The word stress is shifting

V. A. Vassilyev introduces the term “accenteme
for word stress as a suprasegmental phonological unit having
different degrees and placement in a word. For instance the primary
accenteme is opposed to the weak word accenteme (unstressed
position), in ‘export – ex’port differentiating the noun from the
verb).

A. C. Gimson establishes three groups of words with identical
spelling representing different parts of speech which are opposed by
means of shifting of the stress (Gimson A. C. An Introduction to the
Pronunciation of English. – London, 1981):

1.) A
small group of words where a noun is differentiated from a verb by
the opposition of the accentual pattern of the word alone, e.g.

increase [‘Inkri:s]

[In’kri:s]

insult
[‘InsAlt] –
[In’sAlt]

inlay [‘Inlei]

[In’leI]

impress
[‘Impres] –
[Im’pres]

2). The second group where the shifting of the stress
may be or may not be accompanied by the reduction of the vowel in the
unstressed syllable of the verbs, e.g.

transport [‘trxnspLt]

[trxns’pLt]
or [trqns’pLt]

torment
[‘tLment] — [tL’ment] or [tq’ment]

3). The largest group of such pairs of words manifests
the change of their accentual pattern together with the qualitative
reduction of the unstressed vowel, e.g.

combine [‘kPmbaIn]
— [kqm’baIn]

conduct [‘kPndAkt]
— [kqn’dAkt]

contrast [‘kPntrRst]
— [kqn’trRst]

Oppositions
of accentual types of words are also observed as a concomitant factor
in word-formation in addition to suffixation. For
example
,

‘organize – «organi’zation ‘palatalize
– ‘palatali’zation

‘predis’pose –
‘pre»dispo’sition «incon’siderable
– ‘incon»side’ration.

There is also a group of accentual oppositions where compound nouns
are opposed to free word combinations, e.g.

a ‘blackboard – классная
доска a
‘dancing-girl — танцовщица

a’ black ‘board – черная
доска a
‘dancing ‘girl – танцующая
девушка

Most of compound adjectives have two equal
stresses, as both elements in them are semantically important, e.g.
‘absent-‘minded, ‘right-‘handed,
‘good-‘natured
. If both elements of a
compound noun semantically important they are equally stressed, e.g.
south-east,
north-west.
As soon as the significance of one of
the elements of a compound adjective is weakened, its accentual
pattern is changed, e.g. ‘summer-like,
’round-shaped
. Most of compound nouns
have one stress on the first element which is more significant than
the second one. They are sometimes opposed to other compound nouns
with the same second element, e.g. ‘living-room
– ‘bedroom — ‘bathroom; ‘shop-girl – ‘ballet-girl.

Phrasal verbs are stressed as their postpositions change the actual
meaning of the verb itself, e.g.

Look
at the ‘picture. – Sorry,
I can’t.
I’m →looking ‘for
my glasses.

Or to ‘turn ‘on – to ‘turn ‘off

to ‘put (smth) ‘on – ‘put (smth) ‘off;

to ‘get ‘up, to ‘come ‘up, to ‘give ‘in, etc.

Words with meaningful prefixes are likewise
semantically opposed to those without prefixes. For
example
,

‘comfort – ‘discomfort under’stand –’ misunder’stand

‘moral – ‘im’moral re’sistible – ‘ir’resistible

con’venient –’incon’venient ‘climax – ‘anti’climax

‘stop – ‘non-‘stop ‘educated — ‘un’educated

The instability of English accentual structure of words presents
much difficulty for Russian / Ukrainian learners. The accentual
structure of English words in speech continuum is inseparably
connected with the rhythmic organization of speech

chain.

When stressing words
(lexical units) the major factor is the force
of articulation because lexical units are usually pronounced with
more force than articles, particles, prepositions, etc. However
melody is
not important at this level. Syntagmatic
stress
combines both force
and pitch change.
The factors that contribute to the logical
stress
are force
and melody
with both factors probably being equal from the point of view of
their importance. At the same time comparing with syntagmatic stress
there is more melody and more force in logical stress. With the
emphatic stress
melody
comes as №1. Another important feature is voice
range
and variations.
Length is
significant too because it always indicate emotions.

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—   Hello, boys and girls! My name is James
Wilson.

—   And my name is Martin Green. Welcome to
our grammar lesson!

—   Guys, you won’t believe us if we tell you
what happened to our friend Nathaniel yesterday!

—   You need to hear the story!

—   Yesterday I was talking to my mom on the
phone outside when suddenly something strange appeared in the sky.

—   I saw five spaceships. I couldn’t believe
my eyes! They circled over me. Then two green creatures appeared out of one of
the spaceships. It was aliens. One of them looked older than the other one.

