Today the word electronics is in general usage перевод

Admin

Дата:
Среда, 23.09.2009, 08:38 | Сообщение # 8

Генералиссимус

Группа:
Администраторы

Сообщений:
266

Репутация:
100

Статус:
Offline

5А

Is
there an end to the computer race?

Today
the word «electronics» is the general usage. Millions of
people have electron watches. there are lot of various radio and
TV sets, video cassette recorders and CD players in our houses. in
factories and plants we are surrounded with electronically
controlled machines and instruments, we are carried by airplanes,
ships, trains and cars with built-in electronic devices, and
satellites circle the globe. in other words, we are living in an
electronic world.

And
the center of this world is a tiny silicon plate of a few square
millimeters, an integrated circuit, or a chip, as it is more
commonly known. the integrated circuit is undoubtedly one of the
most sophisticated inventions of man, science and technology. it
is in the heart of every electronic device and the more cassette
recorders, tv sets and computers we need, the more integrated
circuits are required.

When
we speak about a further development of computers we mean not only
quantity , but also high technology and high speed. as the
operation os an integrated circuit depends on microscopic
«components», the purity of all materials and the
cleanness at the plant they are produced at must be of the highest
quality. a continuous serch is going on in laboratories throughout
the world for more perfect, reliable and high speed electronic
circuits.

in
the past it took scientists and reserchers a whole lifetime to
make a few thousand calculations, whereas for a modern computer
this task is a matter of a few seconds. at present computers
capable of performing billions of operations a second are
required. supercomputers are different from ordinary computers.
the ordinary computer does the computations operation by
operation, while the supercomputer operates like a brain^ all
operations are being done simultaneously.

in
the next few years engineers will complete the work on computers
of above 2 billion operations a second. it will take a few more
years to produce a 10-billion operationscomputer. the
fifth-generation computers perfoming 100 billion operations a
second will become available in the near future. is there an end
to this race?

according
to some researchers, we are close to what can be regarded as a
true physical limit. but other specialists think that photons will
make the operation a thousand times faster. this means that in the
future it will be possible to expect the appearance of photon
computers and that computations will be done by means of light.
light has several advantages over electronics^ light beams are
faster, travel in parallel lines and can pass through one another
without interference. already, the optical equivalent of a
transistor has been produced, and intensive research on
optical-electronic computers is being carried out in a number of
countries around the world. in a few decades a new age of light
may replace the stil youthful electronic age. the race is going
on.

Есть
ли конец компьютер гонки?

Сегодня
слово «Электроника» общего
пользования. Миллионы людей электронным
часам. Есть много различного радио и
телевизоров, видеомагнитофонов и
проигрывателей компакт-дисков в наших
домах. на фабриках и заводах мы окружены
с электронным управлением машины и
приборы, мы осуществляться на самолетах,
кораблях, поездах и автомобилях со
встроенными в электронные устройства,
а также спутники кругом земного шара.
Иными словами, мы живем в электронном
мире.

И
в центре этого мира является крошечной
пластине кремния в несколько квадратных
миллиметров, интегральные схемы, или
чип, так как она более широко известна.
интегральная схема, несомненно, один
из самых изощренных изобретений
человека, науки и техники. Именно в
сердце каждого электронного устройства
и более кассетные магнитофоны,
телевизоры и компьютеры нам нужны,
необходимы более интегральных схем.

Когда
мы говорим о дальнейшем развитии
вычислительной техники мы имеем в
виду не только количество, но и высокие
технологии и высокие скорости. как
функционирование ОС интегральной
схемы зависит от микроскопические
«компонентов», чистота всех
материалов и чистоты на заводе они
производятся на должно быть высшего
качества. непрерывная Serch, что происходит
в лабораториях по всему миру для более
совершенной, надежной и высокоскоростной
электронных схем.

В
прошлом это приняли ученые и reserchers
целая жизнь, чтобы сделать несколько
тысяч расчетах, тогда как для современных
компьютеров эта задача является делом
нескольких секунд. В настоящее время
компьютеры, способные выполнять
миллиарды операций необходимо секунду.
суперкомпьютеры отличаются от обычных
компьютерах. обычный компьютер делает
вычисления каждой операции, в то время
суперкомпьютер работает как мозг ^
все операции ведутся одновременно.

В
ближайшие несколько лет инженеры
будет завершена работа на компьютерах
более 2 миллиардов операций в секунду.
На это уйдет еще несколько лет для
производства 10 млрд. operationscomputer. пятого
поколения, компьютеры выполняющий
100 миллиардов операций в секунду станут
доступны в ближайшем будущем. Есть ли
конец этой гонке?

По
мнению некоторых исследователей, что
мы близки к тому, что можно рассматривать
как истинно физического предела. но
и другие специалисты считают, что
фотоны, будут делать операцию в тысячи
раз быстрее. Это означает, что в будущем
можно будет ожидать появления фотонных
компьютеров и расчеты, что будет
сделано с помощью света. свет имеет
несколько преимуществ по сравнению
с электроникой ^ лучи света быстрее,
путешествия в параллельные линии и
может проходить через друг друга без
помех. уже оптического эквивалента
транзистора был подготовлен, и
интенсивных исследований на
оптико-электронных вычислительных
машин осуществляется в ряде стран по
всему миру. Через несколько десятилетий
в новую эру света может заменить
электронную Стил молодого возраста.
Гонка продолжается.

