To shorten a word is called

The shortening of words
involves the shortening of both words and word-groups. Distinction
should he made between shortening of a word in written speech
(graphical
abbreviation)
and in the sphere of oral intercourse (lexical
abbreviation).
Lexical abbreviations may be used both in written and in oral speech.
Lexical abbreviation is the process of forming a word out of the
initial elements (letters, morphemes) of a word combination by f
simultaneous operation of shortening and compounding.

This comparatively new way
of word-building has achieved a high degree of productivity nowadays,
especially in American English.

Shortenings (or
contracted/curtailed
words/clipping)
are
produced in two different ways.
The first
is to make a new word from a syllable (rarer, two) of the original
word. The latter may lose its beginning (as in phone
made from
telephone,
fence from
defence),
its ending
(as in hols
from
holidays,
vac from
vacation,
props from
properties,
ad from
advertisement)
or both
the beginning and ending (as in flu
from
influenza,
fridge from
refrigerator):

It was remarkable that the
prisoners were so brain-dulled by their conditions that the onset of
flu symptoms
caused no special reaction at first. (Clancy).

Words that have been
shortened at the end are called apocope
(vet
(veterinary); doc
(doctor);
prof
(professor);
prep
(preparatory);
mayo
(mayonnaise);
polio
(poliomyelitis);
pro
(professional);
hi—fi
(high
fidelity);
hi—tech
(high
technology);
sci—fi
(of
or
pertaining
to
science
fiction);
UA. міськрада,
(міська
рада) мінекономіки (міністерство
економіки), генпрокуратура (генеральна
прокуратура), aдмінресурс
(адміністративний
ресурс);
Мін ‘юст
(Міністерство юстиції);
Мінфін (Мініcmерcmво
фінансів);
держдеп (державний департамент США);
універмаг (універсальний
магазин);
нардеп (народний депутат);
комп
(комп’ютер);
клава
(клавіатура);
універ
(університет);
лаби
(лабораторні
роботи)):

Next he opened the jar of
mayonnaise, and using his finger as a knife, began to slather the
slices of bread with mayo.(King).

“It was a bomb,
essentially, a Molotov cocktail, gas and motor oil” the fire
marshal said. “Not a
pro job,
but a pro
couldn’t
have done it any better” (Sandford).

There must have been
thousands of people with minicams
(minicamera)
at the scene (Clancy).

It had taken him just five
years to turn Tech-Electric,
a failing
electronics firm that he’d bought for a song in 1979,
into a leading
manufacturer of business and personal computer products (Clancy).

Тоді можуть бути
закриті або обмежені коррохунки
українців
в іноземних банках (кореспондентський
рахунок).

Відмова від
євроінтеграції,
навіть
як від стратегічної, бодай і віддаленої
мети…(європейська інтеграція).

Words that have been
shortened at the beginning are called aphaeresis
(phone
(telephone);bus
(omnibus);
copter
(helicopter);
cute
(acute):

One by one the other copters
rogered.
Only Kurtz did not, but he also stayed put (King).

And at the radio station,
the DJ picked up a phone,
said “OK”,
looked through the glass of the broadcast booth at the engineer and
the general manager behind him and nodded (Sandford).

There’s a little girl out
there, about four years old, cute
as devil
(King).

Words in which some
syllables or sounds have been omitted from the middle are called
syncope
(ma ‘m —
madam,
specs —
spectacles).
Sometimes
a combination of these types is observed (tec
− detective, frig − refrigerator).

The second way of
shortening
is to make a new word from the initial letters of a word group (UNO
[‘ju:neu] from the
United Nations Organisation).
This type
is called initial shortenings. They are found not only among formal
words, but also among colloquialisms and slang. So, g.
f. is a
shortened word made from the compound girl-friend.

It is commonly believed that
the preference for shortenings can be explained by their brevity and
is due to the ever-increasing tempo of modern life. Confusion and
ambiguousness are quite natural consequences of the modern
overabundance of shortened words, and initial shortenings are often
especially enigmatic and misleading as the following conversation
between two undergraduates clearly shows:

• Who’s the letter from?

• My g. f.

• Didn’t know you had girl-friends. A nice girl?

• Idiot! It’s from my grandfather!

Here are some more examples
of informal shortenings:

moving-picture → movie

gentleman → gent

spectacles → specs

circumstances → circs

a written acknowledgement of
debt, made from I
owe you →
I. O. Y.

liberty → lib

certainty → cert

metropoly → metrop

exhibition → exhibish

Undergraduates’ informal
speech abounds in words of the type: exam,
lab, prof, vac, hol, co-ed (a
girl student at a coeducational school or college).

