The word stress is very popular nowadays different articles and tv shows reveal the unpleasant

Тест на определение уровня английского языка.

Reading & Vocabulary

Listening

Grammar

Exercise 1.

Fill the gaps with one of the words:

Tension, to fight, knitting, numerous, a university, rest, leisure

We often hear the word “stress” in everyday life, although it is not clear what it really is. “Stress” means pressure and (1) ______. It is a common problem in modern life. Unfortunately, too much stress results into physical, emotional and mental health problems. The reasons for stress are (2) ________. It’s not only overworking or having no time for (3)_______. Stress factors also include dangerous situations, difficulties at home, divorce, loss of close friends, etc. Changes for the better can also cause stress. For example, getting married, having a baby, moving houses, entering (4) ______. Of course, everything depends on the way a person reacts. Experts advise not to worry too much and stay calm in any situation. It is very important to try to avoid stress or at least to minimize it. When noticed on early stages, it can be fixed easier. One of the best ways (5) ______ stress is to keep a sense of humor in difficult situations. Even doctors agree that laughter is the best medicine for all diseases. Other ways to cope with stress include regular (6) ______ activities and interesting hobbies. If someone feels depressed, a good solution is taking up yoga classes or swimming, bicycling, (7) ______ , gardening, painting, etc. Anything, that can help a person to relax and get a new lease on life, is considered to be helpful.

Nowadays many people say that they are tired of their hectic lifestyle. They work too much and stop taking breaks. They forget about everything striving for their goals and they constantly raise the bar. Very often they don’t find personal satisfaction in their work and don’t love what they do. They have no sense of personal accomplishment and self-satisfaction. Some people don’t feel content even when they achieve their goal. One the contrary, they feel disillusioned and dissatisfied. Having climbed the ladder of success they find nothing worthwhile on the top. Constant fatigue, physical and moral exhaustion, monotony and impossible pressure at work and at home can cause stress.

Stress is the emotional and physical strain caused by people’s response to pressure from the outside world. Stress causes tension, irritability, anxiety, alarm, loss of concentration, sensations of fear and panic as well as headaches and a fast heartbeat. It can result in a real

breakdown of health. Stress can even cause heart disease and cancer.

There are a lot of stressful events in our lives, such as divorce, losing a job or having difficulties at home or at work. But changes for the better can also cause stress, like a new baby, a wedding, and a new house. Pupils and students often face stress from problems at school, poor relationships with peers, strict and demanding teachers, exams and many other problems.

Feeling stressed many people try to find some distraction and to escape their problems. They begin overeating, smoking, drinking, and even taking drugs. But junk food, cigarettes, sleeping pills and alcohol don’t help. On the contrary, they make things much worse and more difficult to patch up.

Stress can have a negative influence not only on our physical and mental health, but on the lives of those around us. It often makes us lose control and shout at our spouses, relatives, friends or colleagues. Taking stress out on our nearest and dearest is the easiest way to hurt their feelings and to make them feel depressed too.

People react to stress in different ways. Some of us are more vulnerable to stress than others. People who are always angry, impatient and mistrustful may have more stress-related physical problems.

It is very important to try to avoid stress or at least to minimize it. That’s why it is essential to notice

early signs of stress and to remove some of its causes. If you catch the trouble early, the problem may be easy to fix.

One of the best ways to cope with stress is to keep a sense of humor in difficult situations. Wise people say that laughter is the best medicine for all diseases. It increases blood flow and it may reduce the risk of heart disease. Besides, laughter makes the body release pleasure chemicals.

Regular leisure activities and relaxing hobbies are also very important in reducing stress. If you feel depressed, yoga, swimming, bicycling, painting or gardening can help you relax, calm down and get a new lease on life. Anti-anxiety medications and anti-depressants can be useful for dealing with short periods of acute stress. But the side effects of such medications can be rather dangerous, that’s why they must never be taken as often as vitamins. Besides, anti-anxiety medications and anti-depressants cause addiction and may lead to suicides.

Forget about your problems. Take a day off work, domestic chores and family. Work regular hours and don’t forget to take breaks and holidays. Don’t expect too much of yourself and don’t try to aim higher than your capacity. Have a balance in life. Walk away from stressful situations and be positive and enthusiastic. In other words ‘don’t worry, be happy.’

1. Complete each sentence (A-H) with one of the endings (1-8): A. Stress is the emotional and physical strain caused by
B. Stress causes
C. Feeling stressed many people try to Find
D. Stress often makes us
E. People who are always angry, impatient and mistrustful
F. One of the best ways to cope with stress is
G. Regular leisure activities and relaxing hobbies
H. Anti-anxiety medications and anti-depressants can be useful for

1. some distraction and to escape their problems.
2. to keep a sense of humor in difficult situations.
3. tension, irritability, anxiety, alarm, loss of concentration, sensations of fear and panic as well as headaches and a fast heartbeat.
4. are also very important in reducing stress.
5. people’s response to pressure from the outside world.
6. lose control and shout at our spouses, relatives, friends or colleagues.
7. dealing with short periods of acute stress.
8. may have more stress-related physical problems.
2. Agree or disagree. Explain your point of view – Stress can result in a real breakdown of health.
– Stress is everywhere.
– Stress is a synonym for ‘weakness’ and ‘helplessness’.
– Changes for the better can never cause stress.
– Overeating, smoking, drinking, or taking drugs don’t help to cope with stress.
– Laughter is the best medicine for all diseases.
– It is impossible to avoid stress.
– The best way to minimize stress is to know your limits and to be in harmony with yourself.

3. Choose a situation which is the most stressful to your mind. Say what you would do in this situation to cope with stress. Describe the situation from your own life experience when you felt stressed – You are being asked to speak in public. But you don’t know much about the subject discussed by the participants. Everybody is looking at you. You are terrified and don’t know what to say. You feel your hands shaking and your cheeks blushing.
– You are the first-year student of the University. You are taking your first exam. You are absolutely calm and self-confident as you know the subject very well. You are taking a question card and feel a cramp in the stomach. You don’t remember the answer to the question.
– You are a secretary for a large firm. You like your job as it is well-paid and interesting. The only problem is your boss. He gives you much work and charges you with a great number of errands both important and unimportant. This time he has ordered you to type a pile of urgent documents, though your working day is over and you have a date in the evening. But your boss insists that you should do this work right now.
– Your best friend has fallen ill and he has asked you to go to the chemist’s to buy some medicine. You’ve gladly agreed to help him. Standing in the queue you suddenly realize that you’ve lost your friend’s purse with a considerable sum of money in it. You are shocked and don’t know what to do.
– You’ve seen your brother’s girlfriend kissing some other guy. You don’t know whether you should tell your brother about it. You are afraid that he won’t believe you if you tell the truth. But on the other hand he will never forgive you if he learns that you have concealed this unpleasant fact.
– You’ve been asked to baby-sit your 5-year-old nephew. Your sister has promised that he will be sleeping the whole evening so you will have no trouble with him. And now when she has left you are locked in her house with a shrieking child who is having a fit of hysterics and you don’t know what to do to calm him down.
4. Answer the questions 1) Why do many people feel stressed at work?
2) What kind of situation can be called stressful?
3) How do many people cope with stress? What mistakes do they usually make?
4) Why is stress dangerous not only to our health but to the health of those around us?
5) Why do people react to stress in different ways?
6) How can we avoid or minimize stress?
7) Why are anti-anxiety medications and anti-depressants dangerous to our health?
Do you know any effective ways to cope with stress? Say a few words about them.

5. Much can be said about the negative consequences of stress. But some people are sure that stress can be very useful. Read their opinions and say if you agree with them or not. Fill in the table below and give your own reasons for and against stress 1. ‘Stress is inevitable. It goes hand in hand with the work we do. People don’t hire us to do easy things, they hire us to do difficult things and to think that you can remove stress from that is a fool’s errand. Isn’t this pressure why people work in the first place? I work with people who are up for the challenge, focused on being successful and pressure helps them reach their goals.’ (Stevan Rolls, head of human resources at Deloitte)
2. ‘I don’t think you should shy away from stress. It forces you to perform to live up to your full potential. I like to think that even when I am on the verge of retirement I’ll still be pushing myself. It’s what gets me out of bed in the morning.’ (Charlie Bagot Jewitt, a former Royal Naval commander)
3. To live without stress would be to live in a vegetative state. It’s just not viable. Even the act of getting up in the morning requires effort. For many workers it is the fact that they feel ‘driven’ that makes the job worthwhile and that once that feeling is gone, it is time for them to move on. It is this environment that allows them to produce their best work.’ (Glynis Kelly, senior lecturer in psychology and sociology at Cornwall College)
4. ‘Spikes of stress help us to develop and survive. So view being stressed as being resilient. Resilient people see pressure as a challenge, trust that they have control and don’t see themselves as powerless. Those kinds of attitudes are at the root of any career success.’ (Dr Wolfgang Seidl, executive director of the Validium Group, which provides employee assistance programmes)
(from the article ‘I love stress’ by Cath Janes, The Guardian)
Stress
For Against
6. Read the quotations below. Choose any statement and comment on it – ‘Stress is basically a disconnection from the earth, a forgetting of the breath. Stress is an ignorant state. It believes that everything is an emergency. Nothing is that important. Just lie down.’ (Natalie Goldberg)
– ‘Stress is nothing more than a socially acceptable form of mental illness.’ (Richard Carlson)
– Stress is a designer ailment that many of the so-called afflicted suffer from with pride.’ (Janet Street-Porter)
– ‘Every stress leaves an indelible scar, and the organism pays for its survival after a stressful situation by becoming a little older.’ (Hans Selye)
– ‘Much of the stress that people feel doesn’t come from having too much to do. It comes from not finishing what they’ve started.’ (David Allen)
I believe that stress is a factor in any bad health.’ (Christopher Shays)

A. There are hundreds of definitions of stress but even the highest medical authorities don’t know what it really means. Give your own definition of stress.

B. Read the text ‘Stress and How to Cope Well With It’ and think if stress can be called the disease of modern society.

Find an article about stress and prepare a short speech on the problems raised in it. Speak about the author’s attitude to these problems.

Методическая разработка

по теме «Стресс»

Болтунова

Ирина Владимировна

Санкт-Петербург

2019

Методическая разработка

по теме «Стресс»

      Пояснительная записка

Представленная методическая разработка состоит из комплекса специально подобранных текстов на английском языке по теме «Стресс» и учебно-тренировочных заданий к ним.

Данная методическая разработка является результатом работы преподавателя английского языка Болтуновой И.В. Аутентичные адаптированные тексты носят информационно-обучающий характер в рамках изучаемых студентами колледжа психолого-педагогических дисциплин.

Обращение к психолого-педагогической тематике на уроках иностранного языка повышает, на наш взгляд, познавательный интерес и мотивацию студентов, показывает универсальность и прикладной характер знаний, получаемых на разных предметах, способствует развитию умения их переноса. Данная подборка предназначена для студентов всех отделений и имеет целью развитие и укрепление межпредметных связей в процессе обучения педагогике, психологии и иностранному языку через реализацию конкретных задач:

В области психологии:

-как можно более полное раскрытие самого понятия «Стресс»;

— выявление причин стресса и его последствий.

В области педагогики:

-ознакомление с различными способами борьбы со стрессом, путями предупреждения его появления.

В области иностранного языка:

-развитие языковых умений;

— овладение новой лексикой по теме «Стресс»;

— совершенствование грамматического навыка.

Методическая разработка по теме «Стресс» предназначена для студентов всех отделений.

Целью методической разработки по теме «Стресс» является познакомить студентов с самим понятием стресс, его причинами, положительными и отрицательными последствиями. Кроме того, предложить различные способы борьбы со стрессом, и все это на английском языке. Таким образом, данные дидактические материалы помогут не только углубить знания по предложенной теме, но и одновременно с этим улучшить свои знания по английскому языку.

Методическая разработка по теме «Стресс» состоят из текстов и заданий к ним, которые направлены на проверку и закрепление изучаемого материала. Можно увидеть следующие задания: подобрать синоним, вычеркнуть лишнее слово, определить слово по его определению, найти соответствующий английский эквивалент, вставить подходящие слова, соединить выражения и другие. Также здесь представлены задания, направленные на понимание текста: ответить на вопросы, определить верно высказывание или нет, завершить предложения. В конце представлен ряд заданий, которые помогут обобщить изученный материал. Данные дидактические материалы содержат ответы на все задания.

Данная методическая разработка содержит ответы ко всем заданиям. Предложенный материал может быть использован как преподавателями на занятиях, так и самими студентами самостоятельно.

.

                           What Is Stress?

We generally use the word «stress» when we feel that everything seems to have become too much — we are overloaded and wonder whether we really can cope with the pressures placed upon us. Anything that poses a challenge or a threat to our well-being is a stress. Some stresses get you going and they are good for you — without any stress at all many say our lives would be boring and would probably feel pointless. However, when the stresses undermine both our mental and physical health they are bad. In this text we will be focusing on stress that is bad for you.

Fight or flight response

The way you respond to a challenge may also be a type of stress. Part of your response to a challenge is physiological and affects your physical state. When faced with a challenge or a threat, your body activates resources to protect you — to either get away as fast as you can, or fight. If you are upstairs at home and an earthquake starts, the faster you can get yourself and your family out the more likely you are all to survive. If you need to save somebody’s life during that earthquake, by lifting a heavy weight that has fallen on them during the earthquake, you will need components in your body to be activated to give you that extra strength -that extra push. 

Our fight-or-flight response is our body’s sympathetic nervous system reacting to a stressful event. Our body produces larger quantities of the chemicals cortisol, adrenaline and noradrenaline, which trigger a higher heart rate, heightened muscle preparedness, sweating, and alertness — all these factors help us protect ourselves in a dangerous or challenging situation.  

Non-essential body functions slow down, such as our digestive and immune systems when we are in fight-or flight response mode. All resources can then be concentrated on rapid breathing, blood flow, alertness and muscle use. 