—   Then the younger alien started walking
right up to me. He came to me and said: “Hello, Earthman! We came in peace and
we need your help!”.

—   W-what is it?

—   We want to make peace with people on
Earth, but they don’t understand us! Look at our conversation, please, and tell
me what’s wrong with it!

—   Oh, sure.

—   Hello, Earthmen! We want to make peace
with you! We also want to présent you something.

—   What?! You want to make peace and ask us
to give you a présent?! It’s unbelievable!

—   No, no, no… You don’t understand us!

—   We understand exactly what you mean! We
don’t want to make peace with you!

—   See? What did I say wrong?

—   Oh, it’s very simple. You put the stress
on the wrong syllable. Don’t worry I’ll explain everything to you!

—  
Thanks. I’d
appreciate it!

Today in the
lesson we will:

·       
tell you about
stress shifting as a means of making new words;

And

·       
put the knowledge
into a practice.

In the English
language if we change the stress in the existing words without changing their
morphological structure, we can form new words.

Pay attention! We
put the stress on the first syllable in the nouns, but on the second syllable –
in the verbs.

When we change the
stress in the existing words, we can get two types of new words:

One. The words
which have the same general meanings with the initial words.

And

Two. The words
which have completely different meanings.

Let’s look closely
at some words of the first type and compare them.

·       
One of
the most frequently used words is the word “présent”.

We put the stress
on the first syllable, that’s why this word is a noun. The translation is “подарок”.

For instance:
Alison bought a wonderful présent for her daughter yesterday.

Now let’s put the
stress on the second syllable. We’ll get the word “to presént”. It’s a
verb. The translation is “дарить, вручать”.

For instance:
George wanted to find something special to presént to his wife. It was
their anniversary.

·       
Let’s
look at the word “cónflict”.
This word is a noun, because we stressed
the first syllable. The translation is “конфликт”.

For instance: Anne
had a cónflict with her sister the other day, because of her untidiness.

If we put the
stress on the second syllable, we’ll get “to conflíct”. It’s a verb. The
translation is “конфликтовать”.

For instance:
Molly has a bad temper. She started to conflíct with all her classmates.

·       
The
following word is “cóntrast”.
It’s a noun. The translation is “контраст”.

For instance: This
small town is a total cóntrast to New York.

Let’s change the
stress. Now we have the word “to contrást”. It’s a verb. The translation
is “контрастировать”.

For instance:
Jenifer’s blonde hair contrásted sharply with her blue short dress.

·       
Let’s compare the
following words. The first word is “íncrease”. It’s a
noun. The translation is “увеличение”.

For instance:
There won’t be a great íncrease in the number of employees in the
factory.

If we stress the
second syllable, we’ll get the word “to incréase”. It’s a verb. The
translation is “увеличивать”.

For instance: My
parents have incréased their collection of old movies.

·       
Let’s
look at the word “ímport”.
This word is a noun. The translation is “импорт”.

For instance: The
ímport of women’s clothes has been decreased.

If we put the
stress on the second syllable, we’ll get “to impórt”. It’s a verb. The
translation is “импортировать”.

For instance:
Georgia impórts medical preparations from Turkey.

·       
The
following word is “éxport”.
It’s a noun. The translation is “экспорт”.

For instance: The
éxport of wooden furniture has increased.

Let’s change the
stress. Now we have the word “to expórt”. It’s a verb. The translation
is “экспортировать”.

For instance:
Canada expórts cars to the USA.

—   All of these words have the same general
meanings with the initial words.

—   Oh, I see! Can we look closely at some
words of the second type?

—   Yes, of course!

·       
The
first word is “áddress”.
  It’s a noun. The translation is “адрес”.

For instance:
Mike, do you know Dora’s áddress? I want to send her a card.

Let’s change the
stress. Now we have the word “to addréss”. It’s a verb. The translation
is “обращаться, рассматривать”.

For instance: Did
anyone allow you to addréss the president?

·       
The
second word is “óbject”.
  It’s a noun. The translation is “объект,
предмет”.

For instance:
Jake, do you see the óbject over there?

If we put the
stress on the second syllable, we’ll get “to objéct”. It’s a verb. The
translation is “возражать, выступать
против”.

For instance:
Kyle, would you objéct if I buy milk chocolate?

·       
The
third word is “désert”.
  It’s a noun. The translation is “пустыня”.

For instance: Cody
walked through the désert with his wife.

If we stress the
second syllable, we’ll get the word “to desért”. It’s a verb. The
translation is “покидать без разрешения”.

For instance:
Robert, please, don’t desért the army. You’ll have problems.

