This is no more like a word for word translation than

ББК
81.2 Англ-923

Т
23

Татищева
Е.С.

Т
23 Ключи с вариантами к учебнику
Практический курс

английского
языка 3 курс под ред. В.Д. Аракина.

2-е
издание, исправленное — М.: ГИС, 2008. — 295
с.

КВК
978-5-8330-0233-9

В
пособии представлены ключи ко всем
упражнениям

учебника,
кроме творческих заданий. Во многих
случаях переводы

даны
в нескольких возможных вариантах.

Пособие
предназначено для студентов и
преподавателей

филологических
факультетов. Оно будет полезно всем,
изучающим

английский
язык.

@Е.С.
Татищева, 2006 г.

@Издательство
ГИС, 2008 г.

Распознавание
и корректировка отсканированного текста
произведено Дилетто С.А.

Данный
материал представлен исключительно
для ознакомления,
и является собственностью его законных
авторов.

ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ

В
пособии содержатся ключи практически
ко всем

грамматическим
упражнениям и ко всем упражнениям

из
основной части учебника английского
языка под редакцией

В
Д. Аракина.

Владение
данными ключами избавит вас от
необходимости перерывать словари и
терзаться сомнениями:

правильно
я перевел, перефразировал и т.п. или нет?

Конечно,
обратиться к данному пособию следует
лишь

после
того, как будут самостоятельно сделаны
упражнения.

Ключ
— это не шпаргалка, а всего лишь хороший

способ
проверить себя самого до того, как сдать
домашнюю

работу
преподавателю. Не удивляйтесь, если
среди

нескольких
вариантов одно слово или фразеологизм

выделены
жирным шрифтом: они не лучше, а всего

лишь
взяты из активной лексики данного урока.

Все
полезные замечания и предложения,
которые вы

пришлете
в издательство, будут учтены в следующих
и зданиях.

Успехов
вам в учебе!

Автор

Contents
ESSENTIAL COURSE		5
Unit one		5
Unit two		29
Unit three		54
Unit four		84
Unit five		107
Unit six		140
Unit seven		168
Unit eight		201
GRAMMAR EXERCISES		226

ESSENTIAL
COURSE

UNIT
ONE Exercise
1, p. 7

Possible
variants

1.
This is more like a word for word translation than a
literary

one.
2. It
is more like a fable than a
fairy tale. 3.
The fabric

looks
more like cotton than viscose.
4.
Ann looks more like

a
schoolgirl than a
college student. 5.
With this hairdo she looks

more
like a boy than a
girl. 6. We
walked round the village for

an
hour or so. 7.
I stayed with my friends for a
fortnight or so.

8.
I lived in the town for three
years or so. 9.
I am not through

with
the book yet. I’ve read only 50 pages or so.
10.
Since everyone

is
present, I think it is
an excellent/wonderful/splendid

opportunity
to announce that fane and I have just got engaged.

11.
We are through with our work. Isn’t it a
wonderful opportunity

to
go to some nice bar and cut loose? (оторваться
по
полной).

12.
We’ve been looking for her house for more than an

hour.
I should/would never
have thought that her place would

be
so difficult to find. 13.
There seems to be no end to dirty

clothes.
I should never
have thought that one man could soil so

many
shirts, vests and underpants in so short a time. 14.
The

more
we listened to him, the
more he convinced us that his

course
ofaction was just the ticket (разг.
как
раз
то,
что
нужно).

15.
The more John looked at her, the
less he liked what he

saw.
16.
The more I think about her decision, the
less I agree

with
it. 17.
The more indignant Andrew became, the
more he

stuttered.
18.
The longer we waited, the
more impatient we felt.

19.
Who’ll go to the baker’s? There is no
bread left. 20.
I’m going

to
the stationer’s. There is no
paper left. 21.
Why go shopping? —

We
have no
food left. 22.
We needn’t hurry. There is plenty
oftime

left.
23.
Hurry up. We have no
time left. 24.
Why not put the table

near
the window? — There seems to be no
room left. 25.
Where

will
you put the bookcase? There seems to be no very
little space

left
in room.

Exercise
2, p. 8

Possible
variants

1.
I
should/would never have thought that
looking after

a
child was so tiresome. 2. I
should/would never have thought that

writing
a summary ofthis article might
cost so much effort.

