The word transport means to carry people or goods from place to place

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Text 1 The History of Land Transport

The word “transport” means to carry people or goods from place to place. It is also used for

the vehicles that carry people or goods- for example; motor transport includes buses, lorries,

motor cars. The American word for the same thing is transportation, and the remark

“transportation- is civilization” was made by an American, the motor-car manufacturer Henry

Ford.

The history of transport is divided into 2 stages. The first stage is that in which all forms of

transport depended directly on the power of men or animals or on natural forces such as winds

and current. The second stage began with the development of the steam engine, which was

followed by the electric motor and the internal combustion engine as the main sources of power

for transport.

The most ancient peoples were probably wanderers. They did not live in settled homes

because they did not know how to till the soil. As they moved from place to place they had to

carry their goods themselves. The next step was the use of pack animals for carrying goods. The

kind of animal used varied in different places, but the general idea was the same- the bundles or

baskets were carried by the animals on their backs. The dog, although too small to carry much,

was probably one of the first transport animals used because it is so easily trained. Dogs are still

to be trained for dragging sledges in the Arctic because of their light weight.

The next advance in land transport came with the invention of the wheel. The wheel at once

led to the development of two-wheeled carts and four-wheeled wagons and carriages, but before

these could be used for carrying goods over long distances, a system of roads was necessary.

In Britain, and also over much Europe, the first long- distance paved roads were

made by the Romans, chiefly so that troops could be marched without delay from

place to place. The roads made it possible to use wheeled traffic. However, when

the Roman Empire collapsed, the roads gradually got into a very bad state.

There are two problems to be solved- first, how to make good roads, and, second, to decide

who was to pay for them. In Great Britain these problems were solved in 18-th century. Stretches

of roads were handed over to groups called trusts. The trusts borrowed money for repairing and

improving the roads, paying it back from the sums they collected from road users. This method

of paying for new roads and bridges is still used, especially in the United States.

Then it became possible to travel rather comfortably by coaches. Later appeared carriages

that could be hired for short distances. They correspond to the modern taxis. The word is short

for “taxi cab” which in turn comes from the words taximeter and cabriolet. A cabriolet is a light

two-wheeled carriage introduced from France in the 19-th century. The taximeter is a mechanical

device connected with the Wheels which, by measuring the distance traveled, shows the fare due

at any moment. It is also controlled by a clock so that waiting time too is charged for.

Текст 1 история наземного транспорта

Слово «транспорт» означает перевозку людей или грузов с места на место. Он также использован для

транспортные средства, которые перевозят людей или товары — например, автомобильный транспорт включает в себя автобусы, грузовики,

легковой автомобиль. Американское слово для того же самого-транспорт, и замечание

“транспорт-это цивилизация” сделал американец, автопроизводитель Генри

Переходить вброд.

История транспорта делится на 2 этапа. Первая стадия-это та, на которой все формы

транспорт зависел непосредственно от силы людей или животных или от природных сил, таких как ветры

и ток. Второй этап начался с развитием парового двигателя, который был

затем электрическим мотором и двигателем внутреннего сгорания в качестве основных источников питания

для перевозки.

Самые древние народы, вероятно, были странниками. Они не жили в оседлых домах

потому что они не умели обрабатывать землю. Переезжая с места на место, они должны были

несите их товары сами. Следующим шагом стало использование вьючных животных для перевозки грузов. Этот

вид используемого животного менялся в разных местах, но общая идея была одна и та же-связки или

животные несли на спинах корзины. Собака, хотя и слишком мала, чтобы нести много,

был, вероятно, одним из первых транспортных животных, используемых, потому что он так легко обучается. Собаки все еще

обучаться перетаскиванию саней в Арктике из-за их малого веса.

Следующий прогресс в наземном транспорте произошел с изобретением колеса. Колесо сразу

привело к развитию двухколесных тележек и четырехколесных вагонов и экипажей, но раньше

их можно было использовать для перевозки грузов на большие расстояния, нужна была система дорог.

В Великобритании, а также во многих странах Европы были проложены первые междугородние дороги с твердым покрытием.

сделано римлянами, главным образом для того, чтобы войска могли быть без промедления выведены из города.

место на другое. Дороги позволяли использовать колесное движение. Однако, когда

Римская империя рухнула, дороги постепенно пришли в очень плохое состояние.

Есть две проблемы, которые нужно решить-во-первых, как сделать хорошие дороги, и, во-вторых, решить

кто был за них платить. В Великобритании эти проблемы были решены в 18 веке. Тянуться

дороги были переданы группам, названным трестами. Трасты занимали деньги на ремонт и

улучшая дороги, окупая его за счет сумм, собранных с участников дорожного движения. Этот метод

плата за новые дороги и мосты по-прежнему используется, особенно в Соединенных Штатах.

Тогда стало возможным довольно комфортно путешествовать на каретах. Позже появились вагоны

это можно было нанять на короткие расстояния. Они соответствуют современным такси. Слово короткое

для «такси», которое в свою очередь происходит от слов таксометр и кабриолет. Кабриолет-это свет

двухколесный экипаж ввезен из Франции в 19-ом веке. Таксометр является механическое

устройство, связанное с колесами, которое, измеряя пройденное расстояние, показывает стоимость проезда

в любой момент. Он также управляется часами, так что время ожидания тоже заряжается.

Text 2 The Wheel, Steam Carriages and Railways

One of mankind’s earliest and greatest inventions was the wheel. Without it there could be

no industry, little transportation or communication, only crude farming, no electric power.

Nobody knows when the wheel was invented. There is no trace of the wheel during the

Stone Age, and it was not known to the American Indian until the White Man came. It came into

use during the Bronze Age, when horses and oxen were used as work animals. At first all wheels

were solid disks.

20

The problem to be solved was to make the wheels lighter and at the same time keep them

strong. At first holes were made in the wheels, and they became somewhat lighter. Then wheels

with spokes were made. Finally, the wheel was covered with iron and then with rubber.

Light two-wheeled carriages were used widely in the ancient world. As time passed they were

made lighter, stronger, and better. Later people joined together a pair of two-wheeled carts into a

four-wheeled vehicle.

In the West the first steam carriage was invented in France. The tree-wheeled machine had the

front wheel driven by a two-cylinder steam engine, and carried two people along the road at a

walking pace. It was not a great success, as the boiler did not produce enough steam for keeping

the carriage going for more than about 15 minutes.

The steam engine appeared in 1763. It was followed by several improved steam road

carriages. Their further development was prevented by railway companies. The rapid spread of

railways in the United Kingdom was due largely to G. Stephenson, who was an enthusiast as

well as a brilliant engineer. He demonstrated a locomotive that could run eighteen kilometers an

hour and carry passengers cheaper than horses carry them. Eleven years later Stephenson was

operating a railway between Stockton and Darlington. The steam locomotive was a success.

In Russia the tsar’s government showed little interest in railway transportation. After long

debates the government, which did not believe in its own engineers, finally decided to invite

foreign engineers to submit projects for building railways in Russia. Yet at the very time when

foreign engineers were submitting their plans, in the Urals a steam locomotive was actually in

use. It had been invented and built by the Cherepanovs, father and son, both skilful mechanics

and serfs.

Текст 2 колесо, паровые вагоны и железные дороги

Одним из самых ранних и величайших изобретений человечества было колесо. Без него не могло бы быть

ни промышленности, ни транспорта, ни связи, только грубое земледелие, никакой электроэнергии.

Никто не знает, когда было изобретено колесо. Никакой след колеса во время

Каменный век, и он не был известен американским индейцам, пока не пришел белый человек. Он пришел в

польза во время бронзового века, когда лошади и волы были использованы как животные работы. Сначала все колеса

были сплошные диски.

Двадцать

Проблема должна быть решена, чтобы сделать колеса легче и в то же время держать их

сильный. Сначала в колесах проделали отверстия, и они стали несколько легче. Затем колеса

со спицами были сделаны. Наконец, колесо было покрыто железом, а затем резиной.

Легкие двухколесные экипажи широко использовались в древнем мире. С течением времени они были

сделал легче, сильнее и лучше. Позже люди соединили пару двухколесных тележек в

четырехколесное транспортное средство.

На Западе первая паровая повозка была изобретена во Франции. Машина на трех колесах имела

переднее колесо приводилось в движение двухцилиндровым паровым двигателем, и перевозило двух человек по дороге на

скорость пешехода. Это не было большим успехом, так как котел не производит достаточное количество пара для поддержания

карета едет более 15 минут.

Паровой двигатель появился в 1763 году. За ним последовало несколько улучшенных паровых дорог

перевозки. Их дальнейшему развитию препятствовали железнодорожные компании. Быстрое распространение

железные дороги в Соединенном Королевстве были во многом обязаны г. Стивенсону, который был энтузиастом

а также блестящий инженер. Он продемонстрировал Локомотив, который мог пробежать восемнадцать километров в час.

час и возить пассажиров дешевле, чем лошади возить их. Одиннадцать лет спустя Стивенсон был

управление железной дорогой между Стоктоном и Дарлингтоном. Паровоз имел успех.

В России царское правительство мало интересовалось железнодорожным транспортом. После долгого

правительство, которое не верило в собственных инженеров, наконец решило пригласить

иностранных инженеров представить проекты строительства железных дорог в России. Но в то самое время, когда

иностранные инженеры представляли свои планы, на Урале паровоз был на самом деле в

использовать. Его изобрели и построили Черепановы, отец и сын, оба искусные механики.

и крепостных.

Text 3 The early days of the automobile

One of the earliest attempts to propel a vehicle by mechanical power was suggested by

Isaak Newton. But the first self-propelled vehicle was constructed by the French military

engineer Cugnot in 1763. He built a steam-driven engine which had three wheels, carried two

passengers and ran at maximum speed of four miles. The carriage was a great achievement but it

was far from perfect and extremely inefficient. The supply of steam lasted only 15 minutes and

the carriage had to stop every 100 yards to make more steam.

In 1825 a steam engine was built in Great Britain. The vehicle carried 18 passengers and

covered 8 miles in 45 minutes. However, the progress of motor cars met with great opposition in

Great Britain. Further development of the motor car lagged because of the restrictions resulting

from legislative acts. The most famous of these acts was the Red Flag Act of 1865, according to

which the speed of the steam-driven vehicles was limited to 4 miles per hour and a man with a

red flag had to walk in front of it. Motoring really started in the country after the abolition of this

act.

In Russia there were cities where motor cars were outlawed altogether. When the editor of

the local newspaper in the city of Uralsk bought a car, the governor issued these instructions to

the police: “When the vehicle appears in the streets, it is to be stopped and escorted to the police

station, where its driver is to be prosecuted”.

From 1860 to 1900 was a period of the application of gasoline engines to motor cars in

many countries. The first to perfect gasoline engine was N. Otto who introduced the four-stroke

cycle of operation. By that time motor cars got a standard shape and appearance.

In 1896 a procession of motor cars took place from London to Brighton to show how

reliable the new vehicles were. In fact, many of the cars broke for the transmissions were still

unreliable and constantly gave trouble.

The cars of that time were very small, two seated cars with no roof, driven by an engine

placed under the seat. Motorists had to carry large cans of fuel and separate spare tyres, for there

were no repair or filling stations to serve them.

21

After World War I it became possible to achieve greater reliability of motor cars, brakes

became more efficient. Constant efforts were made to standardize common components. Multicylinder engines came into use; most commonly used are four-cylinder engines.

Like most other great human achievements, the motor car is not the product of any single

inventor. Gradually the development of vehicles driven by internal combustion engine- cars, as

they had come to be known, led to the abolition of earlier restrictions. Huge capital began to flow

into the automobile industry.

From 1908 to 1924 the number of cars in the world rose from 200 thousand to 20 mln. By

1960 it had reached 60 mln. No other industry had ever developed at such a rate.

There are about 3,000 Americans who like to collect antique cars. They have several clubs

which possess great influence such as Antique Automobile Club and Veteran Motor Car Club,

which specialize in rare models. The clubs practice meeting where members can exhibit their

cars. A number of museums have exhibitions of antique automobile models whose glory rings in

automobile history.

In England there is the famous “Beaulieu Motor Museum” – the home for veteran cars. The

founder of the Museum is Lord Montague, the son of England’s motoring pioneers, who opened

it in 1952 in memory of his father. Lord Montague’s father was the first person in England to be

fined by the police for speeding. He was fined 5 pounds for going faster than 12 miles per hour.

In the Museum’s collection there is a car called the Silver Ghost which people from near

and far go to see. It was built by Rolls-Royce in 1907, and called the Silver Ghost because it ran

so silently and was painted silver. There is a car called The Knight. It is the first British petroldriven car. Its top speed was only 8 m.p.h. In the Museum there is also a two-seater car, built in

1903.

Текст 3 первые дни автомобиля

Одна из самых ранних попыток продвинуть автомобиль по механической энергии была предложена

Исаак Ньютон. Но первое самоходное транспортное средство было построено по французским военным

инженер Cugnot в 1763. Он построил паровой двигатель, который имел три колеса, два

пассажиры и пробежали на максимальной скорости четыре километра. Карета была большим достижением, но это

был далек от совершенства и крайне неэффективно. Подача пара длилась всего 15 минут и

карета должна была останавливаться каждые 100 ярдов, чтобы выпустить больше пара.

В 1825 году в Великобритании был построен паровой двигатель. Транспортное средство перевозило 18 пассажиров и

покрыли 8 километров за 45 минут. Однако прогресс автомобилей встретил большое противодействие в

Великобритания. Дальнейшее развитие автомобиля отставало из-за ограничений, возникающих в результате

из законодательных актов. Самым известным из этих актов был закон О красном флаге 1865 года, согласно

что скорость паровых автомобилей была ограничена 4 милями в час и человек с

красный флаг должен был идти перед ним. Автомобильное движение действительно началось в стране после отмены этого

акт.

В России были города, где автомобили вообще были вне закона. Когда редактор

местная газета в городе Уральске купила автомобиль, губернатор дал такие поручения

полицию: “когда автомобиль появится на улицах, он будет остановлен и сопровожден в полицию

участок, где его водитель будет привлечен к ответственности”.

С 1860 по 1900 год был период применения бензиновых двигателей к автомобилям в

многие страны. Первый совершенный бензиновый двигатель был Н. Отто, который представил четырехтактный

цикл работы. К тому времени автомобили приобрели стандартную форму и внешний вид.

В 1896 году состоялась процессия автомобилей из Лондона в Брайтон, чтобы показать, как

надежными были новые автомобили. На самом деле, многие из автомобилей сломались для передач все еще были

ненадежен и постоянно доставлял неприятности.

Автомобили того времени были очень маленькими, два сидячих автомобиля без крыши, управляемых двигателем

помещается под сиденье. Автомобилистам приходилось носить с собой большие канистры с горючим и отдельные запасные шины.

не было ни ремонтных, ни заправочных станций, чтобы обслуживать их.