The
term abbreviation
may be also used for a shortened form
of a written word or phrase used in a text in place of the whole for
economy of space and effort. Abbreviation is achieved by omission of
letters from one or more parts of the whole:

abbreviation → abbr building → bld government → govt word → wd

dozen → doz/dz limited → ltd Bachelor of Arts → BA New York State → N.Y.

Sometimes
the part or parts retained show some alteration, thus, oz
denotes
ounce
and
Xmas
denotes
Christmas.
Doubling
of initial letters
shows plural forms as for instance pp
for
pages,
ll for
lines
or
cc
for
chapters.
These
are in fact not separate words but only graphic signs or symbols
representing them.

Abbreviations
are often used in Internet communication:

AFAIK − As far as I know; BTW − By the way; DH − Dear husband; DIY − Do it yourself; FYI − For your information; HTH − Hope this helps;

ICBW − I could be wrong; (sometimes it could be worse); ISWYM − I see what you mean; SCNR − Sorry, could not resist; TIA − Thanks in advance; TTFN − Та ta for now; TWIMC − To whom it may concern;

A
specific type of abbreviations having no parallel in Ukrainian is
represented by Latin abbreviations which sometimes are not read as
Latin words but substituted by their English equivalents:

ad
lib (Lat
ad
libitum) —
at
pleasure;

a.m.
(Lat
ante
meridiem) —
in
the morning

cf.
(Lat
conferre)
—
compare;

cp.
(Lat
comparare)
—
compare;

e.g.
(Lat
exempli
gratia)
—
for
example;

ib(id)
(Lat
ibidem)
—
in
the same place;

i.e.
(Lat
id
est) —
that
is;

loc.cit.
(Lat
locus
citato) —
in
the passage cited;

ob.
(Lat
obiit)
—
he
(she) died;

q.v.
(Lat
quod
vide) —
which
see;

p.m.
(Lat
post
meridiem) —
in
the afternoon;

viz
(Lat
videlicet)
—
namely.

An
interesting feature of present-day English is the use of initial
abbreviations
for famous persons’ names and surnames. Thus, George Bernard
Shaw is often alluded to as G.B.S.
[‘dзi:’bi:’es],
Herbert George Wells as H.G.
The
usage is clear from the following example: “Oh,
yes
…
where
was
I?”
“With
H.G.’s Martians,” I told him (Wyndham).

UA. ЛМ
− Леонід
Макарович);

БАБ
−
Борис
Абрамович Березовський;

ВВП −
Владімір
Владімірович Путін.

Російські
політтехнологи радять своєму президенту
розбавляти офіціоз
гумором і сатирою, тож
ВВП
і
пожартував…
(Україна молода № 2067 29.01.2003)

Journalistic
abbreviations are often occasioned by a desire to economise
head-line space:

the
Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament → CND.

the
NATO multilateral nuclear force → MLF

CND
Calls Lobby
to Stop MLF
(Daily Worker).

The
Americans claim that, so long as legislation elsewhere falls sport of
their own Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA)
of
1977,
they
are at a disadvantage in bidding for international contracts. The
FCPA
outlaws
the payment of bribes by American firms to foreign officials,
political parties, party officials and candidates.(The Economist Feb
28th 2002)

UA.
ПІК “Політика
і культура”;

СІЧ “Слово
і Час”;

УМ “Україна
молода”;

ВВ “Вечерние
вести”;

МК “Московский
комсомолець”;

КП “Комсомольская
правда”.

It
must be emphasised that initial abbreviation, no less than other
types of shortening, retains the valency, i.e. the combining
possibilities of the prototypes. The difference in distribution is
conditioned only by a change of meaning (lexical or more rarely
lexico-grammatical). Abbreviations receive the plural and Possessive
case inflections: G.I.’s,
M.P.’s, P.O.W.’s (from
prisoner
of war), also
the verb paradigm: okays,
okayed, okaying. E.
g. A
hotel’s no life for you… Why don’t you come and P.G. with me?
(A.
Wilson) Here P.G.
is
an abbreviation for paying
guest. Like
all nouns they can be used attributively: BBC
television, TV program, UN vote.

A specifically English word
pattern almost absent in the Ukrainian language must be described in
connection with initial abbreviations in which the first element is a
letter and the second a complete word:

A-bomb − atomic
bomb;

H-bomb − hydrogen
bomb;

x-ray − translation
of German X-Strahl
the name
orig. given to the rays by Roentgen, x
signifying
their unknown nature;

H-hour − the
time, usually unspecified, set for the beginning of a planned attack;
H (for hour)+hour);

D-day − D
(for day) +
day);

UA. Час Х;

час Ч.