3.
I
should/would never have thought that scrubbing a sooty

saucepan
clean might
turn out to be such a trying job. 4. The

harder
he worked, the
bigger wages he earned. 5. The
more he

thought
over the problem, the
less he knew what to do. 6. The

more
we stayed at the “Holiday In n”, the
more we liked the place.

7.
That
won’t do. You
shouldn’t be so careless. 8. That
won’t do.

You’ll
have to do everything all over again. 9. That
won’t do. You

treat
the matter too lightly. 10. That
won’t do. Your
answer is

wrong.

Exercise
3,
p.
8

Possible
variants

1.
If only the weather were better! — Oh,
yes! Then we would

go
on a walking tour for a week or so. 2.
In two days I’ll finish my

exams.
— Oh,
thank God! It will be a splendid opportunity to go

away
on holiday and swim in the nice warm sea and bake in the

sun
for hours on end. 3.
I shan’t be through with my work before

the
weekend, I’m afraid. — That
won’t/will never do. You’ll have to

finish
it by Thursday at the latest, or you’ll be fired. 4.
How long

will
the job take? — How
should I know? I would never have

thought
that writing a book about my adventures in Africa would

be
so difficult. (How should I know? The more I work, the more

work
there seems to be left.) 5.
We’re going there on Friday. — Then

we
must hurry! There’s very little time left. 6.
She may come yet.

Let’s
wait a bit. — That
won’t do. We’ve already been waiting for

two
hours or so. 7.
He says it was your fault. — Oh,
does he? I should

never
have thought that he would tell such a blatant lie! (I would

never
have thought him capable ofsuch a barefaced lie!) 8.
How

long
shall I stay here? — Why,
until you are well again, my dear.

I
suppose your recovery will take ten days or so.

Exercise
5, pp. 8 -9

A.
In
spring on our way back to Moscow we happened to

pass
(by) a small town. It was more like a big village than a town,

all
its houses were smothered in roses and it seemed to us so

lovely
that we couldn’t help stopping there (couldn’t keep from

stopping
there/couldn’t help but stop there). I should never

have
thought that a walk round (about/around) a small provincial

town
could be such a pleasure. We walked around the town

for
3 hours or so, and the more we looked at that fairy-like nook,

the
more we admired it. But there wasn’t much time left/there

was
very little time left, and we had to hurry to Moscow.

B.
Last
year my wife and I had to take a holiday in winter. We

decided
that it was a splendid opportunity to redecorate/renovate

our
flat. After two days’ work it looked more like a warehouse

full
of broken furniture than a flat. “That won’t do (That

will
never do)”, my wife said. “We’d better hire house painters

and
have it repainted (have it redecorated).”

ESSENTIAL
VOCABULARY

Exercise
1, p. 16

Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]

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На основании Вашего запроса эти примеры могут содержать грубую лексику.

На основании Вашего запроса эти примеры могут содержать разговорную лексику.

дословным переводом

дословного перевода

пословный перевод

пословный письменный перевод

Предложения

Although it may sound fine at surface level, this word-for-word translation might be questionable under close scrutiny.

На первый взгляд, данный дословный перевод воспринимается вполне нормально, однако при ближайшем внимательном рассмотрении все же вызывает сомнение.

Literal word-for-word translation instead of maintaining the original meaning and context

Дословный дословный перевод вместо сохранения первоначального значения и контекста

The NASB was widely regarded as the most scholarly word-for-word translation until the arrival of the ESV.

The King James Version (KJV) is also a word-for-word translation, but because of its use of archaic English, it is very difficult for some people to read.

«Версия Короля Иакова» (KJV) также является дословным переводом, но из-за использования в ней старо-английского языка некоторым людям очень трудно ее читать.

He began to translate a lot, avoiding word-for-word translation, to this or that language and tried to think directly in the neutral language.

Он начал много переводить на разные языки, избегая дословного перевода, и старался думать прямо на нейтральном языке.

More recently, the Modern English Version (MEV) has also been released as a word-for-word translation that is easy to read.

Совсем недавно, «Modern English Version» (MEV) была также выпущена в виде дословного перевода, который легко читать.

The word-for-word translation: «Old age is no fun».

This is a word-for-word translation of the Latin sentence written directly above it: Abent omnes uolucres nidos inceptos nisi ego et tu quid expectamus nu(nc).