Двадцать один

После Первой мировой войны стало возможным добиться большей надежности автомобилей, тормоза

стать более эффективными. Предпринимались постоянные усилия по стандартизации общих компонентов. Двигатели многоцилиндровый вошел в употребление; наиболее часто используются двигатели с четырьмя цилиндрами.

Как и большинство других великих человеческих достижений, автомобиль не является продуктом какого-либо одного

изобретатель. Постепенно развитие кораблей управляемых двигателем внутреннего сгорания-автомобилями, как

они стали известны, привели к отмене прежних ограничений. Огромный капитал начал поступать

в автомобильную промышленность.

С 1908 по 1924 год количество автомобилей в мире выросло с 200 тысяч до 20 миллионов. От

В 1960 году она достигла 60 млн. Ни одна другая промышленность никогда не развивалась с такой скоростью.

Насчитывается около 3000 американцев, которые любят собирать старинные автомобили. У них есть несколько клубов

которые обладают большим влиянием, такие как античный автомобильный клуб и ветеранский автомобильный клуб,

которые специализируются на редких моделях. Клубы практикуют встречу, где члены могут показать свои

автомобили. В ряде музеев проходят выставки античных моделей автомобилей, слава которых

автомобильная история.

В Англии есть знаменитый «музей автомобилей Болье» — дом для ветеранов автомобилей. Этот

основателем музея является лорд Монтегю, сын английских автомобильных пионеров, который открыл

в 1952 году в память о своем отце. Отец лорда Монтегю был первым человеком в Англии, который

оштрафован полицией за превышение скорости. Он был оштрафован на 5 фунтов за превышение скорости 12 миль в час.

В коллекции музея есть автомобиль под названием Серебряный призрак, который люди из ближнего

и куда пойти посмотреть. Он был построен Rolls-Royce в 1907 году и называется Silver Ghost, потому что он бежал

так тихо и было окрашено серебро. Есть машина под названием Рыцарь. Это первый британский автомобиль с бензиновым двигателем. Его максимальная скорость составляла всего 8 м. п. h. В музее также есть двухместный автомобиль, встроенный

1903.

Text 4 Cars: Passion or Problem?

For some people, the car is a convenient form of transportation. But for others, the car is an

exciting hobby. Some people spend their lives collecting valuable cars. Others drive them in

races. For many people, cars are more than transportation: They are a source of passion and

pleasure. Yet cars can also be a source of many problems.

In 1903, Henry Ford began selling the Model T car for $ 825. His company, Ford Motors,

was the first to produce car in large numbers. This made the car available to large numbers of

people and helped them to travel long distances quickly and easily. The car has brought people

much closer to places of work, study, and entertainment. Many people also work in car-related

industries: fixing cars, washing cars, advertising cars, and selling car products such as stereos

and cellular phones.

Most Americans buy a new car every five or six years. This means that one American may

own a dozen cars in a lifetime. In fact, there are more cars than people in the United States. In

New York City, 2, 5 million cars move in and out of the city each day. In this traffic, the average

speed is sometimes 8.1. miles per hour. This speed could easily be reached by riding a horse

instead of driving a car. But New Yorkers continue to drive, just as people do in California,

where freeways are often very crowded.

Some environmentalists believe that forms of public transportation such as buses and trains

have not been fully developed in the United States. They try to teach others that public

transportation saves fuel and helps to protect the environment. Many people are unhappy with

car traffic and pollution, as well as with the use of beautiful land for building new roads

Environmentalists’ dream of turning parking lots into parks and replacing cars with

bicycles, but most people around the world believe that the car is a necessary part of life in

today’s world. Still, there is an important question that must be answered: What kind of fuel will

we use when gasoline is no longer available? To solve this problem, car companies in Korea,

Japan, Europe, and the United States are trying to develop an electric car that will not require at

All.The electric car was not used again until the 1970s, when there were serious problems with

the availability of oil. Car companies began to plan for a future without gasoline. The General

Motor Company had plans to develop an electric car by 1980; however, oil became available

again, and this car was never produced.

Today there is an interest in the electric car, which is partly related to a passion for speed

and new technology. The General Motors Company began new work on the development of the

electric car. The Toyota Company recently decided to spend $800 million a year on the

development of new car technology. Many engineers believe that the electric car will lead to

other forms of technology being used for transportation.

Cars may change, but their importance will not. Cars are important to nearly everyone,

including engineers, businesspeople, environmentalists, and even poets.

Текст 4 машины: страсть или проблема?

Для некоторых людей, автомобиль является удобным видом транспорта. Но для других, автомобиль

увлекательное хобби. Некоторые люди проводят свою жизнь, собирая ценные автомобили. Другие загоняют их внутрь.

гонки. Для многих людей автомобили-это больше, чем транспорт: они являются источником страсти и

удовольствие. Машины также может быть источником многих проблем.

В 1903 году Генри Форд начал продавать автомобиль Model T за $ 825. Его компания, Ford Motors,

первым стал выпускать автомобиль в больших количествах. Это сделало автомобиль доступным для большого числа

люди помогали им быстро и легко преодолевать большие расстояния. Автомобиль привез людей

гораздо ближе к местам работы, учебы и развлечений. Много людей также работают в автомобиле-родственном

отрасли: ремонт автомобилей, стиральных машин, реклама автомобилей, и продажа автомобилей продуктов, таких как стереосистемы

и сотовые телефоны.

Большинство американцев покупают новый автомобиль каждые пять-шесть лет. Это означает, что один американец

иметь дюжину автомобилей в жизни. На самом деле, в Соединенных Штатах больше автомобилей, чем людей. В

Нью-Йорк, 2,5 миллиона автомобилей въезжают и выезжают из города каждый день. В этом трафике средний

скорость иногда 8.1. миля в час. Эта скорость может быть легко достигнута верхом на лошади

вместо автомобиля. Но жители Нью-Йорка продолжают ездить, как и люди в Калифорнии,

где автострады часто очень переполнены.

Некоторые экологи считают, что виды общественного транспорта, такие как автобусы и поезда

не были полностью развиты в Соединенных Штатах. Они пытаются научить других, что общественность

транспорт экономит топливо и помогает защитить окружающую среду. Многие люди недовольны

автомобильное движение и загрязнение, а также использование красивых земель для строительства новых дорог

Экологи мечтают превратить парковки в парки и заменить автомобили

велосипеды, но большинство людей во всем мире считают, что автомобиль-это необходимая часть жизни

современный мир. Все-таки есть важный вопрос, на который нужно ответить: какое топливо будет

мы используем, когда бензин больше не доступен? Чтобы решить эту проблему, автомобильные компании в Корее,

Япония, Европа и США пытаются разработать электромобиль, который не потребует

все.

Двадцать два

Электромобиль не использовался снова до 1970-х годов, когда возникли серьезные проблемы с

наличие масла. Автомобильные компании начали планировать будущее без бензина. общий

Автотранспортное предприятие планирует создать электромобиль к 1980 году, однако, объемы нефти

опять же, и этот автомобиль так и не был произведен.

Сегодня существует интерес к электромобилю, который отчасти связан со страстью к скорости

и новые технологии. Компания General Motors начала новую работу по разработке

электромобиль. Недавно компания Toyota решила тратить $ 800 млн в год на

разработка новой автомобильной техники. Многие инженеры считают, что электромобиль приведет

другие формы технологии, используемые для транспортировки.

Автомобили могут меняться, но их значение не изменится. Автомобили важны почти для всех,

включая инженеров, бизнесменов, экологов и даже поэтов.

---

---

Вычисление основной дактилоскопической формулы Вычислением основной дактоформулы обычно занимается следователь. Для этого все десять пальцев разбиваются на пять пар…

Расчетные и графические задания Равновесный объем — это объем, определяемый равенством спроса и предложения…

Кардиналистский и ординалистский подходы Кардиналистский (количественный подход) к анализу полезности основан на представлении о возможности измерения различных благ в условных единицах полезности…

Обзор компонентов Multisim Компоненты – это основа любой схемы, это все элементы, из которых она состоит. Multisim оперирует с двумя категориями…

Влияние первой русской революции 1905-1907 гг. на Казахстан. Революция в России (1905-1907 гг.), дала первый толчок политическому пробуждению трудящихся Казахстана, развитию национально-освободительного рабочего движения против гнета. В Казахстане, находившемся далеко от политических центров Российской империи… Виды сухожильных швов После выделения культи сухожилия и эвакуации гематомы приступают к восстановлению целостности сухожилия… КОНСТРУКЦИЯ КОЛЕСНОЙ ПАРЫ ВАГОНА Тип колёсной пары определяется типом оси и диаметром колес. Согласно ГОСТ 4835-2006* устанавливаются типы колесных пар для грузовых вагонов с осями РУ1Ш и РВ2Ш и колесами диаметром по кругу катания 957 мм. Номинальный диаметр колеса – 950 мм…

Департамент
образования и науки Брянской области
ГАПОУ «Брянский техникум машиностроения и автомобильного транспорта имени Героя
Советского Союза М.А. Афанасьева»

Методическое
пособие

Для
специальности 190631 « Техническое обслуживание и ремонт автомобильного
транспорта»

Автор:  Дунаева  Галина Владимировна

Рассмотрено и одобрено на заседании ЦК общих гуманитарных и социально-экономических дисциплин ____________/Ю.Н. Крупенина Протокол №______ «____» ___________2016 г.

Брянск, 2016

                                       ПОЯСНИТЕЛЬНАЯ
ЗАПИСКА

К методическому пособию по английскому
языку для специальности    «Техническое обслуживание и
ремонт автомобильного транспорта»  Пособие разработано в соответствии с требованиями
Государственного образовательного стандарта и уровню подготовки выпускников
средних специальных учебных заведений по дисциплине «Иностранный язык
(английский).

Данное пособие содержит подборку текстов
профессионально направленного содержания, что способствует овладению лексикой 
технической  направленности. В методическое пособие включены тексты из истории
появления автомобилей, устройство автомобиля, работы двигателя, виды наземного
транспорта, движение в Лондоне,  левостороннее движение в Лондоне, правила
движения в России и другие. Кроме основных текстов представлены таблицы с
набором лексических единиц по теме « Транспорт», которые способствуют активному
усвоению тематического материала и использованию его в устной и письменной речи
в соответствии с потребностями данного вида деятельности.

      Предлагаемое пособие ставит своей
целью обучение студентов профессиональной лексике, формированию коммуникативной
компетенции, позволяющей общаться на английском языке на различные темы, в том
числе в сфере профессиональной деятельности используя приобретённый словарный
запас, а также способствует расширению кругозора студентов и повышению их
интереса к изучению английского языка.

                                           
 Automobiles

Automobiles or cars are one of the most amazing
discoveries of the 20th century. They are thought to have completely changed
modern society. They’ve had a huge impact on the way people live and work now.
Automobiles or any other motor vehicles gave people the opportunity to move and
travel faster. Using transport, people easily commute from one town to another
to get to work. The history of automobiles started in 1886, when German
inventor Karl Benz invented a motorized wagon to replace ordinary,
animal-drafted carriages. First modern car was introduced in 1908 by Henry
Ford. Today, there are thousands of cars which meet every person’s needs, from
luxury types to practical . Apart from cars, people use public transportation
for travel purposes, including trams, buses, mini vans, local trains, etc.

 There are different opinions on automobiles and their
impact. For example, some people think that they have improved our life, but
some find them health dangerous and unnecessary. Modern equivalent of cars is
the bicycle. First of all, it doesn’t have an engine and doesn’t need fuel to
move. This has made a bicycle the most eco-friendly vehicle. Secondly, bicycles
are not noise pollutants and they don’t block the roads. Thirdly, riding a
bicycle keeps people fit and in good shape. However, there are millions of
people who would never abandon cars as they provide comfort and convenience.
They don’t depend on bad weather conditions, they let the passengers sit back
and enjoy the ride, which was impossible in the 19th century when people relied
on animals.

 Some prominent people state that automobiles have
improved the quality of life and economy in many countries. For example, with
the appearance of cars the rate at which goods and services are transacted
significantly increased. Other than that, many jobs, involving road
construction, have been created. Social life has also been improved. Thanks to
cars, people can visit each other at any time and stay as long as they wish.
Public transport has limited hours of work. The economy is said to be improved
due to reduced travel time and expenses. The future of car technologies is
vague, although there are some advances being developed. The manufacturers work
on hybrid and fully autonomous cars at the moment. Hybrid cars use two or more
sources to move. Most commonly they are electric vehicles. Autonomous cars are
driverless and they already exist in prototype.

                                  
THE HISTORY OF LAND TRANSPORT

                                                                 Introduction

The
word transport means to carry people or goods from place to
place. It is also used for the vehicles that carry people or goods – for
example, motor transport includes buses, lorries, motor coaches and motor cars.
The American word for the same thing is transportation, and the
remark “transportation is civilization” was made by an American, the motor-car
manufacturer Henry Ford.

    The
history of transport is divided into two stages. The first stage is that in
which all forms of transport depended directly on the power of men or animals
or natural forces such as winds and current. The second stage began with the
development of the steam engine, which was followed by the electric motor and
the internal combustion engine as the main sources of power for transport.

Porters
and Pack Animals

    2.The
most ancient people were probably wanderers. They did not live in settled homes
because they did not know how to till the soil. As they moved from place to
place they had to carry their goods themselves. The porters were usually the
women, probably because the men had to be ready to beat off attacks by wild
beasts or enemies. Even now, to carry the household goods is the job of women
in backward wandering tribes.

    The
next step was the use of pack animals for carrying goods. The kind of animal
used varied in different places, but the general idea was the same – the
bundles or baskets were carried by the animals on their backs. The dogs, although
too small to carry much, was probably one of the first transport animals used
because it is so easily trained. Dogs are still to be trained for dragging
sledges in the Arctic because of their light weight.

    3.The
next advance in land transport came with the invention of the wheel. The wheel
at once led to the development of two-wheeled carts and four-wheeled wagons and
carriages, but before these could be used for carrying goods over long
distances, a system of roads was necessary. These roads had to be wide enough
to take a cart and paved, for unless their surface was paved the wheels sank in
and the cart stuck. In Britain, and also over much Europe, the first
long-distance paved roads were made by the Romans, chiefly so that troops could
be marched without delay from place to place. The roads made it possible to use
wheeled traffic. However, when the Roman Empire collapsed, the roads gradually
got into a very bad state.

    4.There
were two problems to be solved – first, how to make good roads, and, second, to
decide who was to pay for them. In Great Britain these problems were solved in
the 18^th century. Stretches of roads were handed over to groups
called trusts. The trusts borrowed money for repairing and
improving the roads, paying it back from the sums they collected from road
users. This method of paying for new roads and bridges is still used,
especially in the United States.

