The word tamga meant a customs tax

      The
current Russian word for Customs, tamozhnya,
appeared in the times of Mongol-Tatar yoke. The word tamga
in Tatar, meant “Customs tax, the official who collected it, and
the stamped seal or statement showing that it had been paid”. Each
market had its tamozhnya,
and the right to collect duties could be purchased from the State.
The right was often given to powerful merchants.

      The
Russian Customs service, however, predates even the Mongol-Tatar yoke
(1237-1480). Some three centuries before, in Kievan Rus, taxes were
collected for the transportation of goods through the frontiers of
the individual princedoms.

      Thus,
Russia has had a Customs service in some form during the past 1000
years. Moreover, for almost all of that history, it has been much
more than a force for keeping out contraband. In fact, it has been a
powerful administrative body, serving mainly protectionist interests.

      The
first Russian Customs statute was handed down in 1667. It was strict
towards foreigners, who were allowed to trade only in frontier towns
on pain of confiscation. A special tsar’s certificate was required
for trading further inside the country.

      Such
protectionism went
on for most of the next 300 years. Every tsar, from Peter the Great
to Nicolas II, approved laws limiting the import of foreign goods and
defending Russian producers.

                                     
РАБОТА НАД  ТЕКСТОМ 

  Упражнение
1. Прочтите
текст, пользуясь словарем.

Российская таможня

      Современное
русское слово «таможня» появилось во
времена Татаро –монгольского ига. Слово
«тамга» на татарском означало «Таможенная
пошлина, чиновник, собирающий ее и
ставящий штампы или подтверждение того,
что она была уплачена». Каждый рынок
имел свою таможню, и право собирать
налоги могло быть получено у государства.
Это право часто предоставлялось
влиятельным торговцам.

Российская
таможенная служба,   однако,
существовала еще до Татаро- монгольского
ига (1237-1480). Тремя веками ранее, в Киевской
Руси, взимались налоги за провоз товаров
через границы личных княжеств.

     Таким
образом, у России была таможенная служба
в особой форме во время последнего
тысячелетия. Более того, в
течение почти всей истории она являлась
чем-то большим, чем сила для изъятия
контрабанды. На самом деле она была
могущественной административной
структурой, служащей, в основном,
протекционистским интересам.

Первый
Российский таможенный устав был принят
в 1667. Он был достаточно строг к иностранцам,
которым было позволено торговать только
в пограничных городах под угрозой
конфискации. Специальный сертификат,
выдаваемый царем, требовался для торговли
внутри страны.      

Такой
протекционизм продолжался в течение
следующего трехсотлетия. Каждый царь,
от Петра 1 до Николая 2, поддерживал
законы, ограничивающие импорт заграничных
товаров     и
поддерживающих российского производителя.
  

   Упражнение
2.Ответьте на следующие вопросы.

1. When did
   the word tamozhnya
   appear? The world tamozhnya appeared
   in the times of Mongol – Tatar yoke.

2. What did
   the word tamga
   mean? Tamga meant
   “Customs tax, the official who collected it, and the stamped seal
   or statement showing that it had been paid”.

3. Who was
   given the right to collect duties? Powerful merchants were often
   given to the right to collect duties.

4. How long
   has Russia had Customs Service? Russia has had Customs service
   during the past 1000 years.

5. What
   were the functions of Russian Customs? Russian customs kept out
   contraband and served mainly protectionist interests.

6. When was
   the first Russian Customs statute handed down? The first Russian
   Customs statute was handed down in 1667.

7. Where were
   foreigners allowed to trade according to the statute? Foreigners
   were allowed to trade according to the statute only in frontier
   towns.

8. What
   was required for trading further inside the country? A special
   tsar’s certificate was required for trading further inside the
   country.

Упражнение
3.Какие из следующих предложений
соответствуют/не соответствуют содержанию
текста? Обоснуйте свой ответ.

1. The
   current Russian word for Customs tamozhnya
   appeared in the 17^th
   century. False. The current Russian word for Customs, tamozhnya,
   appeared in the times of Mongol-Tatar yoke.

