The word story telling

Storytelling is the social and cultural activity of sharing stories, sometimes with improvisation, theatrics or embellishment. Every culture has its own stories or narratives, which are shared as a means of entertainment, education, cultural preservation or instilling moral values.^[1] Crucial elements of stories and storytelling include plot, characters and narrative point of view.
The term «storytelling» can refer specifically to oral storytelling but also broadly to techniques used in other media to unfold or disclose the narrative of a story.

Historical perspective[edit]

Storytelling, intertwined with the development of mythologies,^[2]
predates writing. The earliest forms of storytelling were usually oral, combined with gestures and expressions.^{[citation needed]} Some archaeologists^[which?] believe that rock art, in addition to a role in religious rituals, may have served as a form of storytelling for many^[quantify] ancient cultures.^[3] The Australian aboriginal people painted symbols which also appear in stories on cave walls as a means of helping the storyteller remember the story. The story was then told using a combination of oral narrative, music, rock art and dance, which bring understanding and meaning to human existence through the remembrance and enactment of stories.^{[4][page needed]} People have used the carved trunks of living trees and ephemeral media (such as sand and leaves) to record folktales in pictures or with writing.^{[citation needed]} Complex forms of tattooing may also represent stories, with information about genealogy, affiliation and social status.^[5]

Folktales often share common motifs and themes, suggesting possible basic psychological similarities across various human cultures. Other stories, notably fairy tales, appear to have spread from place to place, implying memetic appeal and popularity.

Groups of originally oral tales can coalesce over time into story cycles (like the Arabian Nights), cluster around mythic heroes (like King Arthur), and develop into the narratives of the deeds of the gods and saints of various religions.^[6]
The results can be episodic (like the stories about Anansi), epic (as with Homeric tales), inspirational (note the tradition of vitae) and/or instructive (as in many Buddhist or Christian scriptures).

With the advent of writing and the use of stable, portable media, storytellers recorded, transcribed and continued to share stories over wide regions of the world. Stories have been carved, scratched, painted, printed or inked onto wood or bamboo, ivory and other bones, pottery, clay tablets, stone, palm-leaf books, skins (parchment), bark cloth, paper, silk, canvas and other textiles, recorded on film and stored electronically in digital form. Oral stories continue to be created, improvisationally by impromptu and professional storytellers, as well as committed to memory and passed from generation to generation, despite the increasing popularity of written and televised media in much of the world.

Contemporary storytelling[edit]

Modern storytelling has a broad purview. In addition to its traditional forms (fairytales, folktales, mythology, legends, fables etc.), it has extended itself to representing history, personal narrative, political commentary and evolving cultural norms. Contemporary storytelling is also widely used to address educational objectives.^[7] New forms of media are creating new ways for people to record, express and consume stories.^[8] Tools for asynchronous group communication can provide an environment for individuals to reframe or recast individual stories into group stories.^[9] Games and other digital platforms, such as those used in interactive fiction or interactive storytelling, may be used to position the user as a character within a bigger world. Documentaries, including interactive web documentaries, employ storytelling narrative techniques to communicate information about their topic.^[10] Self-revelatory stories, created for their cathartic and therapeutic effect, are growing in their use and application, as in Psychodrama, Drama Therapy and Playback Theatre.^[11] Storytelling is also used as a means by which to precipitate psychological and social change in the practice of transformative arts.^[12][13][14]

Some people also make a case for different narrative forms being classified as storytelling in the contemporary world. For example, digital storytelling, online and dice-and-paper-based role-playing games. In traditional role-playing games, storytelling is done by the person who controls the environment and the non-playing fictional characters, and moves the story elements along for the players as they interact with the storyteller. The game is advanced by mainly verbal interactions, with dice roll determining random events in the fictional universe, where the players interact with each other and the storyteller. This type of game has many genres, such as sci-fi and fantasy, as well as alternate-reality worlds based on the current reality, but with different setting and beings such as werewolves, aliens, daemons, or hidden societies. These oral-based role-playing games were very popular in the 1990s among circles of youth in many countries before computer and console-based online MMORPG’s took their place. Despite the prevalence of computer-based MMORPGs, the dice-and-paper RPG still has a dedicated following.

Oral traditions[edit]

Oral traditions of storytelling are found in several civilizations; they predate the printed and online press. Storytelling was used to explain natural phenomena, bards told stories of creation and developed a pantheon of gods and myths. Oral stories passed from one generation to the next and storytellers were regarded as healers, leaders, spiritual guides, teachers, cultural secrets keepers and entertainers. Oral storytelling came in various forms including songs, poetry, chants and dance.^[15]

Albert Bates Lord examined oral narratives from field transcripts of Yugoslav oral bards collected by Milman Parry in the 1930s, and the texts of epics such as the Odyssey.^[16] Lord found that a large part of the stories consisted of text which was improvised during the telling process.

Lord identified two types of story vocabulary. The first he called «formulas»: «Rosy-fingered Dawn», «the wine-dark sea» and other specific set phrases had long been known of in Homer and other oral epics. Lord, however, discovered that across many story traditions, fully 90% of an oral epic is assembled from lines which are repeated verbatim or which use one-for-one word substitutions. In other words, oral stories are built out of set phrases which have been stockpiled from a lifetime of hearing and telling stories.

The other type of story vocabulary is theme, a set sequence of story actions that structure a tale. Just as the teller of tales proceeds line-by-line using formulas, so he proceeds from event-to-event using themes. One near-universal theme is repetition, as evidenced in Western folklore with the «rule of three»: Three brothers set out, three attempts are made, three riddles are asked. A theme can be as simple as a specific set sequence describing the arming of a hero, starting with shirt and trousers and ending with headdress and weapons. A theme can be large enough to be a plot component. For example: a hero proposes a journey to a dangerous place / he disguises himself / his disguise fools everybody / except for a common person of little account (a crone, a tavern maid or a woodcutter) / who immediately recognizes him / the commoner becomes the hero’s ally, showing unexpected resources of skill or initiative. A theme does not belong to a specific story, but may be found with minor variation in many different stories.