    Then
it became possible to travel rather comfortably by coaches. In cities like
London, rich people had their own carriages, while poor people went on
horseback or walked. Then appeared carriages that could be hired for short
distances. They correspond to the modern taxis. The word is short for taxi
cab which in turn comes from the words taximeter and cabriolet.
A cabriolet is a light two-wheeled carriage introduced from France in the 19^th century.
The taximeter is a mechanical device connected with the wheels which, by
measuring the distance travelled, snows the fare due at any moment. It is also
controlled by a clock so that waiting time too is charged for.

                                               
    Inside the car

The use of motor-cars changes the life. People like to
drive a car and cover long distances with comfort. If you are thinking of
taking your car to England you should be familiar with the vocabulary of
motoring and you should know about traffic rules in England. Let’s have a look
at the car. We are inside the car. There is a seat for the driver and four
seats for passengers. All round the car there are windows to see out- except in
the front. This is the windscreen and there are also things to sweep the rain
off it. We call them the windscreen wipers .When we drive the car we steer with
the steering wheel. If there are obstacles in the way we stop the car with the
brake- we brake the car. When the way is clear to go again we accelerate to
help us move off. The car has a gear-box and five gears. There is also a gear
lever. We change gears by pushing the gear lever from one gear to the next. To
help us to do this we have a foot-pedal. We call it the clutch. We put the
clutch in to disengage the engine and we put the clutch out to make it drive
again. When we want to stop the car we put on the hand-brake. To start the
engine we switch on the ignition and press the starter. And lastly to change
direction we signal with the indicators. With our hands we steer with the gear
lever, and put on the hand-brake. With our feet we accelerate by using the
accelerator, stop by using the foot-brake and change gear by using the clutch.
Now let us look round the outside of the car. Front and rear come the bumpers
to protect the bodywork. In the four comers are the wheels. The bonnet covers
the engine. There is also the compartment to contain your luggage , the tools
for the car and the spare wheel. We call this compartment the boot. But why do
we need a spare wheel? When a tire goes flat all the air comes out of it
because it has a puncture. So we lift the car on a jack, change the wheel and
drive on.  The main part of the engine consists of the
cylinders and valves. Air and petrol go into the engine by means of the
carburetor. The petrol reaches the carburetor from the petrol tank through the
action of the petrol pump. The mixture is ignited by an electric spark from one
of the ‘plugs’. The electricity is stored in the battery and battery is change
by the dynamo. The engine is often cooled by water from radiator and lubricated
by oil. The exhaust gases from the engine go away through a pipe. To control
the operation of the engine we have a speedometer and an oil pressure gauge, a
thermometer and an ammeter to see if the dynamo charges the battery or not.
These are the basic instruments. At last what do we get? We get a lot of
things. We have the steering-how to keep the car straight or make it turn. We
have the brakes-how to stop the car and engine-how to make it go.

                                           
London  Traffic.

London
is so large that visitors must learn to use buses and the underground to get
about. London taxis are too expensive for any but the rich. You can get a map
of the underground and the bus routes at any ticket office. The word
«Underground» across a large circle shows you where the stations are.
The London underground is called the «tube». Bus stops are marked
clearly. In the suburbs buses do not stop unless there are passengers who wish
to get on or off. These stops are marked «Request Steps».

 Inside
some buses you will see the notice: «Please, state your destination
clearly and have the exact fare ready.» It is easy enough to tell the
conductor where you want to go to, but not always possible to have the exact
fare. The conductor will always give you the change. The London buses are very
large. They have seats both upstairs and downstairs. English children like to
sit on the front seats of a big London bus. They can see everything that is
happening in the streets. Here are some of the things you may hear on a bus in
London: «Fares, please.» «Four pence, please.» «Full
up inside; plenty of seats on top.» «Standing room only.»
«No, sir, this bus does not go to Victoria Station.» «You want a
number 11.» «No more seats on top; five seats inside.» In Great
Britain traffic keeps to the left. Motor-cars, buses and cyclists must all keep
to the left side of the road. In most other countries traffic keeps to the
right. There is heavy traffic in London and you must observe traffic rules.

                                           
Travelling.  Means of Transport.

People
began to travel ages ago. The very first travelers were explorers who went on
trips to find wealth, fame or something else. Their journeys were very
dangerous but still people keep on going to the unknown lands.

Nowadays
it is not as dangerous and much more convenient. Do you want to go somewhere?
Hundreds of companies are there to help you. They will take care about your
tickets and make all the reservations needed. You don’t speak the language of
the country you go to? There are interpreters that will help you. With modern
services you can go around the world. You can choose the means of transport you
like: plane, train, ship, bicycle or you can travel hiking.

Of
course, travelling by air is the fastest and the most convenient way, but it is
the most expensive too.

Travelling
by train is slower than by plane, but it has its advantages. You can see much
more interesting places of the country you are travelling through. Modern
trains have very comfortable seats. There are also sleeping cars and dining
cars which make even the longest journey enjoyable. Speed, comfort and safety
are the main advantages of trains and planes. That is why many people prefer
them to all other means.

Travelling
by sea is very popular. Large ships and small river boats can visit foreign
countries and different places of interest within their own country.

As for
me, I prefer travelling by car. I think it’s very convenient. You needn’t
reserve tour tickets. You needn’t carry heavy suitcases. You can stop wherever
you wish, and spend at any place as much time as you like.

                                                    
Public Transport  

To
my mind the best way to travel along the city is to walk. When you go on foot,
you do not depend on any kind of transport. You can observe the beauty of the
buildings and landscapes wandering along the streets, you can go anywhere you
like. These are the advantages. But, of course, the disadvantages of foot walks
are the time you spent while walking.

If
you are short of time and you are in a hurry, it is better to take advantage of
any means of public transport. If you live not far from the underground, I
advise you to use this mean of transport. First of all it’s the fastest.
Underground trains run every 3 to 5 minutes. It is also the most reliable type
of transport.

With
trams, trolley-buses and buses, there are lots of things that may interfere
with their normal operations. But all years I have been travelling by
underground it has never let me down.

As
for the fare, it’s a little more expensive than trams and trolley-buses but
cheaper than most buses and shuttle minibuses (route taxis). The only problem
with the underground that it does not cover the whole city. But every metro
station has good trolley-bus, bus and shuttle minibus connections.

You
can also travel along the city by car if you have one. But the traffic in the
city is very heavy, especially during the day time. There are a lot of traffic
jams on the roads, so maybe it is more convenient to go by underground.

If
you want to reach the place of destination without any problems and in a short
period of time you can order a taxi by telephone. But bear in mind that it can
be rather expensive. I wish you to have a good time and nice impressions of the
city.

                                                                   London
Traffic.

London is so large that visitors must learn to use buses
and the underground to get about. London taxis are too expensive for any but
the rich. You can get a map of the underground and the bus routes at any ticket
office. The word «Underground» across a large circle shows you where
the stations are. The London underground is called the «tube». Bus
stops are marked clearly. In the suburbs buses do not stop unless there are
passengers who wish to get on or off. These stops are marked «Request
Steps».

 Inside some buses you will see the notice: «Please,
state your destination clearly and have the exact fare ready.» It is easy
enough to tell the conductor where you want to go to, but not always possible
to have the exact fare. The conductor will always give you the change. The
London buses are very large. They have seats both upstairs and downstairs.
English children like to sit on the front seats of a big London bus. They can
see everything that is happening in the streets. Here are some of the things
you may hear on a bus in London: «Fares, please.» «Four pence,  please.»
«Full up inside; plenty of seats on top.»  «Standing room
only.» «No, sir, this bus does not go to Victoria Station.»
«You want a number 11.» «No more seats on top; five seats
inside.» In Great Britain traffic keeps to the left. Motor-cars, buses and
cyclists must all keep to the left side of the road. In most other countries
traffic keeps to the right. There is heavy traffic in London and you must
observe traffic rules.

                                            Technician
— mechanic.  Driver.
                                        
You will be a technician-mechanic of the automobile industry. Technician
–mechanic can work in technical-service stations, motor-transport depots or
garage. They may work at any automobile enterprise. The main task of a mechanic
is to repair cars, trucks and buses. After finishing our technical school you
will be able to repair and to drive cars and trucks. You may work as a driver.
The profession of driver is very necessary and useful. It is the profession
with a wide range of application. Every day drivers transport many passengers
and loads. Drivers help us to get about the town. They bring to the shops the goods
we need. They take the sick people to the hospitals or to the doctors. The
profession of driver is dangerous. Anything can happen during a trip and driver
must be very careful and attentive. He must know and observe traffic rules in
order not to meet with an accident. The profession of driver is very
interesting. Driver visits many interesting places; he sees many interesting
things and meets many interesting people.

2. In 1825 a steam engine was built
in Great Britain. The vehicle carried 18 passengers and covered 8 miles in 45
minutes. However, the progress of motor cars met with great opposition in Great
Britain. Further development of the motor car lagged because of the
restrictions resulting from legislative acts. The most famous of these acts was
the Red Flag Act of 1865, according to which the speed of the steam-driven
vehicles was limited to 4 miles per hour and a man with a red flag had to walk
in front of it.

Motoring
really started in the country after the abolition of this act.

3. In Russia there  were cities
where motor cars were outlawed altogether. When, the editor of the local
newspaper in the city of Uralsk bought a car, the «governor issued these
instructions to the police: «When the vehicle appears in the streets, it
is to be stopped and escorted to the police station, where its driver is to be
prosecuted.»

4. From 1860 to 1900 was a period of
the application of gasoline engines to motor cars in many countries, The first
to perfect gasoline engine was N. Otto who introduced the four-stroke cycle of
operation. By that time motor cars got a standard shape and appearance.

In 1896
a procession of motor cars took place from London to Brighton to show how
reliable the new vehicles were. In fact, many of the cars broke down, for the
transmissions were still unreliable and constantly gave trouble.

The
cars of that time were very small, two-seated cars with no roof, driven by an
engine placed under the seat. Motorists had to carry large cans of fuel and
separate spare tires, for there were no repair or filling stations to serve
them.

After
World War I it became possible to achieve greater reliability of motor cars,
brakes became more efficient. Constant efforts were made to standardize common
components. Multi-cylinder engines came into use, most commonly used are
four-cylinder engines.

5. Like most other great human
achievements, the motor car is not the product of any single inventor.
Gradually the development of vehicles driven by internal combustion engine —
cars, as they had come to be known, led to the abolition of earlier
restrictions. Huge capital began to flow into the automobile industry.

From
1908 to 1924 the number of cars in the world rose from 200 thousand to 20
million; by 1960 it had reached 60 million! No other industry had ever
developed at such a rate.

6. There are about 3,000 Americans
who like to collect antique cars. They have several clubs such as Antique
Automobile Club and Veteran Motor Car Club, which specialize in rare models.
The clubs practice meetings where members can exhibit their cars. Collectors
can also

advertise
in the magazines published by their clubs. Some magazines specialize in a
single type of car such as glorious Model «T». A number of museums
have exhibitions of antique automobile models whose glory rings in automobile
history. But practically the best collection -100 old cars of great rarity — is
in possession of William Harrah. He is very influential in his field. The value
of his collection is not only historical but also practical: photographs of his
cars are used for films and advertisements.

7. In England there is the famous
«Beaulieu Motor Museum» — the home for veteran cars.

The
founder of the Museum is Lord Montague, the son of one of England’s motoring
pioneers, who opened it in 1952 in memory of his father. Lord Montague’s father
was the first person in England to be fined by the police for speeding. He was
fined 5 pounds for going faster than 12 miles per hour!

In the
Museum’s collection there is a car called the Silver Ghost which people from
near and far go to see. It was built by Rolls-Royce in 1907, and called the
Silver Ghost because it ran so silently and was painted silver.

There
is a car called The Knight. It is the first British petrol-driven car. Its top
speed was only 8 miles per hour!   In the Museum there is also a two-seater car
built in 1903.

                                                        
THE ENGINE

 1. The engine is the source of power that makes the
car move. It is usually called an internal combustion engine because gasoline
is burned within its cylinders or combustion chambers. Most automobile engines
have six or eight cylinders.

 2. The operating cycle of the four-stroke engine can
be divided into four strokes. The upper limit of the piston movement is called
the top dead centre. The lower limit of piston movement is called the bottom
dead centre. A stroke is the piston movement from the top dead centre to the bottom
dead centre, or from the bottom dead centre to the top dead centre . In other
words, the piston completes a stroke each time it changes the direction of its
motion.

 3. Where the entire cycle of events in the cylinder
requires four strokes (two crankshaft revolutions), the engine is called a
four-stroke cycle engine. The four strokes are: intake, compression, power and
exhaust.

 4. Two-cycle engines have also been made, and in such
engines the entire cycle of events is completed in two strokes or one
revolution of the crankshaft.

 5. On the intake stroke the intake valve is opened.
The mixture of air and vaporized gasoline is delivered into the cylinder
through the inlet valve.  On the compression stroke the inlet valve is closed
so that the mixture can be compressed.  On the power stroke both valves (inlet
and exhaust) are closed in order to rise pressure during the mixture
combustion.  On the exhaust stroke the exhaust valve is opened to exhaust the
residual gas.

                                   Why we drive on
the left in the UK

The
“ rule of the road” in mainland Europe and the majority of countries in the
world, including the United States , is “ to drive on the right”.
In the United Kingdom and some of her former dominions: Australia, New Zealand,
Kenya, Zambia, South Africa, Zimbabwe, some Caribbean Islands including
Barbados and St Lucia, India and Pakistan and the Mediterranean island of
Malta, the rule of the road remains to drive on the left. This also applies in
Japan and Thailand.
The origin of this rule dates back to how people travelled in feudal societies.
As most people are right-handed, it made sense to carry any protective weapon
in this hand. When passing a stranger on the road, it would be safer to walk on
the left, so ensuring that your weapon was between yourself and a possible
opponent. Knights would hold their lances in their right hand , therefore
passing on each others’ left.
Revolutionary France changed this historic practice , as part of its social
rethink. Their military general and Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte was left- hand ,
therefore his armies had to march on the right , so he could keep his sword arm
between him and the advancing enemy. From that time any part of the world that
was colonized by the French would travel on the right, and the rest would
remain travelling on the left.

                                               
Traffic rules and signs.
Traffic rules are international nowadays.  However , special regulations
valid for one country only are also to be taken into consideration
                                                   Traffic rules in Russia .
1) Traffic in Russia is on the right-hand side of streets and roads with the
traffic way wide enough for several cars moving abreast in one direction . It
is forbidden to drive in the left- hand lane if the right-hand lane is free.

2) The
driver is responsible for the condition of his car, and in particular the
reliability of his brakes , the steering , the tires and the lights and
indicators on his car.

3) The
driver must conduct the car he is driving in such a manner as not to cause
danger to, or obstruct the movements of another machine , be alert and keep to
the route he is driving on .

4)
While driving in traffic , the driver must observe and strictly adhere to road
sings , signals and traffic lights, and also comply with the orders of traffic
inspectors ( either in uniform , or with an arm- band on his left arm and a
regulation baton in his hand )

5)
Before making a left or right turn , a complete turn , accelerating , stopping
, or making any other maneuvers which may alter his position in the line , the
driver must give warning by signaling not less than five seconds before he
starts  the particular maneuver.