Это дословный перевод латинского предложения, написанного непосредственно над древненидерландским фрагментом:Abent omnes uolucres nidos inceptos nisi ego et tu quid expectamus nu(nc).

Depending on your industry, target audience, business goals and budget, word-for-word translation might not be the only approach-or even the best approach-to use, as you serve global customers online.

В зависимости от Вашей отрасли, целевой аудитории, бизнес-целей и бюджета, дословный перевод может оказаться далеко не единственным и даже не лучшим подходом для онлайн-обслуживания зарубежных клиентов.

Early systems replaced every word with a corresponding word in language B. Current systems do not use word-for-word translation, but rather take into account the entire context of the input to generate the appropriate translation.

Ранние системы заменяли каждое слово, с соответствующим словом в языке В. Более совершенные системы не используют дословный перевод, а принимают во внимание весь контекст фразы, чтобы произвести соответствующий перевод.

The literal word-for-word translation of Chinatown-Zhōngguó Chéng (中國城) is also used, but more frequently by visiting Chinese nationals rather than immigrants of Chinese descent who live in various Chinatowns.

Буквальный дословный перевод китайского квартала — Zhōngguó Chéng (中國城) также используется, но более часто посещая китайских граждан, а не иммигрантов китайского происхождения, которые живут в различных китайских кварталах.

The English name of Singapore’s Chinatown may have been a word-for-word translation of the Malay name for that settlement, which in those days was probably «Kampong China» or possibly «Kota Cina or»Kampung Tionghua/ Chunghwa.»

Это, возможно, было дословным переводом на английский язык малайского имени той четверти, которая в те дни была, вероятно, «Kampong Китай» или возможно «Кота Китай» или «Kampong Tionghua/Chunghwa/Zhonghua».

The word-for-word translation: «Like two drops of water».

Irrelevance, obscurity and even absurdity of word-for-word translation or original names, awkward long-length terms, multiple meaning of words — all these and many other factors make translators turn to localization to get through intricacies of translation.

Неуместность, непонятность и даже смехотворность буквального перевода или оригинального названия, неподходящая длина переводимых терминов, множественность значений — все эти и многие другие факторы заставляют прибегать к локализации, чтобы в дальнейшем избежать сложностей.

Smaller units of text, such as words, aren’t used because they can exist in various contexts and therefore, translated differently — a word-for-word translation doesn’t usually provide worthy results.

Более маленькие единицы текста, такие как отдельные слова, не используются, так как они могут встречаться в разных контекстах, и, следовательно, переводятся по-разному, а пословный письменный перевод обычно не приносит полезных результатов.

Smaller units of text, such as individual words, are not used, because they may occur in different contexts and thus require different translations, and word-for-word translation generally does not produce usable results.

Более маленькие единицы текста, такие как отдельные слова, не используются, так как они могут встречаться в разных контекстах, и, следовательно, переводятся по-разному, а пословный письменный перевод обычно не приносит полезных результатов.

Cicero and Horace (first century BC) were the first theorists who distinguished between word-for-word translation and sense-for-sense translation.

Цицерон и Гораций (I век до н. э.) были первыми теоретиками, которые провели различие между дословным и смысловым переводом.

N. Mammadov stressed that sacral texts should not be translated through word-for-word translation, meaning should also be incorporated in the process.

Н. Мамедов подчеркнул, что сакральные тексты должны переводиться не дословно, а с передачей смысла.

Now is the moment when we have a word-for-word translation and experts will have an opportunity to conduct personal interviews with each of the authors to discuss what has been gained today at the meetings.

«Сегодня профессиональные переводчики получат возможность в рамках этих встреч провести индивидуальные, персональные интервью с каждым из авторов, чтобы обсудить то, что сегодня наработано.

A common misconception is that there exists a simple word-for-word correspondence between any two languages, and that translation is a straightforward mechanical process; such a word-for-word translation, however, cannot take into account context, grammar, conventions, and idioms

Общим недоразумением является то, что между двумя языками существует простое совпадение слов и что этот перевод является простым механическим процессом, однако такой литературный перевод не может учитывать содержание, грамматику, нелогичность и идиомы.

Ничего не найдено для этого значения.

