Thinking of one word and saying another

A term I know from psycholinguistics is «phonologically based lexical selection error«.
That means, when looking up the words you need in your mental lexicon, you already have the almost appropriate phonetic form in mind, but then accidently choose a word instead that is phonetically very similar (i.e. differing in one sound, as in your example), but semantically misplaced.
Other examples would be He has a new commuter (instead of computer) or The noun comes after the proposition (instead of preposition).

A lexical selection error in general is when you erroneously pick a wrong word, which is, however, a valid word in your language.
Other sub-types of such lexical selection errors beyond phonologically based ones are semantically based lexical selection errors (one prominent error is choosing the exact antonym of what you mean, e.g. It’s very cold — err, hot) or errors involving morpohological stranding (e.g. They are Turking talkish).
Interestingly, many lexical selection errors still come along with correct grammaticality, as in the example I just mentioned: Although the lexical items themselves are misplaced, the inflection (i.e. -ing and -ish) is syntactically still at the right place — which is an indicator for mental lexical retrievement being a different process than building up the grammatical structure.

Such lexical selection errors are different from pure phonological errors, in that they involve words that are still part of the lexicon (just semantically misplaced), where you already pick the wrong word for your sentence before starting to pronounce it. Pure phonological errors would mostly be something like he gave the goy a book (instead of the boy) or lunder and thightening (instead of thunder and lightening), were you realise certain phonemes the wrong way but without that resulting in a phonetically similar, but semantically different word which is not a valid word of the language.
So the place where this goes wrong is a different one; it is not during the process of retrieving the words from your mental lexicon, but rather during the pronouncitation process, after you have already chosen your words and built up the grammatical structure.

So to summarise, I guess what you mean is a speech error named phonologically based lexical selection error, where you don’t just mispronounce things but rather make an error in getting the right words from your lexicon, by choosing a phonetically similar one that you then pronounce, often even inflect correctly, but that is just semantically not any meaningful in the context you want to use it.

Edit:
A comment on amls answer (I would have commented, but don’t have enough reputation):
I agree with you that there goes something wrong during monitoring which might be called «momentary aphasia», however I think this is not adressing the problem exactly: What OP wanted to know is type of speech error this is, i.e. what goes wrong in the first place to even produce such a sentence — not primarily why this might in some situations not be monitored and repaired.

proverb Talk and action are two separate things, and talk does not guarantee action; it is easy to say things or make promises, but it takes much more effort to actually put those words into action.

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The noun for someone who says one thing but does another is “hypocrite.” The adjective form is “hypocritical.”

Why do I say something and do something else?

A person saying one thing and doing the opposite is today described as a hypocrite, a word that is now imbued with pejorative connotations.The key to the meaning of this word is degree, as it contains in meaning a vast number of synonyms from a mild ‘faker’to a stronger’fraud’.

What is it called when you say one thing but mean the opposite?

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When you say one thing but mean the opposite?

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What’s another way to say on the other hand?

What is another word for on the other hand?

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Do guys fall in love fast?

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Is love a decision or a feeling?

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How do you catch feelings for someone?

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1. Talk to him about intimate details of your life, and ask him about his.
2. Show him your vulnerable side.
3. Hold eye contact.
4. Make a nice meal for him.
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Can you lose the ability to cry?

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