6) Horn
signaling may be used only outside city limits. Only in case of emergency or in
a thick fog , may there be an exception to this rule.

7)
Careful attention must be paid to warning signals of special service car ( fire
engines , ambulances , etc.) which have the right of way .

The
speed is limited by the driver according to the condition of the road on which
he is driving , visibility and also the intensity of traffic and the number of
pedestrians .  Upon the slightest warning of danger , he must lower his speed
or stop the car . The speed limit in cities , towns and villages is 60 km and
hour . On some roads speed limit is increased up to 110 km as shown by the
corresponding sign.

9) It
is forbidden to pass the car in front by driving in the lanes of the oncoming
traffic , at road or street crossings and pedestrian crossings , on bridges and
also before warning signs.

10) It
is forbidden to stop at the left- hand side of the street or road , except in
narrow streets where vehicular traffic from both directions passes along a
single lane.

11) At
non- regulated crossings, the traffic on the main street has the right of way .
At street or road junctions of equal importance the car coming from the right
has the right of way.

12) At
any street junctions of equal importance trams have the right of way
irrespective of their direction .

13)
Where there are traffic lights , the traffic in any direction may move only
when the green lights are on  When making a turn , the driver must allow
pedestrians to cross the street when the green lights are on .

14) If
the traffic light contains additional lights, a turn may be made only when the
signal of a green arrow lit up . While waiting for this signal , the car must
wait at the “STOP” line.

15)
When making a right or left turn cars moving in the same direction or in the
opposite direction have the right of way , likewise those cars making a right
turn from the opposite direction .

                                    Лексика по теме: «
Транспорт»

Английский	Транскрипция	Перевод	Английский	Транскрипция	Перевод
transport	[‘træns‚pɔ:rt]	транспорт	breakdown	[‘breɪk‚daʋn]	авария
parking	[’pɑ:rkɪŋ]	парковка	crossroad	[‘krɔ:s‚rəʋd]	перекресток
highway	[’haɪ‚weɪ]	шоссе	cabstand	[ ˈkæbræŋk ]	стоянка
main	[meɪn]	магистраль	helmet	[‘helmɪt]	каска, шлем
sidewallk	[‘saɪd‚wɔ:k]	тротуар	Metro	[‘metrəʋ]	метро
traffic lights	[‘træfɪk laɪt]	светофор	station	[‘steɪʃən]	станция
transit	[‘trænsɪt]	транзит	component	[kəm’pəʋnənt]	деталь
boot	[bu:t]	багажник	chassis	[ ˈʃæsɪ ]	шасси
parking place	[’pɑ:rkɪŋ pleɪs]	стоянка	cowl	[kaul]	капот
pedestrian	[pə’destrɪən]	пешеход	ignition	[ıg’nıʃən]	зажигание
refuelling	[ri:’fju:əl ɪŋ]	автозаправка	carburettor	[ˈkɑːbjʊretə]	карбюратор
brake	[breɪk]	тормоз	motor	[‘məʋtər]	мотор
bumper	[ ˈbʌmpə ]	бампер	pedal	[‘pedəl]	педаль
cab	[kæb]	кабина	piston	[pʲɪs’ton]	поршень
speedometer	[spiːˈdɔmɪtə]	спидометр	semaphore		семафор
trunk	[trʌŋk]	багажник	switch	[swɪtʃ]	стрелка
tyre	[‘taɪər]	шина	marine	[mə’ri:n]	флот
muffer	[ˈmʌflə]	глушитель	wheel	[wi:l]	колесо, руль
sump		масленый поддон	body	[‘bɒdɪ]	кузов
sedan	sɪˈdæn]	седан	cabriolet	[ ˌkæbrɪəuˈlet ]	кабриолет
berth	[bə:θ]	спальное место	hatch-back a driving licence	[ˈhætʃbæk] [ˈlaɪsəns]	хетчбек водительские права
car	[kɑ:]	вагон	van	[væn]	фургон
compartment	[kəm’pɑ:rtmənt]	купе	universal	[‚ju:nə’vɜ:rsəl]	универсал
anchor	[‘æŋkər]	якорь	barrier	[ bæriə(r) ]	шлагбаум
aqualung	[ ˈækwəlʌŋ ]	акваланг	taxi	[’tæksɪ]	такси
bay	[beɪ]	бухта	platform	[’plætfɔ:rm]	платформа
harbor	[’hɑ:bə]	гавань	cable	[‘keɪbəl]	цепь
hold	[həʋld]	трюм	canvas	[‘kænvəs]	паруса
jetty	[ ̈ɪˈdʒetɪ ]	пристань	compartment	[kəm’pɑ:rtmənt]	отсек
moorage	[mrˈɪdʒ]	причал	deck	[dek]	палуба
overboat	[ ˈəuvəbɔd ]	за борт	buoy	[bɔɪ, ‘bu:ɪ]	буй
mast	[mæst]	мачта	stern	[stɜ:rn]	корма
master	[‘mæstər]	капитан	water craft	[ ˈwɔ:tə krɑ:ft ]	суда, лодки
scull	[skʌl]	весло	boat	[bəʋt]	шлюпка
sluice	[slu:s]	шлюз	ferry	[‘ferɪ]	паром
dead – end street(амер.) blind alley( англ)	[blaɪnd] [ˈælɪ]	тупик	Motoway seatbelt		автомагистраль  трасса ремень безопасности

                           
            Основные виды транспорта

Наземно-поземный
automobile	[‚ɔ:təmə’bi:l]	автомобиль	train	[treɪn]	поезд
bulldozer	[‘bulˌdəuzə]	бульдозер	Car,automobile motorcar	[kɑ:][ˈɔ:təməubi:l]	автомобиль
bus	[bʌs]	автобус	landrover	[lænd ‘rəuvə]	вездеход
сab ( амер ) taxi ( англ )	[kæb] [ˈtæksɪ]	такси	Truck(амер.) Lorry( англ.)	[trʌk] [‘lɔ:rɪ]	грузовой автомобиль
catafalque	[ ˈkætəfælk ]	катафалк	petrol tanker	[’petrəl tæŋk]	бензовоз
combine	[kəm’baɪn]	комбайн	push-cycle	[ʹpʋʃ͵saık(ə)l]	самокат
dust-cart	[dʌst kɑ:rt]	мусоровоз	tram	[træm]	трамвай
excavator	[‘ekskəveɪtə]	экскаватор	trolley bus	[‘trɒlɪ‚bʌs]	троллейбус
loader	[ ˈləudə ]	погрузчик	jeep	[dʒi:p]	джип
sedan	[sɪˈdæn]	седан	diesel locomotive	[ˈdiːzl ‚ləʋkə’məʋtɪv]	тепловоз
motor bike	[‘məʋtər‚baɪk]	мопед	electric locomotive	[ɪ’lektrɪk ‚ləʋkə’məʋtɪv]	электровоз
motorcycle	[‘məʋtər‚saɪkəl]	мотоцикл	locomotive	[‚ləʋkə’məʋtɪv]	локомотив
electrotrain	[ɪ’lektrəʋ treɪn]	электропоезд	steam locomotive	[sti:m ‚ləʋkə’məʋtɪv]	паровоз
hand car	[hænd kɑ:]	дрезина	suburban train	[sə’bɜ:rbən treɪn]	электричка
local train	[’ləʋkəl treɪn]	пригородный поезд	tram limousine	[træm] [‘lɪmə‚zi:n]	трамвай  лимузин
bicycle	[’baɪsɪkəl]	велосипед	skateboard	[‘skeɪt‚bɔ:d]	скейтборд
Морской
dinghy	[ ˈdɪŋɡɪ ]	Мотор.лодка	tanker	[tæŋkə]	танкер
icebreaker	[ ˈaɪsˌbreɪkə ]	ледокол	tow	[təʋ]	буксир
steamship	[‘sti:mʃɪp]	пароход	raft	[ræft]	плот
steam-ship	[‘sti:mʃɪp]	теплоход	sailer	[’seɪlər]	парусник
yacht	[jɒt]	яхта	—	—	—
Воздушный
aviation	[‚eɪvɪ’eɪʃən]	авиация	plane	[pleɪn]	самолет
aerobus	[ eʹ(ə)rəʋ bʌs]	аэробус	hang-glider	[hæŋ’glaɪdə]	дельтаплан
helicopter	[‘helə‚kɒptər]	вертолет	Fighter	[͵faıtə ]	истребитель

                          
   Список
 литературы:

1.Голубев
А.П., Балюк Н.В., Смирнова И.Б.
Английский язык: учебник для студ. учреждений сред. проф. образования. — М.,
2014.

2. И. П. Агабекян. Английский язык.
Среднее профессиональное образование. – М., 2015.

3. В.А. Шляхова. Английский язык
для студентов автомобилестроительных специальностей средних профессиональных
учебных заведений. – М.,2015

Интернет – ресурсы:

http://study-english.info/vocabulary-car.php

http://www.jobmonkey.com/driveaway/driveaway_jobs_dispatcher/

http://english.mn.ru/english

http://www.whitehouse.gov

http://www.bbc.co.uk/home/today/index.shtml

http://www.washingtonpost.com

EXPERIMENTAL BRIDGE

A bridge is a structure built to cross some natural or artificial obstacles such as river, street, railway and so on. First bridges had to be built out of the material close at hand (подручный материал). In tropical jungles, suspension bridges were made of long bamboo poles. In the places where there were many forests, it was wood. Simple suspension bridges were made by means of ropes and are still used in some countries. Two parallel ropes were suspended from rocks or trees on each bank of the river with a platform of woven mats laid across them. When the Spaniards reached South America, they found that the Incas (Инки) of Peru used suspension bridges made of 6 strong cables, four of which supported a platform and two cables served as handrails (поручни).

In middle Ages, people constructed wooden beam type bridges. They were usually built on stone piers or wooden piles. Bridges of this type are still used in Japan and India.

With the beginning of railway construction in the 19th century, there was a great demand for bridges and the railway companies had capital for building them. The first railway bridges were built of stone or brick. Later there appeared concrete and metal bridges. The first iron bridge crossed the river Severn in Great Britain.

8. Ответьте на общие вопросы в соответствии с содержанием текста.

1 Were the first bridges made of steel?

2. Did people construct wooden beam type bridges in Middle Ages?

3. Was there a great demand for railway bridges in the 19th century?

ЗАДАНИЕ №4

1. Переведите текст.

THE CHANNEL TUNNEL

The first design of the Channel Tunnel was proposed in 1751. Since that time, dozens of proposals had been considered before the actual tunneling began. The work proceeded very quickly and was successfully completed in 6 years. The Tunnel was opened for traffic on May 7, 1994.

The Channel Tunnel actually consists of three tunnels: the two running tunnels* and the service tunnel**. Single-track railway lines are laid down in each of the running tunnels. Normally, one of them carries passenger and freight trains from Britain to France and the other carries trains in the opposite direction. If one of the running tunnels is closed down for maintenance, the other is used for train movement in both directions. A smaller third tunnel lies between the two train tunnels. It is called the service tunnel. There is a roadway inside it, so maintenance workers and emergency teams can reach any point of the Tunnel system in their road vehicles. The service tunnel is linked to the running tunnels at regular intervals by cross-passages***. In case of emergency or a train breakdown, the passengers will leave the train through one of the cross-passages into the service tunnel where road vehicles will evacuate them to a safer place.

The total length of the Tunnel is about fifty kilometers. Thirty-seven kilometers of the line are under the waters of the English Channel. The electric trains run every three minutes during peak hours, providing the carrying capacity of 4,000 vehicles per hour in both directions.

A typical passenger shuttle consists of twenty-six wagons. A half of them are double-deck carriages for carrying cars of average size. Thirteen single-deck wagons are used for transporting buses and vans. Freight shuttles consist of twenty-five single-deck wagons. Each of them is capable of carrying a vehicle weighing up to forty-four tons. Two electric locomotives are coupled in front and at the rear of each shuttle.

The time of crossing the Tunnel is thirty-five minutes, about an hour less than by ferry. Passengers and drivers remain in their vehicles. The gauge of the tunnel railway is standard that is why the tunnel can be used for international passenger and freight trains.

Notes: *running tunnel – железнодорожный тоннель

**service tunnel – служебный тоннель

***cross-passage – поперечный переход

2. Ответьте на общие вопросы в соответствии с содержанием текста

1. Was the first design of the Channel Tunnel proposed in 1851?

2. Had only two projects been considered before the actual tunneling began?

3. Did the construction proceed very quickly?

4. Are double-track railway lines laid down in the running tunnels?

5. Is there a roadway inside the service tunnel?

6. Do the electric trains operate in the Channel Tunnel?

7. Does a typical passenger shuttle consist of 26 wagons?

8. Is the time of crossing the Channel Tunnel 30 minutes?

9. Are two electric locomotives coupled in front and at the rear of each shuttle?

10. Can the Tunnel be used for international passenger and freight trains?

3. Образуйте от глаголов данных в скобках, Participle II. Полученные причастия переведите на русский язык.
Model: a (to write) article – a written article – написанная статья.

1) a locomotive (to power) by electricity; 2) a (to delay) flight; 3) a (to break) engine; 4) a report (to type) in duplicate; 5) a (to carry out) plan; 6) a (to suspend) bridge; 7) a contract (to sign) by 2 companies; mistakes (to make) in calculations; 9) the (to develop) countries; 10) railway tickets (to sell) yesterday.

4. Напишите по образцу.

5. Дополните предложения.

ЗАДАНИЕ № 5

1.Переведите следующие слова.

responsibility, simultaneously, earthworks, partial, inseparable, intermediate, desirable; permanent way, stabilization of embankments.

2. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на различные функции глагола to do.

1. I do half an hour exercises every morning. 2. Do be careful! 3. What time do the banks in Britain close? 4. We asked them to pack the glass and china for us, but they did it very badly. 5. She does a lot of work for charity. 6. Don’t be silly! 7. Do stop making that noise! 8. It looks easy, but it does need quite a bit of practice. 9. How long does it take you to get to work? 10. She thinks I don’t love her, but I do love her! 11. The doctor didn’t recommend me to take these pills too often. 12. There wasn’t much time for shopping, but

I did buy a couple of blouses. 13. I don’t understand the sentence.

3. Прочтите текст и составьте к нему план пересказа.
STONEBLOWER FOR PNEUMATIC BALLAST INJECTION

The Stone blower is a revolutionary machine developed specifically as an alternative to traditional tamping methods for the restoration of track’s vertical and lateral alignment.

The machine utilizes a process, which pneumatically injects ballast under the tie to achieve rack positioning to an accuracy of 1.0 mm. The result is a smooth track surface, which is immediately available for unrestricted line speeds. The Stone blower is the culmination of many years of research and development by Harsco Track Technologies in cooperation with Rail track and British Rail Research. The machine has undergone extensive testing to meet demanding requirements and has demonstrated the ability to significantly extend the time required between track maintenance cycles.

