Three origin of the word

Detailed word origin of three

Dictionary entry	Language	Definition
*tríh₂	Proto-Slavic (sla-pro)
*tisres	Proto-Indo-European (ine-pro)
*þrīz	Proto-Germanic (gem-pro)	Three.
þreō	Old English (ang)
þri	Old English (ang)	(cardinal) three.
threo	Middle English (enm)
three	English (eng)	(basketball). A person who is three years old.. Anything measuring three units, as length.. The digit/figure 3.. The playing card featuring three pips. (cardinal) A numerical value after two and before four. Represented in Arabic digits as 3; this many dots (•••).. (of a set or group) Having three elements.

• Aari: makkán
• Abaza: хпа (xpa)
• Abkhaz: хԥа (xpa), хҧа (xpa) (old spelling)
• Adyghe: щы (śə)
• Afrikaans: drie (af)
• Aghwan: 𐕀𐔼𐔱 (xib)
• Ainu: レ (re)
• Aiton: please add this translation if you can
• Akan: abiɛsa, abiesã
• Akkadian: 𒐈 (šalāšat)
• Aklanon: tatlo
• Albanian: tre (sq) m, tri (sq) f
• Alutiiq: pingayun
• American Sign Language:
• Amharic: ሦስት (am) (śost), ሶስት (sost) (numeral: ፫ (3))
• Andi: лъобгу (lˢobgu)
• Arabic: ثَلَاثَة‎ (ar) (ṯalāṯa) (numeral: ٣‎ (3))

  Egyptian: تلاتة‎ (talāta)

  Hijazi Arabic: ثلاثة‎ f (talāta, ṯalāṯa), تلاتة‎ f (talāta)

  Moroccan Arabic: تلاتة‎ (tlāta)

• Aragonese: tres
• Aramaic:

  Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: ܬܠܵܬܵܐ‎ m (tlātā), ܬܠܵܬ‎ f (tlāt)

  Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: תְּלָתָא‎ m (təlāṯā), תְּלַת‎ f (təlaṯ)

  Syriac: ܬܠܬܐ‎ m (təlāṯā), ܬܠܬ‎ f (təlāṯ)

  Western Neo-Aramaic: ܬܠܬܐ‎ m (ṯloṯa), ܐܬܠܬ‎ f (ʾeṯlaṯ)

• Archi: лъеб (lʰeb)
• Argobba: ሶአስተ (sost)
• Armenian: երեք (hy) (erekʿ)
• Aromanian: trei (roa-rup)
• Asháninka: mawa
• Assamese: তিনি (tini) (numeral: ৩)
• Asturian: tres (ast), trés (ast)
• Avar: лъабго (lˢabgo)
• Aymara: kimsa (ay)
• Azerbaijani: üç (az)
• Banjarese: talu
• Bashkir: өс (ös)
• Basque: hiru (eu)
• Bassa: tã
• Bay Miwok: teleeka
• Belarusian: тры (be) (try), (collective) тро́е (tróje), тро́йка f (trójka)
• Bengali: তিন (bn) (tin) (numeral: ৩)
• Bhojpuri: तीन (tīn)
• Big Nambas: itl
• Bikol Central: tulo (bcl)
• Bislama: tri
• Brahui: musiŧ
• Breton: tri (br) m, teir (br) f
• Brunei Malay: tiga
• Budukh: шуб (šub), шубуд (šubud)
• Buginese: tellu
• Bulgarian: три (bg) (tri)
• Burmese: သုံး (my) (sum:) (numeral: ၃ (my) (3))
• Buryat: гурбан (gurban)
• Cahuilla: páh
• Catalan: tres (ca)
• Cebuano: tulo
• Central Atlas Tamazight: ⴽⵕⴰⴹ (kṛaḍ)
• Central Dusun: tolu
• Central Sierra Miwok: toló·košu-
• Chakma: please add this translation if you can
• Cham:

  Eastern Cham: klau

  Western Cham: please add this translation if you can

• Chamicuro: kilko
• Chamorro: tres
• Chechen: кхоъ (qoʔ)
• Chepang: सुम्‌ (sum)
• Cherokee: ᏦᎢ (tsoi)
• Chichewa: tatu
• Chickasaw: tochchí’na
• Chinese:

  Cantonese: 三 (yue) (saam¹)

  Dungan: сан (san)

  Hakka: 三 (sāng)

  Mandarin: 三 (zh) (sān) (numeral: 參／参 (zh))

  Min Dong: 三 (săng)

  Min Nan: (Xiamen) 三 (zh-min-nan) (sā̃, sām),

  Teochew: 三 (sam¹)

  Wu: 三 (1se)

• Chinook Jargon: ɬun
• Chukchi: ӈыроӄ (ŋəroq)
• Chuukese: unungat, unuchö, unumön
• Chuvash: виҫӗ (viś̬ĕ), виҫҫӗ (viśśĕ)
• Classical Nahuatl: ēyi
• Cornish: tri m, teyr f
• Corsican: trè (co)
• Cowlitz: kaʔłiʔ
• Cree: nisto
• Crimean Tatar: üç
• Czech: tři (cs), (collective) troje (cs)
• Dalmatian: tra
• Danish: tre (da)
• Dena’ina: tuq’i
• Dhivehi: ތިން‎ (tin̊)
• Dinka: diäk
• Dolgan: үс (üs)
• Drung: vseum
• Dutch: drie (nl)
• Dzongkha: གསུམ (gsum)
• Elfdalian: tri
• Enga: tema
• Erzya: колмо (kolmo)
• Esperanto: tri (eo)
• Estonian: kolm (et)
• Even: илан (ilan)
• Evenki: илан (ilan)
• Ewe: etɔ̃
• Extremaduran: tres
• Faroese: tríggir m, tríggjar f, trý (fo) n, trinnir m (distributive number)
• Fataluku: utue
• Fijian: tolu (fj)
• Finnish: kolme (fi)
• French: trois (fr)
• Friulian: trê
• Ga: etɛ̃, etɛ
• Gagauz: üç
• Galician: tres (gl)
• Garifuna: ürüwa
• Ge’ez: ሠለስቱ m (śälästu), ሠላስ f (śälas) (numeral: ፫ (3))
• Georgian: სამი (ka) (sami)
• German: drei (de)
• Gilaki: سه‎ (se)
• Gilbertese: tenua
• Gothic: 𐌸𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃 (þreis)
• Greek: τρία (el) (tría), γ΄ (numeral)

  Ancient: τρεῖς (treîs), γ΄ (numeral)

• Greenlandic: pingasut (kl)
• Guaraní: mbohapy
• Gujarati: ત્રગડો (tragḍo) (numeral: ૩)
• Hadza: samaka and inflections
• Haitian Creole: twa
• Hausa: ukù (ha)
• Hawaiian: kolu, ʻekolu
• Hebrew: שָׁלוֹשׁ‎ (he) f (shalosh) (used in counting), שְׁלוֹשָׁה‎ m (shlosha)
• Higaonon: tatulo
• Hiligaynon: tatlo
• Hindi: तीन (hi) (tīn) (numeral: ३ (hi) (3)), त्रि (hi) (tri)
• Hiri Motu: toi
• Hlai: fus
• Hopi: pàayoʼ
• Hungarian: három (hu)
• Hunsrik: drei
• Icelandic: þrír (is) m, þrjár (is) f, þrjú (is) n
• Icelandic Sign Language: 3@Side-PalmBackFingerUp
• Ido: tri (io)
• Igbo: atọ
• Ilocano: tallo
• Indonesian: tiga (id)
• Ingrian: kolt
• Ingush: кхоъ (qoʔ)
• Interlingua: tres (ia)
• Iranun: telu
• Irish: trí (ga)