There is no uniformity in
semantic relationships between the elements: Z-bar
is a
metallic bar with a cross section shaped like the letter Z, while
Z-hour is
an abbreviation of zero-hour
meaning
“the time set for the beginning of the attack”, U
is
standing for upper classes in such combinations as U-pronunciation,
U-language. Cf.:
U-boat “a
submarine”. Non-U
is its
opposite. So Non-U
speakers are
those whose speech habits show that they do not belong to the upper
classes.

If
the abbreviated written form lends itself to be read as though it
were an ordinary English word and sounds like an English word, it
will be read like one. The words thus formed are called acronyms
(from
Gr across
− “end^‘”+onym
“name”).
This way of forming new words is becoming more and more popular in
almost all fields of human activity, and especially in political and
technical vocabulary:

English

Ukrainian

UN − United Nations ; USA − United States of America; NATO − North Atlantic Treaty Organization; UNICEF − United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund; UNESCO − United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization; OPEC − Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries; BBC − British Broadcasting Corporation; M.P. − Member of Parliament; VIP − very important person; SOS − save our souls; GI − government issue (американський солдат); POW − prisoner of war; AIDS − acquired immune deficiency syndrome; HIV − human immunodeficiency virus.

ООН − Організація Об’єднаних Націй; США Сполучені Штати Америки НАТО; ЮНІСЕФ; ЮНЕСКО; ОПЕК; ОБСЄ − Організація з безпеки та співробітництва в Європі; УНР − Українська народна республіка; СБУ − Служба безпеки України; УРП − Українська республіканська партія; СДПУ − соціал-демократична партія України; СНД − союз незалежних держав; ДПА − державна податкова адміністрація; ЧАЕС − Чорнобильська атомна електростанція; ЗМІ − засоби масової інформації.

Borrowed acronyms
are not
deciphered in both in English and Ukrainian though they may have
dictionary entries:

G.P. (for General Purpose
Vehicle) →
jeep (UA.
джип)

lightwave
amplification
by stimulated
emission
of radiation
→ laser
(UA.
лазер,
лазерний)

microwave
amplification
by stimulated
emission
of radiation
→
maser (UA.
Мазер)

young
urban
professional
+ —ie
– yuppy
(UA. япі).

gulag 1.
the system of
forced-labor camps in the Soviet Union. 2.
any prison or
detention camp, esp. for political prisoners. [Rus.
Гулаг,
acronym
from Главное
управление исправительно-трудовьіх
лагарей −
Main
Directorate of Corrective Labor Camps]

Elmer Durgin gave him a look
which suggested that, should the ELFFS succeed in their goal of world
domination, Bissonette would be aboard the first gulag-bound
boxcar.
(King)

Acronyms
present a special interest because they exemplify the working of the
lexical adaptive system. In meeting the needs of communication and
fulfilling the laws of information theory requiring a maximum signal
in the minimum time the lexical system undergoes modification in its
basic structure: namely it forms new elements not by combining
existing morphemes and proceeding from sound forms to their graphic
representation but the other way round —
coining
new words from the initial letters of phrasal terms originating in
texts.

7. Non-productive means
of word formation.

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Shoterning

Sergeichuk SL

Shortening is the process and the result of forming a word out of the initial elements (letters, morphemes) of a word combination

Shortening

To make a new word from a syllable (or two) of the original words. The latter may lose it’s beginning (telephone – phone, defence — fence), it’s ending (holidays – hols, advertisement- ad), or both the beginning and the ending (influenza – flu, refrigerator — fridge)

To make a new word from the initial letters of a word group:

U.N.O – United Nation Organization, B.B.C. and et c.

Types of Shortening

clipping

acronyms

blending

abbreviation

C l i p p i n g

is a type of word-building shortening of spoken words

m e d i a l clipping (or s y n c o p e , from Greek «syncope» a cutting up), e.g., fancy (fantasy), ma’am (madam) .

f i n a l clipping (or a p o c o p e , from Greek «apokoptein» — cut off), e.g., cap (captain), gym (gymnasium, gymnastics) , lab (laboratory), ed (editor ) ;

i n i t i a l clipping (or a p h e s i s , i.e. a p h e r e s i s , from Greek «aphairesis» — a taking away ), e.g., cap (captain), phone (telephone), story (history), chute (parachute ) ;

may be combined and result in the curtailed words with the middle part of the prototype retained, e.g., flu (influenza), frig (refrigerator), tec (detective )

structure of the prototype

shortened words correlated with w o r d s , e.g ., cabbie (cabman), nightie (nightdress), teeny (teenager) ;

shortened words correlated with p h r a s e s , e.g. , finals (final examinations), perm (permanent wave), pop (popular music), pub (public house), taxi (taximeter-cab ).