4. Переведите предложения на русский язык

Основными компонентами железнодорожного полотна являются рельсы, шпалы и балласт.

Рельсы удерживаются на шпалах. Шпалы укладываются на балласт. Рельсы соединяются друг с другом с помощью рельсовых скреплений. Стандартные рельсовые плети свариваются и образуют бесстыковой путь. В настоящее время бесстыковой путь широко используется на многих высокоскоростных магистралях. Такой путь обеспечивает более комфортное движение. Существует два основных типа шпал: деревянные шпалы и бетонные шпалы. Деревянные шпалы обрабатываются креозотом, который предотвращает их гниение. Балласт может состоять из щебня, песка, гравия и некоторых других материалов. Существует также без балластный путь или путь на плитах. Расстояние между рельсами называется шириной колеи. Ширина колеи на Российских железных дорогах составляет 1520мм. Для содержания и ремонта железнодорожного пути используются современные путевые машины.

ЗАДАНИЕ № 6

1. Выберите в следующих предложениях модальный глаголы: can, to be able to.

1. Jack has traveled much. He … speak three languages. 2. Tom … drive but he hasn’t

got a car. 3. Ask Val about your problem. He should … help you. 4. You… see a nice park from our bedroom window. 5. I …sleep very well recently. 6. Bob … stand on his head but he can’t do it now. 7. Tom won’t … come to see you tomorrow. 8. I can’t understand Helen. I’ve never … understand her. 9. Martin … pass his finals successfully.10. You …get something to drink from this vending machine. 11. My secretary … book us on a first-class sleeper to Paris. 12. I think I … meet the Trade Union representatives next Tuesday.

2. Practice the reading of the following words and word combinations:

drainage, lubrication, moisture, finally, significantly, intimate, frequent, man-hours, comparable, budget, specifically; track stabilization, presence and absence of excess moisture, measuring drainage, false economy.

3 You are to copy the words and memorize their meanings.

to lubricate – смазывать, увлажнять,

lubrication – смазка, замасливание;

roadbed – балластная призма (постель);

track structure, permanent way – верхнее строение пути;

to accept the load – воспринимать нагрузку.

to neglect – пренебрегать, игнорировать;

moisture – влага, влажность;

to recall — вспоминать;

measure – мера, измерение,

to measure – измерять;

a unit – единица, единица измерения;

an item – пункт, любой из перечисленных предметов, статья, вопрос на повестке дня);

to hide – прятать, скрывать.

4. Translate the following sentences from English into Russian.

1. The government has neglected socializing industry. 2. The speaker neglected mentioning all those who had helped elect him. 3. In dry weather start to water your vegetables before the earth loses too much moisture. 4. The lawyer asked the witness to try to recall as much about the accident as possible. 5. I recall that on at least one occasion I saw him taking money from the safe. 6. We’ll have to measure the bed to make sure it fits in this room. 7. We need to know the exact size. Centimeters seem to be the best measure.

8. The dollar is the standard unit of money in the USA. 9. There is an item about the robbery on page seven. 10. His house was burgled and a few items of jewelry were taken.

11. I took the items off the trolley, one by one. 12. He hides his real feelings under that big

smile. 13. I tried to hide my anxiety from the rest of the family by pretending that everything was normal. 14. She hid her inability to read all through her schooling.

5. Translate the following sentences into English. Do it in written form.

1. Мне нечего скрывать; вы можете задавать мне любые вопросы. 2. Не пренебрегайте правилами безопасности 3. Влага очень важна для вашей кожи. 4. Я помню, встреча прошла хорошо. 5. Час – это единица измерения времени. 6. Семья —

ячейка общества.

6. Прочтите и переведите текст.
THE IMPORTANCE OF DRAINAGE IN PRODUCING STABLE TRACK

Neglecting drainage has been used as a ‘convenient’ way of saving maintenance money, but poor drainage creates a lubricating effect in ballast. Many factors come into play in any discussion of track stabilization, but the most elementary and probably the most important one is the presence or absence of excess moisture in and around the track roadbed. In a word, drainage.

The old sayings and rules about the importance of track drainage are known by everybody. “The first rule of good track maintenance is drainage, the second rule is more drainage, and the third rule is even more drainage”. We also understand that the basic function of track structure is to accept the loads imposed on rail by rolling stock and to transmit those loads from rail to tie plate, to tie, to ballast and finally to sub grade.

Two of the basic elements of good track structure – ballast and sub grade – are affected significantly by poor drainage. Too much moisture decreases the strength of the roadbed’s foundation, creating a lot of maintenance problems.

Many recall the days when track maintenance was carried out manually and a foreman had intimate knowledge of local drainage situations and was able to make small, frequent corrections to keep a high-quality drainage system functional. Now, the situation has changed completely: much attention is paid to reballasting, retailing, track upgrading.

These track maintenance works are being modernized. But as for drainage maintenance, it is often neglected.

We have problems measuring drainage. We enjoy using units such as miles of rails laid per day, man-hours per tie installed, or miles of track upgraded per hour when discussing track maintenance, yet there is no comparable, convenient measure of drainage.

Most railroads have budgets without an item specifically for drainage. They have items for rails; ties, ballast and bridges, yet funds for drainage are hidden as part of an allotment1 that covers all sorts of maintenance. Neglecting drainage has been used as a’ convenient’ way of saving maintenance money for years, and is an example of false economy.

Note: 1) allotment — ассигнования.

7. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующим русским фразам:

одним словом (короче говоря), передавать нагрузку, создавать массу проблем, мастер, очень хорошо знать что-то.

8. Вернитесь к тексту и угадайте значение следующих фраз.

stable track, poor drainage, local drainage situations, to keep the system functional, false economy.

9. Дополните предложения, используя текст.

1. There was a time when traffic was not as heavy as it is today, and a foreman ….

2. Often railway authorities want to save money by ….

10. Ответьте на вопросы. Будьте внимательны, один вопрос не содержит ответа.

1. Do railway men pay constant attention to track maintenance? 2. Do they consider all the factors? 3. What is lubrication effect in ballast caused by? 4. What do old sayings and rules say about the importance of drainage? 5. What is the basic function of track structure? 6. What is the result of too much moisture? 7. Why are drainage works often neglected nowadays? 8. Is there any unit to measure drainage works? 9. Are drainage works properly financed by most railways? 10. Do you agree that neglecting drainage is an example of false economy? 11. What machines are used to carry out drainage works?

ЗАДАНИЕ № 7

1. Прочтите слова.

► -ture, -sure

▪ lecture, future, departure, mixture, expenditure, structure, puncture, fracture, manufacture, creature, fixture, curvature, feature, conjuncture, adventure, moisture;

▪ measure, pleasure, leisure, closure, disclosure, embrasure, treasure, treasury;

BUT: sure, ensure, insurance.

► ea

▪ increase, conceal, mean, defeat, eager, treaty, feasible, heater, lead, reasonable, heaver, release, dean, dealer, leave, easy, beacon, lease, meaning, reach, treatment, weak.

BUT: overhead, headway, tread, ready, steady, spread, instead, treadle, measure, pleasure, weather, meant, heavy; break; really, create, realize.

► pay attention to the letters which are not pronounced:

half, walk, talk, should, could, would, hour, high, height, straight, frighten, slightly, sight, alight, fight, might, midnight, freight, retighten, ought, weight, design, benign; sign, alignment, consignment, assign, what, wheel, wharf, whistle, wrong, wrist, write, wrench, shipwreck, deck, click, rack, reckon, stock, cockpit, know, knot, knock, knuckle, climb, comb.

2. Переведите слова из колонки А и найдите их синонимы в колонке В.

A	B
1) booking-office	a) car/ coach
2) to buy a ticket ahead of time	b) comfortable (comfort)
3) carriage	c) to link/ to join
4) to carry	d) commuter train/ local train
5) conductor	e) trunk
6) to connect	f) rapid/ quick/ swift
7) convenient (convenience)	g) direct train
dining car	h) to offer/ to suggest
9) fast	i) to board a train/ to take a train
10) to get to	j) to reach
11) to get on the train	k) rush hour
12) information bureau	l) restaurant car
13) long distance train	m) sleeper train
14) baggage	n) ticket-office
15) peak hour	o) to buy a ticket beforehand/ in advance
16) to propose	p) enquiry office
17) railway	q) railroad
18) return ticket	r) attendant
19) single ticket	s) one-way ticket
20) suburban train	t) to transport
21) suitcase	u) round-trip ticket
22) through train	v) luggage

3. Переведите предложения письменно с русского языка на английский.

1) Существуют различные типы пассажирских вагонов: общие, плацкартные, спальные. 2) Ты можешь подвезти меня до вокзала? 3) Поезд должен отправиться через пять минут. 4) Вы можете сдать свои вещи в камеру хранения. 5) Электричка была переполнена, поэтому нам пришлось ждать следующий поезд. 6) Мы заказали билеты по телефону за неделю до отъезда. 7) Вы не поможете положить вещи на полку? Наш поезд должен прибыть через час, поэтому у нас есть время, чтобы перекусить. 9) Мы опоздали на последнюю электричку, потому что застряли в пробке на дороге. 10) Летом невозможно купить билет на этот поезд в день отправления. 11) В купе спального вагона есть две нижние полки и две верхние откидные полки. 12) Ты дал носильщику «на чай»? 13) Билетов в купейный вагон не было, поэтому нам пришлось ехать в плацкартном вагоне. 14) Это поезд повышенной комфортности, поэтому билеты такие дорогие.

4. Переведите устно текст.
HOW TO AVOID TRAVELING

(after G. Mikes)

Travel is the name of a modern disease, which started in the mid-fifties and is still spreading.

The patient grows restless in the early spring and starts rushing about from one travel agency to another, collecting useless information about the places he doesn’t intend to visit. Then, he or usually she, will do a round of shops* and spend much more than he or she can afford. Finally in August, the patient will board a plane, a train, a bus or a car and go to foreign countries along with thousands of his fellow-countrymen, not because he is interested in or attracted by some place, nor because he can afford to go but simply because he cannot afford not to. The result is that in the summer months (and in the last few years during the winter season too) everybody is on the move**.

What is the aim of traveling? Each nationality has its own different one. The Americans want to take photographs of themselves in different places. The idea is simply to collect documentary proof that they have been there. The German travels to check up on his guidebooks. Why do the English travel? First, because their neighbor does. Secondly, they were taught that travel broadens the mind***. But mainly they travel to avoid foreigners. I know many English people who travel in groups, stay in hotels where even the staff is English, eat roast beef and Yorkshire pudding on Sunday and steak-and-kidney pies on weekdays, all over Europe. The main aim of the Englishman abroad is to meet people, I mean, of course, nice English people from the next door or from the next street. It is possible, however, that the mania for traveling is coming to an end. A Roman friend of mine told me: “I no longer travel at all. I stay here because I want to meet my friends from all over the world.” “What exactly do you mean?” I asked. “It is simple,” he explained. “Whenever I go to London my friend Smith is in Tokyo and Brown is in Sicily. If I go to Paris, my friends are either in London or in Spain. However, if I stay in Rome all my friends, I’m sure, will turn up at one time or another****. The world means people to me. I stay here because I want to see the world. Besides, staying at home broadens the mind.”

Notes:

*to do a round of shops – идти от одного магазина к другому, покупая что—либо

**to be on the move – путешествовать

***to broaden the mind – расширять кругозор

****at one time or another – раньше или позже

5. Верно, или нет. Если предложение неверно исправьте его смысл согласно тексту.

1) Travel is the name of a modern disease, which started in the mid-forties. 2) People begin thinking about traveling in the early spring. 3) Preparing for the trip, he or she spends more than he or she can afford. 4) In November people board planes, trains, buses, subway or cars and go to foreign countries. 5) In summer everybody stay at home. 6) Each nationality has its own aim of traveling. 7) The Americans travel because they want to check up on their guidebooks. The English travel abroad to avoid foreigners and to meet nice English people. 9) The German travels all over Europe to eat roast beef and Yorkshire pudding. 10) Staying at home broadens the mind.

ЗАДАНИЕ № 8

1. Прочтите 4 диалога. Измените русские слова на английские.

Dialogue 1

Passenger – I want билет в Springfield.

Clerk – Which Springfield? There are разные Springfield’s…

Passenger – I suppose Springfield, Massachusetts, is the cheapest. It is the closest to here anyway. Fortunately, it is also the Springfield I want to go to. What is платазапроезд, please?

Clerk – Six dollars and eighty cents for билет “туда”, eleven dollars and fifty cents for билет “туда и обратно”.

Passenger – Когда отправляется ближайший поезд?

Clerk – Есть поезд в 4.10. There is also another at 7.20 сегодня вечером.

Passenger – Are they both прямые поезда?

Clerk – The 4.10 is скорый поезд and делает только одну остановку in New Heaven. It прибывает в Springfield at 9.30. These is поезд, который идёт со всеми остановками and takes about полтора часаlonger.

Passenger – Is there вагон ресторан on both trains?

Clerk – There is вагон ресторан on the 4.10. The 7.20 has only a snack bar. They as usual serve sandwiches and coffee, drinks, etc.

Passenger – What train would you choose if you were the passenger?
Dialogue 2

Passenger – Is there поезд дальнего следования going directly to Bangor, Maine?

Clerk – Yes, there is one train. It отправляется at 1.20 in the morning. Of course you can сесть в поезд any time after eleven o’clock at night and go to bed.

Passenger – I suppose it is необходимо купить билет заранее.

Clerk – It is customary to buy a ticket at least a day in advance. Sometimes, over holidays or busy seasons, even a week in advance is safer. Плата за проезд to Bangor amounts to about twenty dollars. Нижняя полка to Bangor will cost you about two dollars more than верхняя полка.

Passenger – Is there any other difference?

Clerk – Well, in the morning, if you are on нижняя полка you get up, and if you are on верхняя полка you get down. That is one of my little jokes.

Passenger – Большое спасибо. You have been very helpful.

Clerk – Не за что. That is what we are here for.
Dialogue 3

Clerk – Добрый день, чем я могу Вам помочь?

Passenger – Good morning, I’d like билет на скорый поезд до Glasgow.

Clerk – Which train?

Passenger – The one leaving в пять тридцать.

Clerk – Билет “туда” или “туда и обратно”?

Passenger – Только туда, пожалуйста.

Clerk – Would you like первый или второй класс?

Dialogue 4

[Ted and Ben, who are about 14, have been allowed by their parents to поехать за

город на поезде for a day. They make themselves comfortable in an empty купе. Suddenly Ben sees Ted’s билет lying on the seat. He moves it up, берёт его и кладёт в карман. He says nothing to Ted.]

Ted – Где мой билет? I had it a minute ago.

Ben – You’d better поискать его. Контролёр will be here через минуту. If you can’tпоказать him your ticket, he’ll make you платить double.