So, let’s recap, when we are stressed the following happens:

• Blood pressure rises
• Breathing becomes more rapid
• Digestive system slows down
• Heart rate (pulse) rises
• Immune system goes down
• Muscles become tense
• We do not sleep (heightened state of alertness)

Most of us have varying interpretations of what stress is about and what matters. Some of us focus on what happens to us, such as breaking a bone or getting a promotion, while others think more about the event itself. What really matters are our thoughts about the situations in which we find ourselves. 
          We are continually sizing up situations that confront us in life. We assess each situation, deciding whether something is a threat, how we can deal with it and what resources we can use. If we conclude that the required resources needed to effectively deal with a situation are beyond what we have available, we say that that situation is stressful — and we react with a classical stress response. On the other hand, if we decide our available resources and skills are more than enough to deal with a situation, it is not seen as stressful to us. 

Positive and Negative Stress

Signs of positive stress

1. Increased creativity: not only in making or creating things but also in developing new ways to solve problems or finding better ways of doing things.

2. Increased productivity at work and on a personal level.

3. A general feeling of wellbeing, happiness and joy. It is your birthright to lead a happy, fulfilled live during your stay here on earth.

4. An immune system that functions optimally and is able to resist illness, infections, and cancer. Even if you are surrounded by people carrying all sorts of germs, you simply will not become ill.

Warning signs of negative stress

1. Reduced productivity and creativity: nothing works the way it should. Everything is too much for you. You struggle or cannot find solution to problems. Because you are terrified of making the wrong decision, you end up not making any decision at all. You are unable to concentrate or remember things. Depression starts in much the same way.

2. A reduce feeling of wellbeing, joy and happiness: you no longer enjoy anything and don’t look forward to anything. Everything is a burden. These symptoms can be precursors of depression unless you take proper precautions in time.

3. All sort of unfortunate things happen to you. You become so preoccupied with the daily stress of living that, you are unable to focus or concentrate. This easily lead to car accidents, you drop and break things or lose them. You cannot remember anything; you cut yourself on a regular basis etc…

4. You start avoiding social contact. Shunning people for a long period is also a sign of depression. Remember that socialising is one of the basic human needs.

5. Your immune system functions poorly and suffers from colds, influenza, allergies, chronic fatigue, anxiety etc… Unless you take the necessary steps to restore your equilibrium.

6. The ageing process accelerates because of the increased metabolism associated with sustained, unmanaged stress. Free radicals and other waste products accumulate add cell activity deteriorates resulting in premature age.

Task 1.  Answer the questions

1. What happens with processes in our body when we are stressed? (at least 3)

2. Name 3 chemicals that our body produces in larger quantities when we are stressed.

3. Which body functions slows down when we are under stress? (1 word — adjective)

4. What is stress?

5. Which types of response on stressful situation do you know?

Task 2.  Find the synonym in the text.

1. frighten, intimidate

2. weight, load, onus

3. balance, poise

4. decrease, diminish

5. avoid, escape, evade

6. early, untimely, precocious

7. appropriate, due

8. oppose, fight back ,withstand

9. concern, worry

10. gladness, rejoicing, cheer

Task 3. Find the odd word. 

1. Our body produces the chemicals: cortisol, adrenaline, noradrenaline, allergy.
2. Reaction to stressful events : heartbeat, sweating,  heightened muscle preparedness, increased creativity.
3.  Your immune system functions poorly and suffers from: chronic fatigue, anxiety, colds, lack of communication.
4. If you are upstairs at home and suddenly begins: earthquake, tsunami, fire, shaking hands, don’t panic.
5. If you’re in a stressful situation, you start: to sweat, to be nervous, to panic, to dance.
6. The first signs of negative stress: nothing works the way it should, you are unable to concentrate, you can not remember anything, you can easily lift the mood
7. The first signs of positive stress: increased creativity, increased productivity, a general feeling of wellbeing, a reduced feeling of wellbeing.
8. Your immune system, that functions optimally, is able to resist: diseases, infections, cancer, people.
9. All sort of unfortunate things happen to you: you can cut yourself, break things, lose things, be promoted.

Task 4.  You can see the definition of the word, guess the word (find it in the text).

1.  А system of biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease.
2. A hormone that is released during stressful situations.
3. A state of low mood and aversion to activity.
4. An organ system containing a network of specialized cells called neurons that coordinate the actions.
5. The production of a fluid consisting primarily of water as well as various dissolved solids (chiefly chlorides), that is excreted by the sweat glands in the skin of mammals.
6. It is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth’s crust that creates seismic waves.
7. The reactions that occur when a person’s immune system reacts to normally harmless substances in the environment .
8. It is a steroid hormone, more specifically a glucocorticoid, produced by the zona fasciculata of the adrenal gland.
9. This disease is known medically as a malignant neoplasm, is a broad group of various diseases, all involving unregulated cell growth.
10.  It is the invasion of body tissues by disease-causing microorganisms, their multiplication and the reaction of body tissues to these microorganisms and the toxins that they produce.

Task 5. Insert the corresponding expressions

precursors of depression — a sign of depression — restore your equilibrium — sustained  unmanaged stress – concentrate – infections  and cancer — solve problems

1. A reduce feeling of wellbeing, joy and happiness — these symptoms can be ………. .
2. You start avoiding social contact. Shunning people for a long period is also ………. .
3. Your immune system functions poorly and suffers from colds, influenza, allergies, chronic fatigue, anxiety etc… Unless you take the necessary steps to ………. .
4. The ageing process accelerates because of the increased metabolism associated with ………. .
5. You become so preoccupied with the daily stress of living that, you are unable to focus or ………. .
6. An immune system that functions optimally and is able to resist illness, ……….
7. Increased creativity: not only in making or creating things but also in developing new ways to ………. or finding better ways of doing things.

Task 6. True or false. (Text «Positive and Negative Stress»)

1. Positive stress enhances creativity.
2. You begin to avoid social contacts because of the stress.
3. Stress helps us to not get sick for a long time.
4. The aging process is accelerated due to stress.
5. Stress may soon lead to major depression.
6. Positive stress contributes to increased productivity.
7. In the stressful condition, you can get in an accident.
8. Due to stress, you begin to communicate more with people.
9. Thanks to the positive stress the immune system is working optimally.
10.  A person subjected to stress does not suffer from insomnia.

               The Effects of Stress

       There is a famous expression in English: «Stop the world, I want to get off!» This expression refers to a feeling of panic, or stress, that makes a person want to stop whatever they are doing, try to relax, and become calm again. ‘Stress’ means pressure or tension. It is one of the most common causes of health problems in modern life. Too much stress results in physical, emotional, and mental health problems.
                There are numerous physical effects of stress. Stress can affect the heart. It can increase the pulse rate, make the heart miss beats, and can cause high blood pressure. Stress can affect the respiratory system. It can lead to asthma. It can cause a person to breathe too fast, resulting in a loss of important carbon dioxide. Stress can affect the stomach. It can cause stomach aches and problems digesting food. These are only a few examples of the wide range of illnesses and symptoms resulting from stress.

         Emotions are also easily affected by stress. People suffering from stress often feel anxious. They may have panic attacks. They may feel tired all the time. When people are under stress, they often overreact to little problems. For example, a normally gentle parent under a lot of stress at work may yell at a child for dropping a glass of juice. Stress can make people angry, moody, or nervous.
                Long-term stress can lead to a variety of serious mental illnesses. Depression, an extreme feeling of sadness and hopelessness, can be the result of continued and increasing stress. Alcoholism and other addictions often develop as a result of overuse of alcohol or drugs to try to relieve stress. Eating disorders, such as anorexia, are sometimes caused by stress and are often made worse by stress. If stress is allowed to continue, then one’s mental health is put at risk.
                It is obvious that stress is a serious problem. It attacks the body. It affects the emotions. Untreated, it may eventually result in mental illness. Stress has a great influence on the health and well-being of our bodies, our feelings, and our minds. So, reduce stress: stop the world and rest for a while.

Task 7. Replace the Russian word with the corresponding English equivalents.

1. (психическое) health            
2. (дыхательная) system        
3. Blood (давление)                  
4. Feel (тревогу)                      
5. (остро реагировать) to a little problems    
6. (обостренноe) feel                
7. (облегчить) stress              
8. (злоупотребление) of alcohol      
9. (длительный) stress              
10.  (влиять на) heart            

                                   Stress

They say that «Life is a big headache on a long noisy road.» This statement truly explains life nowadays. Life in the twenty first century is full of stress. From dawn to dusk, everyone has to go through a rigorous schedule. Even children are not exempt from this rush. Everyday there are deadlines to meet, reports to write, bills to pay, meetings to attend, papers to submit, etc.,.

Life is a never-ending race to most people. The everyday grind builds up stress and fatigue. Stress Reduction has become a priority with individuals as well as organizations. People have different ways of escaping the stress and difficulties of modern life. In my opinion the best ways of reducing stress are meditation, exercise and reading books.

Meditation is an effective way to overcome stress. Meditation not only soothes the mind from tension but also regulates heartbeat and blood pressures. It helps an individual in attaining inner peace and equilibrium. Meditation helps in tapping a person’s inner potential and opens his mind to the universal spirit.

Exercise is another way to reduce stress. Exercising not only promotes health but also improves thinking. When a person exercises the muscles in the body get a workout that in turn burn fat. The burning of fat releases stored energy and the person has an exhilarating feeling. This feeling helps the person to overcome stress. Thus Exercise is very useful tool in stress reduction.

Reading also has a beneficial effect on individuals in stress. Reading a great book is very therapeutic to a person with stress. Reading helps the mind to look at other things and reduces the focus on the person’s difficulties. Elegant poetry and beautiful prose can soothe a person’s mind and help him reduce stress in his life.

In conclusion, meditation, exercise and reading are the best ways to reduce stress.

Task 8 .  Insert the corresponding words.

1. (…) is an effective way to reduce stress.

2. (…) is very therapeutic to a person with stress.

3. (…) not only promotes health but also helps to reduce stress. 

4. Meditation helps in attaining inner peace and (…).

5. Elegant (…) and beautiful (…) can soothe a person’s mind and help him reduce stress.

Task 9.  Find the synonym in the text.

1. timetable

2. peremptory day

3. internal

4. truth, verity

5. useful, helpful, valuable

6. to intimidate  грозить, запугивать

7. invalidity, invalidism

8. damage, lesion

9. follow, escort, attend

10. adviser

Tasks to the texts: Text «The effects of stress» and «Stress»

Task 10. Are these sentences True or False? 

1)  Stress can’t affect the heart. ( T / F )

1. People, suffering from stress often feel anxious. ( T / F )

3) “Stress” means pressure and relax. ( T / F )

4) Stress can cause a person to breathe too slow. ( T / F )

5) “Life is a big headache on a long noisy road” ( T / F )

6) Life is a never-ending race to most people. ( T / F )

7) Meditation isn’t an effective way to overcome stress. ( T / F )

Meditation can affect the stomach. ( T / F )

9) Exercises are also easily affected by stress. ( T / F )

10) Reading also has a beneficial effect on individuals in stress. ( T / F )

Task 11.  Vowels or consonants

1. Insert the vowels, and get the word

1. str_ss,
2. r_sp_r_t_r_,
3.  _sthm_,
4. bl__d,
5. pr_ss_r_,
6. st_m_ch,
7. m__d_,
8. m_nt_l

1. Insert consonants, and get the word

1. _e__e__io_,
2. a__o_o_i__,
3. _ay,
4. _oo__e,
5. _e_i_a_i_o_,
6. _ _ oo_,
7. _ _ _ e _ _,
8. _ u_ _

Task 12.  What is wrong? Correct the mistakes.

1) Stress can yell the heart.

2) They may has panic attacks.

3) Stress can affect moody stomach.

4) I attacks the body.

5) Life is a big headache on a long funny road.

6) Life in the nineteenth century is full of stress.

7) Even children aren’t exempt from this toys.

Meditation isn’t effective way to overcome stress.

                                 Stress causes

Too much stress isn’t good for anyone. For example, feeling a little stress about a test that’s coming up can motivate you to study hard. But stressing out too much over the test can make it hard to concentrate on the material you need to learn.

Pressures that are too intense or last too long, or troubles that are shouldered alone, can cause people to feel stress overload. Here are some of the things that can overwhelm the body’s ability to cope if they continue for a long time:

1) being bullied or exposed to violence or injury

2) relationship stress, family conflicts, or the heavy emotions that can accompany a broken heart or the death of a loved one

3) ongoing problems with schoolwork related to a learning disability or other problems, such as ADHD (usually once the problem is recognized and the person is given the right learning support the stress disappears)

4) crammed schedules, not having enough time to rest and relax, and always being on the go

Some stressful situations can be extreme and may require special attention and care. Posttraumatic stress disorder is a very strong stress reaction that can develop in people who have lived through an extremely traumatic event, such as a serious car accident, a natural disaster like an earthquake, or an assault like rape.

Some people have anxiety problems that can cause them to overreact to stress, making even small difficulties seem like crises. If a person frequently feels tense, upset, worried, or stressed, it may be a sign of anxiety. Anxiety problems usually need attention, and many people turn to professional counselors for help in overcoming them.

Task 13. Answer the questions.

1) What traumatic events can you name?

2) How may people overcome anxiety problems?

3) What can cause people to feel stress overload?

4) What are signs of anxiety problems?

5) How can you explain the term “posttraumatic stress disorder”?

6) What are the things that make people feel stress overload?

Task 14 Complete the sentences.

1) If a person frequently feels tense, upset and worried, it may be …………. .

2) …………. can cause people to overreact to stress.

3) ………….  can develop in people who have lived through an extremely traumatic event.

4) Pressures that are too intense or last too long, can cause people to …………. .

5) Relationship stress, family conflicts and heavy emotions can ………….  .

Task 15.  Insert  the right letters into the words to complete them.

1. Post_ra_matic,
2. e_rthq_ake,
3. anx_ety,
4. co_nsel_r,
5. s_hed_le,
6. pre_s_re,
7. di_abi_ity,
8. fr_q_ently.

Task 16. Match the word to make expressions.

1) ongoing                     stress                      

2) natural                       emotion

3) anxiety                      problems

4) relationship               disability

5) learning                    schedule

6) crammed                   situation

7) stressful                     disaster

heavy                        problem

                                  Stress

Every day you read in newspapers, books and magazines that it is important to avoid stress. Stress can kill, they say. Stay calm. Be relaxed. Slow down. Don’t worry so much and don’t work so hard. Unfortunately, this is difficult. There are always money problems and family problems. Our cities are full of traffic and noise. Stressful situations seem to be everywhere.