……………………………………..

Admin

Дата:
Понедельник, 30.11.2009, 23:30 | Сообщение # 9

Генералиссимус

Группа:
Администраторы

Сообщений:
266

Репутация:
100

Статус:
Offline

LESSON
1
СЛОВА И СЛОВОСОЧЕТАНИЯ ДЛЯ
ЗАПОМИНАНИЯ
as conj — как; по мере тою
как, когда; так как, поскольку
as well
— так же
affect v — влиять, воздейст¬вовать
на
become v — становиться
consider v —
считать, рассматривать, учитывать

develop v — развивать, раз¬рабатывать;
преображать
development n — развитие,
разработка
enable v — давать возмож¬ность

ensure v — обеспечивать, гарантировать

especially adv — особенно

further а —
дальнейший
improve v — улучшать,
совер¬шенствовать
mean (meant) v — значить,
оз¬начать
means n — средство, способ

number n — число, количество
a number of
— ряд, несколько
prepare v — готовить,
подго¬тавливать
provide v — снабжать,
обеспе¬чивать
receive v — получать

remain v — оставаться
quality n — качество

thorough a — основательный, доскональный,
тщательный
usually adv — обычно

to
play a part — играть роль
to take into
consideration — принимать во внимание, в
расчет
at present — в настоящее время

Text 1A (страница 9)
Прочитайте и
переведите текст.
Higher Education in Russia

Higher education plays an important part in the life of any
country as it provides the country with highly-qualified
specialists for future development and progress. It trains people
to become teachers, engineers, doctors and other professional
workers.
In all the industrial countries standards of living
are steadily changing; this means that the kind of education,
which was good enough thirty years ago, is not necessarily good
for them today. The serious need to find ways and means of
ensuring continuous and thorough adoption of the universities to
contemporary needs in our rapidly changing world is widely
recognized. And this means that styles of teaching, quality of
learning materials1 and organization of the university itself have
to be continuously brought up to date2 and improved.
Besides,
knowledge and information which comes through the mass media must
also be taken into consideration. This informa¬tion explosion3
has affected every field of study, especially, of course, in the
natural and applied sciences and in all other sciences as well.
The increase of information requires new methods and new
approaches to students training and instruction4.
At present a
new system of education is introduced in this country — a
distance education system. This computer system of learning helps
working professionals to continue their education while remaining
at their jobs. This system enables people to get knowledge and a
good foundation in the sciences basic to his or her field of
study. Distance learning has developed over years5 from satellite
video courses to modern videoconferencing through per¬sonal
computers.
The academic year usually lasts 9 months and is
divided into two terms (semesters). The first- and second-year
students obtain thorough instructions in the fundamental sciences
of mathematics, physics, chemistry and drawing as well as computer
engineering and a number of others. The curricula are enriched and
broadened6 by instructions in such subjects as foreign languages,
history and economics.
At the third year students get more
advanced knowledge and begin to concentrate on their special
interests, so to say, their «ma¬jor» subject and lake many
courses in this subject. Specialized study and courses will help
students to become specialists and prepare them for their future
work.
After four years students will get a bachelor’s degree.
Then the students may go on with their studies and in a year or
two of further study and research get a master’s degree. After
graduating from the university they may go on with their study and
research and may get a still higher degree.
About 75 percent
of students receive state grants and 15 percent arc sponsored by
enterprises. Universities have their own students hostels and some
of them have large and excellent sport centers.
Education is a
process through which culture is preserved, knowledge and skills
are developed, values are formed, and infor¬mation is exchanged.

Education is the way to success.
Notes to the Text
1.
learning materials — учебный материал
2. to
bring up to date — довести до современных
требований
3. information explosion —
информационный взрыв
4. training and
instruction — подготовка и обучение
5.
over years — за многие годы
6. curricula are
enriched and broadened — программы (курсы
обучения) обогащаются и расширяются.

Text 1B (страница 18)
Прочитайте текст.
Расскажите об особенностях обучения
в Кембридж¬ском университете.
Cambridge

Cambridge is one of the two main universities of England which
is located at the Cam River. It was founded at the beginning of
the 12th century. The University consists of (состоит из)
24 different colleges including 4 colleges for women. Each college
is self-governing (самоуправляется).
The head
of the University is the chancellor who is elected for life. The
teachers are commonly called «dons» and «tutors». Part of the
teaching is by means of lectures organized by the University.
Besides lectures teaching is carried out by tutorial system for
which Cambridge University is famous all over the world. This is a
system of individual tuition (обучения) organized by the
colleges.
Each student has a tutor who practically guides him
through the whole course of studies. The tutor plans the student’s
work and once a week the student goes to his tutor to discuss his
work with him. The training course lasts 4 years. The academic
year is divided into 3 terms. The students study natural and
technical sciences, law, history, languages, geography and many
other subjects.
After three years of study a student may
proceed (получить ученую степень) to a
Bachelor’s degree, and later to the degrees of Master and Doctor.
Students are required to wear gowns (мантия) at lectures, in
the University library, in the street in the evening, for dinners
in the colleges and for official visits. All the students must pay
for their education, examinations, books, laboratories,
univer¬sity hostel, the use of libraries, etc. Very few students
get grants. Not many children from the working class families are
able to get higher education, as the cost is high. The cost of
education depends on the college and speciality.
A number of
great men, well-known scientists and writers stud¬ied at
Cambridge. Among them are: Erasmus, the great Dutch scholar,
Bacon, the philosopher, Milton and Byron, the poets, Cromwell, the
soldier, Newton and Darwin, the scientists.
Text 1С (страница
19)
Прочитайте текст. Расскажите об
особенностях системы высшего образования
в нашей стране и в США.
Higher Education in
the USA
There is no national system of higher education in the
United States. Higher education is given in colleges and
universities. There are over 2100 various higher educational
institutions, including colleges, technological institutes and
universities. The average col¬lege course of study is 4 years.
The academic year is usually 9 months or 2 terms (semesters) of
four and a half months each. Classes usually begin in September
and end in June. The first-year students are called freshmen.