Ted – But у меня нет enough money.Что же мне делать?

[Ted gets up, turns out his pockets, ищет билет на полу, but all this doesn’t help.]

Ben – У меня есть хорошая идея.

Ted – What is it?

Ben – You get under the seat till he has gone. I’ll sit over you and hide you with my legs. Он не заметит тебя. As soon as he has gone, you can come out.

Ted – He’ll be here any minute. Мне залазить под кресло right now?

Ben – Yes, you’d better. And don’t move while он в вагоне.

[Ted gets under the seat. Контролёр comes along. Ben hands him two tickets.]

Insp. – Чей это билет?

Ben – Oh, that’s my friend’s.

Insp. – Where has he gone?

Ben – Nowhere. Он под креслом.

Insp. – И что он там делает?

Ben – Oh, ему нравится путешествовать под креслом, aren’t you, Ted?

Ted [getting out from under the seat] – All right! I’ll pay you back for this. Just you подожди.

2. Измените 4 диалог, на историю используя следующие слова и выражения.

to buy tickets for the commuter train; to get on the train; to make oneself comfortable; to play a trick; to put the ticket in the pocket; to look for the ticket; to have a good idea; to get under the seat; to enter the compartment; to hand the inspector two tickets; to be fond of traveling under the seat; to pay Ben back for this trick.

3. Назовите инструменты.

Example: (a) – knife

4. Составьте предложения.

Example: (a) The pipe is long.

5. Обратите внимание на –ing forms. Переведите предложение.

1. Tom’s coming back was unexpected. 2. Do you mind my opening the window? 3. I am tired of being told lies. 4. Thank you for supporting me at the meeting. 5. On entering the room he was surprised to see many people here. 6. The book is worth reading. 7. It was no use crying. 8. I am surprised at being given such an easy task. 9. There is no chance of catching the train. 10. Having answered all the questions he got quiet. 11. Hearing the news, the girl smiled pleasantly. 12. Being typed in a hurry, the article contained many mistakes. 13. The promising help wouldn’t come. 14. The girl speaking over the telephone put down the receiver and turned. 15. The children were amusing, playing with a dog. 16. Scuba diving is thrilling to many people.17. I am thrilled by Frankenstein movies. They are horrifying. 18. Generally speaking, I am not an early riser. 19. She was kept waiting for a long time. 20. Did you see her taking the money?
ЗАДАНИЕ № 9

1. Read and translate this:

1. Make sentences.

Example: (a) This ruler is rectangular.

1. Make sentences:

Example: (a) These are pliers. This is a pair of pliers.

(a) pliers

(b) pincers

(c) scissors

(d) goggles

(e) glasses

(f) spanners

(g) screwdrivers

(h) chisels

(i) rulers

(j) tools

(k) matches

A) nails

(m) screws

(n) nuts and bolts

1. Describe these objects:

Example: (a) The window is rectangular. It is six meters long and three meters high.

5. Translate the sentences given below from Russian into English.

1) Машины заменили тяжёлый ручной труд строителей железных дорог. 2) Срок службы бетонных шпал – 40-50 лет. 3) Первые вагонеточные пути использовались на шахтах [a mine] для перевозки угля [coal]. 4) В России первое самоходное транспортное средство было изобретено И.П. Кулибиным в 18 веке. 5) Реактивные двигатели работают на керосине [kerosene]. 6) Первый паровоз отца и сына Черепановых имел четыре колеса, два из которых были ведущими. 7) Деревянные рельсы были недолговечными [short-lived], поэтому их сначала заменили чугунными, а затем стальными. Существуют различные типы двигателей внутреннего сгорания: такие как дизельный, бензиновый, электрический, реактивный. 9) С изобретением парового двигателя начался новый этап [stage] в развитии транспорта. 10) Люди накопили большой опыт в сооружении мостов и виадуков.

6. Read and translate the text using a dictionary if necessary.
FROM THE HISTORY OF RAILWAY TRANSPORT

(Part 1)
The word ‘transport’ (or ‘transportation’) means to carry people or goods from place to place. Henry Ford, the American motor-car manufacturer, said that “transportation is civilization”. The history of transport is divided into two stages. The first stage is that in which all modes of transport depended directly on the power of men or animals, or on natural forces such as wind and current. The second stage began with the development of the steam engine. Do you know who invented it? It is sometimes said that James Watt got the idea for a steam engine while still a boy, watching steam lift the lid of his mother’s tea kettle. The truth is that James Watt did not invent the steam engine; however, he made major improvements on the inefficient steam engine patented in 1705 by Thomas Newcomen, John Cawley, and Thomas Savery. James Watt installed his engine in a machine which was used at a large coal mine for pumping out the water. Soon this invention was widely used at nearly every large enterprise. The revolution in industry made by this machine was extremely great.

One of the first attempts to put a steam engine on wheels was made by Richard Trevithick, a British mining engineer. In 1804 he demonstrated the first successful railroad steam locomotive. His engine pulled a short train of cars uphill on a coal-mine railway in Wales. In the years after Trevithick’s locomotive, several others were built for use on various British coal-mine railways.

The world’s first common carrier railroad to use steam power was the Stockton-Darlington railway in England. It was designed and built by George Stephenson and opened for public service in 1825. On the day when it was opened, a man on a horse went in front of the engine and shouted that the train was coming. People on horses and in carriages were driving near the train. When they had gone for some time, Stephenson, who was running his locomotive, asked the horseman to go away. He put steam on and ran his locomotive at a speed of 12 miles per hour (about 20 km per hour). It was a success.

But the British Parliament did not want to construct railways. The members of the parliament did not believe that steam engines could run against a strong wind. Then Stephenson built a new locomotive and called it the Rocket. This locomotive was faster and stronger than the first one; it could draw a 13-ton train at an “unheard-of speed” of 29 miles per hour (46 km per hour). In 1829 the Liverpool-Manchester Railway was built, and the railway company offered a prize of Ј500 for the best steam loco. The prize was won by George Stephenson with his famous train. Though not the first such locomotive, it was the beginning of the effective use of steam power for passenger and freight transportation. At first many people were afraid of the railways; nevertheless in 1842 the steam-powered railways were already in wide use in Britain.

7. Answer the following questions.

1) What does the word ‘transport’ mean? 2) Who said that “transportation is civilization”?

3) How many stages is the history of transport divided into? 4) Did the second stage in the history of transport begin with the invention of the wheel? 5) Whom was the first steam engine invented by? 6) Did Thomas Savery improve the inefficient steam engine designed by Thomas Newcomen? 7) Where did James Watt install his engine? Who made one of the first attempts to put a steam engine on wheels? 9) Where was the world’s first common carrier railroad to use steam power built? 10) Did Robert Stephenson design and built the first common carrier railway in Britain? 11) Why didn’t the British Parliament want to build railways? 12) When was the Liverpool-Manchester Railway put into operation? 13) What can you say about the locomotive called the Rocket?

ЗАДАНИЕ №10

1. Read and translate the text using a dictionary if necessary.
FROM THE HISTORY OF RAILWAY TRANSPORT

ДЕПАРТАМЕНТ ЛЕСНОГО ХОЗЯЙСТВА
НИЖЕГОРОДСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ

Государственное бюджетное профессиональное

образовательное учреждение Нижегородской
области

«КРАСНОБАКОВСКИЙ ЛЕСНОЙ КОЛЛЕДЖ»

МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ УКАЗАНИЯ

по дисциплине «Иностранный язык

в профессиональной деятельности
(Английский язык)»

для студентов III курса

«Транспортные средства»

для специальности 23.02.07 «Техническое
обслуживание

и ремонт двигателей, систем и агрегатов
автомобилей»

РАССМОТРЕНО: на заседании предметно-цикловой комиссии общеобразовательных дисциплин ПРОТОКОЛ №   от «   » сентября 2020г. Председатель ПЦК _

Составилаи: преподаватели иностранных языков Воронина М.В., Булкина Т.А.

Красные Баки

2020

Данное учебное пособие предназначено для
студентов специальности «Техническое обслуживание и ремонт двигателей, систем и
агрегатов автомобилей» по дисциплине «Иностранный язык (английский)». В пособие
включены технические тексты и тексты для дополнительного чтения. Материал
представлен для изучения и закрепления специальной лексики будущих
специалистов.

LAND TRANSPORT

LESSON
1

Vocabulary

land transport – наземный транспорт

goods – товары, груз

vehicle – экипаж, повозка, автомобиль

lorry –
грузовик

coach – карета, экипаж, автобус (междугородный)

transportation –
транспортировка

engine – двигатель 

internal –
внутренний

combustion –
сгорание

to pave – мостить

horsepower – лошадиная сила

mile – миля

timber – строительный лес

to operate –  действовать, управлять, приводить в движение

capacity – мощность, емкость

drawback –
недостаток

trouble –
поломка, авария, неполадки

readings – показания (на приборе)

to convert – превращать(ся)

urgent –
срочный, крайне необходимый

bulky – большой, громоздкий

cargo – груз

THE HISTORY OF LAND TRANSPORT

The word transport
means to carry people or goods from place to place. It is also used for the
vehicles that carry people or goods — for example, motor transport includes
buses, lorries, motor coaches and motor cars. The American word for the same
thing is transportation, and the remark «transportation is
civilization» was made by an American, the motor-car manufacturer Henry
Ford

The history of
transport is divided into two stages. The first stage is that in which all
forms of transport depended directly on the power of men or animals or on
natural forces such as winds and current. The second stage began with the
development of the steam engine, which was followed by the electric motor and
the internal combustion engine as the main sources of power for transport.

One of mankind’s
earliest and greatest inventions was the wheel. Without it there could be no
industry, little transportation or communi­cation, only crude farming, no
electric power.

Nobody knows when
the wheel was invented. There is no trace of the wheel during the Stone Age,
and it was not known to the American Indians until the White Man came. In the
Old World it came into use during the Bronze Age, when horses and oxen were
used as work animals. At first all wheels were solid discs.

The problem to be
solved was to make the wheels lighter and at the same tune keep them strong. At
first holes were made in the wheels, and they became somewhat lighter, then
wheels with spokes were made. Finally, the wheel was covered with iron and then
with rubber.

Light two-wheeled
carriages were used widely in the ancient world. As time passed they were made
lighter, stronger, and better. Later people joined together a pair of
two-wheeled carts into a four-wheeled vehicle. At first only kings and queens
had the privilege of driving in them.

In the West the
first steam carriage was invented in France. The three-wheeled machine had the
front wheel driven by a two-cylinder steam engine, and carried two people along
the road at a walking pace. It was not a great success, as the boiler did not
produce enough steam for keeping the carriage going for more than about 15
minutes.

The steam engine
appeared in 1763. It was followed by several improved steam road carriages.
Their further development was prevented by railway companies The rapid spread
of railways in the United Kingdom was due largely to George Stephenson, who was
an enthusiast as well as a brilliant engineer,

He demonstrated a
locomotive that could run eighteen kilometers an hour and carry passengers
cheaper than horses carried them. Eleven years later Stephenson was operating a
railway between Stockton and Darlington. The steam locomotive was a success

In Russia the
tsar’s government showed little interest in railway transportation. After long
debates the government, which did not believe in its own engineers, finally
decided to invite foreign engineers to submit projects for building railways in
Russia.

Yet at the very
time when foreign engineers were submitting their plans, in the Urals a steam
locomotive was actually in use. It had been invented and built by the
Cherepanovs, father and son, both skillful mechanics and serfs. The first
Russian locomotive was, of course, a «baby» compared with the
locomotives of today. Under the boiler there were two cylinders which turned
the locomotive’s two driving wheels (there were four wheels in all), At the
front there was a smoke stack, while at the back there was a platform for the
driver.

1.
Answer the following questions.

1)   
What
kind of animals were used for work during the Bronze Age?

2)    What were
the first wheels like?

3)    What
are the stages in the development of the wheel?

4)    How
many people did the first steam carriage carry?

5)    Who
demonstrated the first locomotive in the United Kingdom»

6)    Was the
Russian government interested in railway transportation?

7)    Who
were the Cherepanovs?

    What
was the first Russian locomotive like?

9)    Are the
locomotives widely used in Russia?

10)  What kind of
locomotives are used in Russia now?

2.
Translate into Russian:

1)   
The
invention of the wheel was the earliest and the greatest one.

2)    The
wheel was invented during the Stone Age.

3)    People
used oxen and horses for transportation during the Bronze Age.

4)    It was
necessary to make wheels lighter but keep them strong.

5)    At last
wheels were covered with iron.

6)    Nowadays
people cover wheels with rubber.

7)    Only
kings and queens could drive four-wheeled vehicles.

    The
boiler couldn’t produce enough steam for high speed.

9)    George
Stephenson was the inventor of the first railway in the United Kingdom.

10)  The serves
Cherepanovs were skillful mechanics.

3.
Translate into English:

1)   
легкие
двухколесные повозки

2)   
паровой
двигатель появился

3)   
под
котлом было два цилиндра

4)   
дымовая
труба

5)   
платформа
для водителя

Different kind of land transport

What was the
reaction of the people after the invention of the steam engine? In Washington
the story is told of the Patent Office who in the early thirties of the last
century suggested that the Office be closed because «everything that could
possibly be invented had been invented». People experienced a similar feeling
after the invention of the steam engine. But there was a great need for a more
efficient engine than the steam engine, for one without a huge boiler, an
engine that could quickly be started and stopped. This problem was solved by
the invention of the international combustion engine.

Who introduced the
first cheap motor car? The first practical internal combustion engine was
introduced in the form of a gas engine by the German engineer N. Otto in 1876. Since
then motor transport began to spread in Europe very rapidly. But the person who
was the first to make it really popular was Henry Ford, an American
manufacturer who introduced the first cheap motor car, the famous Ford Model
«T».

When did
diesel-engine Lorries become general? The rapid development of the internal combustion
engine led to its use in the farm tractors, thereby creating a revolution in
agriculture. The use of motor vehicles for carrying heavy loads developed more
slowly until the 1930s when diesel-engined Lorries became general. The motor
cycle steadily increased in popularity as engines and tyres became more
reliable and roads improved. Motor cycles were found well suited for
competition races and sporting events and were also recognized as the cheapest
form of fast transport.

When were the
trams introduced first? Buses were started in Paris in 1820. In 1828 they were
introduced in London by George Shillibeer, a coach builder who used the French
name Omnibus which was obtained from the Latin word meaning «for all». His
omnibuses were driven by three horses and had seats for 22 passengers. Then in the
20^th century reliable petrol engines became available, and by 1912
the new motor buses were fast replacing horse-driven buses. Trams were
introduced in the middle of the 19^th century. The idea was that, as the
rails were smoother than the roads, less effort was needed to pull a tram than
a bus. The first trams were horse-drawn but the later trams were almost all
driven by electricity. The electric motor driving the tram was usually with
electric current from overhead wires. Such wires are also used by trolleybuses,
which run on rubber tyres and do not need rails. Another form of transport used
in London, Paris, Berlin, Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kiev and some other crowded
cities is the underground railway. London’s first underground railway of the
«tube» type was opened in 1863, the Moscow underground in 1935.