·       
The
fourth word is “réfuse”.
  It’s a noun. The translation is “мусор,
отходы”.

For instance: We
need to keep plastic réfuses separately.

Let’s change the
stress. Now we have the word “to refúse”. It’s a verb. The translation
is “отказываться, отклонять”.

For instance: If
Lily refúses to go to Italy, I’ll go instead of her.

·       
The
fifth word is “éxtract”.
  It’s a noun. The translation is “отрывок”.

For instance: Mia,
could you read me an éxtract from your new book?

If we put the
stress on the second syllable, we’ll get “to extráct”. It’s a verb. The
translation is “вырывать, извлекать, вытаскивать”.

For instance: I’m
afraid to go to the doctor! He’ll extráct my tooth.

—   As you can see, all of these words have
completely different meanings.

—   Yes, I see. Thank you, Earthman! I think I
understood everything you said, but I would like to practise a little bit.

—   Sure, no problem.

Complete
the sentences using the words from the boxes.

One.

The words are:
óbject and objéct.

Check yourselves.

Did you see the
óbject over there?

Liam, would you
objéct if I go to the cinema?

Two.

The words are:
cónflict and conflíct.

Check yourselves.

Dad and I had a
cónflict yesterday.

I’ll
conflíct with everyone who touches my family.

Three.

The words are:
réfuse and refúse.

Check yourselves.

Where do we need
to keep the réfuse?

I refúse to
take your money.

Four.

The words are:
áddress and addréss.

Check yourselves.

I want to visit
Nora. Do you know her áddress?

We want to
addréss to all of you. We need your help!

Five.

The words are:
présent and presént.

Check yourselves.

Ryan bought me a
wonderful présent.

Zoe, I would like
to presént you this necklace.

Six.

The words are:
íncrease and incréase.

Check yourselves.

The
íncrease in unemployment was inevitable.

Luke wants to
incréase his collection of coins.

—   Now I completely understood my mistake.
I’ll try to make peace with people on Earth once again. Thank you, Earthman!

—   You’re welcome. I’m sure that you won’t
have any problems this time. Good luck!

—   Thanks! Bye!

—   Bye!

—   Nathaniel, thanks for your story.

—   You’re welcome.

—   That’s all for today. We hope you liked
the lesson.

—   See you soon, our friends.



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Word stress in English



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Описание презентации по отдельным слайдам:

  • Word stress in English

    1 слайд

    Word stress in English

  • Nature of word stress The sequence of syllables in the word is not pronounced...

    2 слайд

    Nature of word stress
    The sequence of syllables in the word is not pronounced identically.
    The syllable or syllables which are uttered with more prominence than the other syllables of the word are said to be stressed or accented.

  • Accentual structure of the word or its stress pattern   the correlation of va...

    3 слайд

    Accentual structure of the word or its stress pattern
    the correlation of varying prominences of syllables in a word

  • Definition of stress   is different by different authors:
an increase of ener...

    4 слайд

    Definition of stress
    is different by different authors:
    an increase of energy, accompanied by an increase of expiratory and articulatory activity (B.A. Bogoroditsky).
    the degree of force, which is accompanied by a strong force of exhalation and gives an impression of loudness (D. Jones).

  • Definition of stressstress is connected with the force of breath (H. Sweet)....

    5 слайд

    Definition of stress
    stress is connected with the force of breath (H. Sweet).
    the effect of prominence is achieved by any or all of four factors: force, tone, length and vowel colour (A.C. Gimson).

  • The dynamic stress implies greater force with which the syllable is pronounce...

    6 слайд

    The dynamic stress implies greater force with which the syllable is pronounced.
    ↓ ↓
    articulation of the stressed syllable → greater muscular energy is produced by the speaker.

  • Stress in different languagesEnglish, German, French, Russian → possess predo...

    7 слайд

    Stress in different languages
    English, German, French, Russian → possess predominantly dynamic word stress.
    In Scandinavian languages the word stress is considered to be both dynamic and musical. For instance, in Swedish, the word komma (comma) is distinguished from the word komma (come) by a difference in tones.
    The musical (or tonic) word stress is observed in Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese.

  • Types of word stress special prominence in a stressed syllable is achieved ma...

    8 слайд

    Types of word stress
    special prominence in a stressed syllable is achieved mainly through the intensity of articulation → dynamic, or force stress.
    special prominence in a stressed syllable is achieved mainly through the change of pitch, or musical tone → musical, or tonic.

  • Types of word stressspecial prominence in a stressed syllable is achieved thr...

    9 слайд

    Types of word stress
    special prominence in a stressed syllable is achieved through the changes in the quantity of the vowels, which are longer in the stressed syllables than in the unstressed ones quantitative.
    changes in the quality of the vowel under stress → qualitative

  • English word stress or accent is a complex phenomenon traditionally defined a...