The process of formation is also called t e l e s c o p i n g , because the words seem to slide into one another like sections of a telescope . E.g., brunch (breakfast + lunch), smog (smoke + fog), smaze (smoke + haze), slimnastics (slim + gymnastics ) .

B l e n d i n g is a type of compounding by means of merging parts of words into new one word .

coining a new word from the initial elements of one word and the final elements of another, e.g. , drunch (drink + lunch), skort (skirt + short ) ;

combining the initial elements of one word with a notional word, e.g., mobus (motors + bus), legislady (legislative lady) .

coining a new word by combining one notional word arid the final element of another word, e.g., manglish (man + English), radiotrician (radio + electrician );

A b b r e v i a t i o n is a type of shortening when words are formed from the initial letters of each part of a phrasal term. Abbreviations are pronounced as a series of letters, i.e. the alphabetical reading of the letters is retained. E.g., B.B.C. (The British Broadcasting Corporation), M.P. (Member of Parliament), P.M. (Prime Minister), T.V. (Television), Y.C.L. (The Young Communist League ).

A specific type of abbreviations having no parallel in Ukrainian is represented by Latin abbreviations, which are not read as Latin words but substituted by their English equivalents , e.g., a.m. (ante meridium) – in the morning; p.m. (post meridiem) – in the afternoon;

Definition

Exampels

A c r o n y m s (from Greek «acros» end + «onym» name) are abbreviated words formed from the initial letters of word-combination; the abbreviated written form lends itself to be read as though, it were an ordinary English word and sounds like an English word.

  NATO   /neitou/ — The North Atlantic Treaty Organization,  UNO  /ju:nou/ — United Nations Organization,  SALT   /solt/ — Strategic Arms Limitation Talks,  radar  – radio detecting and ranging;  laser   – light amplification stimulated emission radio;  maser  – microwave amplification stimulated emission radio.

Christian names in acronyms:

Fred  – fast reading electric device;

Oscar  – orbiting satellite;

Eva   – electronic velocity analyzer.

Asked by: Aron Heathcote

Score: 5/5
(14 votes)

To abbreviate is to make shorter by omission or contraction: to abbreviate a word. To abridge is to reduce in length or size by condensing, summarizing, and the like: to abridge a document. Curtail suggests deprivation and lack of completeness because of omitting some part: to curtail an explanation.

Whats the word for shortening a word?

An abbreviation is a shortening of a word or a phrase. An acronym is an abbreviation that forms a word. An initialism is an abbreviation that uses the first letter of each word in the phrase (thus, some but not all initialisms are acronyms).

What do you mean by shortening?

1 : the action or process of making or becoming short specifically : the dropping of the latter part of a word so as to produce a new and shorter word of the same meaning. 2 : an edible fat used to shorten baked goods.

How do you use shorten in a sentence?

edit by omitting or modifying parts considered indelicate.

How do you create a short URL?

For a Website

43 related questions found

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

In linguistics, clipping, also called truncation or shortening,^[1] is word formation by removing some segments of an existing word to create a synonym.^[2] Clipping differs from abbreviation, which is based on a shortening of the written, rather than the spoken, form of an existing word or phrase. Clipping is also different from back-formation, which proceeds by (pseudo-)morpheme rather than segment, and where the new word may differ in sense and word class from its source.^[3]

Creation[edit]

According to Hans Marchand, clippings are not coined as words belonging to the core lexicon of a language.^[2] They originate as jargon or slang of an in-group, such as schools, army, police, and the medical profession. For example, exam(ination), math(ematics), and lab(oratory) originated in school slang; spec(ulation) and tick(et = credit) in stock-exchange slang; and vet(eran) and cap(tain) in army slang. Clipped forms can pass into common usage when they are widely useful, becoming part of standard English, which most speakers would agree has happened with math/maths, lab, exam, phone (from telephone), fridge (from refrigerator), and various others. When their usefulness is limited to narrower contexts, they remain outside the standard register. Many, such as mani and pedi for manicure and pedicure or mic/mike for microphone, occupy a middle ground in which their appropriate register is a subjective judgment, but succeeding decades tend to see them become more widely used.

Types[edit]

According to Irina Arnold [ru], clipping mainly consists of the following types:^[4]

• Final clipping or apocope
• Initial clipping, apheresis, or procope
• Medial clipping or syncope
• Complex clipping, creating clipped compounds

Final and initial clipping may be combined and result in curtailed words with the middle part of the prototype retained, which usually includes the syllable with primary stress. Examples: fridge (refrigerator), Polly (Apollinaris), rona (coronavirus), shrink (head-shrinker), tec (detective); also flu (which omits the stressed syllable of influenza), jams (retaining the binary noun -s of pajamas/pyjamas) or jammies (adding diminutive -ie).