2. The
   word tamga
   meant a Customs tax. True.

3. The
   Russian Customs Service predates the Mongol-Tatar yoke. True.

4. In
   Kievan Rus no taxes were collected at the frontiers of 
   princedoms. False. Some three centuries before, in Kievan Rus, taxes
   were collected for the transportation of goods through the frontiers
   of the individual princedoms

5. Collecting
   duties was the only function of Russian Customs.

False.
For almost all of the history, it has been much more than a force for
keeping out contraband and a powerful administrative body, serving
mainly protectionist interests.

1. The
   first Russian Customs statute was handed down in 1667.True.

2. The
   first Russian Customs statute was loyal to foreigners.

 False.
It was strict towards foreigners, who were allowed to trade only in
frontier towns on pain of confiscation.

Упражнение
4. Найдите в
тексте английские эквиваленты для
следующих слов и словосочетаний:

современное
слово — thecurrentword,

таможенная
служба — Customs,

таможенный
налог — Customstax,

служащий
(сотрудник) – theofficial,

собирать
налоги – to collect taxes,

печать
— the stamped seal,

право собирать
пошлину — the right to collect
duties, перемещение товаров через границу
– the transportation за goods through
the frontiers ,

пресекать провоз
контрабанды – to keep out
contraband,

торговать,
под страхом
конфискации- to trade on pain of
confiscation, ограничивать ввоз
товаров иностранного
производства – to limit the
import of foreign goods,

защищать
российских производителей-
to defend Russian producers, протекционизм-
protectionism. 

Упражнение
5.
Изложите письменно краткое
содержание текста, используя ключевые
слова и словосочетания.

To
begin with, the Russian Customs service predates even the
Mongol-Tatar yoke though the current Russian word for Customs,
tamozhnya, appeared in the times of Mongol- Tatar yoke. We know that
taxes were collected for the transportation of goods through the
frontiers of the individual princedoms in Kievan Rus.

Russia
has had a Customs service in some form during the past 1000 years.
For almost all of the history it has been much more than a force for
keeping out contraband and it has been a powerful administrative
body.

The
first Russian Customs statute was handed down in 1667. It was strict
towards foreigners, who were allowed to trade only in frontier towns
on pain of confiscation. A special tsar’s certificate was required
for trading further inside the country.

                       
ГРАММАТИЧЕСКИЕ
УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

Упражнение1.
Поставьте следующие предложения в вопросительную
и отрицательную  форму.

1. Mike
   has just found a new job at the customs.

Has Mike
just found a new job at the customs?

Mike hasn’t
just found a new job at the customs.

1. The
   customs inspector had finished examining the passengers’ baggage
   by 3 o’clock.

Had the
customs inspector finished examining the passengers’ baggage by 3
o’clock?

The customs
inspector hadn’t finished examining the passengers’ baggage by 3
o’clock.

1. I
   have been working at the Customs for 5 years now.

I haven’t
been working at the Customs for 5 years now.

Have I been
working at the Customs for 5 years now?

1. We
   will have been discussing this problem for a long time before you
   come.

We won’t
have been discussing this problem for a long time before you come.

Will we
have been discussing this problem for a long time before you come.

1. Customs
   business has always been important and prestigious.

Has Customs
business always been important and prestigious?

Customs
business hasn’t always been important and prestigious.

1. The
   customs officer had been looking through the passenger declaration
   for a minute when he noticed a mistake.

Had the
customs officer been looking through the passenger declaration for a
minute when he noticed a mistake?

The customs
officer hadn’t been looking through the passenger declaration for a
minute when he noticed a mistake.

1. Import
   laws have become a barometer of economic and political conditions of
   the time.

Have Import
laws become a barometer of economic and political conditions of the
time?

Import laws
haven’t become a barometer of economic and political conditions of
the time.

1. The
   customs officers will have been clearing the cargo for 2 hours by
   the time they arrive.

Will the
customs officers have been clearing the cargo for 2 hours by the time
they arrive?

The customs
officers won’t have been clearing the cargo for 2 hours by the time
they arrive.

1. We
   will have prepared the documents by Monday.

Will we
have prepared the documents by Monday?

We won’t
have prepared the documents by Monday.

1. The
   delegation has already arrived at the airport.

Has the
delegation already arrived at the airport?

The
delegation hasn’t already arrived at the airport.