Students choose a major subject (профилирующий
предмет, дисциплина) and take many courses in
this subject. After four years, they get a traditional Bachelor’s
degree. Then the students may go on to graduate school (старшие
курсы) and with a year or two of further study get a Master’s
degree.
After another year or two of study and research, they
may get a still higher degree as Doctor of Philosophy (Ph. D.).
The student’s progress is evaluated by means of tests, term works
and final exami¬nations in each course. The student’s work is
given a mark, usually on a five point scale (5-балльная
система). Letters indicate the level of achievement. «A»
is the highest mark. «F» denotes a failure.
Most American
colleges and universities charge for tuition. The methods of
instruction in (he universities are lectures, discussions,
laboratory and course works and seminars.
Most cities have
colleges or universities that hold classes at night as well as in
daytime. In this way people may work for a de¬gree or just take a
course in the subject that interests them.
Text 1D (страница
20)
Прочитайте письмо и напишите
ответ.
A Letter
Dear Sergei,
How are you? I have
received your letter of 10-th June for which 1 thank you very
much. I am sorry I haven’t written to you sooner, but I have had
many things to do. You know it was a very hard year for me. I
spent my time getting ready for my exams and I was doing well in
many subjects. After passing the exams I was enroled into the
University. The whole course of study is four years. My major
subject is mathematics. It is my favourite and my hobby. I am good
at it and do maths whenever I have a chance. I take many courses
in this subject. I like to take part in mathemati¬cal
competitions organized at our department and at the Univer¬sity.
I think that mathematics is «the language of science» and plays
an important part in many sciences. We are lucky to have a
brilliant lecturer in mathematics this term. He has a talent to
take a difficult subject and make it simple. You leave the lecture
hall with a feeling that mathematics is the most interesting
subject under the sun. Next term I’ll do research in the field of
computer engineering.
And how do you feel about maths? Please,
write to me, I am es¬pecially interested in your life in
students’ hostel.
Good-bye for the present, your friend Mike

……………………………………..

Admin

Дата:
Понедельник, 30.11.2009, 23:30 | Сообщение #
10

Генералиссимус

Группа:
Администраторы

Сообщений:
266

Репутация:
100

Статус:
Offline

LESSON
2
СЛОВА И СЛОВОСОЧЕТАНИЯ ДЛЯ
ЗАПОМИНАНИЯ
achieve v — достигать

advance n — продвижение вперед, успех,
прогресс
area n — область
bring about v —
вызывать
carry out v — проводить,
вы¬полнять
change v — менять(ся),
изме¬нять(ся); п — изменение, пе¬ремена

considerable a — значитель¬ный
deal with v
— иметь дело с
effort n — усилие
evident
а — очевидный
growth n — рост
however
adv — однако, тем не менее

increase v —
увеличиваться
level n — уровень
purpose
n — цель, назначение
reach v — достигать

realize v — понимать, отчетливо
представлять
remain v — оставаться

scale n — масштаб, размер
several а —
несколько
similar a — подобный, схожий

solve v — решать
still adv — все еще,
однако
success n — успех
therefore adv —
поэтому
way n — путь, дорога; способ

joint efforts — совместные усилия
take
measures — принимать меры
throughout the world
— по всему миру
Text 2A (страница 29)

Прочитайте текст и ответьте, какие
меры необходимы для успешного решения
проблемы защиты окружающей среды в
глобальном масштабе. Переведите

Environment Protection Must Be Global
That the problem of
pollution and ecology has become the most important one for
mankind is evident to all. The more civilization is developing,
the greater the ecological problems are becoming. Air and water
pollution by industry is now reaching tremendous proportions. In
our era it is changing from a national to an interna¬tional
problem, especially in territories where rivers cross several
countries. The seas and oceans are also becoming seriously
polluted. A similar situation is developing in the atmosphere. It
is known that many cities throughout the world suffer from air
pollution.
However, our scientific knowledge and technological
advance¬ment make it possible to eliminate it if people use good
will1 and make considerable investments for that purpose. The
develop¬ment of natural resources on a global scale is already
possible from a scientific and technical standpoint2. Large-scale
experimental work in this area is successfully being carried out.

