To implement this technique, space on the hard drive is
used to mimic the extra memory needed. Accessing the hard drive is
more time-consuming than accessing main memory, however, so
performance of the computer slows.

Current operating systems

Operating systems commonly
found on personal computers include UNIX, Macintosh OS, and Windows.
UNIX, developed in 1969 at AT&T Bell Laboratories, is a popular
operating system among academic computer users. Its popularity is due
in large part to the growth of the interconnected computer network
known as the Internet. Software for the Internet was initially
designed for computers that ran UNIX. Variations of UNIX include
SunOS (distributed by SUN Microsystems, Inc.), XENIX (distributed by
Microsoft Corporation), and Linux (available for download free of
charge and distributed commercially by companies such as Red Hat,
Inc.). UNIX and its clones support multitasking and multiple users.
Its file system provides a simple means of organizing disk files and
lets users control access to their files. The commands in UNIX are
not readily apparent, however, and mastering the system is difficult.
Consequently, although UNIX proves to be more reliable and is popular
for professionals, it is not the operating system of choice for the
general public. Instead, windowing systems with graphical interfaces,
such as Windows and the Macintosh OS, which make computer technology
more accessible, are widely used in personal computers (PCs).
However, graphical systems have the disadvantage of requiring more
hardware — such as faster CPUs, more memory, and higher-quality
monitors – than do command-oriented operating systems.

Future technologies

Operating systems continue to
evolve. A recently developed type of OS called a distributed
operating system is designed for a connected, but independent,
collection of computers that share resources such as hard drives. In
a distributed OS, a process can run on any computer in the network
(presumably a computer that is idle) to increase that process’s
performance. All basic OS functions – such as maintaining file
systems, ensuring reasonable behavior, and recovering data in the
event of a partial failure – become more complex in distributed
systems.

Research is also being
conducted that would replace the keyboard with a means of using voice
or handwriting for input. Currently these types of input are thought
to be imprecise because people pronounce and write words very
differently, making it difficult for a computer to recognize the same
input from different users. However, advances in this field have led
to systems that can recognize a small number of words spoken by a
variety of people. In addition, software has been developed that is
likely to recognize an individual’s handwriting.

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