The story was described by Reynolds Price, when he wrote:

A need to tell and hear stories is essential to the species Homo sapiens – second in necessity apparently after nourishment and before love and shelter. Millions survive without love or home, almost none in silence; the opposite of silence leads quickly to narrative, and the sound of story is the dominant sound of our lives, from the small accounts of our day’s events to the vast incommunicable constructs of psychopaths.^[17]

In contemporary life, people will seek to fill «story vacuums» with oral and written stories. «In the absence of a narrative, especially in an ambiguous and/or urgent situation, people will seek out and consume plausible stories like water in the desert. It is our innate nature to connect the dots. Once an explanatory narrative is adopted, it’s extremely hard to undo,» whether or not it is true.^[18]

Märchen and Sagen[edit]

Folklorists sometimes divide oral tales into two main groups: Märchen and Sagen.^[19] These are German terms for which there are no exact English equivalents, however we have approximations:

Märchen, loosely translated as «fairy tale(s)» or little stories, take place in a kind of separate «once-upon-a-time» world of nowhere-in-particular, at an indeterminate time in the past. They are clearly not intended to be understood as true. The stories are full of clearly defined incidents, and peopled by rather flat characters with little or no interior life. When the supernatural occurs, it is presented matter-of-factly, without surprise. Indeed, there is very little effect, generally; bloodcurdling events may take place, but with little call for emotional response from the listener.^{[citation needed]}

Sagen, translated as «legends», are supposed to have actually happened, very often at a particular time and place, and they draw much of their power from this fact. When the supernatural intrudes (as it often does), it does so in an emotionally fraught manner. Ghost and Lovers’ Leap stories belong in this category, as do many UFO stories and stories of supernatural beings and events.^{[citation needed]}

Another important examination of orality in human life is Walter J. Ong’s Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word (1982). Ong studies the distinguishing characteristics of oral traditions, how oral and written cultures interact and condition one another, and how they ultimately influence human epistemology.

Learning[edit]

Storytelling is a means for sharing and interpreting experiences. Peter L. Berger says human life is narratively rooted, humans construct their lives and shape their world into homes in terms of these groundings and memories. Stories are universal in that they can bridge cultural, linguistic and age-related divides. Storytelling can be adaptive for all ages, leaving out the notion of age segregation.^{[citation needed]} Storytelling can be used as a method to teach ethics, values and cultural norms and differences.^[20] Learning is most effective when it takes place in social environments that provide authentic social cues about how knowledge is to be applied.^[21] Stories function as a tool to pass on knowledge in a social context. So, every story has 3 parts. First, The setup (The Hero’s world before the adventure starts). Second, The Confrontation (The hero’s world turned upside down). Third, The Resolution (Hero conquers villain, but it’s not enough for Hero to survive. The Hero or World must be transformed). Any story can be framed in such format.

Human knowledge is based on stories and the human brain consists of cognitive machinery necessary to understand, remember and tell stories.^[22] Humans are storytelling organisms that both individually and socially, lead storied lives.^[23] Stories mirror human thought as humans think in narrative structures and most often remember facts in story form. Facts can be understood as smaller versions of a larger story, thus storytelling can supplement analytical thinking. Because storytelling requires auditory and visual senses from listeners, one can learn to organize their mental representation of a story, recognize structure of language and express his or her thoughts.^[24]

Stories tend to be based on experiential learning, but learning from an experience is not automatic. Often a person needs to attempt to tell the story of that experience before realizing its value. In this case, it is not only the listener who learns, but the teller who also becomes aware of his or her own unique experiences and background.^[25] This process of storytelling is empowering as the teller effectively conveys ideas and, with practice, is able to demonstrate the potential of human accomplishment. Storytelling taps into existing knowledge and creates bridges both culturally and motivationally toward a solution.

Stories are effective educational tools because listeners become engaged and therefore remember. Storytelling can be seen as a foundation for learning and teaching. While the story listener is engaged, they are able to imagine new perspectives, inviting a transformative and empathetic experience.^[26] This involves allowing the individual to actively engage in the story as well as observe, listen and participate with minimal guidance.^[27] Listening to a storyteller can create lasting personal connections, promote innovative problem solving and foster a shared understanding regarding future ambitions.^[28] The listener can then activate knowledge and imagine new possibilities. Together a storyteller and listener can seek best practices and invent new solutions. Because stories often have multiple layers of meanings, listeners have to listen closely to identify the underlying knowledge in the story. Storytelling is used as a tool to teach children the importance of respect through the practice of listening.^[29] As well as connecting children with their environment, through the theme of the stories, and give them more autonomy by using repetitive statements, which improve their learning to learn competence.^[30] It is also used to teach children to have respect for all life, value inter-connectedness and always work to overcome adversity. To teach this a Kinesthetic learning style would be used, involving the listeners through music, dream interpretation, or dance.^[31]

In indigenous cultures[edit]

For indigenous cultures of the Americas, storytelling is used as an oral form of language associated with practices and values essential to developing one’s identity. This is because everyone in the community can add their own touch and perspective to the narrative collaboratively – both individual and culturally shared perspectives have a place in the co-creation of the story. Oral storytelling in indigenous communities differs from other forms of stories because they are told not only for entertainment, but for teaching values.^[32] For example, the Sto:lo community in Canada focuses on reinforcing children’s identity by telling stories about the land to explain their roles.^[32]

Furthermore, Storytelling is a way to teach younger members of indigenous communities about their culture and their identities. In Donna Eder’s study, Navajos were interviewed about storytelling practices that they have had in the past and what changes they want to see in the future. They notice that storytelling makes an impact on the lives of the children of the Navajos. According to some of the Navajos that were interviewed, storytelling is one of many main practices that teaches children the important principles to live a good life.^[33] In indigenous communities, stories are a way to pass knowledge on from generation to generation.