Final[edit]

In a final clipping, the most common type in English, the beginning of the prototype is retained. The unclipped original may be either a simple or a composite. Examples include ad and advert (advertisement), cable (cablegram), doc (doctor), exam (examination), fax (facsimile), gas (gasoline), gym (gymnastics, gymnasium), memo (memorandum), mutt (muttonhead), pub (public house), pop (popular music), and clit (clitoris).^[5]: 109 An example of apocope in Israeli Hebrew is the word lehit, which derives from להתראות lehitraot, meaning «see you, goodbye».^[5]: 155

Initial[edit]

Initial (or fore) clipping retains the final part of the word. Examples: bot (robot), chute (parachute), roach (cockroach), gator (alligator), phone (telephone), pike (turnpike), varsity (university), net (Internet).

Medial[edit]

Words with the middle part of the word left out are few. They may be further subdivided into two groups: (a) words with a final-clipped stem retaining the functional morpheme: maths (mathematics), specs (spectacles); (b) contractions due to a gradual process of elision under the influence of rhythm and context. Thus, fancy (fantasy), ma’am (madam), and fo’c’sle may be regarded as accelerated forms.

Complex[edit]

Clipped forms are also used in compounds. One part of the original compound most often remains intact. Examples are: cablegram (cable telegram), op art (optical art), org-man (organization man), linocut (linoleum cut). Sometimes both halves of a compound are clipped as in navicert (navigation certificate). In these cases it is difficult to know whether the resultant formation should be treated as a clipping or as a blend, for the border between the two types is not always clear. According to Bauer (1983),^[6] the easiest way to draw the distinction is to say that those forms which retain compound stress are clipped compounds, whereas those that take simple word stress are not. By this criterion bodbiz, Chicom, Comsymp, Intelsat, midcult, pro—am, photo op, sci-fi, and sitcom are all compounds made of clippings.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

An abbreviation is a shortening of a word or a phrase. An acronym is an abbreviation that forms a word. An initialism is an abbreviation that uses the first letter of each word in the phrase (thus, some but not all initialisms are acronyms).

What is it called when you use each letter of a word to make a sentence?

An acronym is a pronounceable word formed from the first letter (or first few letters) of each word in a phrase or title. The newly combined letters create a new word that becomes a part of everyday language. Using shortened forms of words or phrases can speed up communication.

What words are excluded from acronyms?

Words like ‘of’, ‘the’, and ‘a’ are often left out of acronyms and abbreviations to make them shorter, but not always (e.g. World of Warcraft is called WoW.) Your question is not stupid! USA is initialism (it’s not used as a word rather it’s letters are said individually).

What is DVE military?

The DVE system consists of a Display Control Module (DCM), Sensor Module (SM), and interfacing manual and Electronic Pan and Tilt Modules (PTM and EPTM). This system is typically utilized in tactical military vehicles, providing marked improvements over the previously existing systems.

Who is a DVE?

DVE. Driver, Vehicle, Environment. DVE. Digital Video Editor. DVE.

What do the initials DVD stand for?

‘ The original acronym came from ‘digital video disc. ‘ The DVD Forum decreed in 1999 that DVD, as an international standard, is simply three letters.

What does AVD stand for?

Android Virtual Device

What is the full word for DVD?

The DVD (common abbreviation for Digital Video Disc or Digital Versatile Disc) is a digital optical disc data storage format invented and developed in 1995 and released in late 1996.

What does DPD stand for?

Dynamic Parcel Distribution

Is Hermes and DPD the same?

Both companies are top players in their respective markets. Hermes delivers in the region of one million parcels daily to private households in Germany alone. DPD is one of the leading international express and parcel delivery companies and is number two in Europe.

Is DPD owned by DHL?

DPD is a member of DPD group, one of Europe’s leading parcels groups, wholly owned by France’s La Poste, the second largest postal group in Europe….DPD tops Money Saving Expert’s customer satisfaction poll for seventh year running.

Major Delivery Companies	‘Great’ Score
Parcelforce	41%
Fed Ex	41%
DHL	41%
UK Mail	29%

Which is better DPD or UPS?

UPS Standard offers the most economic option with delivery times falling between 1 and 5 days. DPD provides domestic UK services that will deliver the parcel the next business day with varying times of delivery. DPD has a sophisticated service that provides parcel delivery to all parts of the UK as well.