What do the
longest oil pipe-lines connect? The pipe-lines, which were in use by the
ancient Romans for carrying water supplies to their houses, are now mainly used
to transport petroleum. The first pipe-line of this kind was laid in
Pennsylvania, the United States, in 1865. Some of the longest oil pipe-lines
connect oil-fields in Iraq and near the Persian Gulf with ports on the
Mediterranean coast. A famous Pipe-line Under the Ocean was laid across the
English Channel in 1944.

What are the
cableways used for? A form of transport which is quite common in some
mountainous parts of the world, especially in Switzerland, is the aerial
cableway. Cableways are used at nearly all winter sport centers to pull or
carry skiers to the top of the slopes. Cableways are used by many Alpine
villages which lie high up the mountain-sides for bringing up their supplies
from the valley below.

1.
Распределите правильно слова, в соответствии с развитием транспорта

Omnibus,
cableway, steam engines, pipe-lines, motor cars, diesel engines

2. Найдите в
правой колонке русские эквиваленты английских слов и словосочетаний:

invention
of the steam engines                 усилие

efficient
engine                                        дизельный двигатель

internal
combustion engine.                    омнибус

motor transport                                       
изобретение парового двигателя

the
rapid development                             бензин для транспорта

diesel—engine                                          
троллейбусы

trams                                                       
продуктивный двигатель

omnibuses                                               
связь с нефтяной сферой

horse—driven buses.                                 
двигатель внутреннего сгорания

effort                                                   
    моторный транспорт

the
electric motor                                     трамваи

trolleybuses
                                             лошадиная сила

pipe-lines                                             
    электрический мотто

transport
petroleum.                                 трубопровод

connect oil—fields                                     
бензин

3. Закончите
предложения, используя текст

1)   
People
experienced a similar feeling after the….

2)    The
first practical internal combustion engine was introduced in the form of a gas
engine by…

3)    The use
of motor vehicles for carrying heavy loads developed more slowly until…

4)    The
first trams were horse-drawn but the later trams were…

5)   
The
first pipe-line of this kind was laid…

LESSON
2

Passive Voice

1.
Study the material:

2. Exercises:

    I. Write the past participle of the
following verbs:

1.     want  à      …………………………

2.     buy    à      …………………………

3.     decide à      …………………………

4.     marry à      …………………………

5.     choose à     …………………………

6.     drop   à      …………………………

7.     make  à      …………………………

8.     draw  à      …………………………

     II. Change the underlined active
verbs into the passive form:

1.     Adam hit
the ball. — The ball was hit by Adams.

2.     Someone
is ringing the bell. — The bell …………………………………….

3.     Mom washes
the carpet. — The carpet ………………… by Mom.

4.     Children
should drink milk. — Milk ……………………… by children.

5.     I have
paid my checks. — Checks …………………………… by me.

6.     Tim will
write a story. — A story ………………………… by Tim.

7.     Tom
needs to do this work. — This work needs ……………………….

8.     Dina may
invite some friends. — Some friends …………………………… by Dina.

III. Change
the following sentences from active into passive:

1.   The
lawyer will give you some advice.

2.   Sue
asked the policeman for directions.

3.   The
pirates had found the treasure.

4.   Peter
is going to take the package later.

5.   Someone
has already stopped the machine.

6.   The
coach always encourages the trainees.

7.   Meg
needs to wipe the floor right now.

8.   The
employees might suggest new rules.

    IV. Change
the following negative sentences from active into passive:

1. We
didn’t notice the new changes.

2. The
store won’t deliver the furniture.

3. They
haven’t collected the taxes yet.

4. The
students didn’t study the poem well.

5. We
don’t accept credit cards here.

6. Tim
wasn’t planting trees at seven.

7. You
shouldn’t water this plant daily.

8. They
are not interviewing the applicants.

    V. Change the following questions from
active into passive:

1.   Did
the driver hit the boy yesterday?

2.   Will
the police question all the suspects?

3.   Have
you signed the house contract?

4.   Do
people speak English in Spain?

5.   Who
broke the vase in the sitting room?

6.   Are
you roasting chestnuts now?

7.   Can
you reach the top of this mountain?

8.   Was
Jim playing the piano very loudly?

LESSON
3

AIR
TRANSPORT

№1. Scan the text and find the information
about the first flights in different countries. Make up a scheme of air transport
development.

Many countries
have national airlines that the government owns and operates. Fully private
airlines are subject to a great deal of government regulation for economic,
political, and safety concerns. For instance, the government often intervenes
to halt airline labor actions in order to protect the free flow of people,
communications, and goods between different regions without compromising
safety.

The first
countries in Europe to embrace air transport were Finland, France, Germany, the
Netherlands and the United Kingdom.

KLM, the oldest
carrier still operating under its original name, was founded in 1919. The first
flight (operated on behalf of KLM by Aircraft Transport and Travel) transported
two English passengers to Schiphol, Amsterdam from London in 1920. Like other
major European airlines of the time (see France and the UK below), KLM’s early
growth depended heavily on the needs to service links with far-flung colonial
possessions (Dutch Indies). It is only after the loss of the Dutch Empire that
KLM found itself based at a small country with few potential passengers,
depending heavily on transfer traffic, and was one of the first to introduce
the hub-system to facilitate easy connections.

France began an
air mail service to Morocco in 1919 that was bought out in 1927, renamed
Aéropostale, and injected with capital to become a major international
carrier. In 1933, Aéropostale went bankrupt, was nationalized and merged
with several other airlines into what became Air France.

In Finland, the
charter establishing Aero O/Y (now Finnair, one of the oldest still-operating
airlines in the world) was signed in the city of Helsinki on 12 September 1923.
Junkers F 13 D-335 became the first aircraft of the company, when Aero took
delivery of it on 14 March 1924. The first flight was between Helsinki and
Tallinn, capital of Estonia, and it took place on 20 March 1924, one week
later.

Germany’s
Lufthansa began in 1926. Lufthansa, unlike most other airlines at the time,
became a major investor in airlines outside of Europe, providing capital to
Varig and Avianca. German airliners built by Junkers, Dornier, and Fokker were
the most advanced in the world at the time. The peak of German air travel came
in the mid-1930s, when Nazi propaganda ministers approved the start of
commercial zeppelin service: the big airships were a symbol of industrial
might, but the fact that they used flammable hydrogen gas raised safety
concerns that culminated with the Hindenburg disaster of 1937. The reason they
used hydrogen instead of the not-flammable helium gas was a United States
military embargo on helium.

The British
company Aircraft Transport and Travel commenced a London to Paris service on 25
August 1919, this was the world’s first regular international flight. The
United Kingdom’s flag carrier during this period was Imperial Airways, which
became BOAC (British Overseas Airways Co.) in 1939. Imperial Airways used huge
Handley-Page biplanes for routes between London, the Middle East, and India:
images of Imperial aircraft in the middle of the Rub’al Khali, being maintained
by Bedouins, are among the most famous pictures from the heyday of the British
Empire.

Groups such as the
International Civil Aviation Organization establish worldwide standards for
safety and other vital concerns. Most international air traffic is regulated by
bilateral agreements between countries, which designate specific carriers to
operate on specific routes. The model of such an agreement was the Bermuda
Agreement between the US and UK following World War II, which designated
airports to be used for transatlantic flights and gave each government the
authority to nominate carriers to operate routes.

№2.
Agree or disagree with the following statements:

1)   
Only
a few countries have their own airlines.

2)    In most
countries government does not interfere into air transportation.

3)    The
first countries in Europe to admit air transport were Holland, Japan and Italy.

4)    The
oldest carrier working under its original name was organized in 1919.

5)    One of
the oldest still-working airlines in the world is Finnish Aeropostale.

6)    The
apex of German air travel was in 1940s.

7)    The
disaster of Hindenburg took place in 1937.

    The
world’s first regular international flight was in July, 1919.

9)    Such
group as ICAO proclaims worldwide standards for safety only.

10)  World air traffic
is controlled by bilateral agreements between countries.

№3.
Look through the text once again and explain to your partner the meaning of the
dates and names given below.

1)   
KLM

2)    1920

3)    Aeropostale

4)    Finnair

5)    12
September 1923

6)    Hindenburg

7)    1937

    BOAC

9)    Bermuda
Agreement

10)  ICAO

№4.
Read and translate the text

Modern
air transport using craft which is heavier than air requires a good deal of
power merely to stay in the air. It is for this reason that air transport uses
more fuel to carry a ton over a distance of a mile than land or water
transport. Another drawback of air transport is that whereas a ship, truck or
train whose engines break down can stop until they are mended, an aircraft with
the same trouble must land. This means that an aircraft must have several
engines and this increases its cost. Safety precautions for air transport also
tend to make it expensive. It cannot be relied upon for regular services in
places or seasons with low clouds and mist. The great advantage of air
transport being its high speed, all civilized countries try to develop it. If
you want to save time, you will naturally fly by air.

The
earliest form of air transport was balloons, which are sometimes called
«free balloons» because having no engines they are forced to drift by
the wind flow. This fact alone makes balloons not reliable enough for carrying
people. If they were safer, they would be used more for transportation, but at
present the scientists use balloons mostly for obtaining information about the
upper atmosphere, its density, and other scientific subjects. Weather balloons
are particularly used by meteorologists. They carry instruments whose readings
are automatically sent back to the ground by the radio, the position of the
balloon being obtained by radar. Small balloons released from air-fields are
observed to obtain the direction and strength of the wind.

The
heavier-than-air machines called aeroplanes were rather slow in being adopted
for transport. The first aeroplane flight was made in 1884.

World
War I quickened the development of aeroplanes enormously. By 1918 they were no
longer unreliable things capable of only short flights, but powerful machines
able to carry heavy loads at high speeds for long distances. What was more, the
ending of the war meant that thousands of aeroplanes and skilled pilots were
available.

The
first aeroplanes were machines that had been used as bombers. They were quickly
converted for use by passengers by fitting extra seats and windows. The first
regular public air service from London to Paris was started in August.

During
World War II the value of aeroplanes for carrying heavy loads was recognized.
This led after the war to an increase in the practice of sending goods by air.
Air freight is expensive but is often thought worthwhile for such goods as
early vegetables, fruit and flowers, as well as for things urgently needed such
as spare parts for machinery, medical supplies, films and photographs. Some
parts of the world are hundreds of miles from a road, railway or waterway, and
air transport is the only possible kind of transport. Such places are kept
supplied wholly by air.

After
World War II, bigger and faster airliners were introduced. Jet-propelled
aircraft were first used in 1950. Air transport is very valuable for emergency
medical work. The most important use of air transport besides carrying
passengers is carrying mail. If the letters are sent by air mail, they are not
long in coming. Although it is unlikely that aircraft will ever replace ships
for carrying heavy and bulky cargoes such as oil, coal, minerals, grain and
machinery, air transport is already proving a serious rival to passenger ships
on some routes.

Helicopters
are very useful in places where there is no room for long, flat runways. Modern
turbo-jet airliners need a run of nearly two miles long to take off, but
helicopters can use small fields, platforms mounted on ships and the flat tops
of buildings. Helicopters were first introduced for regular airline service in
1947. Later, helicopters were used for carrying passengers and mail on short
routes, and for taking airline passengers between the centres of cities and the
main airports.

While
helicopters gain in needing very little space for taking-off and landing, they
lose because the speed at which they move forward is quite low. So the problem
was to develop an aircraft combining the advantages of the helicopter with the
high speed of an ordinary aircraft. If the designers could develop such a
machine the problem would be solved. So for this purpose the hovercraft was
designed. Hovercrafts are likely to be useful for ferry services — for example,
in ferrying motor cars across the English Channel. They may also be useful for
travel in roadless countries.

LESSON
4

FUTURE-IN-THE-PAST

1.
Study the material:

Tenses	Active Voice	Passive Voice
Future Simple in the Past	would (should) + V	would (should) + be + V3
Future Continuous in the Past	would (should) + be + Ving	—
Future Perfect in the Past	would (should) + have + V3	would (should)+have been+V3
Future Perfect Continuous in the Past	would (should) + have been + Ving	—

2.
Exercises:

Exercise 1.
Перепишите следующие предложения в прошед­шем времени.

1.     I am
afraid I shall be late.

2.     Do you think
we shall pick all the apples in three days?

3.      He
hopes you will often visit him.

4.      They
expect he will be at home in a few days.

5.      Are
you afraid we shan’t be in time?

6.      She
promises that she will finish the work in a week.

7.     I think
Henry will help us.

8.      I
hope we’ll enjoy the show.

9.      She
expects he’ll win the race.

Exercise
2. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Future Simple или Future-in-the-Past
Simple.

1)   
I
know we (not to be) late.

2)    I knew
we (not to be) late.

3)    I want
to know whether he (to be) at home.

4)    I
wanted to know whether he (to be) at home.

5)    «When
you (to be) ready?» he asked.

6)    He
asked when I (to be) ready.

7)    I can’t
say whether Bob (to do) the work perfectly, but he (to do) his best.

    He
asked me whether he (to see) Olga there.

9)    Are you
sure that we (to have) time to do that?

10)  I was afraid he
(to say), «I don’t think I (to be) able to come»

Exercise
3. Переведите на английский язык, обращая внима­ние на время глагола в главном
предложении.

1.     Я знаю, что он
скоро придет.

2.     Я знал, что он
скоро придет.

3.     Я думаю, что она
будет спать в это время.

4.     Я думал, что она
будет спать в это время.

5.     Она думает, что
сделает всю работу к пяти часам.

6.     Она думала, что
сделает всю рабо­ту к пяти часам.

7.     Я был уверен, что
к десяти часам он уже выучит стихотворение.

8.     Я знал, что к
девяти часам мама уже приготовит ужин и в девять часов вся семья будет сидеть
за столом. Я боялся, что приду слишком поздно.

9.     Она боя­лась, что
ее друг не придет.

10.  Они написали, что скоро приедут.

11.  Я был уверен, что встречу его
на станции.

12.  Я думаю, что папа скоро напишет
нам письмо.

13.  Вам сказали, что в декабре мы
будем писать контрольную работу?

14.  Он понял, что никогда ее не
забудет.

15.  Я полагаю, что они вспомнят о
нас.

Exercise
4. Поставьте данные в скобках глаголы в нужную временную форму, соблюдая
правило согласования времен.

1. They promised
that they (bring) ____ us all the necessary books.

2. He did it
better than I (expect) ____ he would.

3. He said that
the tractors (be) ____ there soon.

4. I think it all
happened soon after the meeting (end) ____.

5. He said that he
(can) ____ not do it without my help.

6. The astronomer
told us that the Moon (be) ____ 240,000 miles from the Earth.

7. We asked the
delegates whether they ever (see) ____ such a demonstration.

8. It was
decided that we (start) ____ our work at four o’clock.

9. I told you
that I (leave) ____ town on the following day.

10. I did not know
that you already (receive) ____ the letter.

LESSON
5

WATER
TRANSPORT

№1. Read
the international words and give their Russian meaning

barge, compass,
diesel, port, radiation, companion, army, aeroplane, reactor, turbine, magnetic,
ton, atomic, canal, motor.