    10 слайд

    English word stress or accent is a complex phenomenon
    traditionally defined as dynamic, but the special prominence of the stressed syllables is manifested also through the changes in the vowel quantity, consonant and vowel quality and pitch of the voice.
    ↓ ↓

  • English word stress   is marked by the variations in
force, 
pitch, 
quantity...

    11 слайд

    English word stress
    is marked by the variations in
    force,
    pitch,
    quantity,
    quality.

  • contract ['kσntrækt], to contract [kən'trækt]    in the stressed syllable:
th...

    12 слайд

    contract [‘kσntrækt], to contract [kən’trækt]
    in the stressed syllable:
    the force is greater, which is connected with more energetic articulation;
    the pitch of voice is higher, which is connected with stronger tenseness of the vocal cords and the walls of the resonance chamber;

  • contract ['kσntrækt], to contract [kən'trækt]the quantity of the vowel [æ] in...

    13 слайд

    contract [‘kσntrækt], to contract [kən’trækt]
    the quantity of the vowel [æ] in [kən’trækt] is greater, the vowel becomes longer;
    the quality of the vowel [æ] in the stressed syllable is different from the quality of this vowel in the unstressed position, in which it is more narrow than [æ].

  • Three groups of words with identical spellingA.C.Gimson 
words represent diff...

    14 слайд

    Three groups of words with identical spelling
    A.C.Gimson
    words represent different parts of speech which are opposed by means of shifting of the stress.

  • First groupA small group of words where the noun is differentiated from a ver...

    15 слайд

    First group
    A small group of words where the noun is differentiated from a verb by the opposition of the accentual pattern of the word alone
    increase [‘ınkri:s] – [ın’kri:s]
    insult [‘ınsʌlt] – [ın’sʌlt]

  • Second groupThe shifting of the stress which means the change of the accentua...

    16 слайд

    Second group
    The shifting of the stress which means the change of the accentual pattern of the word may be or may not be accompanied by the reduction of the vowel in the unstressed syllable of the verbs
    transport [‘trænspo:t] – [træns’po:t] or [trǝns’po:t]
    torment [‘to:ment] – [to:’ment] or [tǝ’ment]

  • Third groupThe largest group manifests the change of their accentual pattern...

    17 слайд

    Third group
    The largest group manifests the change of their accentual pattern together with the qualitative reduction of the unstressed vowel
    combine [‘kombaın] – [kǝm’baın]
    conduct [‘kondʌkt] – [kǝn’dʌkt]

  • A terminological confusion    heaviness, sound pressure, force, power, streng...

    18 слайд

    A terminological confusion
    heaviness, sound pressure, force, power, strength, intensity, amplitude, prominence, emphasis, accent, stress → are used synonymously by most writers
    ↓ ↓
    drawback of any theory of stress based on production of speech → gives a partial explanation, does not analyze on the perceptive level.

  • On the acoustic levelthe counterpart of force is the intensity of the vibrati...

    19 слайд

    On the acoustic level
    the counterpart of force is the intensity of the vibrations of the vocal cords of the speaker which is perceived by the listener as loudness
    → the greater energy is associated by the listener with greater loudness.
    The acoustic counterparts of voice pitch and length are frequency and duration respectively.

  • Russian accentual structure English accentual structure

    20 слайд

    Russian accentual structure English accentual structure

  • The stressed syllables → the most prominent syllables the notions "stressed"...

    21 слайд

    The stressed syllables → the most prominent syllables
    the notions «stressed» and «prominent» should not be used synonymically (G.P. Torsuev)
    The effect of prominence is created by some phonetic features of sounds which have nothing to do with word or sentence stress.

  • Sounds of speech have different degrees of sonorityVowels are more sonorous t...

    22 слайд

    Sounds of speech have different degrees of sonority
    Vowels are more sonorous than consonants.
    Open vowels are more sonorous than close ones.
    → inner quality of vowels
    → not directly connected with the accentual structure of words but with other articulatory characteristics
    → it contributes to the effect of prominence.

  • Historical (traditional) length of vowelsalso adds to the effect of prominenc...

    23 слайд

    Historical (traditional) length of vowels
    also adds to the effect of prominence but is not connected with the word stress
    ↓ ↓
    prominence in speech is a broader term than stress

  • Stress difficulties peculiar to the accentual structureare connected with the...

    24 слайд

    Stress difficulties peculiar to the accentual structure
    are connected with the vowel special and inherent prominence.
    In identical positions the intensity of English vowels is different.
    The highest in intensity is [a:], then go [о:, з:, i:, u:, æ, σ, e, υ, ı].