At present scientists in industrially developed countries are
working on the theory of interaction of all the atmospheric and
oceanic global processes that determine the climate and weather of
the world. Increasing growth of population, industrialization and
the use of resources are slowly but surely changing the global
climate and water balance. This can be described as a great
experi¬ment, one that may bring about changes in the environment
more serious than ever before.
The essential feature in the
environment protection is that many problems can be solved only on
the level of world community3. Therefore, the planning of
protection against pollu¬tion by human society as a whole4 is
imperative today and in the near future. It is necessary to
develop an international program to study data on land, forest,
atmospheric and oceanic resources, both renewable and
non-renewable. It is the joint efforts of many scien¬tists and
special public organizations that can deal with the prob¬lem and
take necessary measures to protect the environment.
It is
still a big job and much remains to be done5. However, sci¬entists
are confident that planned actions of all countries can elimi¬nate
pollution and achieve successes in purifying air, water and soil
and in safeguarding natural resources. At the same time one must
realize that social and political circumstances may stand in the
way of further progress in this field.
Notes to the Text
1.
good will — добрая воля
2. standpoint — точка
зрения
3. community — сообщество
4. as a
whole — в целом
5. much remains to be done — еще
многое предстоит (оста¬ется) сделать

Text 2В (страница 37)
Прочитайте текст.
Укажите отрицательные стороны
научно-техническо¬го прогресса.
Приведите примеры экологической
ситуация в Вашем городе.
Pollution
The
British, like many other Europeans, are becoming more and more
worried (беспокоиться) about their environment. Here
are some of the environmental problems that they face.
As the
population of large cities like London, Birmingham and Manchester
continues to grow, pollution problems become worse.
The air in
many towns and cities is being polluted by traffic (транспорт,
движение) and industry. The number of cars and lor¬ries
is growing all the time. On the one hand, they bring mobility to
millions of people, but on the other hand, they need bigger,
better and more expensive roads, which often ruin the countryside
(сельская местность). Traffic in cities is
getting worse and worse. Water pollution has become a serious
problem in many British rivers. People living near airports suffer
from the noise of increas¬ingly larger and more powerful jet
airliners taking off and landing.
Text 2C (страница
37)
Прочитайте текст. Расскажите
по-английски о результатах исследова¬ния,
проведенного Всемирной организацией
здравоохранения.
Ecological Problems of Big
Cities
There are over 150 supercities in the world with
population from one to 15 million and more. Tokyo, New York,
London, Mexico City, Rio de Janeiro and Moscow are just a few of
the cities which have become supercities.
People in the
supercities suffer from polluted environment: bad water, bad air
and noise. A new term, urban (городской) climate, is used
now for such cities. It means high temperature, oppressive
atmosphere and intensive smog.
Some experts consider that it
is practically impossible to pro¬tect the big cities from
pollution. The World Health Organization (WHO) studied air
pollution around the world for over eight years. It measured two
things: the level of sulphur dioxide (S02) in the air and the
level of smoke. Sulphur dioxide and smoke pollute water and have
serious effect on forest, buildings and health of people. In the
WHO report it is shown that the cities with the most con¬siderable
level of C02 in the air are Milan, Teheran, Prague, Santi¬ago and
San Paulo. However, some cities with clean air get worse in
winter. Helsinki, for example, becomes one of the cities with the
largest proportion of it in the air in winter. This must be
connected with the heating of houses. One can also mention
(упоминать) Glasgow and Warsaw which suffer in the same
way.
Text 2D (страница 38)
Прочитайте
текст. Расскажите по-английски о
достопримечательностях современного
Лондона.
London, its History and Development
It is
known that the area around London was inhabited (населять)
by the Celts. Later the Romans founded a military camp there. The
camp developed into a port. The area of about 1 square mile where
the Romans built their fortifications corre¬sponds approximately
to today present City of London. London was the capital of one of
the Roman provinces of Britain. After the Romans left Britain,
London became less important and suffered greatly from the Danes
and Vikings. It was under Henry the First in the 12th century that
London finally became the capital of England. In the 16th century
London, with its 500,000 inhabit¬ants, was the largest city in
England. Under Queen Elizabeth the First in the 17th century
England dominated the oceans and be¬came the Empire. It is in the
Elizabethan Age that art, culture and literature flowered,
especially in London. Over the centuries Lon¬don became the
centre of a constantly growing empire. The em¬pire reached its
apex (вершина) under Queen Victoria. In¬dustrialization
and the expansion of international trade brought London power,
growth and cultural and economic development. In the First and
Second World Wars London was ruined consider¬ably.
Some 9
million people now live in London and its suburbs, and the city
covers an area of 620 square miles, making it one of the largest
of the world’s capitals. One reason for its size is that the
English people like to live in small houses and have small
gardens. As a result, less than 5,000 people live in the City of
London, while more than half a million come here to work in the
daytime. Today London is the capital of Great Britain and is also
the seat of the Royal Family, the Parliament, the major
administrative bodies and scientific institutions.
The Houses
of Parliament stand on the bank of the Thames at Westminster
Abbey. Actually it is one building but it is called «Houses» as
it consists of two chambers: the House of Lords and the House of
Commons. It was set up in the 13-th century. At one end of the
Houses of Parliament there is a tower with a large clock. The
largest bell, known as Big Ben, chimes in (отбивать часы)
the hour.
Westminster Abbey was a monastery built in the 8th
century. It is one of the best examples of the Early English
architecture. The kings and queens of England are buried there.
Many great states¬men, writers and poets are also buried there.