  Old Irish: trí

• Isnag: tallo
• Istriot: trì
• Istro-Romanian: trei
• Italian: tre (it)
• Itelmen: ч’оӄ (č’oq)
• Japanese: 三 (ja) (san), 三つ (ja) (mittsu)
• Jarai: klâo
• Javanese: telu (jv)
• Kabardian: щы (śə)
• Kabuverdianu: tres
• Kalmyk: һурвн (ğurvn)
• Kannada: ಮೂರು (kn) (mūru): (numeral: ೩ (kn) (3))
• Kanuri: yaske
• Kapampangan: atlu
• Karachay-Balkar: юч (üç)
• Karaim: üč
• Karakhanid: اُجْ‎ (üč)
• Karelian: kolme
• Kashubian: trzë
• Kaurna: marnkutyi
• Kazakh: үш (kk) (üş)
• Khakas: ӱс (üs)
• Khanty: хәԓум (xəḷum) (Kazym)
• Khmer: បី (km) (bəy) (numeral: ៣ (3))
• Kokborok: tham
• Komi-Permyak: куим (kuim)
• Komi-Zyrian: куим (kuim)
• Kongo: tatu
• Korean: 셋 (ko) (set), 세 (ko) (se) (determiner), 석 (ko) (seok), 삼(三) (ko) (sam)
• Koryak: ӈыёӄ
• Kumyk: уьч (üç)
• Kuna: pa
• Kurdish:

  Central Kurdish: سێ‎ (ckb) (sê)

  Northern Kurdish: sê (ku)

• Kyrgyz: үч (ky) (üç)
• Ladakhi: གསུམ (gsum)
• Lakota: yámni
• Lao: ສາມ (sām) (numeral: ໓ (3))
• Latgalian: treis pl
• Latin: trēs (la) m or f, tria (la) n
• Latvian: trīs (lv)
• Lezgi: пуд (pud)
• Ligurian: tréi m, træ f
• Lithuanian: trys (lt) m, trys (lt) f
• Livonian: kuolm
• Lombard: tri m, tre f
• Louisiana Creole French: trò, trwa
• Low German:

  Dutch Low Saxon: drij (Gronings), drèje (Gronings)

  German Low German: drei (nds), dree (nds)

• Luo: adek
• Lushootseed: łixw
• Luxembourgish: dräi (lb)
• Lü: ᦉᦱᧄ (ṡaam) (numeral: ᧓)
• Macedonian: три (mk) (tri)
• Madurese: telloʔ
• Maguindanao: telu
• Makasar: tallu
• Malagasy: telo (mg)
• Malay:

  Jawi: تيݢ‎, تلو‎, تري‎

  Rumi: tiga (ms), telu (ms), tri

• Malayalam: മൂന്നു (mūnnu), മൂന്ന് (ml) (mūnnŭ) (numeral: ൩)
• Maltese: tlieta (mt)
• Manchu: ᡳᠯᠠᠨ (ilan)
• Mangarevan: toru
• Mansaka: toro
• Mansi: хурум (hurum)
• Manx: three, tree
• Maori: toru (mi)
• Maranao: telo
• Marathi: तीन (tīn)
• Mari:

  Eastern Mari: кумыт (kumyt)

• Maricopa: xamok, hmuk
• Marshallese: jilu
• Mauritian Creole: trwa
• Mazanderani: سه‎ (se)
• Megleno-Romanian: trei
• Middle English: thre
• Minangkabau: tigo
• Mirandese: trés
• Mizo: pa-thum
• Mongolian: гурав (mn) (gurav), ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠨ (ɣurban), ᠓ (3) (numeral)
• Montagnais: nishtᵘ
• Motu: toi
• Muong: pà
• Mòcheno: drai
• Nama: ǃnona
• Nauruan: aiju
• Navajo: tááʼ
• Negidal: елан, илан
• Nepali: तीन (ne) (tīn)
• Ngazidja Comorian: -raru
• Niuean: tolu
• Nivkh: тяӄр̌ (țaqř)
• Nogai: уьш (üş)
• Norman: trais
• North Frisian:

  Föhr-Amrum: trii

  Helgoland: tree

  Mooring: tra m, trii f or n

  Sylt: trii

• Northern Ohlone: kaphan
• Northern Yukaghir: йалуонь (jaluoņ)
• Norwegian: tre (no), tri (no)
• O’odham: vaik
• Occitan: tres (oc)
• Ojibwe: niswi
• Okinawan: 三 (san), 三ち (mīchi)
• Old Church Slavonic: триѥ (trije), трьѥ (trĭje), три (tri) (numeral: г҃)
• Old English: þrī
• Old Frisian: thrē, thriā, thriū
• Old Javanese: tĕlu, tiga
• Old Turkic: 𐰇𐰲‎ (üč /üč/)
• Oriya: ତିନି (or) (tini) (numeral: ୩ (3))
• Oromo: sadii
• Oscan: 𐌕𐌓𐌝𐌔 (trís)
• Ossetian: ӕртӕ (ærtæ)
• Ottoman Turkish: اوچ‎ (üç)
• Papiamentu: tres
• Pashto: درې‎ (ps) (dre)
• Pennsylvania German: drei
• Persian: سه‎ (fa) (se), سو‎ (fa) (so) (dialectal), (numeral: ۳‎)
• Piedmontese: tre
• Pijin: tri
• Pipil: yey
• Polish: trzy (pl) pl, (collective) troje (pl), trójka (pl) f
• Portuguese: três (pt)
• Proto-Norse: ᚦᚱᛁᛃᛟᛉ f pl (þrijoʀ)
• Punjabi: ਤਿੰਨ (tinn) (numeral: ੩ (3))
• Purepecha: tanimu
• Quechua: kimsa (qu), kinsa
• Rajasthani: please add this translation if you can
• Rapa Nui: ka toru
• Rarotongan: toru
• Rawang: shø̀m
• Rohingya: tin
• Romagnol: tri m
• Romani: trin

  Kalo Finnish Romani: triin

• Romanian: trei (ro)
• Romansch: trais
• Russian: три (ru) (tri), тро́е (ru) (tróje) (collective), тро́йка (ru) f (trójka)
• Rusyn: три (try)
• S’gaw Karen: သၢ (thuh)
• Saho: adox
• Sami:

  Inari: kulmâ

  Northern: golbma

  Skolt: koumm

  Southern: golme

• Samoan: tolu (sm)
• Sanskrit: त्रि (sa) (tri), त्रयं (trayaṃ)
• Santali: ᱯᱮ (pe)
• Sarcee: táyk’í
• Sardinian

  Campidanese: tresi

  Logudorese: tres

• Saterland Frisian: tjo
• Scottish Gaelic: trì, triùir m
• Semai: tige
• Serbo-Croatian:

  Cyrillic: три̑

  Roman: trȋ

• Shan: သၢမ် (shn) (sǎam) (numeral: ႓)
• Sherpa: གསུམ (gsum)
• Shor: ӱш (üş)
• Sichuan Yi: ꌕ (suo)
• Sicilian: tri (scn)
• Sidamo: sase
• Sikkimese: སུམ (sum)
• Sindhi: ٽي‎ (sd) (ti)
• Sinhalese: තුන (si) (tuna)
• Slovak: tri (sk), traja
• Slovene: tríje, (when counting) trí (sl)
• Slovincian: třȧ̃
• Somali: saddex (so)
• Sorbian:

  Lower Sorbian: tśi

  Upper Sorbian: třo m, tři f or n

• Southern Altai: ӱч (üč)
• Southern Ohlone: capjan
• Spanish: tres (es)
• Sranan Tongo: dri
• Sumerian: 𒁹𒁹𒁹 (eš5)
• Sundanese: tilu (su)
• Swahili: tatu (sw)
• Swazi: tsatfu
• Swedish: tre (sv)
• Sylheti: ꠔꠤꠘ (tin)
• Tabasaran: шубуб (šubub)
• Tagalog: tatlo (tl)
• Tahitian: toru
• Tai Dam: ꪎꪱꪣ
• Tai Nüa: ᥔᥣᥛᥴ (sáam)
• Tajik: се (tg) (se)
• Talysh: سه‎ (se) (Asalemi)
• Tamil: மூன்று (ta) (mūṉṟu) (numeral: ௩)
• Tangut: 𘕕 (*sọ¹)
• Taos: póyuo
• Tarantino: tréde
• Tashelhit: krad m, krat f
• Tatar: өч (tt) (öç)
• Tausug: tū
• Tedim Chin: thum
• Telugu: మూడు (te) (mūḍu) (numeral: ౩ (te) (3))
• Ternate: raange
• Tetum: tolu
• Thai: สาม (th) (sǎam) (numeral: ๓ (th) (3))
• Tibetan: གསུམ (gsum) (numeral: ༣ (3))
• Tidore: raange
• Tigre: ሰለስ (säläs) (numeral: ፫ (3))
• Tigrinya: ሰለስተ (sälästä) (numeral: ፫ (3))
• Tlingit: nás’k, nás’gináx̱
• Toba Batak: tolu
• Tocharian A: tre
• Tocharian B: trai, trey
• Tok Pisin: tripela
• Tupinambá: mosapyr
• Turkish: üç (tr)
• Turkmen: üç (tk)
• Tuvaluan: tolu
• Tuvan: үш (üş)
• Tz’utujil: oxi
• Udi: хиб (χib)
• Udmurt: куинь (kuiň)
• Ukrainian: три (uk) (try), (collective) тро́є (tróje), трі́йко (tríjko) colloquial, трі́єчко (tríječko) colloquial diminutive, трі́йка (uk) f (tríjka)
• Umbrian: 𐌕𐌓𐌉𐌚 (trif)
• Unami: naxa
• Urdu: تین‎ m (tīn)
• Uyghur: ئۈچ‎ (ug) (üch)
• Uzbek: uch (uz)
• Venetian: tre (vec), tri
• Veps: koume
• Vietnamese: ba (vi)
• Vilamovian: draj
• Volapük: kil (vo)
• Votic: kõlmõd
• Võro: kolm
• Wakhi: tru
• Walloon: troes (wa)
• Waray-Waray: bungto
• Welsh: tri (cy) m, tair (cy) f
• West Frisian: trije (fy)
• Western Apache: táági, tāāgi
• Western Bukidnon Manobo: tetelu
• White Hmong: peb
• Winnebago: taanį
• Wiradhuri: Bula Ngumbaay
• Wolof: ñett
• Xhosa: thathu
• Yagara: burla ganar
• Yagnobi: тирай (tiray)
• Yakan: tellu
• Yakut: үс (üs)
• Yao: tatu
• Yiddish: דרײַ‎ (dray)
• Yoruba: ẹ̀ta
• Yucatec Maya: óox
• Yup’ik: pingayun
• Yámana: matan
• Zaghawa: we
• Zazaki: hirê
• Zealandic: drie, drieë (in counting)
• Zhuang: sam (Sawndip 三)
• Zou: thum
• Zulu: thathu
• Zuni: ha’i

3 (three) is a number, numeral and digit. It is the natural number following 2 and preceding 4, and is the smallest odd prime number and the only prime preceding a square number. It has religious or cultural significance in many societies.

← 2 3 4 →
−1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 → List of numbers Integers ← 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 →
Cardinal	three
Ordinal	3rd (third)
Numeral system	ternary
Factorization	prime
Prime	2nd
Divisors	1, 3
Greek numeral	Γ´
Roman numeral	III, iii
Greek prefix	tri-
Latin prefix	tre-/ter-
Binary	112
Ternary	103
Senary	36
Octal	38
Duodecimal	312
Hexadecimal	316
Arabic, Kurdish, Persian, Sindhi, Urdu	٣
Bengali, Assamese	৩
Chinese	三，弎，叄
Devanāgarī	३
Ge’ez	፫
Greek	γ (or Γ)
Hebrew	ג
Japanese	三/参
Khmer	៣
Malayalam	൩
Tamil	௩
Telugu	౩
Kannada	೩
Thai	๓
N’Ko	߃
Lao	໓
Georgian	Ⴂ/ⴂ/გ (Gani)

Evolution of the Arabic digitEdit

The use of three lines to denote the number 3 occurred in many writing systems, including some (like Roman and Chinese numerals) that are still in use. That was also the original representation of 3 in the Brahmic (Indian) numerical notation, its earliest forms aligned vertically.^[1] However, during the Gupta Empire the sign was modified by the addition of a curve on each line. The Nāgarī script rotated the lines clockwise, so they appeared horizontally, and ended each line with a short downward stroke on the right. In cursive script, the three strokes were eventually connected to form a glyph resembling a ⟨3⟩ with an additional stroke at the bottom: ३.

The Indian digits spread to the Caliphate in the 9th century. The bottom stroke was dropped around the 10th century in the western parts of the Caliphate, such as the Maghreb and Al-Andalus, when a distinct variant («Western Arabic») of the digit symbols developed, including modern Western 3. In contrast, the Eastern Arabs retained and enlarged that stroke, rotating the digit once more to yield the modern («Eastern») Arabic digit «٣«.^[2]

In most modern Western typefaces, the digit 3, like the other decimal digits, has the height of a capital letter, and sits on the baseline. In typefaces with text figures, on the other hand, the glyph usually has the height of a lowercase letter «x» and a descender: « «. In some French text-figure typefaces, though, it has an ascender instead of a descender.

A common graphic variant of the digit three has a flat top, similar to the letter Ʒ (ezh). This form is sometimes used to prevent falsifying a 3 as an 8. It is found on UPC-A barcodes and standard 52-card decks.

MathematicsEdit

3 is the second smallest prime number and the first odd prime number. It is the first unique prime, such that the period length value of 1 of the decimal expansion of its reciprocal, 0.333…, is unique. 3 is a twin prime with 5, and a cousin prime with 7, and the only known number   such that  ! − 1 and  ! + 1 are prime, as well as the only prime number   such that   − 1 yields another prime number, 2. A triangle is made of three sides. It is the smallest non-self-intersecting polygon and the only polygon not to have proper diagonals. When doing quick estimates, 3 is a rough approximation of π, 3.1415…, and a very rough approximation of e, 2.71828…

3 is the first Mersenne prime, as well as the second Mersenne prime exponent and the second double Mersenne prime exponent, for 7 and 127, respectively. 3 is also the first of five known Fermat primes, which include 5, 17, 257, and 65537. It is the second Fibonacci prime (and the second Lucas prime), the second Sophie Germain prime, the third Harshad number in base 10, and the second factorial prime, as it is equal to 2! + 1.

3 is the second and only prime triangular number, and Gauss proved that every integer is the sum of at most 3 triangular numbers.

3 is the number of non-collinear points needed to determine a plane, a circle, and a parabola.

Three is the only prime which is one less than a perfect square. Any other number which is   − 1 for some integer   is not prime, since it is (  − 1)(  + 1). This is true for 3 as well (with   = 2), but in this case the smaller factor is 1. If   is greater than 2, both   − 1 and   + 1 are greater than 1 so their product is not prime.

A natural number is divisible by three if the sum of its digits in base 10 is divisible by 3. For example, the number 21 is divisible by three (3 times 7) and the sum of its digits is 2 + 1 = 3. Because of this, the reverse of any number that is divisible by three (or indeed, any permutation of its digits) is also divisible by three. For instance, 1368 and its reverse 8631 are both divisible by three (and so are 1386, 3168, 3186, 3618, etc.). See also Divisibility rule. This works in base 10 and in any positional numeral system whose base divided by three leaves a remainder of one (bases 4, 7, 10, etc.).