  • Peculiarities of sounds in accented syllables [ə] is never stressed
[i, e, υ]...

    25 слайд

    Peculiarities of sounds in accented syllables
    [ə] is never stressed
    [i, e, υ] tend to occur in unstressed syllables
    Syllables with the syllabic [l, m, n] are never stressed
    Unstressed diphthongs may partially lose their glide quality.
    In stressed syllables English stops have complete closure, fricatives have full friction, and features of fortis/lenis distinction are clearly defined.

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English words have certain patterns of stress which you should observe strictly if you want to be understood. The best way to learn English stress is to listen to audio materials and to repeat them after the speaker. The links on the entrance pages of the sections Phonetics, Phrases, and Vocabulary lead to the sites that offer useful listening materials, including sounds, syllables, words, sentences, and conversations. An overview of typical English patterns of word stress in this material will help you to recognize and understand word stress when you work with listening materials. It will also be helpful to listen to examples of word stress in Listening for Word Stress (AmE) in the section Phonetics.

Note: Main stressed syllable in the word is indicated by capital letters in this material, for example, LEMon. In words with two stresses, capital letters with a stress mark before them show the syllable with primary stress, and small letters with a stress mark before them show the syllable with secondary stress, for example, ‘eco’NOMics.

General guidelines on word stress

Generally, common English nouns, adjectives, and adverbs are more often stressed on the first syllable than on any other syllable. Verbs with prefixes are usually stressed on the second syllable, i.e., on the first syllable of the root after the prefix. English words can’t have two unstressed syllables at the beginning of the word; one of these syllables will be stressed. If a word has four or more syllables, there are usually two stresses in it: primary stress (strong stress) and secondary stress (weak stress). Also, secondary stress may be present (in addition to primary stress) in shorter words in the syllable in which the vowel sound remains long and strong.

Prefixes are often stressed in nouns and less often in verbs. Suffixes at the end of the word are rarely stressed, except for a few noun, adjective, and verb suffixes that are usually stressed: rooMETTE, ‘ciga’RETTE / ‘CIGa’rette, Chi’NESE, ‘SIGni’fy, ‘ORga’nize, ‘DECo’rate. In longer derivative words, stress may fall on a suffix or prefix according to typical patterns of word stress. Endings are not stressed.

Stress in derivatives

Stress in a derivative may remain the same as in the word from which it was derived, or it may change in a certain way. When nouns are formed from verbs, or verbs are formed from nouns, the following patterns of stress often occur.

The same stress:

deNY (verb) – deNIal (noun)

ofFEND (verb) – ofFENCE (noun)

reVIEW (noun) – reVIEW (verb)

PREview (noun) – PREview (verb)

HOSpital (noun) – HOSpitalize (verb)

Shift of stress:

preSENT (verb) – PRESent (noun)

reFER (verb) – REFerence (noun)

exTRACT (verb) – EXtract (noun)

inCREASE (verb) – INcrease (noun)

OBject (noun) – obJECT (verb)

Other parts of speech derived from nouns and verbs have the following typical patterns of stress.

Adjectives are usually stressed on the first syllable or repeat the stress of the nouns from which they were derived: fate (noun) – FATal (adj.); COLor (noun) – COLorful (adj.). But stress may change in longer derivative adjectives: METal (noun) – meTALlic (adj.); ATHlete (noun) – athLETic (adj.); geOLogy (noun) – ‘geo’LOGical (adj.); ARgument (noun) – ‘argu’MENtative (adj.).

Adverbs are usually stressed on the first syllable or repeat the stress of the adjectives from which they were derived: ANgry – ANgrily; WONderful – WONderfully; FOOLish – FOOLishly; athLETic – athLETically.

Gerunds and participles repeat the stress of the verbs from which they were formed: forGET – forGETting – forGOTten; CANcel – CANceling – CANceled; ‘ORga’nize – ‘ORga’nizing – ORganized.

Typical patterns of stress

Let’s look at typical examples of stress in English words. Main factors that influence stress are the number of syllables in the word, and whether the word is a noun, an adjective, or a verb.

ONE-SYLLABLE WORDS

One-syllable nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs are stressed on the vowel sound in the word. Note that a diphthong is one complex vowel sound that forms only one syllable. A diphthong is stressed on its first main component.

book, cat, rain, boat, crow, chair

read, burn, touch, choose, laugh, hear

new, bright, large, short, clear, loud

late, fast, soon, now

TWO-SYLLABLE WORDS

Two-syllable nouns

Two-syllable nouns are usually stressed on the first syllable.