For some indigenous people, experience has no separation between the physical world and the spiritual world. Thus, some indigenous people communicate to their children through ritual, storytelling, or dialogue. Community values, learned through storytelling, help to guide future generations and aid in identity formation.^[34]

In the Quechua community of Highland Peru, there is no separation between adults and children. This allows for children to learn storytelling through their own interpretations of the given story. Therefore, children in the Quechua community are encouraged to listen to the story that is being told in order to learn about their identity and culture. Sometimes, children are expected to sit quietly and listen actively. This enables them to engage in activities as independent learners.^[35]

This teaching practice of storytelling allowed children to formulate ideas based on their own experiences and perspectives. In Navajo communities, for children and adults, storytelling is one of the many effective ways to educate both the young and old about their cultures, identities and history. Storytelling help the Navajos know who they are, where they come from and where they belong.^[33]

Storytelling in indigenous cultures is sometimes passed on by oral means in a quiet and relaxing environment, which usually coincides with family or tribal community gatherings and official events such as family occasions, rituals, or ceremonial practices.^[36] During the telling of the story, children may act as participants by asking questions, acting out the story, or telling smaller parts of the story.^[37] Furthermore, stories are not often told in the same manner twice, resulting in many variations of a single myth. This is because narrators may choose to insert new elements into old stories dependent upon the relationship between the storyteller and the audience, making the story correspond to each unique situation.^[38]

Indigenous cultures also use instructional ribbing— a playful form of correcting children’s undesirable behavior— in their stories. For example, the Ojibwe (or Chippewa) tribe uses the tale of an owl snatching away misbehaving children. The caregiver will often say, «The owl will come and stick you in his ears if you don’t stop crying!» Thus, this form of teasing serves as a tool to correct inappropriate behavior and promote cooperation.^[39]

Types[edit]

There are various types of stories among many indigenous communities. Communication in Indigenous American communities is rich with stories, myths, philosophies and narratives that serve as a means to exchange information.^[40] These stories may be used for coming of age themes, core values, morality, literacy and history. Very often, the stories are used to instruct and teach children about cultural values and lessons.^[38] The meaning within the stories is not always explicit, and children are expected to make their own meaning of the stories. In the Lakota Tribe of North America, for example, young girls are often told the story of the White Buffalo Calf Woman, who is a spiritual figure that protects young girls from the whims of men. In the Odawa Tribe, young boys are often told the story of a young man who never took care of his body, and as a result, his feet fail to run when he tries to escape predators. This story serves as an indirect means of encouraging the young boys to take care of their bodies.^[41]

Narratives can be shared to express the values or morals among family, relatives, or people who are considered part of the close-knit community. Many stories in indigenous American communities all have a «surface» story, that entails knowing certain information and clues to unlocking the metaphors in the story. The underlying message of the story being told, can be understood and interpreted with clues that hint to a certain interpretation.^[42] In order to make meaning from these stories, elders in the Sto:lo community for example, emphasize the importance in learning how to listen, since it requires the senses to bring one’s heart and mind together.^[42] For instance, a way in which children learn about the metaphors significant for the society they live in, is by listening to their elders and participating in rituals where they respect one another.^[43]

Passing on values[edit]

Stories in indigenous cultures encompass a variety of values. These values include an emphasis on individual responsibility, concern for the environment and communal welfare.^[44]

Stories are based on values passed down by older generations to shape the foundation of the community.^[45] Storytelling is used as a bridge for knowledge and understanding allowing the values of «self» and «community» to connect and be learned as a whole. Storytelling in the Navajo community for example allows for community values to be learned at different times and places for different learners. Stories are told from the perspective of other people, animals, or the natural elements of the earth.^[46] In this way, children learn to value their place in the world as a person in relation to others. Typically, stories are used as an informal learning tool in Indigenous American communities, and can act as an alternative method for reprimanding children’s bad behavior. In this way, stories are non-confrontational, which allows the child to discover for themselves what they did wrong and what they can do to adjust the behavior.^[47]

Parents in the Arizona Tewa community, for example, teach morals to their children through traditional narratives.^[48] Lessons focus on several topics including historical or «sacred» stories or more domestic disputes. Through storytelling, the Tewa community emphasizes the traditional wisdom of the ancestors and the importance of collective as well as individual identities. Indigenous communities teach children valuable skills and morals through the actions of good or mischievous stock characters while also allowing room for children to make meaning for themselves. By not being given every element of the story, children rely on their own experiences and not formal teaching from adults to fill in the gaps.^[49]

When children listen to stories, they periodically vocalize their ongoing attention and accept the extended turn of the storyteller. The emphasis on attentiveness to surrounding events and the importance of oral tradition in indigenous communities teaches children the skill of keen attention. For example, Children of the Tohono O’odham American Indian community who engaged in more cultural practices were able to recall the events in a verbally presented story better than those who did not engage in cultural practices.^[50] Body movements and gestures help to communicate values and keep stories alive for future generations.^[51] Elders, parents and grandparents are typically involved in teaching the children the cultural ways, along with history, community values and teachings of the land.^[52]

Children in indigenous communities can also learn from the underlying message of a story. For example, in a nahuatl community near Mexico City, stories about ahuaques or hostile water dwelling spirits that guard over the bodies of water, contain morals about respecting the environment. If the protagonist of a story, who has accidentally broken something that belongs to the ahuaque, does not replace it or give back in some way to the ahuaque, the protagonist dies.^[53] In this way, storytelling serves as a way to teach what the community values, such as valuing the environment.