Предложения, которые содержат word-for-word translation

Результатов: 27. Точных совпадений: 27. Затраченное время: 55 мс

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Индекс слова: 1-300, 301-600, 601-900

Индекс выражения: 1-400, 401-800, 801-1200

Индекс фразы: 1-400, 401-800, 801-1200

• #1

What’s the difference among «literal translation» «direct translation» «word-for-word translation»?

• #2

Literal and word-for-word both mean that it is translated in such a way that it may not sound good but is gramatically correct.

Im not sure about direct, I’ve never heard it used like this before.

• #3

I’ve heard direct translation quite a few times and have used it myself. I can’t see much difference, if any, between that and «literal» however. Here is an example where both are used, clearly expressing the same idea in different ways:

«X might be the most literal translation, but what’s the point unless you are learning Greek and want such a direct translation.»

• #4

In the sentence Matching Mole provided, ‘literal translation’ could easily replace ‘direct translation’. The other version was used to avoid word repetition.

Literel translation, word-for-word translation, and direct translation are the same. An idiomatic translation is different in that the text is rendered into the other language so that it sounds right in the other language. I’m going to put just a small amount of Latin here just to show the difference between idiomatic translation and direct (word-for-word, literal) translation:

Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres. <— Latin text

Gallia is all divided in parts three. <— literal translation

Gaul is divided into three parts. <— idiomatic translation

Gaul has three divisions. <—

Even more idiomatically translated

Orange Blossom

• #5

I sometimes use the word transliteration. Can it mean the same as the 3 others or should its use be restricted to alphabets?

• #6

Thanks, you’re all wonderful
I think «transliteration» is for the purpose of trinscribing pronunciation only.

Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres. <— Latin text
galia est omnis diwiza in partes tres.<—Transliteration

• #7

http://forum.wordreference.com/showpost.php?p=2617335&postcount=4

When I translate something «literally,» (wörtlich) it still follows the main rules of the language I’m translating into. What you mean is «word-by-word» (wortwörtlich) to me. Or do you consider these two terms interchangeable in English? I’m not even sure myself if «wörtlich» and «wortwörtlich» can make this distinction, but I sense they are not the same in meaning.

Hi, are there any terms for «preserving the meaning of each word you translate from, but at the same time following the syntactic rule of the language you translate into?

• #8

Chesire is right about the meaning of transliteration. Transcribe is another word we use for this.

Tchaichowski is a transcription, or transliteration, of his name from Cyrillic.

In English, a word-for-word translation is the same as a literal translation. I don’t think there is a special term for a translation that retains the literal translations of the words while rearranging them into the syntax of the other language.

Orange Blossom

• #9

I have always used the term ‘free translation’ when referring to a translation which, rather than being literal or word-by-word, attempts to convey the same message in the translatee language as in the original by using the appropriate expressions and vocabulary for this purpose.

• #10

I have always used the term ‘free translation’ when referring to a translation which, rather than being literal or word-by-word, attempts to convey the same message in the translatee language as in the original by using the appropriate expressions and vocabulary for this purpose.

This is what is called an «idiomatic translation».

Orange Blossom

• #11

I’ve never heard that one, Orange Blossom, furthermore, I’m not sure it’s really appropriate.

• #12

A google search with «idiomatic translation» in quotes brings 33,000 entries.

Here is a quote from one site that uses it:

The word-for-word glosses should be neatly aligned under the original forms, and the idiomatic translation follows on a line below, enclosed in single quotes.

From: http://www.springer.com/west/home/l…IPageCounter=CI_FOR_AUTHORS_AND_EDITORS_PAGE1

Basically what I was saying in my previous post is that a free translation is also called an idiomatic translation. This is the opposite of a word-for-word translation, literal translation, or direct translation.

Orange Blossom

• #13

Thanks, Orange Blossom; a very interesting site.

• #14

Is «word-by-word translation» a misspelling?

• #15

Hi Cheshire,

Word-by-word may be a mistranslation or a mistyped word which I suppose could be called a misspelling.

Orange Blossom

• #16

Hello everybody,
would ‘direct translation’ be a way of saying there is no need to go through any intermediary? I mean that in French, we speak of the ‘departure language’, the ‘arrival language’, and in between there is what we call ‘neutral language’, that is a language that is not grammatically correct in any of the other two languages, but that allows to retain only the meaning deprived of any idioms before reaching an idiomatic translation. Would these different names be equally used in English?

• #17

I don’t think «literal translation» = «direct translation,» but I’m not sure what the latter exactly means either. Does it mean «with no intermediary?»