TEACHer, STUDent, CARpet, LESson

REgion, ILLness, STATEment, CITy

CONvict, INcrease, INstinct, OBject

PERmit, PRESent, PROject, SYMbol

Nouns may be stressed on the last syllable if there is a long vowel sound or a diphthong in it. Words of foreign origin (especially words of French origin) may be stressed on the last syllable.

trainEE, caREER, deLAY, conCERN

poLICE, hoTEL, beRET, rooMETTE

Two-syllable adjectives

Two-syllable adjectives are usually stressed on the first syllable.

FUNny, LOCal, USEful

FOOLish, NATive, CAREless

Some adjectives are stressed on the last syllable if there is a long vowel sound or a diphthong in it.

abSURD, comPLETE, exTREME, moROSE

If there is a prefix in an adjective, stress often falls on the first syllable of the root after the prefix.

inSANE, imMUNE, enGAged

unWELL, unKNOWN

Two-syllable verbs

Two-syllable verbs are usually stressed on the second syllable, especially if the first syllable is a prefix.

adMIT, apPLY, beGIN, beLIEVE

comBINE, conFIRM, deNY, deSERVE

disLIKE, misPLACE, exPLAIN

forBID, forGET, igNORE, inVITE

oBEY, ocCUR, perMIT, prePARE

proPOSE, purSUE, reCEIVE, rePLY

supPLY, surPRISE, unDO, unLOCK

But there are many verbs that are stressed on the first syllable.

HAPpen, CANcel, PRACtice

ANswer, OFfer, MENtion

FOLlow, BORrow, PUNish

THREE-SYLLABLE WORDS

Three-syllable nouns

Three-syllable nouns are usually stressed on the first syllable.

POLitics, GOVernment, GENeral

INterest, GRADuate, CONfidence

But many nouns, especially those derived from verbs with prefixes, have stress on the second syllable.

apPROVal, conFUSion, conSUMer

corRECTness, eLECtion, diRECtor

Some nouns have primary stress on the last syllable if there is a long vowel sound or a diphthong in it.

‘engi’NEER, ‘refu’GEE

Three-syllable adjectives

Three-syllable adjectives are usually stressed on the first syllable.

GENeral, DELicate, EXcellent

WONderful, FAVorite, CURious

Some adjectives have one more stress on the last syllable if there is a long vowel or a diphthong in it.

‘OBso’lete / ‘obso’LETE

‘Vietna’MESE, ‘Portu’GUESE

Some adjectives do not repeat the stress of the noun from which they were derived and are stressed on the second syllable.

geNERic, symBOLic, inSTINCtive

Three-syllable verbs

Three-syllable verbs often have primary stress on the first syllable (even if it is a prefix) and secondary stress on the last syllable (which is often a verb suffix).

‘ORga’nize, ‘MODer’nize

‘SIGni’fy, ‘SPECi’fy

‘COMpen’sate, ‘DECo’rate

‘COMpli’ment, ‘CONsti’tute

But many verbs, especially those with prefixes, have stress on the second syllable.

conTINue, conSIDer, reMEMber

If the prefix consists of two syllables, its first syllable usually gets secondary stress.

‘under’STAND, ‘decom’POSE

‘contra’DICT, ‘corre’SPOND

FOUR OR MORE SYLLABLES

Long nouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs usually have two stresses: primary stress and secondary stress. But there are some long words with only one stress. There are four patterns of stress in long words.

Only one stress: on the first syllable

Nouns:

ACcuracy, DELicacy

Adjectives:

INteresting

Only one stress: on the second syllable

Nouns:

inTOLerance, geOMetry, aMERica

simPLICity, moBILity, teLEpathy

acCOMpaniment

Adjectives:

sigNIFicant, mysTErious, traDItional

inTOLerable, unREAsonable, noTOrious

Verbs:

acCOMpany

Two stresses: on the first and third syllable

This is a very common stress pattern in long words in English.

Nouns:

‘eco’NOMics, ‘infor’MAtion

‘consti’TUtion, ‘repe’TItion

‘coloni’ZAtion, ‘multipli’CAtion

Adjectives:

‘aca’DEMic, ‘geo’METrical

‘inter’NAtional, ‘cosmo’POLitan

‘capita’LIStic, ‘conver’SAtional

‘PAtro’nizing

Two stresses: on the second and fourth syllable

Nouns:

con’side’RAtion

in’vesti’GAtion

con’tinu’Ation

Adjectives:

ex’peri’MENtal

in’compre’HENsible

Verbs:

i’DENti’fy, in’TENsi’fy

in’TOXi’cate, ac’CUmu’late

com’MERcia’lize, a’POLo’gize.