Упражнение
2. Раскройте скобки,
употребляя глаголы 
в Present Perfect или
Past Simple. 

1. A
   foreigner has just arrived at the airport and is going through
   customs control now.

2. The
   customs officers confiscated narcotics last Friday.

3. I
   have already passed through customs and passport control.

4. Russia
   has had a Customs service during the past 1000 years.

5. Derzhavin
   worked out the customs tariff in 1795.

6. The
   President has signed a new law limiting import of foreign goods
   recently.

7. Alexei
   Michailovitch Romanov signed the New Trade Statute and established
   customs regimes.

8. Has
   the Government imposed customs duties yet?

9. Mendeleev
   was sure that protectionist policy stimulated industrial production.

10. Drug
    contraband has grown considerably since last year.

Упражнение
3.
Раскройте скобки, употребляя
глаголы  в Past Simple или Past Perfect.

1. Before
   Radischev became Head of St.Petersburg customs house he had worked
   for Commerce Board.

2. He
   had been the Customs Office chief for 10 years. Then he retired.

3. It
   was clear that he hadn’t paid the customs duties yet.

4. The
   customs officer detained the passenger after he had found an icon in
   his traveling bag.

5. Our
   chief informed us of new customs tariffs after he had returned from
   the business trip.

6. They
   had cleared the cargo before he phoned.

7. The
   customs officer asked the passenger when and where he had bought his
   ring.

8. The
   arrival hall was full of people. They had just arrived  in
   Moscow.

9. The
   passenger was a French businessman who had come to Washington to
   have talks with the head of the company.

10. Only
    when I boarded the plane I understood that I had left my handbag
    somewhere.

Упражнение
4. Раскройте скобки,
употребляя глаголы
в Present Simple, Present Progressive,
Present Perfect или Present Perfect
Progressive. 

1.
a) My friend works at the customs.

b) My
friend is working at a very interesting project

now.                            
                     
 

c)
My friend has already worked at this project.

    d)
My friend has been working at the customs since 2000.

2. a)
I always fill in a customs declaration form when I travel abroad.

    b)
I am filling in a customs declaration form now. Don’t disturb me.

    c)
I haven’t filled in a customs declaration form yet. Wait a minute.

   
d) I have
been filling a customs declaration form for 15 minutes

now.                          
           

3. a) Customs officers often uses different inspectional techniques
to

detect  contraband.

b) The
customs officers is using the inspectional techniques at the

moment
to make sure there is no contraband in this petrol tank.

c) The
customs officers has just used the inspectional techniques. There

are  no
concealments in this part of the ship.

         
d) The
customs officers found no drugs though they have been using all
the         inspectional
techniques they had at their disposal for an hour.

   
4. a)
Our team usually clears the cargo.

         
b) Our
team is very busy at the moment. We are clearing the cargo.

         
c) Our
team has cleared all the cargo today.

         
d) Our
team has been clearing the cargo for 2 hours now.

1. a)
   Passengers who arrive in our country always pass through

customs
Control.

         
b) The
passengers who have just arrived in Moscow are passing through

 
customs
control now.

    c)
The passengers have passed through customs control and now they are

leaving
the terminal.

d) The
passengers have been passing through customs control for the last 15
minutes.

Упражнение
5.
Раскройте скобки,
употребляя глаголы
в Past Simple, Past Progressive,
Past Perfect, Past Perfect Progressive. 

1.
a) I looked through the passengers’ declarations very
attentively a few   

 
   minutes
ago.

b)
I was looking through the passengers’ declarations when you found

me.

 c)
I had looked through just the passengers’ declarations before you

asked for help.

d)
I had been looking through the passengers’ declarations for quite a
while when I realized that I needed a rest before it happened. 

      2.
a) This company imported its products into our country in 2010.

          
b) This
company wasn’t importing its products into our country from 2007

till 
2009.

          
c) This
company hadn’t imported its products into our country before

2005.

          
d) This
company had been importing its products into our country for many
years.