Storytelling also serves to deliver a particular message during spiritual and ceremonial functions. In the ceremonial use of storytelling, the unity building theme of the message becomes more important than the time, place and characters of the message. Once the message is delivered, the story is finished. As cycles of the tale are told and retold, story units can recombine, showing various outcomes for a person’s actions.^[54]

Research[edit]

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2015)

Storytelling has been assessed for critical literacy skills and the learning of theatre-related terms by the nationally recognized storytelling and creative drama organization, Neighborhood Bridges, in Minneapolis.^[55] Another storyteller researcher in the UK proposes that the social space created preceding oral storytelling in schools may trigger sharing (Parfitt, 2014).^[56]

Storytelling has also been studied as a way to investigate and archive cultural knowledge and values within indigenous American communities. Iseke’s study (2013)^[57] on the role of storytelling in the Metis community, showed promise in furthering research about the Metis and their shared communal atmosphere during storytelling events. Iseke focused on the idea of witnessing a storyteller as a vital way to share and partake in the Metis community, as members of the community would stop everything else they were doing in order to listen or «witness» the storyteller and allow the story to become a «ceremonial landscape,» or shared reference, for everyone present. This was a powerful tool for the community to engage and teach new learner shared references for the values and ideologies of the Metis. Through storytelling, the Metis cemented the shared reference of personal or popular stories and folklore, which members of the community can use to share ideologies. In the future, Iseke noted that Metis elders wished for the stories being told to be used for further research into their culture, as stories were a traditional way to pass down vital knowledge to younger generations.

For the stories we read, the «neuro-semantic encoding of narratives happens at levels higher than individual semantic units and that this encoding is systematic across both individuals and languages.» This encoding seems to appear most prominently in the default mode network.^[58]

Serious storytelling[edit]

Storytelling in serious application contexts, as e.g. therapeutics, business, serious games, medicine, education, or faith can be referred to as serious storytelling. Serious storytelling applies storytelling «outside the context of entertainment, where the narration progresses as a sequence of patterns impressive in quality … and is part of a thoughtful progress».^[59]

As a political praxis[edit]

Some approaches treat narratives as politically motivated stories, stories empowering certain groups and stories giving people agency. Instead of just searching for the main point of the narrative, the political function is demanded through asking, «Whose interest does a personal narrative serve»?^[60] This approach mainly looks at the power, authority, knowledge, ideology and identity; «whether it legitimates and dominates or resists and empowers».^[60] All personal narratives are seen as ideological because they evolve from a structure of power relations and simultaneously produce, maintain and reproduce that power structure».^[61]

Political theorist, Hannah Arendt argues that storytelling transforms private meaning to public meaning.^[62] Regardless of the gender of the narrator and what story they are sharing, the performance of the narrative and the audience listening to it is where the power lies.

Therapeutic[edit]

Therapeutic storytelling is the act of telling one’s story in an attempt to better understand oneself or one’s situation. Oftentimes, these stories affect the audience in a therapeutic sense as well, helping them to view situations similar to their own through a different lens.^[63] Noted author and folklore scholar, Elaine Lawless states, «…this process provides new avenues for understanding and identity formation. Language is utilised to bear witness to their lives».^[64] Sometimes a narrator will simply skip over certain details without realizing, only to include it in their stories during a later telling. In this way, that telling and retelling of the narrative serves to «reattach portions of the narrative».^[65] These gaps may occur due to a repression of the trauma or even just a want to keep the most gruesome details private. Regardless, these silences are not as empty as they appear, and it is only this act of storytelling that can enable the teller to fill them back in.

Psychodrama uses re-enactment of a personal, traumatic event in the life of a psychodrama group participant as a therapeutic methodology, first developed by psychiatrist, J.L. Moreno, M.D. This therapeutic use of storytelling was incorporated into Drama Therapy, known in the field as «Self Revelatory Theater.» in 1975] Jonathan Fox and Jo Salas developed a therapeutic, improvisational storytelling form they called Playback Theatre. Therapeutic storytelling is also used to promote healing through transformative arts, where a facilitator helps a participant write and often present their personal story to an audience.^[66]

As art form[edit]

Aesthetics[edit]

The art of narrative is, by definition, an aesthetic enterprise, and there are a number of artistic elements that typically interact in well-developed stories. Such elements include the essential idea of narrative structure with identifiable beginnings, middles, and endings, or exposition-development-climax-resolution-denouement, normally constructed into coherent plot lines; a strong focus on temporality, which includes retention of the past, attention to present action and protention/future anticipation; a substantial focus on characters and characterization which is «arguably the most important single component of the novel»;^[67] a given heterogloss of different voices dialogically at play – «the sound of the human voice, or many voices, speaking in a variety of accents, rhythms and registers»;^[68] possesses a narrator or narrator-like voice, which by definition «addresses» and «interacts with» reading audiences (see Reader Response theory); communicates with a Wayne Booth-esque rhetorical thrust, a dialectic process of interpretation, which is at times beneath the surface, conditioning a plotted narrative, and at other times much more visible, «arguing» for and against various positions; relies substantially on now-standard aesthetic figuration, particularly including the use of metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche and irony (see Hayden White, Metahistory for expansion of this idea); is often enmeshed in intertextuality, with copious connections, references, allusions, similarities, parallels, etc. to other literatures; and commonly demonstrates an effort toward bildungsroman, a description of identity development with an effort to evince becoming in character and community.

Festivals[edit]

Storytelling festivals typically feature the work of several storytellers and may include workshops for tellers and others who are interested in the art form or other targeted applications of storytelling. Elements of the oral storytelling art form often include the tellers encouragement to have participants co-create an experience by connecting to relatable elements of the story and using techniques of visualization (the seeing of images in the mind’s eye), and use vocal and bodily gestures to support understanding. In many ways, the art of storytelling draws upon other art forms such as acting, oral interpretation and Performance Studies.

In 1903, Richard Wyche, a professor of literature at the University of Tennessee created the first organized storytellers league of its kind.^{[citation needed]} It was called The National Story League. Wyche served as its president for 16 years, facilitated storytelling classes, and spurred an interest in the art.

Several other storytelling organizations started in the U.S. during the 1970s. One such organization was the National Association for the Perpetuation and Preservation of Storytelling (NAPPS), now the National Storytelling Network (NSN) and the International Storytelling Center (ISC). NSN is a professional organization that helps to organize resources for tellers and festival planners. The ISC runs the National Storytelling Festival in Jonesborough, TN.^[69] Australia followed their American counterparts with the establishment of storytelling guilds in the late 1970s.^{[citation needed]} Australian storytelling today has individuals and groups across the country who meet to share their stories. The UK’s Society for Storytelling was founded in 1993, bringing together tellers and listeners, and each year since 2000 has run a National Storytelling Week the first week of February.^{[citation needed]}

Currently, there are dozens of storytelling festivals and hundreds of professional storytellers around the world,^[70][71] and an international celebration of the art occurs on World Storytelling Day.