Three of the five Platonic solids have triangular faces – the tetrahedron, the octahedron, and the icosahedron. Also, three of the five Platonic solids have vertices where three faces meet – the tetrahedron, the hexahedron (cube), and the dodecahedron. Furthermore, only three different types of polygons comprise the faces of the five Platonic solids – the triangle, the square, and the pentagon.

There are only three distinct 4×4 panmagic squares.

According to Pythagoras and the Pythagorean school, the number 3, which they called triad, is the noblest of all digits, as it is the only number to equal the sum of all the terms below it, and the only number whose sum with those below equals the product of them and itself.^[3]

There are three finite convex uniform polytope groups in three dimensions, aside from the infinite families of prisms and antiprisms: the tetrahedral group, the octahedral group, and the icosahedral group. In dimensions   ⩾ 5, there are only three regular polytopes: the  -simplexes,  -cubes, and  -orthoplexes. In dimensions   ⩾ 9, the only three uniform polytope families, aside from the numerous infinite proprismatic families, are the   simplex,   cubic, and   demihypercubic families. For paracompact hyperbolic honeycombs, there are three groups in dimensions 6 and 9, or equivalently of ranks 7 and 10, with no other forms in higher dimensions. Of the final three groups, the largest and most important is  , that is associated with an important Kac–Moody Lie algebra  .^[4]

The trisection of the angle was one of the three famous problems of antiquity.

Numeral systemsEdit

There is some evidence to suggest that early man may have used counting systems which consisted of «One, Two, Three» and thereafter «Many» to describe counting limits. Early peoples had a word to describe the quantities of one, two, and three but any quantity beyond was simply denoted as «Many». This is most likely based on the prevalence of this phenomenon among people in such disparate regions as the deep Amazon and Borneo jungles, where western civilization’s explorers have historical records of their first encounters with these indigenous people.^[5]

List of basic calculationsEdit

Multiplication	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	50	100	1000	10000
3 × x	3	6	9	12	15	18	21	24	27	30	33	36	39	42	45	48	51	54	57	60	63	66	69	72	75	150	300	3000	30000

Division	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10		11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20
3 ÷ x	3	1.5	1	0.75	0.6	0.5	0.428571	0.375	0.3	0.3		0.27	0.25	0.230769	0.2142857	0.2	0.1875	0.17647058823529411	0.16	0.157894736842105263	0.15
x ÷ 3	0.3	0.6	1	1.3	1.6	2	2.3	2.6	3	3.3		3.6	4	4.3	4.6	5	5.3	5.6	6	6.3	6.6

Exponentiation	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10		11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20
3x	3	9	27	81	243	729	2187	6561	19683	59049		177147	531441	1594323	4782969	14348907	43046721	129140163	387420489	1162261467	3486784401
x3	1	8	27	64	125	216	343	512	729	1000		1331	1728	2197	2744	3375	4096	4913	5832	6859	8000

ScienceEdit

• The Roman numeral III stands for giant star in the Yerkes spectral classification scheme.
• Three is the atomic number of lithium.
• Three is the ASCII code of «End of Text».
• Three is the number of dimensions that humans can perceive. Humans perceive the universe to have three spatial dimensions, but some theories, such as string theory, suggest there are more.
• Three is the number of elementary fermion generations according to the Standard Model of particle physics.
• The triangle, a polygon with three edges and three vertices, is the most stable physical shape. For this reason it is widely utilized in construction, engineering and design.^[6]
• The ability of the human eye to distinguish colors is based upon the varying sensitivity of different cells in the retina to light of different wavelengths. Humans being trichromatic, the retina contains three types of color receptor cells, or cones.
• There are three primary colors in the additive and subtractive models.

ProtoscienceEdit

• In European alchemy, the three primes (Latin: tria prima) were salt ( ), sulfur ( ) and mercury ( ).^[7][8]
• The three doshas (weaknesses) and their antidotes are the basis of Ayurvedic medicine in India.

PseudoscienceEdit

• Three is the symbolic representation for Mu, Augustus Le Plongeon’s and James Churchward’s lost continent.^[9]
• In Pythagorean numerology the number 3 is the digit that represents the communication. It encourages the expansion of creativity, sociability between people and movement. For Pythagoras, the number 3 was a perfect number, representing harmony, perfection, and divine proportion.^[10]

PhilosophyEdit

• Philosophers such as Aquinas, Kant, Hegel, C. S. Peirce, and Karl Popper have made threefold divisions, or trichotomies, which have been important in their work.
• Hegel’s dialectic of Thesis + Antithesis = Synthesis creates three-ness from two-ness.

ReligionEdit

Symbol of the Triple Goddess showing the waxing, full and waning Moon

Many world religions contain triple deities or concepts of trinity, including:

• The Hindu Trimurti
• The Hindu Tridevi
• The Three Jewels of Buddhism
• The Three Pure Ones of Taoism
• The Christian Holy Trinity
• The Triple Goddess of Wicca

ChristianityEdit

• The threefold office of Christ is a Christian doctrine which states that Christ performs the functions of prophet, priest, and king.
• The ministry of Jesus lasted approximately three years.^[11]
• During the Agony in the Garden, Christ asked three times for the cup to be taken from him.
• Jesus rose from the dead on the third day after his death.
• The devil tempted Jesus three times.
• Saint Peter thrice denied Jesus and thrice affirmed his faith in Jesus.
• The Magi – wise men who were astronomers/astrologers from Persia^{[citation needed]} – gave Jesus three gifts.^[12][13]
• There are three Synoptic Gospels and three epistles of John.
• Paul the Apostle went blind for three days after his conversion to Christianity.

JudaismEdit

• Noah had three sons: Ham, Shem and Japheth
• The Three Patriarchs: Abraham, Isaac and Jacob
• The prophet Balaam beat his donkey three times.
• The prophet Jonah spent three days and nights in the belly of a large fish
• Three divisions of the Written Torah: Torah (Five Books of Moses), Nevi’im (Prophets), Ketuvim (Writings)^[14]
• Three divisions of the Jewish people: Kohen, Levite, Yisrael
• Three daily prayers: Shacharit, Mincha, Maariv
• Three Shabbat meals
• Shabbat ends when three stars are visible in the night sky^[15]
• Three Pilgrimage Festivals: Passover, Shavuot, Sukkot
• Three matzos on the Passover Seder table^[16]
• The Three Weeks, a period of mourning bridging the fast days of Seventeenth of Tammuz and Tisha B’Av
• Three cardinal sins for which a Jew must die rather than transgress: idolatry, murder, sexual immorality^[17]
• Upsherin, a Jewish boy’s first haircut at age 3^[18]
• A Beth din is composed of three members
• Potential converts are traditionally turned away three times to test their sincerity^[19]
• In the Jewish mystical tradition of the Kabbalah, it is believed that the soul consists of three parts, with the highest being neshamah («breath»), the middle being ruach («wind» or «spirit») and the lowest being nefesh («repose»).^[20] Sometimes the two elements of Chayah («life» or «animal») and Yechidah («unit») are additionally mentioned.
• In the Kabbalah, the Tree of Life (Hebrew: Etz ha-Chayim, עץ החיים) refers to a latter 3-pillar diagrammatic representation of its central mystical symbol, known as the 10 Sephirot.

IslamEdit

• The three core principles in Shia tradition: Tawhid (Oneness of God), Nabuwwa (Concept of Prophethood), Imama (Concept of Imam)

BuddhismEdit

• The Triple Bodhi (ways to understand the end of birth) are Budhu, Pasebudhu, and Mahaarahath.
• The Three Jewels, the three things that Buddhists take refuge in.