№2. Read
and translate the text.

        
One of the most important things about water transport is the small effort
needed to move floating craft. A heavy boat or a barge weighing several tons
can be moved through the water, slowly but steadily, by one man. An aeroplane
of the same weight as the barge needs engines of 1,000 horsepower or more in
order to fly.

        
The raft made of logs of wood is supposed to be the earliest type of boat.

Rafts
seem to be clumsy vessels, although the Norwegian scientist Thor Heyerdahl and
his five companions in 1947 made a voyage on the raft Kon-Tiki from Peru
to Tuamotu Islands — a distance of 4,500 miles.

        
The water transport in ancient times developed most rapidly on great rivers.
The ancient Romans used vessels to carry their armies and supplies to colonies.
These ships, usually called galleys, continued to be used in the Mediterranean
till 1750.

        
The introduction of the magnetic compass allowed long voyages to be made with
much greater safety. At the end of the 15th century, sailing vessels are known
to have carried men from Europe to America and round Africa to India.

The
middle of the 19th century proved to be the highest point in the development of
sailing ships.

       
Steam and Motor Ships. One of the earliest steamboats is known to have been
tested at the end of the 18th century. The first steamship to cross the
Atlantic was the Savannah, 98-foot ship built in New York, which made
the crossing in 1819. Like all the early steamships, it had sails as well as
paddles.’ By the middle of the 19th century it became possible to build much
larger ships for iron and steel began to replace timber.

       
The rapid increase in the size and power of ships was promoted by the
industrial revolution). The industrial countries produced great quantities of
goods which were carried to all parts of the world by ships. On their return
voyages, the ships brought either raw materials such as cotton, metals, timber
for the factories, or grain and foodstuffs for the growing population.

        
During the same period, a great deal was done to improve ports, and that
permitted larger ships to use them and to make loading and unloading faster. Improvements
introduced in the 20th century included the smoother and more efficient type of
engines called steam turbines and the use of oil fuel instead of coal. Between
1910 and 1920 the diesel engine began to be introduced in ships. These
diesel-engined ships are called motor ships. The largest ships, however, are
still generally driven by steam turbines. In the late 1950s a few ships were
being built which were equipped with nuclear reactors for producing steam.

          In
1957 the world’s first atomic ice-breaker was launched in Leningrad. This
atomic ice-breaker is equipped with an atomic engine owing to which her
operating on negligible quantities of nuclear fuel is possible. In spite of the
capacity of her engine being 44,000 h.p. it will need only a few grams of
atomic fuel a week.

       
The atomic ice-breaker has three nuclear reactors. The operation of the nuclear
reactor is accompanied by powerful radiation. Therefore, the ice­breaker is
equipped with reliable means of protection. The ice-breaker is designed for
operation in Arctic waters.

№3.
Study the table and say what kinds of
Water Transport consists of:

Water Transport
Inland	Ocean
Rivers	Lakes	Canals	Coastal shipping	Overseas shipping
— boats -steamers, etc.	— for passengers — for cargo	Liner	Tramps	Tankers
Cargo	Passengers

№4. Scan
the text, find information devoted to cruise ships and write out it.

A
watercraft is a vehicle designed to float on and move across (or under) water.
The need for buoyancy unites watercraft, and makes the hull a dominant aspect
of its construction, maintenance, and appearance.

English
seldom uses the term watercraft to describe any specific
individual object (and probably then only as an affectation): rather the term
serves to unify the category that ranges from small boats to the largest ships,
and also includes the diverse watercraft for which some term even more specific
than ship or boat (e.g., canoe, kayak, raft,
barge, jet ski) comes to mind first.

Ship
transport is the process of moving people, goods, etc. by barge, boat, ship or
sailboat over a sea, ocean, lake, canal or river. This is frequently undertaken
for purposes of commerce, recreation or military objectives.

Early
sea transport was accomplished with ships that were either rowed or used the
wind for propulsion, and often, in earlier times with smaller vessels, a
combination of the two.

In
the 1800s the first steam ships were developed, using a steam engine to drive a
paddle wheel or propeller to move the ship. The steam was produced using wood
or coal. Now most ships have an engine using a slightly refined type of
petroleum called bunker fuel. Some specialized ships, such as submarines, use
nuclear power to produce the steam.

Although
relatively slow, modern sea transport is a highly effective method of
transporting large quantities of non-perishable goods. Transport by water is
significantly less costly than transport by air for trans-continental shipping.

Cruise
ships are passenger ships used for pleasure voyages, where the voyage itself
and the ship’s amenities are considered an essential part of the experience.
Cruising has become a major part of the tourism industry, with millions of
passengers each year as of 2006. The industry’s rapid growth has seen nine or
more newly built ships catering to a North American clientele added every year
since 2001, as well as others servicing European clientele. Smaller markets
such as the Asia-Pacific region are generally serviced by older tonnage
displaced by new ships introduced into the high growth areas.

№5.
Find English equivalents in the text above:

1 плыть по воде /
под водой

2 главная часть
конструкции

3 иное судно

4 в коммерческих
целях

5 в
развлекательных или военных целях

6 использовать
ветер для движения вперед

7 гребное колесо

8 незначительно
очищенный тип топлива

9 увеселительное
путешествие

10 быстро развивающиеся области

№6.
Find antonyms to the following words:

1 to
stop

2 minor

3
similar, the same

4
seldom

5
greatly

6 fast

7
ineffective

8 cheap

9
decline

10 form
time to time

№7.
Read the description of different kinds of ships and try to match them with
their names given below:

1. They are cargo ships for the transport of fluids, such as crude oil, petroleum products, liquefied petroleum gas, liquefied natural gas and chemicals, also vegetable oils, wine and other food – this sector comprises one third of the world tonnage. 2. They are passenger ships used for pleasure voyages, where the voyage itself and the ship’s amenities are considered an essential part of the experience. 3. It is a boat used to maneuver, primarily by towing or pushing other vessels in harbours, over the open sea or through rivers and canals. They are also used to tow barges, disabled ships, or other equipment like towboats. 4. It is a flat-bottomed boat, built mainly for river and canal transport of heavy goods. Most of them are not self-propelled and need to be moved by tugboats towing or towboats pushing them. 5. They are cargo ships designed to carry wheeled cargo such as automobiles, trailers or railway carriages. Such vessels have built-in ramps which allow the cargo to be efficiently «rolled on» and «rolled off» the vessel when in port. 6. Also known as coasters, they are shallow-hulled ships used for trade between locations on the same island or continent. Their shallow hulls mean that they can get through reefs where sea-going ships usually cannot

a) Roll-on / roll-off ships b) Barge c) Tugboat d) Cruise ships e) Tanker f) Coastal trading vessels

 LESSON 6

LEXICAL-GRAMATICAL EXERCISES

№1. Write the number and the right word:

№2. Fill in
the gaps using the words: 

means of
transport, speed, roads, miles, petrol

1)    Cars
are a common sight on … today, but that wasn’t always true.

2)   
Back
in the days before the car was invented, the only personal ….were the horse and
the bicycle.

3)   
The
first cars got their power from steam and gas, and had a maximum … of around
nine miles an hour.

4)   
In
Britain, there was a law stopping cars from going over two miles an hour in
towns.

5)   
At
the end of the nineteenth century, cars started to use … and became much faster
than they had been.

6)    Very
few people at that time said that cars would change the world in the future.
That is exactly what has happened, though, and since then we have built about
eighteen million … of roads on the Earth.

№3. Find
the synonyms.

1	journey	a	wagon-lit
2	dining car	b	by road
3	by air	c	flight
4	voyage	d	way
5	walking tour	e	trip
6	mean	f	hike
7	sleeping car	j	by plane
8	by car	h	buffet car

№4. Open
the brackets, use the verb in Present, Past or Future
Simple Passive.

1.     Tom
always (to ask) at the lessons.

2.     I (to
ask) at the last lesson.

3.     Our
country house (to finish) next year.

4.     The dog
(to find) by my sister yesterday.

5.     This
work (to do) tomorrow.

6.     This
text (to translate) at the last lesson.

7.     These
trees (to plant) every autumn.

8.     Many
interesting games always (to play) at our P.E. lessons.

9.     This
bone (to give) to my dog tomorrow.

10.  We (to invite) to
a concert last Saturday.

11.  My question (to
answer) yesterday.

12.  Hockey (to play)
in winter.

13.  Mushrooms (to
gather) in autumn.

14.  Many houses (to
burn) during the war.

15.  His new book (to
finish) next year.

16.  Flowers (to sell)
in shops and in the streets.

17.  St. Petersburg
(to found) in 1703.

18.  Bread (to eat)
every day.

19.  The letter (to
receive) yesterday.

20.  Nick (to send) to
Moscow next week.

№5. Divide the following words or phrases
into four groups, those which describe or belong to a) passenger vehicles; b)
vehicles for the carriage of goods; c) non-road mobile machinery; d) off-road
vehicles.

Coach, truck, pickup, omnibus, scraper,
gravel surface, flexible suspension, lorry, excavator, caterpillar track,
grader, bus, motor car, bulky equipment, large tyres, bulldozer, deep open treads.

№6.
a) agree or disagree with the following definitions

1.
Bulky is too big to be carried or stored easily.

2.
Bulldozer is a heavy vehicle with a large curved open container at the front
used for moving earth and stones, destroying buildings, etc.

3.
Coach is a long comfortable vehicle for carrying a large number of passengers, especially
on long journeys.

4.
Omnibus is an old word meaning a ‘bus’.

5.
Trailer is a long container that can be fixed to a vehicle and used for moving
heavy objects or large animals.

b)
match each word with its correct definition

scraper,
excavator, pickup, ambulance, truck

1. A machine used
for removing a layer from a surface.

2. A large road
vehicle used for carrying goods.

3. A vehicle for
taking people to hospital.

4. A truck with an
open back and low sides.

5. A large machine
for digging holes in the ground.

№7. Read the text, try
to focus on its essential facts and choose the most suitable heading given
below for each paragraph.

1) Trailers and Semi-trailers

2) Off-road
Vehicles

3) Passenger
Vehicles

4) Classification
of Vehicles

5) Non-road Mobile
Machinery

6) Vehicles for
the Carriage of Goods

7) Special Purpose
Vehicles

Tractors

VEHICLE CATEGORIES

On the 30th of
November, 2011 at the World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicles, the Inland
Transport Committee of Economic Commission for Europe adopted “Consolidated
Resolution on the Construction of Vehicles”. One of the units of the resolution
is devoted to the classification of power driven vehicles and trailers. Vehicle
categories are defined according to the following classification: motor
vehicles with at least four wheels designed and constructed for the carriage of
passengers (category “M”); motor vehicles with at least four wheels designed
and constructed for the carriage of goods (category “N”); trailers (category “O”);
special purpose vehicles; agricultural and forestry tractors (category “T”);
non-road mobile machinery; off-road vehicles (category “G”).

There are numerous
types of passenger vehicles: light passenger vehicles (motor cars or cars),
people carriers or mini-buses, buses (omnibuses), coaches, etc. They may be
classified according to the types of chassis frame, engine, fuel, as well as
the purpose for which they are used.

Motor vehicles for
the carriage of goods include light commercial vehicles (also light goods
vehicle) and large goods vehicles, LGV (also heavy goods vehicle, HGV). “A
large goods vehicle” is the European Union (EU) term for any truck (lorry) with
mass over 3.5 tonnes. Trucks vary greatly in size, power and configuration.
Light commercial vehicles with mass not more than 3.5 tonnes are called light
vans. When a vehicle is required for the transportation of bulky equipment, a
pickup would be often desirable.

Trailers and
semi-trailers are any non-self propelled vehicles. It is required that they
should be towed by power-driven vehicles.

Special purpose
vehicles embrace the vehicles of categories “M”, “N” or “O” for the carriage of
passengers or goods and for performing special functions with special body
arrangement and equipment. They include motor caravans, armoured vehicles,
ambulances, etc.

Agricultural and
forestry tractors are power-driven vehicles, either wheeled or caterpillar
tracks, which are designed to pull, push, carry or actuate certain tools,
machines or trailers.

The term “non-road
mobile machinery” means any mobile machine, transportable industrial equipment
or vehicle with or without body not intended for the use of passenger- or
goods- transport on the road, in which the internal combustion engine is
installed. Non-road mobile machinery embraces earthmoving machinery, such as
scrapers, bulldozers, graders, excavators, etc.

Off-road vehicles
are considered to be any types of vehicles which are capable of driving on and
off paved or gravel surface. They are generally characterized by having large
tyres with deep open treads, a flexible suspension, or even caterpillar tracks.
They have a versatile application, e.g. several types of motorsports involve
racing off-road vehicles.

№8. Agree or disagree with the following
statements.

1. The classification of power-driven
vehicles was defined at the World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicles.

2. Numerous types of passenger vehicles are
known to be included into category “M”.

3. Category “G” represents off-road vehicles.

4. Light commercial vehicles are
considered to be passenger vehicles.

5. Agricultural tractors may be either
wheeled or with caterpillar tracks.

6. The vehicles of “M”, “N” or “O”
categories may be special purpose vehicles.

7. Trailers are non-self propelled
vehicles.

Task 2. Read the text and do the task.

FROM THE HISTORY OF RAILWAY TRANSPORT

The word ‘transport’ (or ‘transportation’) means to carry people or goods from place to place.

Henry Ford, the American motor-car manufacturer, said that “transportation is civilization”.

The history of transport is divided into two stages. The first stage is that in which all modes of

transport depended directly on the power of men or animals, or on natural forces such as wind and current. The second stage began with the development of the steam engine. Do you know who invented it? It is sometimes said that James Watt got the idea for a steam engine while still a boy, watching steam lift the lid of his mother’s tea kettle. The truth is that James Watt did not invent the steam engine; however, he made major improvements on the inefficient steam engine patented in 1705 by Thomas Newcomen, John Cawley, and Thomas Savery. James Watt installed his engine in a machine which was used at a large coal mine for pumping out the water. Soon this invention was widely used at nearly every large enterprise. The revolution in industry made by this machine was extremely great.

One of the first attempts to put a steam engine on wheels was made by Richard Trevithick, a

British mining engineer. In 1804 he demonstrated the first successful railroad steam locomotive. His engine pulled a short train of cars uphill on a coal-mine railway in Wales. In the years after

Trevithick’s locomotive, several others were built for use on various British coal-mine railways.

The world’s first common carrier railroad1 to use steam power was the Stockton-Darlington

railway in England. It was designed and built by George Stephenson and opened for public service in 1825.

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