Emancipation of the story[edit]

In oral traditions, stories are kept alive by being told again and again. The material of any given story naturally undergoes several changes and adaptations during this process. When and where oral tradition was superseded by print media, the literary idea of the author as originator of a story’s authoritative version changed people’s perception of stories themselves. In centuries following, stories tended to be seen as the work of individuals rather than a collective effort. Only recently when a significant number of influential authors began questioning their own roles, the value of stories as such – independent of authorship – was again recognized. Literary critics such as Roland Barthes even proclaimed the Death of the Author.

In business[edit]

People have been telling stories at work since ancient times, when stories might inspire «courage and empowerment during the hunt for a potentially dangerous animal,» or simply instill the value of listening.^[72] Storytelling in business has become a field in its own right as industries have grown, as storytelling becomes a more popular art form in general through live storytelling events like The Moth.

Recruiting[edit]

Storytelling has come to have a prominent role in recruiting. The modern recruiting industry started in the 1940s as employers competed for available labor during World War II. Prior to that, employers usually placed newspaper ads telling a story about the kind of person they wanted, including their character and, in many cases, their ethnicity.^[73]

Public Relations[edit]

Public influence has been part of human civilization since ancient times, but the modern public relations industry traces its roots to a Boston-based PR firm called The Publicity Bureau that opened in 1900.^[74] Although a PR firm may not identify its role as storytelling, the firm’s task is to control the public narrative about the organization they represent.

Networking[edit]

Networking has been around since the industrial revolution when businesses recognized the need—and the benefit—of collaborating and trusting a wider range of people.^[75] Today, networking is the subject for more than 100,000 books, seminars and online conversations.^[75]

Storytelling helps networkers showcase their expertise. “Using examples and stories to teach contacts about expertise, experience, talents, and interests” is one of 8 networking competencies the Association for Talent Development has identified, saying that networkers should “be able to answer the question, ‘What do you do?’ to make expertise visible and memorable.”^[76] Business storytelling begins by considering the needs of the audience the networker wishes to reach, asking, «What is it about what I do that my audience is most interested in?» and «What would intrigue them the most?»^[18]

Within the workplace[edit]

In the workplace, communicating by using storytelling techniques can be a more compelling and effective route of delivering information than that of using only dry facts.^[77][78] Uses include:

To manage conflicts[edit]

For managers storytelling is an important way of resolving conflicts, addressing issues and facing challenges.
Managers may use narrative discourse to deal with conflicts when direct action is inadvisable or impossible.^{[79][citation needed]}

To interpret the past and shape the future[edit]

In a group discussion a process of collective narration can help to influence others and unify the group by linking the past to the future.
In such discussions, managers transform problems, requests and issues into stories.^{[citation needed]} Jameson calls this collective group construction story building.

In the reasoning process[edit]

Storytelling plays an important role in reasoning processes and in convincing others.
In business meetings, managers and business officials preferred stories to abstract arguments or statistical measures. When situations are complex or dense, narrative discourse helps to resolve conflicts, influences corporate decisions and stabilizes the group.^[80]

In marketing[edit]

Storytelling is increasingly being used in advertising in order to build customer loyalty.^[81][82] According to Giles Lury, this marketing trend echoes the deeply rooted human need to be entertained.^[83] Stories are illustrative, easily memorable and allow companies to create stronger emotional bonds with customers.^[83]

A Nielsen study shows consumers want a more personal connection in the way they gather information since human brains are more engaged by storytelling than by the presentation of facts alone. When reading pure data, only the language parts of the brain work to decode the meaning. But when reading a story, both the language parts and those parts of the brain that would be engaged if the events of the story were actually experienced are activated. As a result, it is easier to remember stories than facts.^[84]

Marketing developments incorporating storytelling include the use of the trans-media techniques that originated in the film industry intended to «build a world in which your story can evolve».^[85] Examples include the «Happiness Factory» of Coca-Cola.^[86]

See also[edit]

• Dramatic structure
• Story arc
• Storyboard

• Storytelling festival
• Storytelling game
• World Storytelling Day
• Story Shaper

References[edit]

Further reading[edit]

• Beyer, Jürgen (1997). «Prolegomena to a history of story-telling around the Baltic Sea, c. 1550–1800». Electronic Journal of Folklore. 4: 43–60. doi:10.7592/fejf1997.04.balti.
• Bruner, Jerome S. Actual Minds, Possible Worlds. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 1986. ISBN 978-0-674-00365-1
• Bruner, Jerome S. Making Stories: Law, Literature, Life. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. 2002. ISBN 978-0-374-20024-4
• Gargiulo, Terrence L. The Strategic Use of Stories in Organizational Communication and Learning. Armonk: M.E. Sharpe. 2005. ISBN 978-0-7656-1413-1
• Greiner-Burkert, Barbara The magical art of telling fairy tales: A practical guide to enchantment. Munich, Germany: tausendschlau Verlag. 2012. ISBN 978-3-943328-64-6
• Leitch, Thomas M. What Stories Are: Narrative Theory and Interpretation. University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press. 1986. ISBN 978-0-271-00431-0
• Lodge, David. The Art of Fiction, New York: Viking, 1992.
• McKee, Robert. Story: Substance, Structure, Style, and the Principles of Screenwriting. New York: ReganBooks. 1997. ISBN 978-0-06-039168-3

What is storytelling?

Storytelling is the art of telling a story. Chances are you already knew the meaning of this well-known term, but it’s important to know that this art is not something new.