In the centre of London there is one of the most beautiful
squares — Trafalgar Square which was named so to commemorate (в
честь) Nelson’s victory in the battle of Trafalgar. There is
the monument in its centre known as Nelson’s Column.
In the
vicinity of Trafalgar Square is Whitehall which is now a Street of
government offices. Not far from Whitehall is Downing Street.
Number 10 Downing Street is the residence of the Prime Minister of
England. The Cabinet meets there. One must mention the British
Museum. It is one of the most extensive and valuable museums in
West Europe, It was founded in 1753. It also com¬prises the
National Library. There are other numerous museums and galleries
displaying interesting finds from all parts of the world and from
all stages in the development of nature, man and art. There are
also two large opera houses, the National Theatre and 50 other
theatres. Monuments of past greatness are every¬where in London.

……………………………………..

Admin

Дата:
Понедельник, 30.11.2009, 23:30 | Сообщение #
11

Генералиссимус

Группа:
Администраторы

Сообщений:
266

Репутация:
100

Статус:
Offline

LESSON
3
СЛОВА И СЛОВОСОЧЕТАНИЯ ДЛЯ
ЗАПОМИНАНИЯ
advantage n — преимущество

appearance п — появление
application n —
применение, заявление
completely adv —
полностью, целиком
consumption n —
потребление, расход
cover n — охватить,
охватывать,
design v — конструировать,
проектировать
device n — прибор,
устройство
double v — удваивать

efficient a — эффективный
generate v —
вырабатывать, производить
imagine v —
представлять себе, воображать
invent
v — изобретать

power n — энергия,
мощность
property n — свойство
recent a
— недавний, последний
reduce v —
уменьшать, сни¬жать
replace v — заменять

set up (set) v — воздвигать, сооружать

source n — источник
state n — положение,
состоя¬ние
such as — такой как
transform
v — преобразовы¬вать
turn v —
поворачиваться, об¬ратиться; превратить
(into)
wide a — широкий without prp — без
whole
a — весь, целый

in the case of — в случае

to be based on — основываться, быть
основанным на.
Text ЗА (страница 47)

Прочитайте текст, перечислите
наиболее важные изобретения в области
электротехники. Переведите.
Electricity

It is impossible to imagine our civilization without
electricity: economic and social progress will be turned to the
past and our daily lives completely transformed.
Electrical
power has become universal Thousands of applica¬tions of
electricity such as lighting, electrochemistry and
electro¬metallurgy are longstanding and unquestionable.
With
the appearance of the electrical motor, power cables re¬placed
transmission shafts, gear wheels, belts and pulleys1 in the 19-th
century workshops. And in the home a whole range of various time
and labour saving appliances2 have become a part of our ev¬eryday
lives.
Other devices are based on specific properties of
electricity: electrostatics in the case of photocopying machine
and electromagnetism in the case of radar and television. These
applications have most widely used.
The first industrial
application was in the silver workshops in Paris. The generator —
a new compact source of electricity — was also developed there.
The generator replaced the batteries and other devices that had
been used before.
Electric lighting came into wide use at the
end of the last cen¬tury with the development of the electric
lamp by Thomas Edison. Then the transformer was invented, the
first electric lines and net¬works were set up, dynamos and
induction motors3 were designed.
Since the beginning of the
20th century the successful develop¬ment of electricity has begun
throughout the industrial world. The consumption of electricity
has doubled every ten years.
Today consumption of electricity
per capita4 is an indicator of the slate of development and
economic health of a nation. Elec¬tricity has replaced other
sources of energy as it has been realized that it offers improved
service and reduced cost.
One of the greatest advantages of
electricity is that it is clean, easily-regulated and generates no
by-products5. Applications of electricity now cover all fields of
human activity from house wash¬ing machines to the latest laser
devices. Electricity is the efficient source of some of the most
recent technological advances such as ‘ the laser and electron
beams. Truly6 electricity provides mankind with the energy of the
future.
Notes to the Text
1. transmission shafts, gear
wheels, belts and pulleys — транс¬миссионные
валы, зубчатые колеса, ремни и блоки

2. time and labour saving appliances — электроприборы,
эко¬номящие время и труд
3. induction
motors — индукционные моторы
4. per capita
— на человека; на душу населения
5.
by-products — побочные продукты
6. truly —
поистине
Text 3B (страница 54)
Прочитайте
текст. Ответьте на вопрос, почему
Эдисон сказал: «Don’t watch the clock».
A Great
Citizen of the World
Every day many people visited Thomas
A.Edison’s laboratories in Orange, New Jersey. Some of them were
young inventors who went to study, but many more of them were
tourists. They came from all parts of the US and from other
countries as well.
One day a very important citizen from
England visited Edison’s factories, taking with him his young
son,eight years old. They spent many hours in great workshops,
looking at hundreds of useful in¬ventions.
Before leaving the
laboratories the man went to the office of the main building.
Giving his card to the person in charge, he asked: «May 1 speak
to Mr.Edison, please?». The man looked at the card and then
answered: «Wait a minute, I’ll sec». Soon he returned and said:
«Come this way, please. Mr.Edison will see you».
The father
and his son went into the great inventor’s workroom. «Mr.Edison»,
said the Englishman, «I brought my young son here to see what the
world’s greatest citizen has done. I want this day to help him all
his life. Will you please shake hands with him and say something
that he will remember?»
Mr. Edison took the boy’s hand. He
laid his other hand on the child’s shoulder and looked into his
eyes. «My boy», he said, «don’t watch the clock».
In 1928
Mr. Edison was eighty-one years old, but he still worked sixteen
hours a day.
Text 3C (страница 54)
Прочитайте
текст. Расскажите по-английски о
преимуществах солнеч¬ной энергии в
качестве источника электричества.