When people are under stress they react in different ways. Some people find it difficult to stay calm and often become tense. Little things, like a baby crying, can make them irritated. They get very annoyed if they have to wait just a few minutes too long in a shop or a restaurant. These people are usually very moody. One minute they are fine and the next they can be really angry – absolutely furious. Other people seem to stay calm almost all the time, and rarely get angry. For example, if they are caught in bad traffic, they don’t get frustrated. They sit calmly in their cars, telling themselves that there is nothing they can do about the situation. These people are not moody at all. They don’t change from moment to moment, but always seem to be in control of their emotions.

Some doctors give names to these two personality types: Type A and Type B people. Type A work very hard, worry a lot, and are often bad-tempered. Type  are the opposite. They don’t worry. Work’s not so important to them and they don’t get angry easily. They like to relax a lot and have fun. The doctors say it is better for your health and heart if you are a Type B person.

Task 17. Answer the questions.

1) What should you do to avoid stress?

2) Where can we get the stress?

3) What people are more prone to stress?

4) Is it necessary to control your own  emotions?

5) What advice do the doctors give for the prevention of stress?

6) Does the hard work influence the emotional state of person?

                     Dealing With Stress

We are profoundly affected by stress. Many believe that stress is one of the most destructive elements in our lives today. In reality, it is the way we react to stress that causes us pleasure or pain. The effects of stress can be positive or negative. Positive stress is a motivator for improving lifestyle and negative stress can be destructive to our health.

What is stress?

• It is the nonspecific response of the body to any demands made upon it.
• Stress can be detected by muscle tension, anxiety, increased heart rate, high blood pressure, shallow breathing, silliness and joy.

Positive outcomes of stress include:

Mental Improvement	Emotional Improvement	Physical Improvement
Creativity	Control of life	Energy
Intellect	Mood	Stamina
Goal orientation	Relationships	Able to do anything
Motivation	Experience emotions	Body function

When stress is negative, it causes distress. How we perceive an event is what determines whether it causes negative or positive stress. For some people, public speaking is exhilarating; for others it is terrifying.

Negative outcomes of stress:

Mental effects	Physical effects	Emotional effects
Poor memory	Flushed face	irritability
Unable to concentrate	Rapid breathing	Mood swings
Low self esteem	Dry mouth	Problems sleeping
depression	High blood pressure	Overweight/underweight
Unable to make decisions	Coronary heart disease	Substance abuse
	ulcers	Ineffective use of time
	migraines

Stress and weight gain

The stress response – in a stressful situation, the brain responds by signaling the adrenal glands to secrete cortisol. Cortisol signals the release of glucose and fatty acids to the blood stream to provide energy for muscles. Chronically high cortisol levels lead to increased appetite and fat deposits in the trunk and abdomen. (fight or flight response to a trigger to be used as a “burst” of energy, ends up stored as fat when not “burned” as fuel).

Stress and eating – appetite can increase with stress; we often crave foods high in calories and low in nutrients when under stress.

Suggestion to help solve stress induced weight gain

1. Reduce stress- find a diversion or release
2. Be active- regular physical activity reduces the production of cortisol during stress
3. Be in charge – taking charge of the stressful situation reduces pressure you perceive
4. Rest- when you are sleep deprived cortisol levels increase

Our mind and body are alkaline based. The hormones secreted by stress are acid based and when we are suffering from chronic stress our PH balance is shifted and we become more acid based than alkaline based. This can lead to a multitude of health problems including struggles with weight loss. A few ways to maintain your PH balance are listed below:

Food – choose foods that are blue, green and purple (Blueberries, beet tops, broccoli, eggplant, plums, asparagus) Take Green supplements to bridge the gap.

Music— listen to relaxing music (Bach, Beethoven, Schubert)

Meditative States— Yoga, tai chi, meditation, sleep, massage, laugh, play, walk in nature

Colour Therapy – Wear and look at colours in the blue, green and violet shades

Exercise – releases endorphins that make you feel good! It’s also something you are doing with and for yourself. Time away from the stressful situation can help you to refocus.

Most importantly, do something! Stress and lack of sleep are two of the biggest contributors to weight gain and many health concerns.

How to deal with stress?

Look around  See if there really is something you can change or control in the situation	Set realistic goals for yourself  Reduce the number of events going on in your life and you may reduce the circuit overload
Remove yourself from the stressful situation  Give yourself a break if only for a few moments daily	Don’t overwhelm yourself by fretting about your entire workload. Handle each task as it comes, or selectively deal with matters in some priority
Don’t sweat the small stuff Try to prioritize a few truly important things and let the rest slide	Learn how to best relax yourself  Meditation and breathing exercises have been proven to be very effective in controlling stress. Practice clearing your mind of disturbing thoughts.
Selectively change the way you react,  but not too much at one time. Focus on one troublesome thing and manage your reactions to it/him/her	Change the way you see your situation;  Seek alternative viewpoints. Stress is a reaction to events and problems, and you can lock yourself in to one way of viewing your situation. Seek an outside perspective of the situation, compare it with yours. and perhaps lessen your reaction to these conditions.
Avoid extreme reactions; Why hate when a little dislike will do? Why generate anxiety when you can be nervous? Why rage when anger will do the job? Why be depressed when you can just be sad?	Do something for others to help get your mind off yourself
Get enough sleep Lack of rest just aggravates stress	Work off stress with physical activity, whether it’s jogging, tennis, gardening
Avoid self-medication or escape  Alcohol and drugs can mask stress. They don’t help deal with the problems	Begin to manage the effects of stress  This is a long range strategy of adapting to your situation, and the effects of stress in your life. Try to isolate and work with one «effect» at a time. Don’t overwhelm yourself. for example, if you are not sleeping well, seek help on this one problem.
Try to «use» stress  If you can’t remedy, nor escape from, what is bothering you, flow with it and try to use it in a productive way	Try to be positive  Give yourself messages as to how well you can cope rather than how horrible everything is going to be. «Stress can actually help memory, provided it is short-term and not too severe. Stress causes more glucose to be delivered to the brain, which makes more energy available to neurons. This, in turn, enhances memory formation and retrieval. On the other hand, if stress is prolonged, it can impede the glucose delivery and disrupt memory.»

Task 18.  Choose Positive Outcome Of Stress

1. Poor memory       Ulcers

    Depression           Motivation

2. Mood Swings       Dry mouth

    Stamina                Irritability

3. Migraines              Creativity

    Rapid breathing      Low self esteem

4. High blood pressure             Anxiety                                  

    Improved body function       Shallow breathing

5.  Mental improvement            Problems sleeping

     Flushed face                         Ineffective use of time

Task 19.  Fill In The Gaps

1. Stress is one of the most (…) elements in our lives today.

2. When stress is negative, it causes (…). 

3. Positive stress is a (…) for improving lifestyle. 

4. Stress can be (…) by muscle tension, anxiety, shallow breathing and etc.

5. Stress is the (…) response of the body to any demands made upon it. 

Task 20.  Match two columns

1) Poor               a) abuse

2) Low               b) swings

3) Rapid             c) blood pressure

4) Dry                d) self esteem

5) Mood            e) sleeping

6) Substance      f) face

7) Problems       g) to concentrate

Flushed          h) breathing

9)  Inability        i) mouth

10) High             j) memory

Task 21.  Devide the words into two groups: positive outcome, negative outcome.
Creativity
depression
flushed face
energy
poor memory
stamina
mood
ulcers
mood swings
rapid breathing
control of life
low self esteem

                          Revision

Task 1. Answer the following questions.

1. When we are stressed what happens with our body?
2. Which signs of positive stress do you know?
3. Which signs of negative stress do you know?
4. Can you name the stress causes?
5. How can we deal with stress? (give some examples)

Task 2. True or false.
A. 

1) Stress starts from nothing.
2) When stress is negative, it causes pleasure.
3) Negative stress can be destructive to our health.
4) The effects of stress can be only negative.
5) Stress influences weight
6) Regular physical activity reduces the production of cortisol during stress
7) Yoga, sleep, relaxing music help you to fight with stress
Positive stress makes you be in sorrow

B.

1. We generally use the word “stress” when we feel that everything seems to have become too calm.
2. The expression “Stop the world, I want to get off!” refers to a feeling of euphoria.
3. Long-term stress can lead to a variety of serious mental diseases.
4. Positive stress can be destructive to our health and negative stress is a motivator for improving lifestyle.
5. Meditation is an effective way to cope with stress.

Task 3. Match two columns to make expressions.  

When we are stressed the following happens:

a) blood pressure	1) slows down
b) breathing	2) goes down
c) digestive system	3) sleep
d) immune system	4) becomes more rapid
e) heart rate	5) rises
f) muscles	6) become tense
g) we do not	7) goes down

Task 4. Circle 9 outcomes of stress in the word square.

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ANSWERS

Task1  

Suggested answers.

1. Pulse rises, muscles become tense, immune system goes down, digestive system slows down, breathing becomes more rapid

2) Сortisol, adrenaline, noradrenaline

3) Non-essential

4) Stress is anything that poses a challenge or a threat to our well-being)

5) Fight response, flight response

Task 2   

1. terrify

2. burden

3. equilibrium

4. reduce

5. shun

6. premature

7 .proper

8 .resist

9.anxiety

10.joy

Task 3   

1. allergy
2. increased creativity
3. lack of communication
4. shaking hands
5. to dance
6. can easily lift the mood
7. a reduced feeling of wellbeing
8. people
9. be promoted

Task 4   

1. immune system
2. adrenaline
3. depression
4. nervous system
5. sweating
6. earthquake
7. allergy
8. cortisol
9. cancer
10.  infection

Task 5   

1. precursors of depression.
2. a sign of depression.
3. restore your equilibrium.
4. sustained  unmanaged stress
5. concentrate
6. infections, and cancer
7. solve problems

Task 6   

1. true
2. true
3. false
4. true
5. true
6. true
7. true
8. false
9. true
10. false

Task 7   

1)  mental health            

1. respiratory system        

3)  blood pressure

4)  feel anxious

5) overreact to a little problems    

6) extreme feeling                

7) relieve stress              

overuse of alcohol      

9) long-term stress              

10) affect heart              

Task 8 

1) meditation

2)  reading

3) exercising

4) equilibrium

5) poetry, prose

Task 9   

1. schedule

2. deadline

3. inner

4. soothe

5. benefical

6. bully

7. disability

8. injury

9. accompany

10. counselor

Task 10  

1) false

2) true

3) false

4) false

5) true

6) true

7) false

false

9) false

10) true

Task 11 

A.

1. stress,
2. respiratory,
3. asthma,
4. blood,
5. pressure,
6. stomach,
7. moody,

 mental

B.

1. depression,
2. alcoholism,
3. say,
4. soothe,
5. meditation,
6. blood,
7. stress,
8. burn

Task 12 

1) yell – affect

2) has – have

3) moody

4) I – it

5) funny – noisy

6) nineteenth – twenty first

7) toys – rush

isn’t – is

Task 13. 

1) Some of traumatic events are a car accident, a natural disaster like an earthquake, an assault like rape.

2) People may turn to professional counselors for help in overcoming anxiety problems.

3) Pressures that are too intense or last too long, troubles that are shouldered alone can cause people to feel stress overload.

4) The signs of anxiety problems are frequently feeling tense, upset, worried or stressed.

5) Posttraumatic stress disorder is a very strong stress reaction that can develop in people who lived through an extremely traumatic event.

6) The things that make people feel stress overload are being bullied or exposed to violence, relationship stress, family conflicts, the heavy emotions, ongoing problems with schoolwork, crammed schedules, not having enough time to rest and relax, always being on the go.

Task 14. 

1) a sign of anxiety problems

2) anxiety problems

3) posttraumatic stress disorder

4) feel stress overload

5) overwhelm the person’s ability to cope

Task 15. 

1. Posttraumatic,
2. earthquake,
3. anxiety, counselor,
4. schedule,
5. pressure,
6. disability,
7. frequently.

Task 16. 

1. Ongoing problems,
2. natural disaster,
3. anxiety problem,
4. relationship stress,
5. learning disability,
6. crammed schedule,
7. stressful situation,
8. heavy emotion.

Task 17  

1) You must stay calm and be relaxed.

2) We can get the stress on the work , in the family , or if we have to wait just a few minutes too long in a shop or a restaurant.

3) People who work very hard, worry a lot, and are often bad- tempered.

4) Yes, it is. We must control our emotions.

5) The doctors advice is to relax a lot and have fun.

6) The hard work influence on the emotional state of person and therefore shouldn’t work so hard.

Task 18  

1. Motivation
2.  Stamina        
3.  Creativity      
4.  Improved body function  
5.  Mental improvement  

Task 19  

1) destructive

2) distress

3) motivator

4) detected

5) nonspecific

Task 20  

1. – j)
2. – d)
3. – h)
4. – i)
5. – b)
6. – a)
7. – e)
8. – f)
9. – g)

10)– c)

Task 21   Смирнова

positive outcomes	negative outcomes.
Creativity energy stamina mood control of life	depression flushed face poor memory ulcers mood swings rapid breathing low self esteem

Revision

Task 1.

Suggested answers.

1. When we are stressed the following things happen: blood pressure rises, breathing becomes more rapid, heart rate rises, immune system goes down, muscles become tense and problems sleeping.
2. I know the following signs of positive stress: increased creativity, increased productivity at work and on a personal level, a general feeling of wellbeing, happiness and joy, an immune system that functions optimally and is able to resist illness, infections, and cancer.
3. I know some negative signs, it is reduced productivity and creativity, a reduce feeling of wellbeing, joy and happiness, all sort of unfortunate things happen to you, you start avoiding social contact, your immune system functions poorly and suffers from colds, influenza, allergies, chronic fatigue, anxiety etc…, the ageing process accelerates because of the increased metabolism associated with sustained, unmanaged stress.
4. The stress causes maybe different, for example if you are being bullied or exposed to violence or injury, relationship stress, family conflicts, or the heavy emotions that can accompany a broken heart or the death of a loved one, problems with schoolwork related to a learning disability or other problems, crammed schedules.
5. If you want to get rid of stress you should remove yourself from the stressful situation, don’t overwhelm yourself, change the way you see your situation, avoid extreme reactions, work off stress, get enough sleep and enjoy your life!

Task 2.  

A.

1. false
2. false
3. true
4. false
5. true
6. true
7. true
8. false

B.