We are made of stories, and that is what has caused us to narrate them for thousands of years. Storytelling is in literature, comics, and film, but also in the stories we tell other people daily. Have you ever wondered where the myths and legends we know come from? Or, have you asked why the myths and legends that we still tell today have stood the test of time? The way these stories have connected with people plays a big role in why. In fact, our brain receives different stimuli when it learns something through stories because stories connect with our emotional side.

Why is it important to tell stories when we communicate?

Think about it, everyone has great stories to tell. However, you’re probably wondering why it’s important for your brand to use storytelling. We’ll give you some reasons:

• Awaken emotions. Think for a moment about an ad you’ve recently seen and liked. It’s very likely that the brand was able to connect with you because it actually connected with your most primary emotions. It may have inspired you, impacted you, or made you laugh. A brand that manages to awaken emotions thanks to the power of storytelling is achieving a big communication goal: to be remembered.
• Transmit the essence of the brand. When a brand tells a good story, what it is actually doing is connect with its audience through their core values. It’s important that the story we tell is consistent with the mission and vision of the company to help it position itself.
• Inspire our audience. Remember Martin Luther King Jr.’s famous “I have a dream’ quote? These were the words he used more than 50 years ago in his renowned speech to talk about his desire for racial equality. Surely you also remember the wisdom Steve Jobs shared in his speech to Stanford University students, the acclaimed “Stay hungry, stay foolish” quote. These are two examples of how a powerful story can inspire an entire generation and can continue to be memorable over time.
• Humanize to connect with our audience. Who is behind your audience? A group of people. And who is behind the brands that publish these messages? A team of people. In the end, storytelling connects people’s stories. When a brand tells a good story, it connects easily to its audience by showing transparency and authenticity. Sometimes, what we need to achieve this connection is to show that we are human in our communication.

3 ingredients of great stories

“What unites people? Armies? Gold? Flags? No, it’s stories. There is nothing more powerful in the world than a good story. Nothing can stop it. No enemy can defeat it.”

Does this quote sound familiar to you? It probably does because it is Tyrion Lannister’s speech in the finale of the Game of Thrones series. These words remind us, both those who followed the series and those who did not, that we are all passionate about good stories and this series is certainly an example of this.

To tell a good story, we must start with these 3 ingredients: 

1. The narrator, that is, the person or brand responsible for telling the story. You know that a message is unique and integral to your brand when you imagine it being shared by any other brand and it would not be consistent with their values. If your brand is ready to tell the world that story, go ahead.
2. The audience. The people who listen to your story play a key role in storytelling, as they are not simply listeners of the story we tell, but also have the power to share and act as ambassadors for your message.
3. The plot or narrative outline, which helps us all recognize and follow the story. There is a basic pattern in many of the stories in oral tradition around the world, a pattern which Joseph Campbell called the “monomyth” or “the hero’s journey.” This reveals that, in reality, all stories share a common pattern in their story that makes the protagonist or protagonists move from a zone of comfort or knowledge toward a zone of ignorance, an adventure, and the break of initial comfort. This tour is what Campbell called “the hero’s journey,” and it is the driving force of many of the great stories we know today.

How to master storytelling

• Know your audience. You have a story to tell, but to who? It’s important that you know your target audience well to know what interests them, what inspires them, or even what concerns them. Truly knowing your audience will help your brand create a lasting connection.
• Have a goal. Have you asked yourself why you want to tell this story? What do you expect to achieve through sharing it with your audience? Raise awareness, convey your values, mobilize… The answer to these questions will be the goal of your storytelling.
• Define a main message. There are stories that last just a few seconds, and others that we would need a lifetime to tell. Whatever the length of the story your brand wants to tell, you should understand that you need to convey a main message. To find it, think about the phrase you would like your audience to remember. There you have it.
• Choose a channel and format. A social media video, a blog post, an interactive presentation, a dossier, an ebook… There are as many possibilities as there are stories to tell. When you define what story you want to tell, you can choose the right channel to transmit it and give it the perfect format. Remember that creativity has no limits.
• Share the story. All set? It’s time for your story to be shared with the world. The channel and format you’ve decided on will be essential to spread your brand’s storytelling.

Digital Storytelling: The art of thrilling your audience through a screen

Read more

Examples of storytelling we can learn from

You’re more beautiful than you think, Dove Real Beauty Sketches

If there’s one thing Dove achieves through its stories about real beauty, it’s communicating to everyone who uses its products, especially women, that they are more beautiful than they think. Through these stories, they show that our perception of ourselves is worse than how others perceive us. Are we too critical with our physical self-assessment? We’ll see in this story.

Peru country brand

Although it has been a few years since its launch, this story about a trip to Peru is always among the most remembered videos. Why is this? Besides making us want to visit the Andean country, this story leads us to reflect on the following: Peru is not only the perfect place to get lost, but also to find ourselves and get to know ourselves. This message is one we will never forget.

Ted Talks

Any one of these talks about technology, education, innovation, society, or science is a clear example of storytelling. As its slogan “Ideas worth spreading” says, people who narrate these interesting talks do so  because their ideas deserve to be shared.

One Story Away, Netflix

One story away is the first global campaign Netflix launched to strengthen its brand. The video, which is just over a minute long, shows us scenes from the different productions we can watch on the platform and sends us an essential message: Every story is a great journey. And during the course of that journey, Netflix accompanies us and shows us that we are a story away.

Tips for telling good stories

• Don’t forget what makes you unique and try to tell it in your story.
• Convey an idea, one that your target audience is going to remember for a while.
• Don’t lose focus of your goal, what you want to achieve thanks to storytelling.

Genially and storytelling

Now that you know the keys to storytelling, we encourage you to put it into practice in your Genially creations to convey truly creative stories and get great engagement.

What do you need to communicate? Are you creating a presentation, dossier, or interactive infographic to do this? You can use Genially to create the content you need and tell your great stories through it, the stories that make your brand unique.

Сторителлинг входит в число 12 трендов, которые меняют жизнь прямо сейчас и продолжат делать это в будущем. Люди любят истории, потому что сторителлинг помогает нам донести ключевые идеи и мысли в разговорном и понятном формате без зауми и строгих инструкций. Мы мыслим историями. Помним людей, потому что с ними связаны какие-то истории и сюжеты. Мы ностальгируем по событиям прошлого именно потому, что они хранятся в памяти как фрагменты историй.