Solar Light by Night
Most people living in towns consider
it a usual thing that streets are lit at night. But street lights
need a power supply (источник энергии) therefore
distant areas with no source of electricity re¬main in darkness
until the sun comes up again.
With new appliances now offered
by several British firms, many distant places could be lit with
solar-powered street lights. It may seem strange that the lamps
can use the power of the sun which shines by day when the lamps
are needed at night, but they work by using energy accumulated
during the day from a solar panel produces electricity which
charges (заряжать) a bat¬tery. When the sun goes down,
the battery power is then used for lighting. Each lamp has its own
panel so the system can be used for one individual light or a
number of them.
In the south of Saudi Arabia a motorway tunnel
miles from any power supply is lit day and night by solar-powered
devices. The so¬lar panels provide power during the day and
charge batteries which accumulate enough power to light the tunnel
at night. The genera¬tion of electricity by batteries is still
expensive but the advantage of sun-powered lamps is that they can
bring light to areas distant from any other power supply.
There
is one more advantage of solar power: not only it is un¬limited,
but also its use does not pollute the environment. That is why it
is very important to develop devices which make it possible to
transform solar power into mechanical or electric forms of power.

Text 3D (страница 55)
Прочитайте текст.
Найдите информацию о наиболее
перспективных источниках энергии и
об основных отличиях нетрадиционных
источников энергии от традиционных.
Изложите основное содержание текста
по-английски.
Non-traditional Renewable Sources of
Energy
It is known that much is being done in the world today
for the development of non-traditional sources of energy. Without
them the Earth cannot support its present population of 5 billion
people and probably 8 billion people in the 21st century.
Now
we are using traditional power sources, that is, oil, natural gas,
coal and water power with the consumption of more than 50 billion
barrels per year. It is evident that these sources are not
un¬limited.
That is why it is so important to use such
renewable sources of energy as the sun, wind, geothermal energy
and others. Research is being carried out in these fields.
One
of the most promising (перспективный) research is the
development of power stations with direct transformation of solar
energy into electricity on the basis of photo-effect. It was
Russia that was the first in the world to develop and test a
photoelectric battery of 32,000-volts and effective area of only
0.5 sq.m., which made it possible to concentrate solar radiation.
This idea is now be¬ing intensively developed in many countries.

However, the efficiency of a solar power station is
considerably reduced because of the limited time of its work
during the year. But it is possible to improve the efficiency of
solar power stations by de¬veloping different combinations of
solar power stations and tradi¬tional ones — thermal, atomic
and hydraulic. Today some engineers are working at the problem of
developing electric power stations with the use of a
thermal-chemical cycle. It will operate on products of the
transformation of solar energy, whereas the «solar» chemical
reactor uses C02 and water steam of the thermal power station. The
result is that we have a closed cycle.
In Kamchatka there are
geothermal power stations operating on hot water-steam mixture
from the depths of about a kilometre. In some projects water will
be heated by the warmth of mountains at a depth of four—five km.

It is planned that plants working on the energy of the solar
heat provided by the sun will be built on a larger scale.
That
different wind energy plants are being developed is also
well-known. These energy plants can be small (of several
kilowatts) arid large powerful systems.
It is important that
all these advances in developing new sources of energy and
improving the old ones help to solve the en¬ergy problem as a
whole and they do not have negative effects on the environment.

……………………………………..

Admin

Дата:
Понедельник, 30.11.2009, 23:30 | Сообщение #
12

Генералиссимус

Группа:
Администраторы

Сообщений:
266

Репутация:
100

Статус:
Offline

LESSON
4
СЛОВА И СЛОВОСОЧЕТАНИЯ ДЛЯ
ЗАПОМИНАНИЯ
appear v — появляться

artificial а — искусственный
compare v —
сравнивать
contain v — содержать, вмешать

continuous а — непрерывный
convenient а —
удобный
direct а — прямой, непосредственный

during prp — в течение, во время, в
продолжение
equipment n — оборудование

essentially adv — по существу, главным
образом
etc (etcetera) — и т. д.
exist v —
существовать
few a — мало, немного
a
few — несколько

influence n — влияние

means n — средство
nowadays adv — сейчас,
в на стоящее время
occur v — происходить,
возникать
rapidly adv — быстро
research n
— исследование
simultaneously adv —
одновременно
state v — утверждать

switch on v — включать
time n — время,
times — раз
transmit v — передавать
watch
v — наблюдать, смотреть
weigh v — весить,
взвешивать
within prp — в пределах, в,
через

a
lot of — много;
to be able to — мочь, быть в
состоянии

Text 4A (страница 67)