     
3.  a)
We prepared all the necessary documents in time.

          
b) We were
preparing all the necessary documents when we got the news.

          
c) We had
prepared all the necessary documents by 6.

          
d) We had
been preparing all the necessary documents for a week before we got
the news.
                                                                               

4.  a)
This man tried to bring exotic reptiles into Russia yesterday.

b)
This man was trying to bring exotic reptiles into Russia when he was

detained
by Customs.

c)
This man had tried to bring exotic reptiles into Russia twice before

finally he
was detained by Customs.

d)
This man had been trying to bring exotic reptiles into Russia for
many years before 2009.

     
5.  a)
The students studied the Customs Code last term.

          
b) The
students were studying the Customs Code at the lesson yesterday.

          
c) The 
students had studied the Customs Code before they began to study

          
the
Criminal Code.

          
d) The
students had been studying the Customs Code for the whole semester

before
they had an examination.  

Упражнение
6. Раскройте скобки,
употребляя глаголы 
в Future Simple, Future
Progressive, Future Perfect, Future Perfect Progressive.

1.
a)  I will buy a new car in less than a year.

b)
I will be buying a new car at this time tomorrow.

           c)
I will have bought a new car by April.

d)
I will have been buying a new car for an hour when you come to help
me.

2.
a) We will keep these goods in the warehouse until we pay the
duties.

b)
We will be keeping these goods in the warehouse the whole winter.

 c)
We will have already kept these goods in the warehouse by the time
they

 
  can
be cleared.

 d)
We will have been keeping these goods in the warehouse for two months
by the 1^st 
of December.
                                                                                     

3.
a) He will translate the Customs Convention into Russian next week.

            b)
He will be translating the Customs Convention into Russian from 9
till12

            
 on
Tuesday.                         

            c)
He will have translated the Customs Convention into Russian by 3.

            d)
He will have been translating the Customs Convention into Russian for
2 hours    by the time you appear.    
  

4.
a) They will repair our X-ray machine in two days.

            b)
They will be repairing our X-ray machine the whole day tomorrow.

          
 c)
They will have repaired our X-ray machine by Monday, I hope.

 
d) They
will have been repairing our X-ray machine for 3 days by Monday.   
 

        5.
a) The Customs Office chief will sign the permits in a minute.

            b)
The Customs Office chief will be signing the permits when you come
in.

            c)
The Customs Office chief will have signed the permits by the time you

            
   come
to take them.   

            
d) The
Customs Office chief will have been signing the permits for 10
minutes when you come to take them. 

Упражнение
7.Переведите следующие предложения 
на английский язык.

1. Вы заполнили 
   таможенную декларацию?

Have you
filled in a customs declaration?

1. До
   того как сотрудники таможни растаможили 
   груз, он находился на складе больше
   месяца.

The cargo
had been kept in the warehouse for more than a month before the
customs officers cleared it.

1. Они
   изменят пошлины на автомобили к концу
   года.

They will
have changed the car taxes by the end of the year.

1. С
   самого утра начальник таможни
   инструктирует сотрудников.

The Custom
Office chief has been giving instructions to his staff since morning.

1. Как
   долго вы работаете в таможне?

How long
have you been working at the Customs?

1. Контрабанда
   наркотиков в этот регион за последние
   10 лет значительно возросла.

Narcotics
contraband in this region has grown considerably for the last 10
years.

1. Я
   проверял документы уже два часа, но не
   проверил еще и половины.

I have been
checking the documents for 2 hours already but haven’t checked even
a half of it.

1. Через
   5 минут будет два часа, с тех пор как я
   начал объяснять вам таможенные правила, 
   а вы так ничего и не поняли.

In 5
minutes it will have been 2 hours since I began explaining to you the
Customs Code but you haven’t understood anything yet.

1. Я
   надеюсь, к 5 часам мы проверим все
   контейнеры.

I hope we
will have inspected all the containers by 5 o’clock.

1. Вы
   пришли в 10 часов. К этому времени он
   уже ушел на терминал.

You came at
5 o’clock. He had already left for the terminal by that time.