ShintoEdit

• The Imperial Regalia of Japan of the sword, mirror, and jewel.

DaoismEdit

• The Three Treasures (Chinese: 三寶; pinyin: sānbǎo; Wade–Giles: san-pao), the basic virtues in Taoism.
• The Three Dantians
• Three Lines of a Trigram
• Three Sovereigns: Heaven Fu Xi (Hand – Head – 3º Eye), Humanity Shen Nong (Unit 69), Hell Nüwa (Foot – Abdomen – Umbiculus).

HinduismEdit

• The Trimurti: Brahma the Creator, Vishnu the Preserver, and Shiva the Destroyer.
• The three Gunas found in Samkhya school of Hindu philosophy.^[21]
• The three paths to salvation in the Bhagavad Gita named Karma Yoga, Bhakti Yoga and Jnana Yoga.

ZoroastrianismEdit

• The three virtues of Humata, Hukhta and Huvarshta (Good Thoughts, Good Words and Good Deeds) are a basic tenet in Zoroastrianism.

Norse mythologyEdit

Three is a very significant number in Norse mythology, along with its powers 9 and 27.

• Prior to Ragnarök, there will be three hard winters without an intervening summer, the Fimbulwinter.
• Odin endured three hardships upon the World Tree in his quest for the runes: he hanged himself, wounded himself with a spear, and suffered from hunger and thirst.
• Bor had three sons, Odin, Vili, and Vé.

Other religionsEdit

• The Wiccan Rule of Three.
• The Triple Goddess: Maiden, Mother, Crone; the three fates.
• The sons of Cronus: Zeus, Poseidon, and Hades.
• The Slavic god Triglav has three heads.

Esoteric traditionEdit

• The Theosophical Society has three conditions of membership.
• Gurdjieff’s Three Centers and the Law of Three.
• Liber AL vel Legis, the central scripture of the religion of Thelema, consists of three chapters, corresponding to three divine narrators respectively: Nuit, Hadit and Ra-Hoor-Khuit.
• The Triple Greatness of Hermes Trismegistus is an important theme in Hermeticism.

As a lucky or unlucky numberEdit

Three (三, formal writing: 叁, pinyin sān, Cantonese: saam¹) is considered a good number in Chinese culture because it sounds like the word «alive» (生 pinyin shēng, Cantonese: saang¹), compared to four (四, pinyin: sì, Cantonese: sei¹), which sounds like the word «death» (死 pinyin sǐ, Cantonese: sei²).

Counting to three is common in situations where a group of people wish to perform an action in synchrony: Now, on the count of three, everybody pull! Assuming the counter is proceeding at a uniform rate, the first two counts are necessary to establish the rate, and the count of «three» is predicted based on the timing of the «one» and «two» before it. Three is likely used instead of some other number because it requires the minimal amount counts while setting a rate.

There is another superstition that it is unlucky to take a third light, that is, to be the third person to light a cigarette from the same match or lighter. This superstition is sometimes asserted to have originated among soldiers in the trenches of the First World War when a sniper might see the first light, take aim on the second and fire on the third.^{[citation needed]}

The phrase «Third time’s the charm» refers to the superstition that after two failures in any endeavor, a third attempt is more likely to succeed. This is also sometimes seen in reverse, as in «third man [to do something, presumably forbidden] gets caught».^{[citation needed]}

Luck, especially bad luck, is often said to «come in threes».^[22]

SportsEdit

• In American and Canadian football, a field goal is worth three points.
• In association football:
  • For purposes of league standings, since the mid-1990s almost all leagues have awarded three points for a win.
  • A team that wins three trophies in a season is said to have won a treble.
  • A player who scores three goals in a match is said to have scored a hat-trick.
• In baseball:
  • A batter strikes out upon the third strike in any single batting appearance.
  • Each team’s half of an inning ends once the defense has recorded three outs (unless the home team has a walk-off hit in the ninth inning or any extra inning).
  • In scorekeeping, «3» denotes the first baseman.
• In basketball:
  • Three points are awarded for a basket made from behind a designated arc on the floor.
  • The «3 position» is the small forward.
• In bowling, three strikes bowled consecutively is known as a «turkey».
• In cricket, a bowler who is credited with dismissals of batsmen on three consecutive deliveries has achieved a «hat-trick».
• In Gaelic games (Gaelic football for men and women, hurling, and camogie), three points are awarded for a goal, scored when the ball passes underneath the crossbar and between the goal posts.
• In ice hockey:
  • Scoring three goals is called a «hat trick» (usually not hyphenated in North America).
  • A team will typically have three forwards on the ice at any given time.
• In professional wrestling, a pin is when one holds the opponent’s shoulders against the mat for a count of three.
• In rugby union:
  • A successful penalty kick for goal or drop goal is worth three points.
  • In the French variation of the bonus points system, a team receives a bonus point in the league standings if it wins a match while scoring at least three more tries than its opponent.
  • The starting tighthead prop wears the jersey number 3.
• In rugby league:
  • One of the two starting centres wears the jersey number 3. (An exception to this rule is the Super League, which uses static squad numbering.)
• A «threepeat» is a term for winning three consecutive championships.
• A triathlon consists of three events: swimming, bicycling, and running.
• In many sports a competitor or team is said to win a Triple Crown if they win three particularly prestigious competitions.
• In volleyball, once the ball is served, teams are allowed to touch the ball three times before being required to return the ball to the other side of the court, with the definition of «touch» being slightly different between indoor and beach volleyball.

FilmEdit

• A number of film versions of the novel The Three Musketeers by Alexandre Dumas: (1921, 1933, 1948, 1973, 1992, 1993 and 2011).
• 3 Days of the Condor (1975), starring Robert Redford, Faye Dunaway, Cliff Robertson, and Max von Sydow.
• Three Amigos (1986), comedy film starring Steve Martin, Chevy Chase, and Martin Short.
• Three Kings (1999), starring George Clooney, Mark Wahlberg, Ice Cube, and Spike Jonze.
• 3 Days to Kill (2014), starring Kevin Costner.
• Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri (2017), starring Frances McDormand, Woody Harrelson, Sam Rockwell.

See alsoEdit

• Cube (algebra) – (3 superscript)
• Third
• Triad
• Rule of three
• List of highways numbered 3

ReferencesEdit

1. ^ Smith, David Eugene; Karpinski, Louis Charles (1911). The Hindu-Arabic numerals. Boston; London: Ginn and Company. pp. 27–29, 40–41.
2. ^ Georges Ifrah, The Universal History of Numbers: From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer transl. David Bellos et al. London: The Harvill Press (1998): 393, Fig. 24.63
3. ^ Priya Hemenway (2005), Divine Proportion: Phi In Art, Nature, and Science, Sterling Publishing Company Inc., pp. 53–54, ISBN 1-4027-3522-7
4. ^ Allcock, Daniel (May 2018). «Prenilpotent Pairs in the E10 root lattice» (PDF). Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. 164 (3): 473–483. Bibcode:2018MPCPS.164..473A. doi:10.1017/S0305004117000287. S2CID 8547735.

   «The details of the previous section were E10-specific, but the same philosophy looks likely to apply to the other symmetrizable hyperbolic root systems…it seems valuable to give an outline of how the calculations would go», regarding E10 as a model example of symmetrizability of other root hyperbolic E_n systems.