Прочитайте текст и найдите абзацы,
содержащие информацию о разви¬тии
различных видов телевизионных систем
в хронологической последова¬тельности.
Переведите.
Television
The television set is
evidently the most important and popular electronic product of all
lime. All homes in developed countries have one or more TV sets
and in many countries there are consider¬ably more TV sets than
telephones.
But in 1939 at the World’s Fair in New York a tiny
nine-by-twelve inch box was the centre of attention for hundreds
of people. They were the first to see a television set in action.
Compared to to¬day’s TV shows of underwater and outer-space
research, those first black-white pictures were not very good. The
pictures were only transmitted from one side of the Fair territory
to the other. But in 1939 they were of historical importance.

Within a few days the news of television spread throughout the
world. A lot of people wanted to have a look1 at the new
invention. Everyone was interested in it. But only few people
owned television sets in the next few years. When World War II
broke out2 electronic factories that began the TV production
stopped making them and started making war materials instead. When
the war was over, TV sets began coming off factory assembly lines.
By 1958 there were millions of them.
In a surprisingly short
time people watched fewer films and turned from newspapers and
magazines to TV. In its short history television has had great
influence on people’s life and way of think¬ing.
Rocket-launching, concerts and football and tennis matches can be
seen direct as they occur. The boundaries of time and space have
disappeared.
At present TV communication is provided with the
help of a system of artificial earth satellites so that people
living in different parts of the country and all over the world
and in different time zones are able to watch the central TV
programs at the most conve¬nient hours.
Nowadays many
countries also have cable TV, a system using wires for the
transmission of television programs (like telephone calls). Cable
television first appeared in 1949 as a means of trans¬mitting TV
signals to rural and mountain areas far from big cities. Cable
television’s next big step forward was made by the mid — 1980s.
Scientists announced that many technical problems had been solved
and in the future it would be possible via satellite and cable TV
to use more channels on a TV set at every home in the world.
Then
we saw how a new technical invention, colour television, was
rapidly replacing black-and-white television. Recently it was
reported that the first pocket-size3 colour television set had
been developed. It was stated that a liquid-crystal display4 was
used sim¬ilar to those on calculators and watches and that it
weighed less than a pound.
A few years ago it became evident
that the next major advance for TV would be digital television. In
a digital system the usual con¬tinuous signal is replaced by a
digital code containing detailed in¬formation on brightness,
colour, etc. A digital TV set hangs on the wall like a picture.
Essentially, it is a minicomputer with a visual display. Once a
week5 you put the programs you like into the memory, and the TV
set will automatically switch on the desired channel at the right
time. You can watch several programs simulta¬neously on
miniscreens and then produce one of them in full for¬mat. Also,
the TV set can automatically video-record the programs when you
are absent or occupied.
By the end of 1980s television has
moved to a new and the most important stage in its development
since the appearance of colour television. Technically it is
called high-definition television (HDTV)6 or Hi-Vision. This is
the much higher resolution tele¬vision7 of the 21st century. This
revolution was started by Japanese manufacturers when they
developed a new video system with a pic¬ture resembling a
wide-screen film more than traditional television. The new system
increases the screen’s width-to-height ratio8 (16:9). The result
is a picture several limes sharper than in the exist¬ing TV sets.
Besides, recent developments in plasma display panel technology9
make HDTV commercially practicable. The plasma display makes it
possible to produce a large, bright, colour, flat TV screen so
thin and light that it can also be hung on a wall like a framed
picture. The engineering problem that has existed almost since the
first days of television may be solved now.
Notes to the Text

1. to have a look — взглянуть, посмотреть

2. to break out — начаться, разразиться

3. pocket-size — карманный
4. liquid-crystal
display — устройство изображения на
жид¬ких кристаллах
5. once a week — раз
в неделю
6. high-definition television (HDTV) —
телевидение высокой четкости
7. high
resolution television — телевидение с большим
разре¬шением
8. width-to-height ratio —
отношение ширины к высоте
9. plasma
display panel technology — производство плазмен¬ных
панелей
Text 4B (страница 76)
Прочитайте
текст и найдите информацию о том, в
каких странах ученые работали над
созданием телеграфной связи, какие
трудности встретились при этом.
Перескажите.
Telegraph
Benjamin Franklin, an
American who is famous for his inter¬esting and useful
inventions, published his ideas about electricity in 1752.
Scientists in many countries became interested in this won¬derful
form of energy. They wanted to find the answer to a very
im¬portant question: could the electricity be used to develop a
fast, efficient system of long-distance communication? Experiments
proved that electricity could travel instantly over a very long
piece of wire. But a note that was written on a piece of paper
couldn’t be put into a wire. How could electricity be used to send
a message? A Danish scientist discovered that electricity could
move a needle from left to right and that the needle could be
pointed at letters on a piece of paper. Then a German government
worker made up a code system that could be used with an electric
needle. In 1837 two English scientists sent a message by electric
telegraph for a distance of more than 1,6 kilometers.
Samuel
Morse, an American portrait painter, was experiment¬ing with an
electric telegraph too. At first he connected a pencil to an
electric wire. When the electricity came through the wire the
pencil made wavy lines. Then Morse invented a code that used dots
and dashes for the letters of the alphabet. Finally, he discovered
thaе telegraph messages did not have to be written, they could be
sent in sound.
On May 24, 1844, the first long-distance
message was sent by telegraph for 64 kilometers.
Telegraph
companies were formed in many cities. By 1861 tele¬graph wires
stretched from the Atlantic to the Pacific. In Europe too. Samuel
Morse’s system became popular.
But telegraph wires couldn’t be
hung over an ocean. Messages to and from Europe had to be sent by
ship — a journey of two or three weeks. A new method was needed.