Glossary

certificate (n)	сертификат,справка
to certify (v)	сертифицировать, подтверждать
confiscation (n) ; syn. seizure, forfeiture	конфискация
current (adj)	современный, действующий
to defend (v)	защищать
frontier (n)	граница
to keep out (v)	пресекать, препятствовать
to limit (v)	ограничивать
limited	ограниченный
a merchant (n)	торговец, купец, коммерсант
syn. a trader
an official (n)	служащий, чиновник
to predate (v)	предшествовать, возникать до
princedom (n)	княжество
to purchase (v)	покупать, приобретать
a purchase (n)	покупка
to require (v)	требовать
requirement (n)	требование
a seal (n)	печать, пломба
to seal (v)	опечатывать, опломбировать
strict (adj)	строгий
transportation (n)	перевозка, перемещение
yoke (n)	Иго UNIT 3

Лексическая
тема: «Customs Areas».

Грамматическая 
тема: Система времен английского 
глагола. Страдательный залог. Времена 
группы Indefinite (Simple). Времена
группы Continuous
(Progressive). 

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Добрый вечер. Помогите пожалуйста, вошел в тупик. Переведите, заранее спасибо
Text A
The History of Russian Customs
The current Russian word for Customs, tamozhnya, originated in the times of
the Mongol-Tatar yoke. The word tamga, in Tatar, meant “ a Customs tax, the
official who collected it, and the stamped seal or statement verifying that it had
been paid”.
Each market had its tamozhnya, and the right to collect duties could be purchased
from the State. This right was often acquired by powerful merchants.
The Russian Customs Service, however, predates even the Mongol Yoke.
Some three centuries before, in Kievan Rus, taxes were collected for the
transportation of goods through the frontiers of its individual princedoms.
Thus, Russia has had a Customs Service in some form for the past 1000 years.
The first Russian Customs statute was handed down in 1667. It was strict towards
foreigners, who were allowed to trade only in frontier towns on pain of
confiscation. Every tsar, from Peter the Great to Nicolas II, approved laws limiting
the import of foreign goods and defending Russian producers.
During the Soviet period foreign trade was strictly monopolized in the USSR
and Customs neither had any significant function in the economy or played any
important role.
Much was done to create Customs legislation in Russia in the period 1991- 94.
Two important laws were adopted: “The Customs Code of the Russian Federation”
and ”On Customs Tariff”. All provisions and regulations in these documents are of
the world standard.
Russia has the world’s longest border to police, much of it newly created and
has a modern, multi-functioning Customs Service. It carries out the same functions
as the Customs of other developed countries: fiscal functions, regulation oа foreign
trade by means of tariff and non-tariff methods, law enforcement, collection and
keeping of customs statistics concerning foreign trade, etc.
(1500 symbols)

The customs duties existing in Russia were divided into passable and trade. Originally they were raised from the known quantity of goods — from a cart, a measure without taxation project cost. Subsequently when determining their size began to pay attention and to value of the sold property.

With the main passable duty it was washed: from one to three money (i.e. 0.5 — 1.5 kopeks) from a cart; depending on cart size in sazhens there was a version is washed — put; from the people accompanying goods the golovshchina gathered; when driving through the bridge the mostovshchina (from two to four money from the cart with a horse), etc. was collected.

The same goods were assessed with several types of collecting which were collected independently of each other. Some collecting, for example, a mostovshchina, could be raised from object of sale repeatedly.

The population of Russian lands was subjected to a census («number»); as most of the population was engaged in agriculture, the tribute took the form of the land tax – «plow» or «popluzhny». Merchants in the cities paid collecting from the capital, and later it was replaced with the receipts tax and gathered as usual duty. Russian lands are obliged to Tatars by emergence of such concept as «tamga». At the Turkic people of a tamg designated originally a brand (brand) the patrimonial sign of property; to them horses, camels and other cattle which was in a common property of a sort or the objects (weapon, ceramics, carpets, etc.) made by members of a sort aimed. So the tamga became the sign of family and personal property, corresponding to the coat of arms or the press. In such quality of a tamg appeared on coins of the Golden Horde and on the seals which fastened to the labels given in the Horde to the Russian princes and metropolitans. Later in the countries of the East and in Russia tamgy the sales duty collected by money or from the sold goods, or with not sold yet, for their transportation began to be called (as duty undertook when at sale the application of a brand — «tamg» was demanded). From the word «tamg» the verb «tamzhit» was formed, i.e. to impose on goods tax; and the place where goods of a tamzhila, began to be called «customs».

At first the Horde khans, and then and the Russian princes began to issue special «tarkhanny diplomas» to which exempted monasteries and manors from payment of a tribute, a tamga and other duties, and collecting.