5. ^ Gribbin, Mary; Gribbin, John R.; Edney, Ralph; Halliday, Nicholas (2003). Big numbers. Cambridge: Wizard. ISBN 1840464313.
6. ^ «Most stable shape- triangle». Maths in the city. Retrieved February 23, 2015.
7. ^ Eric John Holmyard. Alchemy. 1995. p.153
8. ^ Walter J. Friedlander. The golden wand of medicine: a history of the caduceus symbol in medicine. 1992. p.76-77
9. ^ Churchward, James (1931). «The Lost Continent of Mu – Symbols, Vignettes, Tableaux and Diagrams». Biblioteca Pleyades. Retrieved 2016-03-15.
10. ^ Stanton, Kristen M. (June 13, 2022). «333 Meaning». UniGuide.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
11. ^ «HUG 31, ff. 017r-v, inc. CF ad CE = CF ad CV». Codices Hugeniani Online. doi:10.1163/2468-0303-cohu_31-015.
12. ^ «Encyclopaedia Britannica». Lexikon des Gesamten Buchwesens Online (in German). doi:10.1163/9789004337862_lgbo_com_050367.
13. ^ T. E. T. (25 January 1877). «The Encyclopaedia Britannica». Nature. XV (378): 269–271.
14. ^ Marcus, Rabbi Yossi (2015). «Why are many things in Judaism done three times?». Ask Moses. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
15. ^ «Shabbat». Judaism 101. 2011. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
16. ^ Kitov, Eliyahu (2015). «The Three Matzot». Chabad.org. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
17. ^ Kaplan, Rabbi Aryeh (28 August 2004). «Judaism and Martyrdom». Aish.com. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
18. ^ «The Basics of the Upsherin: A Boy’s First Haircut». Chabad.org. 2015. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
19. ^ «The Conversion Process». Center for Conversion to Judaism. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
20. ^ Kaplan, Aryeh. «The Soul». Aish. From The Handbook of Jewish Thought (Vol. 2, Maznaim Publishing. Reprinted with permission.) September 4, 2004. Retrieved February 24, 2015.
21. ^ James G. Lochtefeld, Guna, in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M, Vol. 1, Rosen Publishing, ISBN 978-0-8239-3179-8, page 265
22. ^ See «bad» in the Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, 2006, via Encyclopedia.com.

• Wells, D. The Penguin Dictionary of Curious and Interesting Numbers London: Penguin Group. (1987): 46–48

External linksEdit

Look up three in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to 3 (number).

• Tricyclopedic Book of Threes by Michael Eck
• Threes in Human Anatomy by Dr. John A. McNulty
• Grime, James. «3 is everywhere». Numberphile. Brady Haran. Archived from the original on 2013-05-14. Retrieved 2013-04-13.
• The Number 3
• The Positive Integer 3
• Prime curiosities: 3

Have you ever wondered where the words for 1st, 2nd, and 3rd come from? I have. I mean, four through ten make sense by just adding a “th” on the end of the numeral. So why are first, second, and third places so special?

Well, according to the Word Detective, we first need to understand the difference between ordinal numbers and cardinal numbers.

Ordinal number describe a thing’s place in a series, like first, second, third, fourth, and so on. You probably could have guessed that ordinal would be related to something’s order, right?

Cardinal numbers describe the amount of birds there are in a tree. Just kidding, but they could. Really, cardinal numbers just refer to normal, everyday, math problem type numbers, like one, two, three, four, etc.

Most of the time, the ordinals match up with the cardinals. Well, except when they don’t (first, second, third), which is why we are here in the first place. As to why they don’t always match up, no one really knows why we don’t use oneth, twoth, or threeth, aside from perhaps because we would sound like we have lithpth. Sorry, lisps. Someone must have decided to change things up one day and other people went along with it.

As to where the words actually come from, “first” is a descendant of “fyrst”, which was anglicized from the German “furist”, which also spawned the word “fore” as in “foremost”. So first is really a derivation of foremost, which makes a lot of sense.

The word “second” is a loan word from the French, which is a descendant of “secundus”, which means to follow in order. Before English speakers adopted “second”, apparently everyone just used “other”. That would have been really confusing, so it is probably a good thing that we started using it.

Third, we come to “third”, which is so close to three that you may not have even noticed that the “r” is in the wrong spot. In fact, this is precisely where the word “third” came from, as letters used to be a lot more fluid than they are now, and one day’s “thrid” became another day’s “third”. Simple as that.

So why didn’t we keep going and invent other words for 4 through 10? Maybe we just decided that enough was enough and that we should start to make sense.

Tune in next time when we go over two other crazy numbers, 11 and 12!

‘… three too many’ (1678)

One of the earliest versions of “two is company, three is a crowd” was recorded in 1678 by John Ray, in his collection English Proverbs, p.471

One’s too few, three too many

Therefore, presumably, ‘two’ was then considered idyllic.

The Oxford Dictionary of Word Origins claims that the original proverb is from 1730s, and cites an English translation from The Spanish and English Dictionary by J. Stevens, printed in 1726.

Prov. Compañía de tres no vale res;
A company consisting of three is worth nothing.
It is the Spanish opinion who say that to keep a secret three are too many, and to be merry they are too few.

John Collins provides this translation which resembles more closely the English proverb (1834)

“Three persons in company are too many for any secret affair, and two few for social enjoyment.”

‘… three is none’ (1840)

From The Facts on File Dictionary of Proverbs by Martin H. Manser (link), we learn the following:

The proverb was first recorded in the mid-19th century, in the form “Two is company but three is none,” (W.C. Hazlitt, English Proverbs [1869]) but the sentiment it expresses is of earlier origin.

Variants of this proverb: two is company but three is none; two’s a couple, but three’s a crowd, four’s too many, and fives’s not allowed.

Henry Downes Miles’ Dick Turpin, printed in 1840, contains the following adage

Their conversation had proceeded thus far, and Dennis appeared about to offer his services in some other shape, when Esther appeared slowly advancing towards them.

“Two is good company when three is none”

Five years later, we have this detailed analysis in The Usurer. A Tale of Marseilles. written by Percy B. St. John.

“Two is company—three is none:” so says the adage; but, as is often the case, the adage is in error. There are occasions when certainly nothing can be more delightful than for two people, of course of different sexes, to find themselves alone, and interchange all those sweet vows and soft nothings which make up the sum-total of a declaration and an acceptance. But still, three is often a better number for enjoyment far than two. Even a pair of levers are more at their ease—especially if the one who is generally considered de trop is a talkative and companionable person

‘… three is trumpery’ (1866)

Yet another variant appeared in the late 19th century containing the term, trumpery, i.e., something showy but worthless.

An old rhyme Molly had heard -Betty use would keep running in her head and making her uneasy-— “Two is company, Three is trumpery.”

_{Wives and daughters, an Every-Day Story By Elizabeth Gaskell}

‘… three’s a crowd’ (1870)

As for the more modern version containing the term “three’s a crowd” it appears to be American. The earliest instance I found is from Delaware Gazette. December 02, 1870, the article is titled Miss Althea’s Rubbers

I had my reward when Steven lifted me down at our gate, and she said :
«You’re your mother’s own gal ! You hain’t never let me feel that two’s a company and three’s a crowd !» Steven had walked up the long path with me to carry my shawl, and might have said just a word then—a woman can live long on only a word, if it be loving enough—but he almost threw the shawl across my arm, and ran down the
path as if he were glad to be well rid of me.

As I «piled Ossa on Pelion» in my thoughts against the possibility of his
loving me as I desired to be loved, the forenoon wore away, and the apples
were sorted.

‘… three are a crowd’ (1872)

Courtesy of @Sven Yargs are the following two excerpts: “One of My Bygones,” in the Wichita [Kansas] City Eagle (November 21, 1872). It’s also worth mentioning that the saying contains the plural verb:

“My dear turtle-doves.” she said at last, laying one hand on mine and looking hard at my friend. “I see how it is with you. You have reached the point where ‘two are a company and three are a crowd.’”

And from an item titled «Proverbs» in the Juniata [Pennsylvania] Sentinel and Republican January 21, 1874. Here the verb is singular and in the simple past.