1. False
2. False
3. True
4. False
5. True

Task 3 .  

1. 5
2. 4
3. 1
4. 7
5. 2
6. 6
7. 3

Task 4 .  

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Вербицкая М. В. Forward. Английский язык для 10 класса. ЕГЭ

ЕГЭ Раздел 1. Аудирование

1. Вы услышите 6 высказываний. Установите соответствие между высказываниями каждого говорящего A-F и утверждениями, данными в списке 1-7. Используйте каждое утверждение, обозначенное соответствующей цифрой, только один раз. В задании есть одно лишнее утверждение. Вы услышите запись дважды. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу.

C-1. I like having the best of both worlds. — Мне нравится иметь лучшее из обоих миров.
E-2. Life in the countryside is good for my health. — Жизнь в сельской местности хороша для моего здоровья.
B-3. I love the countryside, because life there is very peaceful. — Я люблю деревню, потому что жизнь там очень спокойная.
F-4. The beauty of nature makes living in the country enjoyable. — Красота природы делает жизнь в сельской местности приятной.
Extra-5. I love the countryside, because life there is good for my children. — Я люблю деревню, потому что жизнь там хороша для моих детей.
A-6. I enjoyed moving to a town where life is more comfortable. – Мне нравится ездить в город, где жизнь более комфортная.
D-7. I dislike living in the country, because I need human company. — Я не люблю жить в деревне, потому что мне нужна человеческая компания.

2. Вы услышите диалог. Определите, какие из приведённых утверждений А-G соответствуют содержанию текста (1 — True), какие не соответствуют (2 — False) и о чём в тексте не сказано, то есть на основании текста нельзя дать ни положительный, ни отрицательный ответ (3 — Not stated). Занесите номер выбранного Вами варианта ответа в таблицу. Вы услышите запись дважды.

3-A John usually spends Christmas at his parents’ house. — Джон обычно проводит Рождество в доме своих родителей.
1-B Angela is rather pessimistic about her chances to get the job. — Анжела довольно пессимистична по поводу ее шансов получить работу.
2-C John considers Angela a workaholic. — Джон считает Анжелу трудоголиком.
2-D John is enthusiastic about Angela moving to Russia. — Джон с энтузиазмом относится к переезду Анжелы в Россию.
3-E Angela worked in an international company in Canada. — Анжела работала в международной компании в Канаде.
1-F John is more optimistic than Angela about her chances to get the job. — Джон более оптимистичен, чем Анжела о ее шансах получить работу.
3-G John is going to leave at 2 PM. — Джон собирается ехать в 2 часа дня.

Вы услышите интервью. В заданиях 3-9 запишите в поле ответа цифру 7, 2 или 3, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа. Вы услышите запись дважды.

3. Tony Stevens 2) watches his films once. — Тони Стивенс смотрел свои фильмы один раз.

4. What is the most important thing about writing for Tony Stevens? – Какая наиболее важная вещь о писательстве для Тони Стивенса?
1) Writing is NOT a team work like acting. – Писательство НЕ является командной работой как игра актеров (актерство).

5. Tony Stevens says that if, as a child, you are fascinated by a literary character, 2) you want to become that character. — Тони Стивенс говорит, что если, будучи ребенком, вы очарованы литературным персонажем, то вы хотите стать этим персонажем.

6. Tony Stevens wished he had had on the school curriculum 1) “Pickwick Papers” by Charles Dickens. — Тони Стивенсу хотелось, чтобы в его школьной программе было произведение «Записки Пиквикского клуба» Чарльза Диккенса.

7. What advice does he give to beginning writers? — Какой совет он дает начинающим писателям?
3) Go by your experience and write clearly. – Следовать своему опыту и писать ясно.

8. What is his present attitude to critical reviews? — Каково его настоящее отношение к критическим отзывам?
3) He pays no attention to them. — Он не обращает на них никакого внимания.

9. What made his career as an actor successful? — Что сделало его карьеру как актера успешной?
2) Determination and decisiveness. – Целеустремленность и решительность.

ЕГЭ Раздел 2. Чтение

10. Установите соответствие между текстами А-G и заголовками 1-8. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний.

F-1. Beware of rabbits — Остерегайтесь кроликов
A-2. Exotic pets — Экзотические домашние животные
B-3. Saving animals – Спасение животных
G-4. Teaching and entertaining – Обучение и развлечение
Extra-5. Protecting pets — Защита домашних животных
D-6. Tender pets — Нежные домашние животные
C-7. What’s in a name? — Что в имени?
E-8. Contribution to science — Вклад в науку

A. Little is known for certain about how guinea pigs were first introduced to Europe and North America as a domestic pet, but they most probably came during the 16th century. Holland, Portugal and Spain had colonies in South America, and the explorers brought to Europe gold and precious gems, along with other unusual and exciting finds. Colourful parrots became very popular status symbols in the homes of the wealthy, and with them came the guinea pig and other animals previously unknown in Europe.

Мало что наверняка известно о том, как морские свинки впервые были ввезены в Европу и Северную Америку в качестве домашнего питомца, но они, скорее всего, появились в 16-м веке. Голландия, Португалия и Испания были колониями в Южной Америке, и исследователи привезли в Европу золото и драгоценные камни, наряду с другими необычными и захватывающими находками. Красочные попугаи стали очень популярными символами статуса в домах богатых, а вместе с ними привезли морскую свинку и других животных, ранее неизвестных в Европе.

B. Many species of wild animals are in danger of complete extinction. This is usually due to loss of habitat as a result of human expansion, or it could be due to excessive hunting. A good, modern zoo has a valuable role to play in assisting with the protection of endangered species. This is both through education of the general public in the importance of conservation in general, and through breeding programmes to increase the population of endangered species in captivity and then reintroduce them into the wild.

Многие виды диких животных находятся под угрозой полного исчезновения. Это, как правило, из-за потери среды обитания в результате человеческой экспансии, или это может быть из-за чрезмерной охоты. Хороший, современный зоопарк играет ценную роль в оказании помощи в защите исчезающих видов. Это происходит как за счет образования широкой общественности в важности сохранения в целом, а также посредством программ разведения для увеличения популяции исчезающих видов в неволе, а затем вновь выпускать их в дикую природу.

C. The guinea pig is today one of the world’s most popular pets, ranking only a little way behind the rabbit. Though called guinea pigs, these animals are not pigs, nor do they come from Guinea. Why Guinea, then? Some say they could have originally changed hands at the cost of a guinea (twenty-one shillings — very expensive!). As for the “pig”, an explanation is much easier to guess — they run and squeal much as little piglets do!

Морская свинка сегодня является одним из самых популярных домашних животных в мире, лишь немного отстает от кролика. Хотя они и называются морскими свинками, эти животные не являются свиньями, и они не из Гвинеи. Почему тогда Гвинея? Некоторые говорят, что они первоначально были названы по стоимости «guinea» (двадцать один шиллинг — очень дорого). Что касается «свинка», объяснение гораздо проще угадать — они бегают и визжат как маленькие поросята!

D. Rabbits are among the most popular pets to keep due to their affectionate nature and love of cuddles. To show they are happy, they often grind their teeth softly when being petted, similar to cats purring. In general, rabbits are timid, non-aggressive and sociable with each other. With gentle handling they are generally quite tame. They are playful and entertaining to watch, but they need a great deal of interaction with their owners. Their cage should be relatively big, but they need some playtime outside it as well.

Кролики являются одними из самых популярных домашних животных, которых держат из-за их ласковой природы и любви объятий. Чтобы показать, что они счастливы, они часто скрипят зубами, когда их мягко поглаживаешь, похожие на кошачье мурлыканье. В общем, кролики пугливые, неагрессивные и общительные друг с другом. При бережном обращении они, как правило, совсем ручные. Они игривы и за ними интересно наблюдать, но они нуждаются во взаимодействии с их владельцами. Их клетка должна быть относительно большой, но им также нужно играть и за ее пределами.

E. For a long time guinea pigs were used as experimental animals. In 1890, the antitoxin for diphtheria was discovered using guinea pigs in the research, and as a result the lives of millions of children have been saved. In 1907 vitamin С was discovered due to guinea pigs. Like humans they cannot produce the vitamin and need it supplied in their diet. The guinea pig’s wide variety of hair types and colours has also made them a prime choice for studies of genetics and heredity. Later they were replaced by rats and mice.

Долгое время морских свинок использовали в качестве экспериментальных животных. В 1890 году антитоксин дифтерии был обнаружен с использованием морских свинок в исследованиях, и в результате жизни миллионов детей были спасены. В 1907 Витамин С был обнаружен из-за морских свинок. Как и люди, они не могут производить витамин и нужно, чтобы он присутствовал в их рационе. Широкое разнообразие морских свинок по типу шерсти и цвету также сделало их основным выбором для изучения генетики и наследственности. Позже они были заменены на крыс и мышей.

F. Security at Denver International Airport tries to protect cars from vandalism and theft, but there’s a new threat at its expansive parking lot. Ravenous rabbits. The animals are causing hundreds and sometimes thousands of dollars in damage to cars by devouring the wires under the hood. At least 100 rabbits are removed every month, but the problem persists. The airport is surrounded by prairie, and the rabbits are seeking warmth and food in the parked vehicles.

Служба безопасности в международном аэропорту Денвера пытается защитить автомобили от вандализма и кражи, но есть новая угроза на открытой стоянке. Прожорливые кролики. Животные наносят ущерб в сотни, а иногда и тысячи долларов, в виде повреждения автомобилей, пожирая провода под капотом. По крайней мере, 100 кроликов, удаляются каждый месяц, но проблема не решена. Аэропорт окружен прерией, и кролики ищут тепло и еду в припаркованных транспортных средствах.

G. Our mission at Wild Adventures Zoo is to bring family entertainment back to Las Vegas, in an educational manner. Teaching respect for animals through hands-on applications, workshops and conservation efforts, as well as helping injured and abandoned wildlife and exotic pets, is the reason Wild Adventures Zoo was created. Our focus is on educating the public through fun and exciting activities that allow them to interact with the animals.

Наша миссия в зоопарке Уайлд Эдвенчерс принести развлечение для всей семьи обратно в Лас-Вегас, в образовательной манере. Обучение уважению к животным через практическое применение, мастерские и семинары по сохранению, а также помощь раненым и брошенным диким и экзотическим животным, это и есть причины создания зоопарка Уайлд Эдвенчерс. Наше внимание сосредоточено на просвещение общественности с помощью увлекательных и интересных мероприятий, которые позволяют им взаимодействовать с животными.

11. Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски А-F частями предложений, обозначенными цифрами 1-7. Одна из частей в списке 1-7 лишняя. Занесите цифры, обозначающие соответствующие части предложений, в таблицу.

Father’s Day
Father’s Day has been celebrated for over 100 years. It is also an event celebrated in many countries around the world, A 3. although at different times of the year. In North America and the United Kingdom, Father’s Day is celebrated on the third Sunday in June. Here are some tips to help you В 7. celebrate Father’s Day in a special way. Use this opportunity to get everyone in the family together for a day of fun. You don’t have to stay at home; you could go to the beach, a local park, one of dad’s favourite places!
Having a picnic during the summer months can be entertaining and a blast for the entire family. It’s a great boredom buster, but it also helps the family to get together and С 2. eat some delicious food and play fun games. It doesn’t take more than a picnic basket and a few food items. Among the healthier items good for a picnic there are apples, a watermelon, celery, and raisins, to name a few. Ask other members of the family to D5. help you choose some of their favourite food items that they’d like to have. You need to realize that it acts as glue for family bonds.
When it comes to making gifts for Father’s Day, perhaps steer clear of the E 6. traditional store-bought gifts of tie and socks. He has probably still got last year’s socks stuffed at the back of a drawer. Expensive gifts are not necessary, but the time and F 1. effort you put in to create a personalized present will be deeply appreciated.

Extra — 4. give advice on the best spot for the picnic – дать совет о лучшем месте для пикника

День отца
День отца отмечается уже более 100 лет. Кроме того, это событие отмечается во многих странах по всему миру, хотя в разное время года. В Северной Америке и Соединенном Королевстве, День отца празднуется в третье воскресенье июня. Вот несколько советов, которые помогут вам отметить День отца особым образом. Используйте эту возможность, чтобы собраться вместе всей семьей и повеселиться. Вы не должны оставаться дома; вы могли бы пойти на пляж, местный парк, в одно из самых любимых мест папы!
Устроить пикник в летние месяцы может быть интересным и является глотком свежего воздуха для всей семьи. Это отличный способ борьбы со скукой, но также помогает семье собраться вместе и поесть вкусной еды и поиграть в веселые игры. Не потребуется ничего больше, чем корзина для пикника и несколько продуктов питания. Среди здоровых продуктов хороших для пикника есть яблоки, арбуз, сельдерей, и изюм, вот всего несколько. Попросите у других членов семьи помочь вам выбрать некоторые из их любимых продуктов питания, которые они хотели бы иметь. Вы должны понимать, что оно действует как клей для семейных уз.
Когда дело доходит до дарения подарков на День отца, возможно, лучше держаться подальше от традиционных купленных в магазине подарков, таких как галстук и носки. У него, вероятно, все еще есть носки, подаренные в прошлом году в задней части ящика. Дорогие подарки не нужны, но время и усилия, которые вы приложили для создания персонального подарка, будут высоко оценены.