The Atlantic Telegraph Company which was organized in 1856
wanted to try to lay a cable on the floor of the Atlantic Ocean.
The 4,000-kilometer cable broke three times. Each time a new cable
had to be made. Finally, on July 27, 1866, the first transatlantic
message was sent from Newfoundland to Ireland.
Later cables
were laid to Central and South America. After 1900 transpacific
cables were laid to Asia and Australia. At last news and business
information could be sent instantly to almost every country in the
world.
Text 4C (страница 77)
Прочитайте
текст и ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1. Какие биографические факты из
жизни изобретателя телефона приве¬дены
в тексте?
2. Какие другие факты, кроме
приведенных, вы знаете об изобретателе
телефона?
3. Что нового вы узнали из
текста? Соотнесите факты, относящиеся
к истории развития телефонной связи,
со следующими датами: 1877 г. и 1915 г.

Telephone
Alexander Graham Bell never planned to be an
inventor, he wanted to be a musician or a teacher of deaf people
(глухих). The subjects that he studied at school included
music, art, literature, Latin and Greek. They did not include
German which all scientists used in their books. Alexander’s
mother was a painter and a musi¬cian. His father was a well-known
teacher of deaf people.
When Alexander was only sixteen, he
became a teacher in boy’s school in Scotland. He liked teaching
there, but he still wanted to become a teacher of deaf people as
his father.
He read all the books about sound that he could
find and started to work on some of his own experiments.
At
twenty five Alexander became interested in finding a way to send
human voice through an electric wire. The parents of his pu¬pils
contributed money for the equipment. He found an assistant, Tom
Watson, who worked in an electrical shop. For two years Tom and
Alexander were working together to build a machine that peo¬ple
could use to talk to one another over long distances. After two
years, the two young men were becoming discouraged (опустились
руки). Then, one day, when they were working on a new
transmit¬ter Alexander spilled some acid (пролить кислоту)
on himself. Tom Watson, who was alone in another room, heard a
voice. The voice was coming through a wire to a receiver on the
table! The voice was Alexander Bell’s! It was saying: «Come here,
Mr. Wat¬son. I need you!»
The first telephone line was built
in Germany in 1877. By 1915 a telephone line was opened in the
United States — 5,440 kilome¬ters from New York to San
Francisco.
Now design bureaus all over the world are
conducting experi¬ments to develop video-phone or picture phone.
A young man in Moscow wants to speak to his friend in Vladivostok.
He lifts his telephone receiver, dials a number. After a very
short time his friend answers. As he picks up his receiver, his
picture appears on the screen. They can speak to each other face
to face because they are using a new kind of telephone which may
be called «a video-phone». In addition to the usual telephone,
the equipment includes a small television screen (14 cm by 13 cm)
and, combined with the screen, a television camera. The camera
tube will allow the user to switch from a wide view of the room to
the face of the per¬son speaking. The focus can be changed to
give clear pictures of objects 0.3,0.9 and 6.0 meters away from
the camera. There is also a mirror attachment, which allows the
camera to scan documents which may be lying on the table. The
camera adjusts itself auto¬matically to different lighting
conditions.
Text 4D (страница 78)
Прочитайте
и перескажите текст.
Talking via Space

Communication has come a long way from the time when an
In¬dian beat a drum (барабан) in the forest to the lime
when a scientist receives messages from a satellite. In this space
age communication has become a highly developed field. The system
of communication in large countries is unthinkable today without
space satellites. Besides large distances, there is a great time
difference: the territo¬ries of some countries comprise up to 11
zones. Satellites help to minimize all the difficulties that may
appear. They rapidly transmit TV and radio programs to different
towns, cities, and distant areas.
Space systems and electronic
technology have made it possible to set up an automatic system of
communication designed for rapid transmission of all kinds of
information.
People write letters and send telegrams. But at
the same time people living in various cities like to exchange
(обмениваться) news on the telephone. Statistics
reports that the number of long¬distance telephone calls is about
2, 000 million per year. A person in Moscow talking on the phone
with Vladivostok must know that this conversation is carried on
through a satellite.
Trains and cars can use mobile radio
telephones to make calls. Businessmen can use fax machines which
provide electronic trans¬mission of documents and messages over
telephone lines. Even photographs can be sent and received over
telephone wires.
Practically all the population in large
countries can watch TV via satellites. The orbital communication
systems make it possible for people from different continents to
sec and hear one another.
The importance of space means of
communication is increasing every year. The communication
satellites of the international orga¬nization «INTERSAT» enable
people to keep reliable telephone, telegraph, telex and fax
communication in any weather with ships practically in every part
of the World Ocean.

……………………………………..