Now go and ask a couple of doting lovers if they believe in that sort of thing [«the more the merrier»]. They would undoubtedly think that two was company, and three was a crowd. One thing is certain it is hard, very hard to crowd that idea into the heads of some that is or that was to be mother-in-laws

P.S Many thanks to Sven Yargs who provided the last two links.

1.                 
Etymology
is a
branch of lexicology studying the origin of words. Etymologically, the
English vocabulary is divided into native and loan words, or borrowed words.
A native word is a word which belongs to the original English word stock and
is known from the earliest available manuscripts of the Old English period. A
borrowed word is a word taken over from another language and modified
according to the standards of the English language.

2.                 
 

3.                 
The
etymological linguistic analysis showed that the borrowed stock of words is
larger than the native stock of words. In fact native words comprise only 30%
of the total number of words in the English vocabulary. A native word is a
word which belongs to the original English stock, which belongs to
Anglo-Saxon origin.

4.                 
 

5.                 
Many
linguists consider foreign influence plays the most important role in the
history of the English language. But the grammar and phonetic system are very
stable (unchangeable) and are not often influenced by other languages.
Besides when we speak about the role of native and borrowed words in the
English language we must not take into consideration only the number of them
but their semantic, stylistic character, their word building ability,
frequency value, collocability (valency) and the productivity of their word
building patterns. If we approach the study of the role of native borrowed
words from this point of view we see, though the native words are not
numerous they play an important role in the English language. They have high
frequency value, great word-forming power, wide collocability, many meanings
and they are stylistically neutral.

6.                 
Almost
all words of native origin belong to very important semantic groups. They
include most of the auxiliary and model verbs: shall, will, should, must,
can, may; pronouns: I, he, my, your, his, who, whose; prepositions: in, out,
on, under, for, of; numerals: one two three, four, five, six, etc;
conjunctions: and, but, till, as etc; words denoting parts of body: head,
hand, arm, back, foot, eye etc; members of a family: father, mother, brother,
son, wife; natural phenomena and planets: snow, rain, wind, sun, moon,
animals: horse, cow, sheep, cat; common actions: do, make, go, come, hear,
see, eat, speak, talk etc. All these words are very frequent words, we use
them every day in our speech. Many words of native origin possess large
clusters of derived and compound words in the present-day language.

7.                 
Such
affixes of native origin as er, -ness, -ish, -ed, un, -mis, -dom, -hood, -ly,
-over, -out, -under, — are of native origin.

Этимология — это ветвь лексикологии,
изучающая происхождение слов. Этимологически, английский словарь разделен на
родные и заемные слова или заимствованные слова. Родное слово — это слово,
которое принадлежит оригинальному английскому языку и известно из самых
ранних доступных рукописей древнеанглийского периода. Заимствованное слово —
это слово, взятое с другого языка и измененное в соответствии со стандартами
английского языка.

Этимологический лингвистический анализ показал, что заимствованный
запас слов больше, чем собственный запас слов. Фактически, родные слова
составляют только 30% от общего числа слов в английской лексике. Родным
словом является слово, которое принадлежит оригинальному английскому запасу,
принадлежащему англо-саксонскому происхождению.

Многие лингвисты считают, что иностранное влияние играет самую важную
роль в истории английского языка. Но грамматика и фонетическая система очень
стабильны (неизменяемы), и на них часто не влияют другие языки. Кроме того,
когда мы говорим о роли родных и заимствованных слов в английском языке, мы
не должны принимать во внимание только их число, но их семантический,
стилистический характер, их способность к построению, частотность,
способность колликации (валентность) и производительность их. Шаблоны
словообразования. Если мы подходим к изучению роли коренных заимствованных
слов с этой точки зрения, мы видим, хотя родные слова не многочисленны, они
играют важную роль на английском языке. Они имеют высокую частотную ценность,
большую словообразующую силу, широкую совместимость, много значений, и они
стилистически нейтральны.

       Почти все слова родного происхождения принадлежат к очень
важным семантическим группам. Они включают большинство вспомогательных и
модельных глаголов: они должны, должны, должны, должны, могут; Местоимения:
Я, он, мой, ваш, его, кто, чей; Предлоги: in, out, on, under, for, of; Цифры:
одна два три, четыре, пять, шесть и т. Д .; Союзы: и, но, до, как и т. Д .;
Слова, обозначающие части тела: голова, рука, рука, спина, стопа, глаз и т. Д
.; Члены семьи: отец, мать, брат, сын, жена; Природные явления и планеты:
снег, дождь, ветер, солнце, луна, животные: лошадь, корова, овца, кошка; Общие
действия: делать, делать, идти, приходить, слышать, видеть, есть, говорить,
говорить и т. Д. Все эти слова — очень частые слова, мы используем их каждый
день в нашей речи. Многие слова родного происхождения обладают большими
кластерами производных и сложных слов на современном языке.

Такие аффиксы родного происхождения, как er, -ness, -ish, -ed, un,
-mis, -dom, -hood, -ly, -over, -out, -under, — имеют коренное происхождение.

1.Etymological structure of the English vocabulary.

2 Native word-stems (man, pan).

3. Borrowings from latin (fanaticus — fan).

4. Scandinavian borrowings (sky) – 9th-10th century.

5. Borrowings from French (beggar, fiancé) -Norman Conquest, 11th
century.

 6.Borrowings from other languages (European, Oriental — feng shui,
American Indians).

1.Этимологическая структура английской
лексики.

2 Родные словосочетания (человек, кастрюля).

3. Заимствования из латинского (fanaticus — fan).

4. Скандинавские заимствования (небо) — 9-10
в.

5. Заимствования с французского (нищий,
жених) во время завоевания Нормана, 11 век.

6.Заимствования с других языков (европейские,
восточные — фэн-шуй, американские  индейцев)

1.                 
 Words of native origin

The origin of English words.

The most characteristic feature of English is its mixed
character. While it is wrong to speak of the mixed character of the language
as a whole, the composite nature of the English vocabulary cannot be denied.

1.     
Native
words — words of Anglo-Saxon origin brought to the British Isles from the
continent in the 5th century by the Germanic tribes — the Angles, the Saxons
and the Jutes.

2.
Native words are subdivided into two groups:

1) words of the Common Indo-European word stock

2) words of the Common Germanic origin

3.Words of the Indo-European stock have cognates (parallels) in
different Indo-European languages: Greek, Latin, French, Italian, Polish,
Russian and others: father (OE fder, Gothic fadar, Swedish fader,
German Vater, Greek patйr, Latin pбter, French pere, Persian pedжr, Sanscrit pitr)

4.Words
of the Common Germanic stock have cognates only in the Germanic group: in
German, Norwegian, Dutch, Icelandic, etc.: to sing (OE singan, Gothic
siggwan, German singen)

5. Numerically the Germanic group is larger. Thematically these
two groups do not differ very much. Words of both groups denote parts of the
human body, animals, plants, phenomena of nature, physical properties, basic
actions, etc. Terms of kinship, the most frequent verbs and the majority of
numerals belong to the Common Indo-European word stock. Many adverbs and
pronouns are of Germanic origin.

6.Native words constitute about 30 percent of the English
vocabulary, but they make up 80 percent of the 500 most frequent words.
Almost all native words belong to very important semantic groups. They
include most of the auxiliary and modal verbs (shall, will, should, would,
must, can, may), pronouns (I, you, he, my, your, his, who, whose),
prepositions (in, out, on, under), numerals (one, two, three, four, etc),
conjunctions (and, but, till, as), articles.