Прочитайте текст и выполните задания 12-18. В каждом задании запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

Have you ever thought about cities of the future? Clean streets, flying cars and robots doing all the work? Almost half of the world’s population currently lives in cities, and by 2050 that is predicted to increase to 75%, but what kind of city will they be living in? Today, most city dwellers are dissatisfied because they have to live in overcrowded and polluted surroundings. Traffic jams are getting worse, queues longer, power cuts more common, bad air quality more threatening to human health.
There are various ideas about how a future city should look. Some of these revolve around the idea that better means greener. Experts predict carbon-neutral cities full of electric vehicles and bike-sharing schemes, with air quality so much improved that office workers can actually open their windows for the first time. Visions of a green city often include skyscrapers where living and office space comprises high-rise green-houses and vegetables growing on the roofs. Behind such greenification of cities lies a very pressing need.
Technology companies such as IBM believe that the best cities will become networks. In Rio de Janeiro, for example, IBM has already built an operations centre, which it describes as the “nerve centre” of the city. (отрывок из текста)

Вы когда-нибудь думали о городах будущего? Чистые улицы, летающие автомобили и роботы делают всю работу? Почти половина населения земного шара в настоящее время живет в городах, и по прогнозам к 2050 году увеличится до 75%, но, в каком городе они будут жить? В настоящее время большинство городских жителей недовольны, потому что они должны жить в перенаселенной и загрязненной среде. Пробки на дорогах становятся все хуже, очереди больше, отключения электроэнергии чаще, плохое качество воздуха представляет более серьезную угрозу для здоровья человека.
Есть различные идеи о том, как будущий город должен выглядеть. Некоторые из них вращаются вокруг идеи о том, что лучшее означает зеленее. Эксперты прогнозируют углерод-нейтральные города, полные электрических транспортных средств и схем движения велосипедистов, с качеством воздуха настолько улучшенным, что офисные работники могут фактически открыть свои окна в первый раз. Видения зеленого города часто включают в себя небоскребы, где жилые и офисные помещения включает в себя многоэтажные парники и теплицы, расположенные на крышах. За таким озеленением городов лежит очень острая необходимость.
Технологические компании, такие как IBM считают, что лучшие города станут электронными сообществами. В Рио-де-Жанейро, например, IBM уже построила центр управления, который она описывает как «нервный центр» города. Построенный изначально, чтобы помочь справиться с наводнениями, которые регулярно ставят под угрозу город, теперь он координирует 30 правительственных учреждений. Каждый человек с мобильным телефоном соединен с операционным центром. Оперативный центр отправляет сообщения на мобильные телефоны граждан и предоставляет информацию о потенциальных авариях, пробках и других обновлениях города.
Тот факт, что крупные корпорации стали настолько активно участвовать в проектировании городской инфраструктуры натолкнул критиков на вопрос, как быстро такой город может, как компьютерные системы, на которые они полагаются, стать устаревшими. Компьютеры и другие гаджеты обновляются все время, новые модели появляются два раза в год. Параллель также можно провести с офисными зданиями шестидесятых годов, которые могут быть описаны как места с низкими потолками стоящие грустные и пустые, так как передовые технологии посчитали их бесполезными.
Большинство проектов IBM обязуется привлекать сбор данных. Компания работает в тесном контакте с общественными группами, а также городскими советами. В штате Айова корпорация завершила проект, где домашним хозяйствам была предоставлена информация об их потреблении воды. Большинство быстро отреагировали и сэкономили воду при столкновении с данными. Интересно, что те, кто получил информацию о потреблении воды своих соседей, в два раза чаще вносили изменения.
Города имеют возможность предоставления чего-то для всех, только потому, и только тогда, когда они созданы всеми. Тем, кто строит города будущего, следует обратить внимание на эти советы.

12. Which of these problems of modern cities are NOT mentioned in paragraph 1? — Какие из этих проблем современных городов не упоминаются в пункте 1?
3) Water pollution — Загрязнение воды

13. The word “greenification” in paragraph 2 means… — Слово «озеленение» в пункте 2 означает
3) gardens on top of buildings — сады на крышах зданий

14. The pronoun “it” in sentence 3 of paragraph 3 refers to… — Местоимение «она» в предложении 3 пункта 3 относится к
1) the IBM company. — компания IBM.

15. What is the purpose of Rio de Janeiro’s operations centre? — Какова цель оперативного центра Рио-де-Жанейро?
1) To inform citizens on traffic density and emergency situations. — информировать граждан о плотности дорожного движения и чрезвычайных ситуациях.

16. Why does the author draw a parallel between the offices of the 60s and the cities of tomorrow? — Почему автор проводит параллель между офисами 60-х и городами завтрашнего дня?
2) To demonstrate the speed of progress. — Для того, чтобы продемонстрировать скорость прогресса.

17. How can access to information influence the behaviour of citizens? — Каким образом может доступ к информации влиять на поведение граждан?
3) They change their habits. — Они меняют свои привычки.

18. Choose the best title for the text. — Выберите лучший заголовок для текста.
2) A City of the Future — Город будущего

ЕГЭ Раздел 3. Грамматика и лексика

Прочитайте приведённые ниже тексты. Преобразуйте, если необходимо, слова, напечатанные заглавными буквами в конце строк, обозначенных номерами 19-25, так, чтобы они грамматически соответствовали содер¬жанию текстов. Заполните пропуски полученными словами. Каждый про¬пуск соответствует отдельному заданию из группы 19-25.

Around the world: the Seychelles
Welcome to the Seychelles! This is an archipelago of 115 islands in the Indian Ocean. It’s not difficult to find a good tourist spot in the Seychelles. It’s difficult to say which of them is the 19) best.
As the Seychelles islands have a year-long warm, tropical climate, it’s always a good time to visit, although different times of year may be better suited to your particular interests. People interested in 20) diving can make a visit to Denis Island.
Families with 21) children should visit St Anne National Marine Park and the famous beaches.

По всему миру: Сейшельские острова
Добро пожаловать на Сейшелы! Это архипелаг из 115 островов в Индийском океане. Не трудно найти хорошее туристическое место в Сейшельских островах. Трудно сказать, какое из них является лучшим.
Поскольку Сейшельские острова имеют круглый год теплый, тропический климат, то это всегда хорошее время для посещения, хотя разные времена года могут лучше всего подходить для ваших конкретных интересов. Люди, заинтересованные дайвингом могут посетить Денис Айлэнд.
Семьи с детьми должны посетить Национальный морской парк Санкт-Энн и знаменитые пляжи.

Happy New Year
It was an exam before Christmas. One of the students 22) didn’t know how to answer the question.
He was trying hard, but couldn’t remember a single word from the textbook. So he 23) wrote, “God knows! I don’t. Merry Christmas!”
Some time 24) later, just before the New Year, the examination papers came back.
The student saw that the professor 25) had written on his paper, “God gets 100, you get 0. Happy New Year!”

С новым годом
Это был экзамен перед Рождеством. Один из студентов не знал, как ответить на вопрос.
Он изо всех сил старался, но не мог вспомнить ни одного слова из учебника. Таким образом, он написал: «Бог знает! Я нет. Счастливого Рождества!»
Через некоторое время, незадолго до Нового года, пришли экзаменационные работы.
Студент увидел, что профессор написал на его работе, «Бог получает 100, вы получаете 0. С Новым годом!»

Прочитайте приведённый ниже текст. Образуйте от слов, напечатанных заглавными буквами в конце строк, обозначенных номерами 26-31, однокоренные слова так, чтобы они грамматически и лексически соответствовали содержанию текста. Заполните пропуски полученными словами. Каждый пропуск соответствует отдельному заданию из группы 26-31.

The history of radio
Radio started with the discovery of “radio waves”. Radio waves are electromagnetic waves that can transmit music, speech, pictures and other data 26) invisibly through the air.
Many devices work by using electromagnetic waves, including radio, microwaves, cordless phones, remote controlled toys, television broadcasts, and more.
During the 1860s, Scottish physicist, J.C. Maxwell predicted the 27) existence of radio waves.
In 1886, German 28) scientist, H.R. Hertz demonstrated that rapid variations of electric current could be projected into space in the form of radio waves.
G. Marconi, an Italian 29) inventor, sent and received his first radio signal in Italy in 1895.
By 1899 he flashed the first 30) wireless signal across the English Channel and two years later received the letter “S”, telegraphed from England to Newfoundland.
This was the first 31) successful transatlantic radiotelegraph message.

История радио
Радио началось с открытия «радиоволн». Радиоволны представляют собой электромагнитные волны, которые могут передавать музыку, речь, изображения и другие данные незримо через воздух.
Многие устройства работают с помощью электромагнитных волн, в том числе радио, микроволновые печи, беспроводные телефоны, игрушки с дистанционным управлением, телевизионные передачи и многое другое.
В течение 1860-х годов, шотландский физик, Дж. К. Максвелл предсказал существование радиоволн.
В 1886 году, немецкий ученый, Г. Р. Герц показал, что быстрые изменения электрического тока могут быть спроецированы в космическое пространство в виде радиоволн.
Г. Маркони, итальянский изобретатель, послал и получил свой первый радиосигнал в Италии в 1895 году.
К 1899 году он отправил первый беспроводной сигнал через Ла-Манш и два года спустя получил букву «S», телеграфированную из Англии в Ньюфаундленд.
Это было первое успешное трансатлантическое радиотелеграфное сообщение.

Прочитайте текст с пропусками, обозначенными номерами 32-38. Эти номера соответствуют заданиям 32-38, в которых представлены возможные варианты ответов. Обведите номер выбранного Вами варианта ответа.

Tests and test-takers
You don’t have to be a psychologist to guess how students are feeling during a test or an exam. Just by observing their body language you can tell whether they will pass or 32) fail.
Just before the test starts, they will often 33) tell silly things and try nervously to hide their nervousness. A little tension or stress before and during a test is normal. When the examinees get their papers, some of them will 34) smile to themselves — a sure sign they know the answers. 35) However, if they feel the exam is hard, you may hear how disappointed they are or see how annoyed they are when they frown. Some will try to glance quickly at their neighbours’ tests, and some will yawn to pretend that they are bored or tired, while, in fact, they are just waiting for the teacher to turn 36) away so that one of their mates can quietly 37) whisper the answers to them. When they finish, some will immediately dash out as if they were desperate to check their answers in their course book, while others will 38) stroll out slowly, relaxed and sure they have passed.

Тесты и тестируемые
Вам не нужно быть психологом, чтобы догадаться, как студенты чувствуют себя во время теста или экзамена. Просто наблюдая за языком их тела, вы можете сказать, сдадут они, или по терпят неудачу.
Как раз перед началом теста, они часто говорят глупые вещи и пытаются нервно скрыть свою нервозность. Небольшое напряжение или стресс до и во время теста нормально. Когда испытуемые получают свои задания, некоторые из них будут улыбаться себе — верный признак того, что они знают ответы. Тем не менее, если они чувствуют, что экзамен трудный, вы можете услышать, как они разочарованы или увидеть, как они раздражены, когда они хмурятся. Некоторые из них будут пытаться заглянуть быстро в тест своих соседей, а некоторые будут зевать, делая вид, что им скучно или они устали, в то время как, на самом деле, они просто ждут, когда учитель отвернется, чтобы один из их товарищей смог спокойно прошептать им ответы. Когда они заканчивают, некоторые из них немедленно выскакивают, словно они спешат проверить свои ответы в учебнике, в то время как другие выходят неторопливо, спокойные и уверенные, что они сдали.

ЕГЭ Раздел 4. Письмо

Для ответов на задания 39 и 40 используйте бланк ответов № 2. Черновые пометки могут делаться прямо на листе с заданиями, или можно использовать отдельный черновик. При выполнении заданий 39 и 40 особое внимание обратите на то, что Ваши ответы будут оцениваться только по записям, сделанным в бланке ответов № 2. Никакие записи черновика не будут учитываться экспертом. Обратите внимание также на необходимость соблюдения указанного объёма текста. Тексты недостаточного объёма, а также часть текста, превышающая требуемый объём, не оцениваются. Запишите сначала номер задания (39, 40), а затем ответ на него. Если одной стороны бланка недостаточно, Вы можете использовать другую его сторону.

39. You have received a letter from your English-speaking pen-friend Tom who writes — Вы получили письмо от англоговорящего друга по переписке Тома, который пишет:

…This summer we are again going to Brighton. I wish I could go abroad to France or Spain — I have never been abroad. How do you usually spend your summer holidays? If you won a trip abroad, what country would you like to visit and what would you like to see there? How would you like to get there?
By the way, my sister is getting married in the autumn…
Write a letter to Tom.
In your letter
— answer his questions
— ask 3 questions about his sister
Write 100-140 words.
Remember the rules of letter writing.

Этим летом мы снова собираемся в Брайтон. Я хотел бы поехать за границу во Францию или Испанию — я никогда не был за границей. Как ты обычно проводишь свой летний отпуск? Если бы ты выиграл поездку за границу, какую страну ты хотел бы посетить и что ты хотел бы увидеть там? Как бы ты хотел туда попасть?
Кстати, моя сестра выходит замуж осенью …
Напишите письмо Тому.
В своем письме
— ответьте на его вопросы
— задайте 3 вопроса о его сестре
Напишите 100-140 слов.
Помните правила письма.

40. Comment on the following statement. – Прокомментируйте следующее утверждение.

There are no bad students — there are bad teachers. — Нет плохих учеников — есть плохие учителя.

What is your opinion? Do you agree with this statement? — Каково ваше мнение? Согласны ли вы с этим утверждением?
Write 200-250 words. — Напишите 200-250 слов.

Use the following plan — Используйте следующий план:
— make an introduction (state the problem) — введение (постановка задачи)
— express your personal opinion and give 2-3 reasons for your opinion — выскажите свое личное мнение и дайте 2-3 причины за ваше мнение
— express an opposing opinion and give 1-2 reasons for this opposing opinion – выразите противоположное мнение и дайте 1-2 причины для этого мнения
— explain why you don’t agree with the opposing opinion — Объясните, почему вы не согласны с противоположным мнением
— make a conclusion restating your position – сделайте вывод подтверждающий вашу позицию

25

1 — Раздел 1. Чтение

Прочитайте тексты и установите соответствие между заголовками 1—8 и текстами A—G. Запишите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании есть один лишний заголовок.

1. Задания на множественные соответствия (Multiple Matching)

1. Improper upbringing

2. People have much in common

3. There is a time for everything

4. The best way to congratulate anyone

5. Advertisement

6. The game to improve your health

7. Noble people

8. Health problems

A. Are you stuck for ideas on how to entertain your kids? Outdoor games could be perfect, enabling your kids to have fun and exercise at the same time. As you might expect, the games vary considerably in terms of size and price. Don’t worry though — the biggest, the most expensive toys and games don’t have to be purchased. Many children are easily satisfied with smaller games. Starting at the smaller end of the spectrum, a kite can represent a great gift. There’s nothing quite like the thrill of watching a kite soar up into the sky and they are also relatively cheap to purchase.

B. We all do it at least once, we say we’re going to stay on budget this Christmas and then we blow the budget and put everything on our credit cards. This isn’t unusual, people all over the country have done it and it’s not only our faults. Retailers make it much easier to get approved for credit cards. In fact, how many of us have gone into a store and been offered a discount on a purchase if we apply for a credit card.