Ударение в слове

Английские слова имеют определённые модели ударения, которые нужно строго соблюдать, если вы хотите, чтобы вас понимали. Лучший способ изучить английское ударение – слушать аудиоматериалы и повторять их за диктором. Ссылки на входных страницах разделов Phonetics, Phrases и Vocabulary ведут на сайты, которые предлагают полезные материалы для прослушивания, включая звуки, слоги, слова, предложения и разговоры. Краткий обзор типичных английских моделей ударения в данном материале поможет вам узнавать и понимать ударение в словах, когда вы работаете с материалами для прослушивания. Также будет полезно прослушать примеры ударения в материале для прослушивания Listening for Word Stress (AmE) в разделе Phonetics.

Примечание: Главный ударный слог в слове указан заглавными буквами в данном материале, например, LEMon. В словах с двумя ударениями, заглавные буквы со значком ударения перед ними показывают слог с главным ударением, а маленькие буквы со значком ударения перед ними показывают слог с второстепенным ударением, например, ‘eco’NOMics.

Общие рекомендации по ударению в словах

В целом, употребительные английские существительные, прилагательные и наречия чаще ударяются на первом слоге, чем на любом другом слоге. Глаголы с приставками обычно имеют ударение на втором слоге, т.е. на первом слоге корня после приставки. Английские слова не могут иметь два неударных слога в начале слова; один из этих слогов будет ударным. Если в слове четыре или более слогов, то в нём обычно два ударения: главное ударение (сильное ударение) и второстепенное ударение (слабое ударение). Также, второстепенное ударение может присутствовать (в дополнение к главному ударению) в более коротких словах в слоге, в котором гласный звук остается долгим и сильным.

Приставки часто ударные в существительных и реже в глаголах. Суффиксы в конце слова редко ударные, за исключением нескольких суффиксов существительных, прилагательных и глаголов, которые обычно ударные: rooMETTE, ‘ciga’RETTE / ‘CIGa’rette, Chi’NESE, ‘SIGni’fy, ‘ORga’nize, ‘DECo’rate. В более длинных производных словах ударение может падать на приставку или суффикс согласно типичным моделям ударения в слове. Окончания не ударные.

Ударение в производных словах

Ударение в производном слове может остаться таким же, как в слове, от которого оно образовано, или оно может измениться определённым образом. Когда существительные образуются от глаголов, или глаголы образуются от существительных, часто возникают следующие модели ударения.

Одинаковое ударение:

deNY (глагол) – deNIal (существительное)

ofFEND (глагол) – ofFENCE (существительное)

reVIEW (сущ.) – reVIEW (глагол)

PREview (сущ.) – PREview (глагол)

HOSpital (сущ.) – HOSpitalize (глагол)

Смещение ударения:

preSENT (глагол) – PRESent (существительное)

reFER (глагол) – REFerence (сущ.)

exTRACT (глагол) – EXtract (сущ.)

inCREASE (глагол) – INcrease (сущ.)

OBject (сущ.) – obJECT (глагол)

Другие части речи, образованные от существительных и глаголов, имеют следующие типичные модели ударения.

Прилагательные обычно ударные на первом слоге или повторяют ударение существительных, от которых они были образованы: fate (сущ.) – FATal (прилаг.); COLor (сущ.) – COLorful (прилаг.). Но ударение может меняться в более длинных производных прилагательных: METal (сущ.) – meTALlic (прилаг.); ATHlete (сущ.) – athLETic (прилаг.); geOLogy (сущ.) – ‘geo’LOGical (прилаг.); ARgument (сущ.) – ‘argu’MENtative (прилаг.).

Наречия обычно ударные на первом слоге или повторяют ударение прилагательных, от которых они были образованы: ANgry – ANgrily; WONderful – WONderfully; FOOLish – FOOLishly; athLETic – athLETically.

Герундий и причастия повторяют ударение глаголов, от которых они были образованы: forGET (забывать) – forGETting – forGOTten; CANcel (отменять) – CANceling – CANceled; ‘ORga’nize (организовать) – ‘ORga’nizing – ORganized.

Типичные модели ударения

Давайте посмотрим на типичные примеры ударения в английских словах. Главные факторы, которые влияют на ударение – количество слогов в слове и является ли это слово существительным, прилагательным или глаголом.

ОДНОСЛОЖНЫЕ СЛОВА

Односложные существительные, глаголы, прилагательные и наречия имеют ударение на гласном звуке в слове. Обратите внимание, что дифтонг – это один сложный гласный звук, который образует только один слог. Дифтонг имеет ударение на своём первом главном компоненте.