The period of dissociation of the Russian state was characterized by successful development of commercial intercourses. During the Horde period trade of Russian lands, both with the West, and with the East continued. With the Western countries, first of all the Hanseatic union, Novgorod and Pskov traded; Novgorod and also northeast territories, including Tver and Moscow, traded also with East countries through the Crimea and till Volga-Caspian way.

Into the so-called free cities – Novgorod, Pskov, Smolensk, etc. – foreign goods were imported without payment of duties and respect for customs ceremonialisms. Questions of customs taxation were at that time regulated mainly by bilateral contracts between certain principalities and the cities.

Gradually the tamga turned into one of the most profitable duties collected from goods cost. Over time the name passed it to all collecting which received the name of customs.

REFERENCES

History of customs affairs and customs policy: course of lectures / S.K. Sodnomova. – Irkutsk: BGUEP publishing house, 2011. – 91 pages.

Customs law [Electronic resource]: textbook. / K.A. Bekyashev, E.G. Moiseyev. – M.: Avenue, 2015. – 328 pages.

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Text A

The History of Russian Customs

The current Russian word for Customs, tamozhnya, originated in the times of

the Mongol-Tatar yoke. The word tamga, in Tatar, meant “ a Customs tax, the

official who collected it, and the stamped seal or statement verifying that it had

been paid”.

Each market had its tamozhnya, and the right to collect duties could be purchased

from the State. This right was often acquired by powerful merchants.

The Russian Customs Service, however, predates even the Mongol Yoke.

Some three centuries before, in Kievan Rus, taxes were collected for the

transportation of goods through the frontiers of its individual princedoms.

Thus, Russia has had a Customs Service in some form for the past 1000 years.

The first Russian Customs statute was handed down in 1667. It was strict towards

foreigners, who were allowed to trade only in frontier towns on pain of

confiscation. Every tsar, from Peter the Great to Nicolas II, approved laws limiting

the import of foreign goods and defending Russian producers.

During the Soviet period foreign trade was strictly monopolized in the USSR

and Customs neither had any significant function in the economy or played any

important role.

Much was done to create Customs legislation in Russia in the period 1991- 94.

Two important laws were adopted: “The Customs Code of the Russian Federation”

and ”On Customs Tariff”. All provisions and regulations in these documents are of

the world standard.

Russia has the world’s longest border to police, much of it newly created and

has a modern, multi-functioning Customs Service. It carries out the same functions

as the Customs of other developed countries: fiscal functions, regulation oа foreign

trade by means of tariff and non-tariff methods, law enforcement, collection and

keeping of customs statistics concerning foreign trade, etc.

(1500 symbols)

Задача: РАБОТА НАД ТЕКСТОМ

Упражнение 1. Прочтите текст, пользуясь словарем.

Упражнение 2. Ответьте на следующие вопросы.

1. When did the word tamozhnya appear?

2. What did the word tamga mean?

3. Who was given the right to collect duties?

4. How long has Russia had Customs Service?

5. What were the functions of Russian Customs?

6. When was the first Russian Customs statute handed down?

7. Where were foreigners allowed to trade according to the statute?

8. What was required for trading further inside the country?

Упражнение 3. Какие из следующих предложений соответствуют/не соответствуют содержанию текста? Обоснуйте свой ответ.

1. The current Russian word for Customs tamozhnya appeared in the 17th century.

2. The word tamga meant a Customs tax.

3. The Russian Customs Service predates the Mongol-Tatar yoke.

4. In Kievan Rus no taxes were collected at the frontiers of princedoms.

5. Collecting duties was the only function of Russian Customs.

6. The first Russian Customs statute was handed down in 1667.

7. The first Russian Customs statute was loyal to foreigners.

Упражнение 4. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты для следующих слов и словосочетаний:

современное слово, таможенная служба, таможенный налог, служащий (сотрудник), собирать налоги, печать, право собирать пошлину, перемещение товаров через границу, пресекать провоз контрабанды, торговать, под страхом конфискации, ограничивать ввоз товаров иностранного производства, защищать российских производителей, протекционизм.

Упражнение 5. Изложите письменно краткое содержание текста, используя ключевые слова и словосочетания.