C. It is a well-known fact that we tend to spoil our pets. We want them to have the best of everything but recent studies have shown that pampering our pets might actually do as much harm as good. One recent study from an undisclosed source claims that we are actually making our beloved pets stupid by spoiling them. We are in such a hurry to make their lives easier that we take away their need to solve problems on their own. The less they have to loose their brains the less they can do on their own.

D. A concern veterinarians have regarding spoiled pets is weight. The more we spoil the pet, the more obese it seems to become. The obesity can affect the skeletal system until hip problems start to develop, it can cause respiratory and cardiac problems. The problem with older overweight pets is that every time they are brought to the vet clinic they are exposed to more bacteria and viruses that can lead to still more endless trips to the vet.

E. Have you ever heard of exercises that can help to improve your eyesight? This question seems like a little bit absurd, but the answer is quite definite. Scientific research has been carried out to prove that badminton is beneficial in improving eyesight. You may like badminton in your leisure hours and play joyfully with your friends. But before you know the extra function of badminton, surely you are just treating it as a way of pastime. Of course, it would be even greater if only you have learned that effect earlier.

F. As it is known to all, fruits are rich in nutrients and bioactive substances which are beneficial to our health. However, not all people know how we can entirely absorb fruits’ nutrients to the body without adverse effects when eating fruits. So you should learn to grasp the different time. In the morning, the best fruits are apples, pears and grapes. Eating fruits in the morning can help digestion, absorption and enabling constipation. Some fruits such as cherry, tomatoes, orange, banana are not allowed to eat before meals. After meals pineapple, papaya, kiwi, orange and hawthorn are the best fruits you should choose to eat.

G. Nine out of ten of us will need blood some time in our lives. In the United States, more than 40,000 units of blood are used daily. A unit is a pint, about 500 milliliters. The average adult has between eight and twelve pints of blood. Most adults can easily spare one. People can donate blood every 56 days. The blood count returns to normal in three or four weeks. Only 5 percent of people eligible to give blood do so. They fulfill a great need.

1.2. Задания на восстановление в тесте пропущенных частей предложений (Gapped text)

Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски A—F частями предло­жений, обозначенными цифрами 1—7. Одна из частей в списке 1— 7лишняя. Занесите цифры, обозначающие соответствующие ча­сти предложения, в таблицу.

Barbie, the glamorous blonde doll beloved by little girls around the world, is A________. She is also the most long-lived toy on the market, a fact that was celebrated throughout the world when she recently had her 40 birthday.

But in a tiny village in Bavaria there was no celebration, only bitterness and regret. In the Hausser home Rolf and Lily ignored the global celebrations В_______, as they have done so many times over the past four decades, about how badly they have been treated by history, or, to be more accurate, by Barbie’s secret history. Like many stars, Barbie is not what she seems. Not only is she older than her official age but Barbie is not her real name, what’s more, she isn’t even American, she’s German.

Barbie’s real name is in fact Lili. She is 45, not 40, and was bom in a small town near Nuremberg. The secret story of the Barbie doll is about small-town naivety against big business determination. Above all, it is С______ , a man who has been erased from Barbie’s history so completely that only a few people in the world know that he was the true creator of the Barbie doll. But instead of making a fortune when she became a worldwide success, Rolf Hausser lost everything.

It was in 1952 that Lili was born, D________ , as a cartoon character for the daily German newspaper Bild Zeitung. Their cartoonist Beuthin had the idea of a girl who was sexy, E_____with a snub nose and a face like an angel.

She was named Lili, and by 1955 she was so popular that Beuthin suggested that a doll should be made as a present for visitors to the newspaper. After many attempts to find the right toymaker, he finally found Rolf Hausser, the son of a famous toy manufacturer, who together with his brother Kurt had set up a very successful toy company called O&M Hausser. Rolf was fascinated by the idea of making a doll F_________, and he agreed to try. Lili the doll went on the market on August 12, 1955, and became an overnight success.

1. in her first incarnation

2. pointed out the Lili doll

3. an icon of American femininity

4. but essentially innocent

5. and instead complained bitterly

6. with the shape and curves of a mature woman

7. a story of the tragedy of bitter old man

1. Задания на множественный выбор (Multiple Choice)

Прочитайте текст и выполните задания. В каждом задании об­ведите цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному вами варианту ответа.

1. G. Wells was born in 1866 in Bromley. He claimed to have a very ordinary brain, but in fact he predicted air attacks and atomic bombs long before they existed. He took no pleasure in being right though. Instead it just added to his growing feeling of pessimism. His last book was Mind at the End of its Tether, a work full of despair. In his final year he spent his time painting a mural in his home which showed the process of evolution, ending with the figure of Man. Beneath this figure he wrote Time to Go’.

Wells’ parents were, at various times, shopkeepers and servants. Wells was destined to become a shop assistant, but after suffering an accident as a child he was forced to spend a long time in bed. This period of inactivity gave him a love of reading which developed his imagination. After leaving school he first worked in a curtain shop, then trained as a teacher and biologist, but after this decided to write books for a living. At the age of 27, working by candlelight in a room in Kent (his landlady complained he used too many candles), he wrote the book that made his name, The Time Machine. It is the story of an unnamed time traveller who meets strange people in the future and witnesses the end of the world. It was a great success with Victorian readers.

Wells went on to produce ‘scientific romances’ and short stories which were serialised in publications like the Strand Magazine. Many science fiction themes — aliens coming to earth, planetary disasters and so on — were dealt with in these early stories. Wells’ ability to create such original work was amazing. He turned everyday events into incredible fantasies: a conversation about colonialism became The War of the Worlds and a walk round London was turned into The Invisible Man. Some of the predictions made in his books included the use of aeroplanes and tanks in war, the rise of the middle class, the liberation of women and the need for a world state.

His own background gave him the basic materials for his best novels, which were realistic comedies of lower-middle-class life. In these he was at his peak as an artist. Though he continued to write novels, his talent as a fiction writer was gradually over-whelmed by his enthusiasm for scientific knowledge and social change. His idea was that civilisation was ‘a race between education and catastrophe’, and though the catastrophe of the First World War damaged his optimism, he continued to fight for social change.

Wells’ most important act is probably his least known. At the start of World War II, Wells produced a statement of human rights and formed a committee to work on this. The Declaration of the Rights of Man was published in many different languages and stimulated discussion worldwide. After the War, this document greatly influenced the wording of the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights.

11 What made Wells become displeased in later life?

1. having an ordinary brain

2. making wrong predictions

3. being right about the future

4. being a pessimist

12 What type of work was Wells originally destined to do?

1. administration

2. writing

3. cleaning

4. sales

13 What helped his imagination to grow?

1. reading

2. listening to his parents

3. making predictions

4. writing books

14 Wells’ first book .

1. was based on his own experience

2. was written in London

3. was not interesting for readers

4. gained him popularity

15 What sort of stories did Wells write at first?

1) romantic

2) futuristic

1. war

2. mystery

16 Wells’ ‘incredible fantasies’ were developed from _____.

1. alien invasions of earth

2. exploring planets

3. ordinary incidents

4. scientific predictions

17 How did the First World War affect Wells?

1. It changed his writing style.

2. He became more hopeful.

3. He stopped writing novels.

4. He became less positive.

2 — Раздел 1. Чтение

Прочитайте тексты и установите соответствие между заголовками 1—8 и текстами A—G. Запишите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании есть один лишний заголовок.

1. Задания на множественные соответствия (Multiple Matching)

1. Pay compliments

2. Start with the obvious things

3. Ask about their personal problems

4. Turn the attention to others

5. Avoid difficult themes

6. It’s not so difficult

7. Pay attention

8. Use friendly body language

A. You’re at a cocktail party. There are lots of people there but there’s nobody that you know. What do you do? The good conversationalist would choose to walk up to someone and introduce yourself. We all know people like that — people who can talk to anyone about anything. How do they do it? Well, the good news is that there is no great secret to small talk. There are just some simple techniques that anyone can use to start a conversation and keep it going.

B. In the film Annie Hall Diane Keaton and Woody Allen have just met and they want to impress each other. While they are talking their inner thought appear in sub-title on the screen. ’Listen to me-what a jerk. He probably thinks I’m stupid.’ Thoughts like these kill a conversation. So don’t try to impress other people. Just relax and be yourself. When you talk to someone you show that you are interested in them. So you don’t have to talk about deeply important things. Just talk about simple things like the weather or a television programme that you saw.

C. TV journalist Barbara Walters recalls that when she was younger she met the author, Truman Capote. She wanted to tell him that she liked his book. However, she thought that he must be tired of hearing that, so she just mumbled ’How do you do?’ and turned away. She forgot that everybody likes to receive a compliment and it’s an easy way into a conversation, especially if you follow it up with a question: ’I really liked your book. How long did it take you to write it?’ or ’That’s a nice jacket. Where did you buy it?’

D. Your face and your body can communicate much more than your words. If you stand with your arms folded or if you keep looking around the room, the conversation will quickly end because you will look uninterested. Instead, you should make eye contact; keep an open posture and smile. If you send out friendly messages, you will get friendly messages back.

E. A Victorian lady once compared the two British prime ministers, Gladstone and Disraeli. ’When you speak to Mr Gladstone’, she said, ’you think he is the most interesting man in the world. But when you speak to Mr Disraeli, you feel that you are the most interesting woman in the world.’ People like to talk about themselves and they will think you are fascinating if you ask questions that allow them to do so.

F. But people often don’t listen properly. They are too busy thinking about the next thing that they themselves want to say. Good conversationalists listen carefully and they show that they are listening, too. They ask questions, nod their head in agreement or say things like ’Oh, that sounds exciting’.

G. There are some topics that you should avoid. Don’t ask people about personal problems, money or religion. It’s also a good idea to avoid the kind of statements that say T’m right. You’re wrong’. It’s all right to express your opinions but soften your comments with expressions such as ’I’m afraid I have to disagree with you there’. So, there is no secret to successful small talk. Just follow these simple rules and you’ll soon find that you can hold a pleasant conversation with anybody about anything.

1.2. Задания на восстановление в тесте пропущенных частей предложений (Gapped text)

Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски A—F частями предло­жений, обозначенными цифрами 1—7. Одна из частей в списке 1— 7лишняя. Занесите цифры, обозначающие соответствующие ча­сти предложения, в таблицу.

In fighting organized crime, the police often make use of undercover police officers who A_____. The life of these undercover police officers is a lonely and dangerous one. Sometimes, things can go badly wrong. In one case, the police attempted to trap a gang of drug dealers working in Spain. For five years, undercover police officers helped the drug dealers launder about $15 million through a false company. In this way, the police were able to В______ . However, when the police arrested the gang members and the case came to court, the British judge said that the police had acted illegally and С______ . The cost of this failed police operation was $25 million. Undercover police officers face terrible danger. One former undercover policeman, Liam Thomas, told the Guardian newspaper that after 12 years in the job he was «like a broken biscuit». The pressure of hiding his real identity and working with violent criminals D_______ . Undercover police officers are supposed E_______ to see that they are not suffering. But Mark Kennedy, an agent who worked under cover in environmental activist groups, says that these psychological checks aren’t as frequent as they should be. Sometimes agents work undercover in the same group for too long. Then there is a serious risk that F__________ , as happened in Kennedy’s case.

1. have infiltrated the gang

2. get more information about the gang

3. stay a long time in a group

4. caused him to suffer a mental breakdown

5. to have frequent psychological checks

6. their true identity will be discovered

7. the criminals went free

1. Задания на множественный выбор (Multiple Choice)

Прочитайте текст и выполните задания. В каждом задании об­ведите цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному вами варианту ответа.

Out I went into the night. The wind was still moaning in the distance, though never a breath of it came near the house of Shaws. It had fallen blacker than ever; and I was glad to feel along the wall, till I came the length of the stair-tower door at the far end of the unfinished wing. I had put the key into the keyhole and had just turned it, when all upon a sudden, without sound of wind or thunder, the whole sky lighted up with wild fire and went black again.

1. had to put my hand over my eyes to get back to the colour of the darkness; and indeed I was already half blinded when I stepped into the tower.

It was so dark inside but I pushed out with foot and hand, and presently struck the wall with the one, and the lowest step with the other. The wall, by the touch, was of fine hewn stone; the steps were steep and narrow. Minding my uncle’s word about the handrails, I kept close to the tower side and felt my way in the darkness with a beating heart.

The house of Shaws stood some five full storeys high, not counting lofts. Well, as I advanced, it seemed to me the air was getting fresher and the darkness began dispersing. I was wondering what might be the cause of this change, when a second blink of the summer lightning came and went. If I did not cry out, it was because fear had me by the throat; and if I did not fall, it was more by Heaven’s mercy than my own strength. A rapid flash was enough to notice that there were deep gaps between the tower wall and the stairs from both sides at that, and that one of my feet rested that moment within two inches of the gap.

This was the grand stair! A gust of a kind of angry courage came into my heart. My uncle had sent me here, certainly to run great risks, perhaps to die. I swore to find out if he had done that intentionally. The oath got me down upon my hands and knees; and as slowly as a snail, feeling before me every inch, and testing the solidity of every stone, I continued to ascend the stair.

The darkness, by contrast with the flash, appeared to have redoubled. A great stir of bats in the top part of the tower flying downwards sometimes beat about my face and body.

The tower, I should have said, was square; and in every comer the step was made of a great stone of a different shape to join the flights. Well, I had come close to one of these turns, when, feeling forward as usual, my hand slipped upon an edge and found nothing but emptiness beyond it. The stair had been carried no higher; to make a stranger climb it in the darkness was to send him straight to his death; and (although, thanks to the lightning and my own precautions, I was safe enough) the mere thought of the dreadful height I might have fallen from, brought out the sweat upon my body and relaxed my joints.

But I knew what I wanted now, and turned and groped my way down again, with a wonderful anger in my heart. About half-way down, the wind sprang up in a clap and shook the tower, the rain followed; and before I had reached the ground level it fell in buckets. I put out my head into the storm, and looked along towards the house. A blinding flash showed me my uncle plainly. He couldn’t see me but was seized on by a kind of panic fear. He ran into the house and left the door open behind him. I followed as softly as I could, and, coming unheard into the kitchen, stood and watched him.