7.Besides high frequency value words of the native word stock
are characterised by the following features:

— simple structure (they are often monosyllabic)

— developed polysemy

— great word-building power

— an ability to enter a great number of phraseological units

— a wide range of lexical and grammatical valency

— stability

8.Notional words of Anglo-Saxon origin:

— parts of the body: head, hand, arm, back;

— members of the family and closest relatives: father, mother,
brother, son, wife;

— natural phenomena and planets: snow, rain, wind, frost, sun,
moon, star;

— animals: horse, cow, sheep, cat;

— qualities and properties: old, young, cold, hot, heavy, light,
dark, white, long;

— common actions: do, make, go, come, see, hear, eat.

Native words are highly polysemantic, stylistically neutral,
enter a number of phraseological units. We see that the role
of native words in the language is great. Many authors use native words more
than foreign ones. Thus Shakespeare used 90% native words and 10% foreign
words. Swift used 75% native words.

1. Слова родного происхождения

Происхождение английских слов.

Наиболее характерной чертой английского
является его смешанный характер. Хотя ошибочно говорить о смешанном характере
языка в целом, несоответствующий характер английского словаря нельзя
отрицать.

1. Родные слова — слова англосаксонского
происхождения, привезенные на Британские острова с континента в 5 веке
германскими племенами — англами, саксами и ютами.

2.Родные слова подразделяются на две группы:

 1) слова общего индоевропейского словарного
запаса

2) слова общего германского происхождения

3.Слова индоевропейского фонда имеют родственные (параллели) в разных
индоевропейских языках: греческий, латинский, французский, итальянский,
польский, русский и другие: отец (СА f fder, готический
фадар, шведский фейдер, немецкий фатер, греческий Patrr,
латинский pbter, французский pere,
персидский педжр, Sanscrit pitr)

4.Слова общегерманского происхождения имеют
родственные отношения только в германской группе: на немецком, норвежском,
голландском, исландском и т. д .: петь (СА singan,
готический сиггван, немецкий singen)

5.Численно германская группа больше.
Тематически эти две группы не очень сильно отличаются. Слова обеих групп
обозначают части человеческого тела, животных, растений, явления природы,
физические свойства, основные действия и т. Д. Сроки родства, самые частые
глаголы и большинство цифр относятся к общему индоевропейскому слову. Многие
наречия и местоимения имеют германское происхождение.

6.Родные слова составляют около 30 процентов
английской лексики, но они составляют 80 процентов из 500 наиболее часто
встречающихся слов. Почти все родные слова принадлежат к очень важным
семантическим группам. Они включают в себя большинство вспомогательных и
модальных глаголов (должно, должно, должно, должно, должно быть, может),
местоимения (я, вы, он, мой, ваш, его, кто, чей), предлоги (в, На, внизу),
цифры (один, два, три, четыре и т. Д.), Союзы (и, но, до, как), артикли.

7.Помимо высокочастотных значений слова
исходного словарного запаса характеризуются следующими особенностями:

— простая структура (они часто односложные)

— развитая полисемия

 — отличная сила слова

— способность вводить большое количество
фразеологических единиц

— широкий диапазон лексической и
грамматической валентности

 — стабильность

8.Условные слова англосаксонского
происхождения:

— части тела: голова, рука, рука, спина;

— члены семьи и ближайшие родственники: отец,
мать, брат, сын, жена;

— природные явления и планеты: снег, дождь,
ветер, мороз, солнце, луна, звезда;

 — животные: лошадь, корова, овца, кошка;

— качества и свойства: старые, молодые,
холодные, горячие, тяжелые, светлые, темные, белые, длинные;

— общие действия: делать, делать, идти,
приезжать, видеть, слышать, есть.

Родные слова очень многозначны,
стилистически нейтральны, входят в число фразеологических единиц. Мы видим, что роль родных слов в языке велика. Многие авторы
используют родные слова больше, чем иностранные. Таким образом, Shekespear
использовал 90% родных слов и 10% иностранных слов. Swift использовал 75%
родных слов.

Borrowings enter the language in two ways: though oral
speech (by immediate contact between the people) and though written speech
(by indirect contact though books). Words borrowed orally (inch, mill,
street, map) are usually short and they undergo more change in the act of
adopter. Written borrowings (communique, belles — letters naivete,
psychology, pagoda etc) are often rather long and they are unknown to many
people, speaking English

Заимствования входят в язык двумя способами:
через устную речь (непосредственным контактом между людьми) и через
письменную речь (косвенным контактом, через книги). Слова, заимствованные
устно (дюймы, мельница, улица, карта), обычно коротки, и они подвергаются
большему изменению в акте усыновителя. Письменные заимствования (коммуна,
стиль переписки беллас — письма , психология, пагода и т. Д.) Часто довольно
длинные, и они неизвестны многим людям, говорящим по-английски

Borrowed words have been called “the milestones of
philology” — said O. Jeperson — because they permit us (show us ) to fix approximately
the dates of linguistic changes. They show us the course of civilization and
give us information of the nations”.

Заимствованные слова были названы «вехами
филологии», — сказал О. Джеперсон, — потому что они позволяют нам (показать)
приблизить даты лингвистических изменений. Они показывают нам курс
цивилизации и дают нам информацию о народах ».

The well-known linguist Shuchard said “No language is entirely
pure”, that all the languages are mixed. Borrowed words enter the language as
a result of influence of two main causes or factors; linguistic and
extra-linguistic. Economic, cultural, industrial, political relations of speakers
of the language with other countries refer to extra-linguistic factors. The
historical development of England also influenced the language. Due to the
great influence of the Roman civilization Latin was for a long time used in
England as the language of learning and religion. Old Norse of the
Scandinavian tribes was the language of the conquerors (9th, 10th and 11th
centuries). French (Norman dialect) was the language of the other conquerors
who brought with them a lot new notions of a higher social system, developed
fuedalizm. It was the language of upper classes, of official documents and
school (11th-14^th centuries). These factors are
extra-linguistic ones.

Известный лингвист Шухард сказал: «Нет языка
в чистоте», что все языки смешаны. Заимствованные слова входят в язык в
результате влияния двух основных причин или факторов; Лингвистической и
внеязыковой. Экономические, культурные, промышленные, политические отношения
носителей языка с другими странами относятся к экстралингвистическим
факторам. Историческое развитие Англии также повлияло на язык. Из-за большого
влияния римской цивилизации латынь долгое время использовалась в Англии как
язык обучения и религии. Древнескандинавские скандинавские племена были
языком завоевателей (9-10-11 столетий). Французский (норманнский диалект) был
языком других завоевателей, которые принесли с собой много новых
представлений о высшей социальной системе, развили фьюдализм. Это был язык
высших классов, официальных документов и школы (11-14 с). Эти факторы являются
экстралингвистическими.

The absence of equivalent words in the language to express
new subjects or phenomena makes people borrow words. Eg. football,
volleyball, midshipman in Russian; to economize the linguistic means, i.e. to
use a foreign word instead of long native expressions and others is called
linguistic cause.

The closer the two interacting languages are in structure
the easier it is for words of one language to penetrate into the other. The
fact that Scandinavian borrowings have penetrated into such grammatical
classes as prepositions and pronouns (they, them, their, both, same, till)
can only be attributed to a similarity in the structure of the two languages.

.

Отсутствие эквивалентных слов в языке для
выражения новых предметов или явлений заставляет людей заимствовать слова.
Ex. Слова футбол, волейбол, мичман на русском языке; Чтобы экономить
лингвистические средства, то есть использовать иностранное слово вместо
длинных родных выражений, а другие называются лингвистическими причинами.

Чем ближе эти два взаимодействующих языка
находятся в структуре, тем легче для слов одного языка проникать в другой.
Тот факт, что скандинавские заимствования проникли в такие грамматические
классы, как предлоги и местоимения (они, их, их, оба, то же, до), могут быть
отнесены только к сходству в структуре этих двух языков.