Джона Сакс в книге «The Story Wars» сказал: «Яркая история помогает человеку определить, кто он, какие его ценности, с кем он хочет быть заодно». Если вы хотите, чтобы ваша аудитория была с вами заодно, если хотите освоить сторителлинг как инструмент общения, влияния и продаж, то эта статья для вас.

Содержание

• Что такое сторителлинг
• Сюжет и композиция в сторителлинге
• С чего начать написание истории
• Три базовых принципа сторителлинга, которые помогут писать интереснее
• Как выбрать формат и донести историю до широкой аудитории
• Как проанализировать и улучшить историю
• Где учиться сторителлингу
• Что почитать о сторителлинге
• Что посмотреть о сторителлинге
• Выводы

Что такое сторителлинг

Сторителлинг (storytelling) — это рассказывание историй. Помимо житейского пересказа событий сторителлинг широко используется как маркетинговый прием. Он помогает собрать вокруг личности или бренда аудиторию, которая разделяет ценности и подход к делу. Хорошие истории погружают читателя в различные сценарии, будоражат, вдохновляют и подталкивают к важным решениям или покупкам.

Сторителлинг — универсальный инструмент, который подходит очень разным бизнесам и людям.

• Телевизионные шоу рассказывают истории своих героев, чтобы мы больше переживали за них и волновались: кого исключат из проекта на этой неделе?
• Крупные корпорации рассказывают историю создания, чтобы познакомить аудиторию со своими ценностями.
• Предприниматели с помощью историй демонстрируют выгоды от продуктов и услуг.
• Рекрутеры «продают» вакантные места и привлекают нужных кандидатов.
• Специалисты рассказывают об опыте и повышают свою востребованность на рынке.
• Образовательные проекты используют сторителлинг, чтобы рассказать о результатах учащихся и дать надежду будущим ученикам.

Например, Школа Бюро Горбунова ведет независимый журнал «Кто студент». Отвечая на вопросы интервью, студенты школы рассказывают истории о том, с какими трудностями сталкивались при поступлении и какие шаги помогли им попасть на бюджетные места.

Эти истории вдохновляют все новых и новых учащихся пройти этот путь и получить схожий опыт и возможности. 

Сторителлинг помогает читателю увидеть себя в будущем: сотрудником солидной компании, обладателем крутой профессии или человеком, который решил свои проблемы с помощью товара, услуги или учебного курса.

Сюжет и композиция в сторителлинге

Чтобы попробовать себя в рассказывании историй, опирайтесь на самую простую линейную композицию и сюжетные элементы:

• Завязка или крючок — событие, которое предваряет конфликт и знакомит нас с героем и его образом жизни.
• Конфликт — противостояние героя и неких обстоятельств, чаще внешних.
• Нарастающее действие — череда событий, которая рассказывает, что происходит с героем и какие трудности встают на его пути.
• Кризис и кульминация — пик конфликта, герой сталкивается с обстоятельствами лицом к лицу, напряжение на максимуме.
• Нисходящее действие — что происходит, когда пиковая ситуация заканчивается.
• Развязка — конфликт разрешается или утихает. Герой либо добивается цели, либо учится жить в новых обстоятельствах, либо погибает.
• Очень важный пункт в продающем сторителлинге, про который часто забывают, — call to action или призыв к действию.
• Продумайте, что должен сделать человек, прочитавший вашу историю: перейти по ссылке, изучить программу тренинга, использовать ваш промокод, оплатить участие в вебинаре или купить книгу?

Давайте разберем элементы сюжета и композицию, используя такой пример сторителлинга:

Популярный блогер  рассказывает в серии инстагарам-сториз  о своей собаке.  Сначала о том, как она появилась и изменила жизнь семьи — это завязка. Потом — как собака впервые заболела, и ей поставили ужасный диагноз. Это конфликт. Мы уже погружаемся в маленькую отдельно взятую драму и листаем истории, чтобы узнать, что было дальше. Нарастание событий в этой истории — дальнейшие анализы, врачи, миллион назначений и смена кормов. Кризис случается, когда собаке снова становится плохо, она не ходит, не ест, не пьет и не просится гулять. Кульминация — срочный выезд к врачу, капельницы, ночь без сна. Собаку спасают. Нисходящие события: да, новые лекарства и попытки скормить собаке таблетки, да, очередная смена специального корма — это грустно, но мы пережили кризис! Собака будет жить. Развязка случается, когда собака снова радостно таскает камни на прогулке. И вот в финальной истории (а потом и в посте) блогер называет бренд корма, который собаке назначен сейчас, дает промокод на покупку и крепит ссылку в свайп. Та-дам! Это призыв к действию, и в этот момент сторителлинг становится продающим.

Точно так же, по такому же сюжету, можно рассказывать о чем угодно. Как вы потеряли, а потом нашли новую работу благодаря важным навыкам. Как начали преподавать, провели неудачный курс, унывали и хотели бросить, а потом переделали программу и стратегию запуска. Как съездили в путешествие, которое изменило вашу жизнь, потому что…

Драматических ситуаций, в которые можно помещать героя, писатели и сценаристы насчитали аж 36. Берите любой и описывайте свои события. А помимо линейной композиции, где события следуют подряд и нанизываются друг за другом, можно использовать кольцевую, зеркальную, ретроспективную или и вовсе рассказ в рассказе. С линейной проще, потому что вы и так ее используете, когда рассказываете друзьям о каких-то событиях своей жизни.

С чего начать написание истории

Не торопитесь писать прямо сейчас. Одних сюжетных элементов для сторителлинга недостаточно. Нужно продумать подачу и тему, которые будут интересны не только вам, но и вашей аудитории.