11 The author was able to move along the wall in the darkness ————.

1. with the help of the wind

2. touching the wall with his hands

3. using a lantern

4. with the help of the handrails

12The author put his hands over his eyes because———- .

1. the lightning was too bright and hurt his eyes

2. the lightning frightened him

3. something got into his eye

4. the wind was too strong

13 The author didn’t fall down in the dark tower

1) due to his strength

2) due to the handrails

3) due to the lantern

4) just by a lucky chance

14 The author was going to find out———— .

1. if his uncle wanted him to die

2. if his uncle wanted to help him

3. if his uncle was somewhere near him

4. if his uncle was crazy

15 I The author had to turn back and descent the stair because——- .

1. bats frightened him

2. the darkness seemed to have redoubled

3. the steps were of different shape

4. the steps ended

16 Descending the stairs the author was full of———— .

1. curiosity

2. joy

1. rage

2. courage

17 The author went to the house———— .

1. hoping to hide there

2. wishing to get warm there

3. trying not to be noticed

4. trying to avoid a chase

3- Раздел 1. Чтение

Прочитайте тексты и установите соответствие между заголовками 1—8 и текстами A—G. Запишите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании есть один лишний заголовок.

1. Задания на множественные соответствия (Multiple Matching)

1. Unlucky marriage

2. Mainly care

3. Closer to the heart

4. Severe to everyone

5. Broken hopes

6. Disappointed appearance

7. Bloody end

8. Brilliant beginning

A. Henry VIII was born in 1491 and became king of England and Wales in 1509. When he came to the throne he seemed to have everything — he was tall, handsome, good at hunting, and also religious and musical — he composed several songs including the famous Greensleeves. He was also happily married to his new wife Catherine of Aragon. But Henry wanted a son to be his heir, and was prepared to do anything to get what he wanted . He broke with the Catholic Church in order to divorce Catherine, and he married five more times, although his marriages were mostly unsuccessful.

B. Henry’s first wife was Catherine of Aragon. She was the daughter of the king and queen of Spain, so it was really a political marriage. They got married in 1509 when she was 24 and he was only 18.King Henry desperately needed a son, a son who would keep his family in power for another generation. But although Catherine got pregnant many times, the babies never survived. Years passed and finally she had a baby daughter called Mary. But Henry wanted a son, and by this time, Catherine was too old to have more children. Henry now fell madly in love with Anne Boleyn, one of the Catherine’s ladies-in-waiting, and he wanted a divorce from Catherine, but the Pope wouldn’t give him one. Henry broke off relations with the Catholic Church and declared his marriage to Catherine illegal.

C. Henry’s second wife was Anny Boleyn. She was a woman who men found very attractive, and Henry was no exception. Ann was a very clever woman, and an ambitious too. She made it clear to Henry that she wanted to be his queen, not just his lover. In the end she got what she wanted in 1533.But their marriage only lasted three years. A few months after the wedding Ann gave birth to a daughter, Elizabeth, who would later become the queen of England. Soon the relations between her and Henry began to deteriorate. She was arrested, accused of adultery. On May 19th 1536 she was beheaded outside the Tower of London.

D. Jane Seymour was Henry’s third wife. They were married just two weeks after Anne’s execution. She was the woman that Henry loved most, and during their short marriage he was a devoted husband. In 1537 she gave birth to a son, Prince Edward. But Jane got ill after the birth, and just two weeks later she died. Although they had only been married for two years, Henry left instructions that when he died he was to be buried next to her.

E. Henry’s fourth wife was Anne of Cleves, she was a German princess. He needed to remarry mostly for political reasons. Henry had seen only Anne’s portrait and he liked her. But unfortunately the painter had exaggerated Anne’s beauty, and when Henry met her in person, just before their wedding, he didn’t find her attractive at all, in fact he thought she looked like a horse. The King was furious, but it was too late to cancel the wedding. But Henry and Anne never slept together, and Henry used this as a reason for their divorce after less than six months of marriage.

F. Henry’s last wife was Katherine Parr. Henry was now 52, a lonely old man, but still with a terrifying personality. When Henry met her, she was in love with another man. But of course she could not say no to the king. Katherine was a mature intelligent woman of 31, she must have been more of a nurse than a wife as Henry was now in very bad health. The marriage lasted four years.

G. Henry VIII had a very bad temper and he could be extremely cruel to people who opposed him or disagreed with him, as all of his wives discovered. As he grew older he became even more terrifying. He had a painful ulcer on his leg and was so overweight that a machine had to drag him upstairs. He died in 1547, aged 55.

1.2. Задания на восстановление в тесте пропущенных частей предложений (Gapped text)

Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски A—F частями предло­жений, обозначенными цифрами 1—7. Одна из частей в списке 1— 7лишняя. Занесите цифры, обозначающие соответствующие ча­сти предложения, в таблицу.

Evolution

The theory of evolution says that all living things on Earth, A_________ , come from a common ancestor by slowly changing down the generations. Darwin suggested that the way living things changed over time is through natural selection. This is the better survival and reproduction of those В ______.Fitting into the place where you live is called adapting. Those who fit best into the place where they live, the best adapted, have the best chance to survive and breed. Those who are less well-adapted С_______. If they do not survive well enough to raise young, that means they do not pass on their genes. In this way, the species gradually changes.The first chapter of the Origin deals with domesticated animals, D________. Darwin reminded readers of the huge changes mankind had made in its domestic animals, which were once wild species. The changes were brought about by selective breeding — choosing animals with desirable characters to breed from. This had been done generation after generation, E ______. Perhaps what man had done deliberately, might happen in nature, where some would leave more offspring than others. Darwin noticed that although young plants or animals are very similar to their .parents, F_______ and there is always a range of shape, size, colour and so on. Some of these differences the plant or animal may have got from their own ancestors, but some are new and caused by mutations.

1. including plants, animals and microbes

2. tend not to survive

3. such as cattle and dogs

4. it would have a better chance to survive

5. that best fit their environment

6. no two are exactly the same

7. until our modern breeds were produced

1. Задания на множественный выбор (Multiple Choice)

Прочитайте текст и выполните задания. В каждом задании об­ведите цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному вами варианту ответа.

I was born on Clinton Street in the Lower East Side. I was the next to youngest of six children, two boys, four girls. The two boys, Harry and Willy, were the oldest. My father was a musician, a violinist. He always made a good living. He and my mother had met in Russia and they married there, and then emigrated. My mother came from a family of musicians as well; that is how, in the course of things, she and my father had met. Some of her cousins were very well known in Russia; one, a cellist, had even played for the Tsar. My mother was a very beautiful woman, petite, with long golden hair and the palest, blue eyes. My father used to say to us, ‘You think, you girls, you’re beautiful? You should have seen your mother when she and her sisters walked down the street in our village. Every head turned, they were so slim, their bearing so elegant.’ I suppose he did not want us to get conceited.

I was four when we moved up to the Bronx, a big apartment near Claremont Park. I was a good student, I went to primary school on Washington Avenue; when I was graduated from there I went to Morris High School. I completed all my courses and graduated, and reenrolled to take the program of commercial courses there and got enough credits to graduate all over again if I chose. I knew now how to type, how to keep books, I knew shorthand. I was very ambitious. I had paid for my own piano lessons by playing for silent movies. I watched the screen and improvised. My brother Harry or my father used to sit right behind me to see that nobody bothered me; movie houses were still primitive and they attracted a bad element. After

my courses, I found a job as private secretary to a well-known businessman and philanthropist named Sigmund Unterberg. He had made his money in the shirt business and now spent a good deal of his time doing work for Jewish organizations, social welfare, that kind of thing.

I was a good secretary, Mr Unterberg would dictate a letter to me and I could take it right on the typewriter, without an error, and so when he was finished I was finished and the letter was ready for him to sign. He thought I was wonderful. His wife was a lovely woman and used to invite me to tea with them, to socialize with them. I suppose I was by now nineteen or twenty. They introduced me to one or two young men, but I never liked them.

I by now was interested in my future husband. We had known each other since high school. He was extremely handsome, dashing, he was a good athlete; in fact, that’s how I met him, on the tennis courts, there were clay courts on Morris Avenue and 170^t/l Street and we were each playing there. You played tennis in long skirts in those days. I was a good tennis player, I loved sports, and that’s how we met. He walked me home.

My mother did not like Dave. She thought he was too wild. If I went out with another boy he would ruin the date. He would hang around outside our house even if we hadn’t arranged to do anything together and when he saw another boy coming to pick me up he’d do terrible things, he’d pick a fight, or stop us and talk when I was with this other boy. He would warn the other boys to treat me with respect or he would come after them.

11The author had——— in her family.

1. four brothers and two sisters

2. four brothers and a sister

3. two brothers and three sisters

4. one brother and four sisters

12 Her father was a musician and the children—— .

1. lived in poverty

2. had all that was necessary for living

3. seldom saw their father at home

4. dreamt of musical career

13When the authors father told the daughters about the beauty of their mother, he wanted them .

1. not to be very boastful of their prettiness

2. to be proud of their mother

3. to pay more attention to their appearance

4. to be confused

1. I After school the author earned money—- .

1. typing

2. 2) keeping books

1. doing shorthand

2. 4) playing for silent movies

1. Her brother and father used to be near her in the movie house in order———-.

1. to protect her from bad guys

2. to assist her

3. to watch a new film

4. to make sure she wouldn’t be cheated

16 Mr Unterberg’s wife was——with the author.

1. hostile

2. rude

1. friendly

2. 4) arrogant

17 The author’s mother did not like Dave because————- .

1. he was silly

2. he was hot-tempered

3. he came from a poor family

4. he was rude

4- Раздел 1. Чтение

Прочитайте тексты и установите соответствие между заголовками 1—8 и текстами A—G. Запишите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании есть один лишний заголовок.

1. Задания на множественные соответствия (Multiple Matching)

1. Why men can’t find things

2. The parts of female brain can work simultaneously

3. Our brains work differently

4. Women are better at running the house

5. Some professions suit only for men or women

6. The man’s brains work quickly

7. The developing of our abilities

8. You should trust driving to the men

A. During the last fifty years psychologists have made us believe that differences between men and women are mainly the result of traditional social ’conditioning’, i.e. the way we are brought up. According to this theory women can be trained to do jobs that men traditionally do, and men can and should become more domesticated. But as the recent scientific research says, gender differences exist because men’s and women’s brains work completely differently and their biological differences mean that they can never think or believe in the same way.

B. In prehistoric times men hunted for food, often alone, and women looked after the children, usually with other women. Men needed to be able to find and kill animals. Women needed the ability to protect the home, to do several things simultaneously and have good communication skills on with the other women. As a result, men’s brains developed better spatial ability and programmed to focus on one specific task. Women developed more connections between the two sides of the brain, which led to be better at doing several things at once.

C. Because the two sides of woman’s brain are better connected, women are generally more talkative and more fluent that men. On average women speak 6800 words a day, and men only 2 400! Women solve problems by talking about them, and in a crisis will usually want to discuss the situation and their feelings, while men tend to interrupt and offer solutions, which isn’t what women want at all. This fundamental difference is one of the main causes of the conflicts in male and female relationships.

D. A man sees driving as a test of his spatial abilities — he enjoys driving fast and showing off and consequently has more accidents than women. On the other hand, generally speaking, men are much less likely to get lost when driving because of their well-developed sense of direction. For women driving is mainly about getting safely from A to B, and they have more difficulties in reading maps. They also find parking a car in a small space more difficult and have more trouble distinguishing left from right.

E. Organizing a house involves doing several things at the same time, and women’s brains make them generally better at it than men. In an experiment for British TV six men and six women had to make coffee, wash up, make toast, take a phone message and pack a briefcase in ten minutes. With one exception the men were all worse than the women. They are worse at seeing details which means they usually don’t even notice that the house is dirty or in mess.

F. Men have inherited their ancestor’s long distance ’tunnel’ vision which was vital for hunting. They can see well and far in one direction but they don’t see things on either side, and they don’t see as well as women close up. This explains why men can never find things in fridges, cupboards and drawers. Women have much wider peripheral vision than men which explains why a woman always seems to find what a man just cannot see.

G. Although some jobs today are still dominated by one or other sex, it is not because of sexual discrimination but basically because men and women are attracted to different jobs. It is logical that men are attracted to careers where spatial skills are vital, such as engineering, architecture, construction and flying. On the other hand, women has superior verbal skills, and they also excel in jobs that require good organizational skills.

1.2. Задания на восстановление в тесте пропущенных частей предложений (Gapped text)

Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски A—F частями предло­жений, обозначенными цифрами 1—7. Одна из частей в списке 1— 7лишняя. Занесите цифры, обозначающие соответствующие ча­сти предложения, в таблицу.

Being celebrity-thin can ruin your health

Celebrities may feel they need to be slimmer than ever, but staying super- thin can seriously damage your health. Nutritionist Juliette Kellow warns that maintaining a reed-thin physique can pave the way for future illnesses. People

who take slimming-down too far A __. If food intake is low, it’s more likely you will be lacking in vitamins and minerals. ‘The body will try to protect itself and direct any nutrients available to vital areas rather than hair and nails,’ explains Juliette. ‘So looks start to suffer and you could lose that healthy glow, so highly prized in Hollywood.’ Stars who cut out dairy products are laying themselves open to future bone problems. Calcium and nutrient deficiencies can encourage the bone-thinning disease osteoporosis. Also, the lighter a person is, В———. ‘That’s why it’good to do weight-bearing and aerobic exercises in the gym,’ says Juliette. The body’s immune system can suffer the effects of nutrient deficiencies.

You have less ability to fight off colds, flu and bugs, and so С ———. ‘Underweight people would need to eat immunity-boosting foods such as red peppers, berries and citrus fruits. They would also need to increase their zinc intake to help fight infection,’ says Juliette. Lack of calories can mean lack of energy. The body converts calories into energy and without them it simply does not have enough fuel to run on. Just getting through the day can be an ordeal. D————If there’s not enough food moving round the body, it could lead to a sluggish digestive system, discomfort and bloating. Low levels of iron mean you’re not making enough hemoglobin — responsible for red blood cells and transporting oxygen round the body. ‘People on a diet are probably E————, such as fortified breakfast cereals, red meat, oily fish, leafy green vegetables, nuts and seeds,’ says Juliette.