книга, кот, дождь, лодка, ворона, стул

читать, гореть, трогать, выбрать, смеяться, слышать

новый, яркий, большой, короткий, ясный, громкий

поздний / поздно, быстрый / быстро, скоро, сейчас

ДВУСЛОЖНЫЕ СЛОВА

Двусложные существительные

Существительные из двух слогов обычно ударные на первом слоге.

учитель, студент, ковер, урок

район, болезнь, утверждение, город

осужденный, увеличение, инстинкт, предмет

пропуск, подарок, проект, символ

Существительные могут иметь ударение на последнем слоге, если в нём долгий гласный звук или дифтонг. Слова иностранного происхождения (особенно слова французского происхождения) могут иметь ударение на последнем слоге.

стажер, карьера, задержка, забота

полиция, гостиница, берет, одноместное купе

Двусложные прилагательные

Прилагательные из двух слогов обычно ударные на первом слоге.

смешной, местный, полезный

глупый, родной, беззаботный

Некоторые двусложные прилагательные могут иметь ударение на последнем слоге, если в нём долгий гласный звук или дифтонг.

абсурдный, полный, крайний, угрюмый

Если в прилагательном есть приставка, то ударение часто падает на первый слог корня после приставки.

безумный, имеющий иммунитет, занятый

нездоровый, неизвестный

Двусложные глаголы

Глаголы из двух слогов обычно ударные на втором слоге, особенно если первый слог – приставка.

допускать, применять, начинать, верить

соединять, подтвердить, отрицать, заслуживать

не любить, положить не на место, объяснять

запрещать, забывать, игнорировать, приглашать

подчиняться, возникать, разрешать, подготовить

предлагать, преследовать, получать, ответить

снабжать, удивлять, аннулировать, отпереть

Но есть много глаголов, которые имеют ударение на первом слоге.

случаться, отменить, практиковать

отвечать, предлагать, упоминать

следовать, заимствовать, наказывать

ТРЕХСЛОЖНЫЕ СЛОВА

Трехсложные существительные

Существительные из трёх слогов обычно имеют ударение на первом слоге.

политика, правительство, генерал

интерес, выпускник, уверенность

Но многие существительные, особенно образованные от глаголов с приставками, имеют ударение на втором слоге.

одобрение, замешательство, потребитель

правильность, избрание, директор

Некоторые существительные могут иметь главное ударение на последнем слоге, если в нём долгий гласный звук или дифтонг.

инженер, беженец

Трехсложные прилагательные

Прилагательные из трёх слогов обычно имеют ударение на первом слоге.

общий, деликатный, превосходный

чудесный, любимый, любопытный

Некоторые трёхсложные прилагательные имеют ещё одно ударение на последнем слоге, если в нём долгий гласный звук или дифтонг.

вышедший из употребления

вьетнамский, португальский

Некоторые прилагательные не повторяют ударение существительного, от которого они были образованы, и ударяются на втором слоге.

видовой, символический, инстинктивный

Трехсложные глаголы

Глаголы из трёх слогов часто имеют главное ударение на первом слоге (даже если это приставка) и второстепенное ударение на последнем слоге (который часто глагольный суффикс).

организовать, модернизировать

означать, уточнять

компенсировать, украшать

делать комплимент, составлять

Но многие глаголы, особенно те, которые с приставками, имеют ударение на втором слоге.

продолжать, рассмотреть, помнить

Если приставка состоит из двух слогов, её первый слог обычно получает второстепенное ударение.

понимать, разлагаться

противоречить, соответствовать

ЧЕТЫРЕ ИЛИ БОЛЕЕ СЛОГОВ

Длинные существительные, прилагательные, глаголы и наречия обычно имеют два ударения: главное и второстепенное ударение. Но есть некоторые длинные слова только с одним ударением. В длинных словах четыре модели ударения.

Только одно ударение: на первом слоге

Существительные:

точность, утончённость

Прилагательные:

интересный

Только одно ударение: на втором слоге

Существительные:

нетерпимость, геометрия, Америка

простота, мобильность, телепатия

аккомпанемент

Прилагательные:

значительный, таинственный, традиционный

невыносимый, неразумный, печально известный

Глаголы:

сопровождать

Два ударения: на первом и третьем слоге

Это очень распространённая модель ударения в длинных словах в английском языке.

Существительные:

экономика, информация

конституция, повторение

колонизация, умножение

Прилагательные:

академический, геометрический

международный, космополитический

капиталистический, разговорный

покровительственный

Два ударения: на втором и четвертом слоге

Существительные:

рассмотрение

расследование

продолжение

Прилагательные:

экспериментальный

непонятный / непостижимый

Глаголы:

идентифицировать, усиливать

опьянять, накапливать

превращать в источник прибыли, извиняться.

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