• #18

To me, direct translation suggests that each word is translated into its «direct» equivalent, and the word order is also rendered «directly», i.e. without any change, without trying to make the text sound natural or idiomatic in the target language. In that, I think it’s strictly synonymous with «literal» (= «to the letter», etymologically).*

In reality, there’s an almost infinite number of intermediary degrees between a totally idiomatic (the latter being a strange concept, anyway. It would be more accurate to call it «the most idiomatic possible») and a totally direct translation. But we don’t have the words to name all those steps (direct? half-direct?half-idiomatic? see what I mean?).
The most «direct translations possible» are performed by translating machines. But no human being translates like that.

EDIT : * there would remain to define what a «direct equivalent» is. Is it a cognate? Rarely. I mean, most of the time, there is none available.
In my attempt to define what a direct translation is, I think I have unintentionally demonstrated that this term is clumsy, inappropriate and maybe stupid.

To sum up, my answer is that when people use these 3 expressions, direct, literal and word-for-word translation, they mean exactly the same, i.e. an extreme which exists only in theory (except if you take machines into account).

• #19

I sometimes use the word transliteration. Can it mean the same as the 3 others or should its use be restricted to alphabets?

I also did, until someone corrected me and I looked it up in the dictionary and verified that I was wrong. My question is, what is the equivalent verb form for the following nouns in the title of this post? Are the ff correct?:

translate literally
translate directly
translate word-for-word

• #20

I also did, until someone corrected me and I looked it up in the dictionary and verified that I was wrong. My question is, what is the equivalent verb form for the following nouns in the title of this post? Are the ff correct?:

translate literally
translate directly
translate word-for-word

Quite honestly, I don’t think there is a verb for any of these.

• #21

According to what I learned when I was at university, a literal translation and a word-for-word is the same, to translate from one language to another one word at a time, rather than giving the sense of the original. However, direct translation refers to the fact of translating from a source language into a target language that is your first or native language, so here we have another concept, reverse translation, to translate from your first or native language into a foreign one.
I hope it helps!

First off, some data:

According to COCA word-for-word has 60 usages, 3 of them are «word-for-word translation». Word-by-word has 26 usages, none of them are «word-by-word translation» (but some with «transcription»).

The definition of word-for-word:

Oxford: In exactly the same or, when translated, exactly equivalent words
Merriam-Webster: being in or following the exact words, verbatim
The Free Dictionary: one word at a time, without regard for the sense of the whole

Only the last dictionary contains a definition for word-by-word, too:

The Free Dictionary: one word at a time

The definitions given by The Free Dictionary are, obviously, identical to each other.

Google hits:
Word-for-word ~21m
Word-for-word translation ~318k
Word-by-word ~3.8m
Word-by-word translation ~95k

According to usages and dictionaries word-by-word is, at least, less popular. And assuming that there may be a lot of usages from non-natives among the Google hits, this could be an indicator for word-by-word being even utterly wrong.

In another forum I found the following statement:

When I translate something «literally,» (wörtlich) it still follows the main rules of the language I’m translating into. What you mean is «word-by-word» (wortwörtlich) to me.

I assume that this was written by a German but I don’t know it. However, if this would be true a «word-by-word translation» would be a translation where I keep, for instance, the order of the words, disregarding if it makes sense in the target language.

Some examples:

Original: word-by-word
Word-by-word translation: Wort bei Wort (That’s a terrible translation!)

Original: It is critical to know…
Word-by-word translation: Es ist kritisch zu wissen… (That’s a terrible translation!)

Original: Ich glaub, ich spinne.
Word-by-word translation: I think I spider. (I guess only Germans understand this.)

A «word-for-word translation», however, would be an attempt to keep the word-choice as close as possible but following the rules of the target language (e.g. order of words) and also considering if the statement still makes sense in the other language. Here are better translations for the examples above:

Wort für Wort
Es ist wichtig zu wissen…
I think, I’m going nuts. (Actually, this is not a word-for-word translation but rather a sense-for-sense translation.)

So, my questions again:

1. As neither Oxford nor Merriam-Webster have any entries for word-by-word in their dictionaries: is word-by-word actually valid?
2. If yes, is there any difference between «word-by-word translation» and «word-for-word translation»? If yes again, what is it specifically?