Forty per cent of women under 34 in the UK were shown to be at risk of anaemia due to iron deficiency. Symptoms include tiredness, weakness, dizziness, paleness of skin, brittle nails and headaches. But the deficiency can play a part F———such as cancer, rheumatoid arthritis and other infections.

1. become more susceptible to infection

2. you could feel tired all the time

3. more likely to skip foods rich in iron

4. could develop some serious deseases

5. in leading to chronic illnesses

6. in helping to lead a healthy way of life

7. the less weight stress there is on the bones

1. Задания на множественный выбор (Multiple Choice)

Прочитайте текст и выполните задания. В каждом задании об­ведите цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному вами варианту ответа.

A full thirty years ago, I myself was fifteen. That is not really important, though it was important to me at the time, on the threshold of superb adult world. More important to this story, my uncle Octavian was then a rich man.

He was a charming host whose villa on the Riviera was an accepted meeting of the great. And he was a hospitable, contented, and most amiable man — until January 3rc*, 1925.

There was nothing special about that day in the life of my uncle Octavian, except that it was his fifty-fifth birthday. As usual on such day, he was giving a dinner party, a party for twenty people. All of them were old friends. I, myself, aged fifteen, was deeply privileged, I was staying with my uncle at his exquisite villa, and as a special concession on this happy day, I was allowed to come down to dinner. It was exciting to me to be admitted to such company, which included a newspaper proprietor and his fabulous American wife; a recent prime minister of France and a Habsburg prince and princess of exceptional eloquence.

At that age, on holiday from school, you will guess that I was staggered. Even today, thirty years later, one may fairly admit that the company was distinguished. But I should also stress that they were all old and intimate friends of my uncle Octavian.Towards the end of a wonderful dinner when dessert had been brought in and the servants had left, my uncle learnt forward to admire a magnificent diamond ring on the princess’ hand. Across the table the newspaper proprietor leant across and said: ‘May I also have a look, Therese?’ She smiled and nodded. Then she took off the ring and held it out to him. There exclamations of delight and admiration. The ring was passed from hand to hand.

It was some twenty minutes later when the princess stood up, giving the signal to the ladies to withdraw. She looked round us with a pleasant smile. Then she said: ‘Before we leave you, may I have my ring back?’

I remember my uncle Octavian murmuring: ‘Ah, yes — that wonderful ring!’ Then there was a pause while each of us looked expectantly at his neighbor. Then there was an aggravating silence. The princess was still smiling, though less easily. She was unused to asking for things twice.

When no one responded and the silence continued I still thought that it could only be a practical joke and that one of us — probably the prince himself — would produce the ring with a laugh, perhaps chiding her for her nonchalance. But when nothing happened at all, I knew that the rest of the night would be wretched. I am sure that you can guess the sort of scene that followed. There was the dismay, immediate and shattering, of the guests — all of them old and intimate friends. There was the freezing politeness of the prince, the near-tears of the princess. There were the demands to be searched, the overturning of chairs, the minute scrutiny of the carpet, and then the whole room.

All these things happened, but they didn’t bring the princess’ ring back again. It had vanished. Uncle Octavian’s face was pale and tremendously tense, as if he had been dealt a mortal blow. No servants had entered the room. No one had left it for a moment. The thief was one of us; one of my uncle Octavian’s cherished friends.

11 The author tells us a story which happened—— .

1. at his dinner party

2. at his fifteenth birthday party

1. at his uncle’s birthday party

2. 4) at his uncle’s friends’ villa

12 This event absolutely changed——.

1) the princess’s life 2) the uncle’s life 3) the author’s life 4) the friends’ lives 13 That dav the author felt——. 1) a bit nervous 2) very unconfident 3) a little worried 4) enough mature 14 The uncle’s villa was————. 1) in modem style 2) tastefully made 3) in the suburb 4) of huge size 15 One of the guests wanted————. 1) to thank the uncle for dinner 2) to talk to the princess 3) to joke with princess 4) to examine the princess’ ring

16 The princess went on smiling because———- .

1. it was funny joke

2. she tried to show good manners

3. she was afraid

4. she gave the signal that way

17 The ring vanished because———— .

1. one of the uncle’s friend stole it.

2. the servant stole it

3. it was lost in the room

4. the princess lost it in the room

5- Раздел 1. Чтение

Прочитайте тексты и установите соответствие между заголовками 1—8 и текстами A—G. Запишите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании есть один лишний заголовок.

1. Задания на множественные соответствия (Multiple Matching)

The History of Sudoku

1. The modern game version

2. The way to develop your ability

3. The origin inventors

4. Conquering the British minds

5. Surprising appearance

6. The multinational invention

7. The author of game’s name

8. The captured world

A. Sudoku has a fascinating history. ’Su’ means number in Japanese, and ’Doku’ refers to the single place on the puzzle board that each number can fit into. Although its name is Japanese, the puzzle’s origins are actually European and American, and the game represents the best in cross-cultural fertilization. Unlike many games which spring from one culture and are then absorbed by others, Sudoku’s development reveals it to be a true hybrid creation.

B. The 18th century Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler apparently developed the concept of ’Latin Squares’ where numbers in a grid appear only once, across and up and down. In the late 1970s, Dell Magazines in the United States began publishing what we now call Sudoku puzzles using Euler’s concept with a 9 by 9 square grid. They called it Number Place, and it was developed by an independent puzzle maker, Howard Gardens.

C. In the mid-1980s, the president of Japanese puzzle giant Nikoli Inc., Mr.Maki Kaji, urged the company to publish a version of the puzzle that became a huge hit in that country. Nikoli gave the game its current name and helped refine it by restricting the number of revealed or given numbers to 30 and having them appear symmetrically. Afterwards the game became increasingly popular in Japan and started becoming a fixture in daily newspapers and magazines.

D. Almost two decades passed before the game was taken up by The Times newspaper in London as a daily puzzle. This development was due to the efforts of Wayne Gould. Knowing that British newspapers have a long history of publishing crosswords and other puzzles, he promoted Sudoku to The Times in Britain. In autumn of 2004, he was able to convince The Times to start publishing daily Sudoku puzzles developed using his software. Within a few months, other British newspapers began publishing their own Sudoku puzzles.

E. Once again, Sudoku’s popularity crossed the ocean. By the summer of 2005, major newspapers in the United States were also offering Sudoku puzzles like they would daily crossword puzzles. It is interesting to note that while software is critical to being able to supply the growing demands for Sudoku puzzles, as it can take hours of processingtime to generate one unique puzzle, it was old media in the form of newspapers that have done so much to encourage the spread of Sudoku around the world.

F. Sudoku software is very popular on PCs, websites and mobile phones. Software has also been released on video game consoles, such as the Game Boy Advance, Xbox Live Arcade, the Nooke-book reader, several iPod models and the iPhone. Critically and commercially well received, it generated particular praise for its Sudoku implementation and sold more than 8 million copies worldwide.

G. Where this rapidly developing fad leads to, no one can tell. What is clear though is that Sudoku is a fun and challenging way for people of any age and culture to hone their logical and deductive abilities. Who knows, played often enough, Sudoku may help make the human race a tiny bit smarter.

1.2. Задания на восстановление в тесте пропущенных частей предложений (Gapped text)

Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски A—F частями предло­жений, обозначенными цифрами 1—7. Одна из частей в списке 1— 7лишняя. Занесите цифры, обозначающие соответствующие ча­сти предложения, в таблицу.

Why they came.

Major changes in the pattern of immigration have been caused by wars, revolutions, periods of starvation, persecutions, religious intoleration, and in short, by any number of disasters A——— America was a better place to be. More than a million Irish, for instance, immigrated to America between 1846 and 1851 in order to escape starvation and disease in Ireland. В———, large number of other Europeans fled political persecution. In the 1870-s another wave of refugees left the political turmoil of eastern and southern Europe to seek freedom and a future in America. The largest streams of European immigrants came between 1900 and 1920, that is before, after and during World War I. At other times, for example, С —— , smaller numbers of immigrants came to the US. Since the 1960-s more and more people have fled the poverty and wars in Asia and Latin America in the hope of finding a better life in the United States. There is, of course, D——- and racial variety, one that Americans, more than other people, are aware of. The first slaves brought to what is today the United States arrived in Virginia on a board of a Dutch ship in 1619. On the eve of the American Revolution E———- what was shortly to be the United States of America. In 1776 probably about a fifth of all inhabitants in the British colonies in America were Negro slaves. Between 1777 and 1804 all states in the new republic north of Maryland abolished slavery. However, neither the North nor the South would escape the grave social, economic, political and moral problems F———- . Although the Civil War (1861—1865) brought the end to slavery in all of the states, discrimination against Blacks would continue.

1. during the Depression and during World War II

2. that are the heritage of slavery

3. which led to believe that

4. are not welcomed by all Americans

5. another side to American’s ethnic pluralism

6. during the same period of time

7. slavery was already firmly established in

1. Задания на множественный выбор (Multiple Choice)

Прочитайте текст и выполните задания. В каждом задании об­ведите цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному вами варианту ответа.

Dream job turns into nightmare

It was advertised as the best job in the world. And it certainly looked good. You would be paid ($189,000 for six months) to surf, sail and swim. The job came with a beachside mansion, with its own swimming pool, and fantastic view of the ocean. All you had to do was look after tiny Hamilton Island, A———-

Duties included feeding the fish, and writing a blog of your experiences to help encourage tourism in the area. There were more than 34,000 applicants for the job from all over the world, so Ben Southall was delighted В———.But as it turned out, it wasn’t quite the dream job that some people might have expected. Firstly, it was incredibly busy. Ben found himself working seven days a week and up to nineteen hours a day. С, with promotional events, press conferences, training courses and administrative duties. ‘It has been very busy, busier than most people would have imagined, and certainly busier than I had imagined.’ Mr Southall told reporters when he finished his contract.In fact, during his six months, D , made forty seven video diaries,and gave more than 250 media interviews — including a chat with popular US TV host Oprah Winfrey. He also posted more than 75,000 words in sixty separate blogs, uploaded more than 2,000 photos, and ’tweeted’ more than 730 times.

That didn’t leave much time for surfing, sailing or simply relaxing and enjoying the sea views. And when he did get the chance to try out his water sport, things didn’t always go well. On one trip, Ben was stung by a deadly jellyfish. The Irukandji jellyfish are transparent and very small, E .It was enjoying a post Christmas session with some friends at a quiet beach on Hamilton Island and as I climbed off the back of the ski and onto the beach, felt a small bee like sting on my forearm.’ Mr Southall wrote on his blog. Within thirty minutes, Ben was feeling the venom. He was hot and sweaty, with headaches and pains in the chest, and high blood pressure. Ben had to be rushed to a doctor who diagnosed the symptoms and gave him some medication. Luckily, Ben was fine, F——— . On the blog he wrote, ’This was not what I’d wanted at all — I’m supposed to be relaxing in my last few days on Hamilton Island’. Ben was lucky to survive.

It seemed impossible that anyone should be unhappy on such a beautiful morning. Nobody was, decided Edna, except herself. The windows were flung wide in the houses. From within there came the sound of pianos, little hands chased after each other and ran away from each other, practicing scales. The trees fluttered in the sunny gardens, all bright with spring flowers. Street boys whistled, a little dog barked; people passed by, walking so lightly, so swiftly, they looked as though they wanted to break into a run. Now she actually saw in the distance a parasol (an umbrella which protects from the sun), peach- coloured, the first parasol of the year. Perhaps even Edna did not look quite as unhappy as she felt. It is not easy to look tragic at eighteen, when you are extremely pretty, with the cheeks and lips and shining eyes of perfect health. Above all, when you are wearing a French blue frock and your new spring hat trimmed with cornflowers. True, she carried under her arm a book bound in horrid black leather. Perhaps the book provided a gloomy note, but only by accident; it was the ordinary Library binding. For Edna had made going to the Library an excuse for getting out of the house to think, to realize what had happened, to decide somehow what was to be done. An awful thing had happened. Quite suddenly, at the theatre last night, when she and Jimmy were seating side by side in the dress-circle, without a moment’s warning — in fact, she had just finished a chocolate almond and passed the box to him again — she had fallen in love with an actor. But — fallen in — love…

The feeling was unlike anything she had ever imagined before. It wasn’t in the least pleasant. It was hardly thrilling. It was — really, it was absolutely— oh, the most — it was simply — in fact, from that moment Edna knew that life could never be the same. She drew her hand away from Jimmy’s leaned back, and shut the chocolate box forever. This at last was love.

Edna and Jimmy were engaged. She had had her hair up for a year and a half; they had been publicly engaged for a year. But, they had known they were going to marry each other ever since they walked in the Botanical Gardens with their nurses, and sat on the grass with a wine biscuit and a piece of barley — sugar each for their tea. It was so much an accepted thing that Edna had worn a wonderfully good imitation of an engagement-ring out of a cracker all the time she was at school. And up till now they had been devoted to each other.

But now it was over. It was so completely over that Edna found it difficult to believe that Jimmy did not realize it too. How much better to know it now than to wait until after they were married! Now it was possible that Jimmy would get over it. No, it was no use deceiving herself; he would never get over it! His life was wrecked, was ruined; that was inevitable. But he was young…

11 It was wonderful spring day———— .

1) Edna felt very exciting.

2) Edna thought everyone was sad.

3) everyone was happy besides Edna.

4) everybody was happy.

12 She was very nice girl—————.

1) In spite of her sadness

2) Because of her up-to-date clothes

3) Thank for good weather

4) Because of her age

13 Edna went out because she—————- .

1. wanted to understand herself.

2. was going to the library.

3. borrowed a book from the library.

4. had decided to do it before.

14 The feeling of love was———— for Edna.

1. familiar

2. absolutely new

1. unpleasant

2. enjoyable

15 What was the relationship between Edna and Jimmy?

1. Edna had known Jimmy since childhood

2. Edna and Jimmy had been married for a year

3. Edna and Jimmy had loved each other for year and a half

4. Edna had broken up with Jimmy

1. I Edna thought———.

1. Jimmy understood everything

2. 2) Jimmy suspected her

1. Jimmy couldn’t believe her

2. 4) Jimmy noticed nothing

1. I Edna worried that her behavior ———.

1. would break the engagement

2. would ruin him

3. could finish their relationship

4. could be taken by him easily