Определите свою аудиторию

Для кого вы работаете? Кто должен увидеть вашу историю и отреагировать на нее? На кого история должна произвести впечатление, которого вы добиваетесь? Чего боится этот человек и на какие мысли или действия его натолкнет ваш рассказ? Составьте 3–4 подробных аватара клиента и держите в голове этих людей, когда будете писать историю.

Решите, какие эмоции будет вызывать история у аудитории

Заставить читателя чувствовать себя так, как вы этого хотите, — вот что важно в сторителлинге. Читатель может удивляться, злиться, плакать, хохотать в голос, спорить, писать гневные комментарии или вдохновляться вашим примером и пробовать что-то подобное.

Анализ аудитории поможет вам понять, чего хотят эти люди. От каких страхов и проблем хотят избавиться и какие эмоции заставят их совершить нужные действия.

Сформулируйте цель сторителлинга

Не нужно писать историю, чтобы написать историю. Подумайте, чего вы хотите добиться с ее помощью? Может, вы хотите, чтобы у клиентов появился интерес к новому учебному курсу и профессии, которую он дает? Или вы рассказываете историю, чтобы обосновать цену на тренинг? Или вы хотите, чтобы читатель сделал репост, и пост увидело еще больше людей? Или призываете подписать петицию?

«Я пишу эту историю, чтобы что?» — всего один этот вопрос поможет понять, какую задачу вы хотите решить с помощью сторителлинга.

Продумайте призыв к действию

Не бросайте своего читателя в финале истории. Подскажите, что ему делать дальше, какой шаг совершить, чтобы вы добились цели, которую ставили. 

• «Расскажите в комментариях, как вы заработали свои первые деньги».
• «Подпишитесь на мой канал, чтобы не пропустить новые видеообзоры».
• «Пришлите слово “файл” в директ, и я вышлю вам подарок».
• «Введите свой email, чтобы скачать бесплатный чек-лист».
• «Используйте промокод, чтобы получить 20% скидки».

Эти призывы вы видели сотни раз. Используйте их, чтобы подтолкнуть аудиторию к нужному действию. Хотите повысить охват поста, вовлекайте в диалог читателей, просите лайков и шеров. Хотите продаж, мотивируйте купить продукт или услугу. И так далее.

Если вы определили цель истории правильно, то продумать целевое действие будет легко.

Три базовых принципа сторителлинга, которые помогут писать интереснее

Используйте живого и понятного героя

Частая ошибка продающих историй — помещать в центре рассказа предмет или услугу и показывать, как именно этот предмет помогает аудитории.

История станет лучше, если поместить в центр повествования живого человека, в котором читатель сможет узнать себя.

Мы легко представляем себя на месте Ильи, потому что он — обычный человек, попавший в сложную ситуацию.

Заставьте героя совершать понятные действия

Чтобы оживить историю, сделать ее более наглядной и объемной, в описании поступков героя используйте глаголы действия, а не глаголы состояния.

Глагол «сопровождает» слишком абстрактный, как и фраза «демонстрация жизненного опыта». А вот слова «рисует» и «травит байки» мгновенно погружают нас в понятную картинку.

Описывайте близкие аудитории обстоятельства

Описывая историю, все время держите в голове людей, которые должны ее увидеть. Если ваш сторителлинг предназначен психологам, то герой, его поступки и условия, в которые он попадает, должны коррелировать с опытом психологов. Если он для врачей — значит, в истории будут ситуации из медицинской практики.

Если обратиться к истории про чат-бота, который подбирает билеты, то мы можем поменять контекст в зависимости от аудитории.

Канва истории осталась та же, но поменялся контекст — обстоятельства, в которые мы поместили понятных для нашей ЦА героев.

Как выбрать формат и донести историю до широкой аудитории

Чаще всего о сторителлинге говорят как о тексте, но на самом деле история может выглядеть как угодно. Чтобы донести ее до аудитории и охватить как можно больше людей, историю важно правильно упаковать.

Например, компания LEGO выпустила 17-минутный мультфильм об истории создания бренда. Зрители смогли заглянуть за кулисы, проникнуться идеей конструирования и почувствовать себя частью компании.

Популярный блогер Александра Митрошина в августе 2020-го выпустила документальный мини-сериал «Ушла быть блогером». Он о том, как из обычной студентки Саша превратилась в медийную личность и блогера-милионника. Сериал стал этапом воронки продаж Сашиного курса «Инсталогия 2.0», а сама Саша — ролевой моделью и примером для будущих блогеров.

Лонгрид о том, как хранить вещи в доме, выглядит как рассказ с настоящими главами. Он знакомит читателя с коучингово-инженерным подходом к организации пространства от Натальи Львовой. По сути своей он является рекламой ее услуг, но не кричит «купи-купи», а подталкивает к знакомству с Натальей через бесплатную консультацию.

В самом известном примере сторителлинга в газете New York Times для повествования о снежной лавине использован весь арсенал выразительных и визуальных средств.

Поделенный на главы текст, видео, аудиодорожки, фотографии, слайдшоу, цитаты, сноски, инфографика, гифки и потрясающая верстка — все работает на удержание внимания читателя и воздействие на разные каналы восприятия.

Сторителлинг сегодня пришел даже в сториз, недаром в рунете их называют историями. В серии коротких 15-секундных видео можно выстроить сюжет, показать препятствия на пути героя-блогера или эксперта и эффектно явить миру кульминацию, сопроводив ее призывом свайпнуть и перейти по ссылке.

Как проанализировать и улучшить историю

На публикации работа над историей не заканчивается. Если вы хотите прокачать навык сторителлинга, анализируйте результаты и отклик. Посмотрите:

• Кто отозвался на историю. Это те люди, которых вы себе представляли?
• Какие эмоции вам удалось вызвать у них? Как они говорят о своих решениях?
• Совершают ли читатели целевые действия? Удалось ли вам добиться своих целей?
• Если на вашем сайте установлены «Яндекс.Метрика» или Google Analytics, посмотрите отчет вебвизора и тепловые карты — дочитывают ли историю до конца? И если нет, то в каком месте люди покидают страницу? Как этот фрагмент истории можно переделать и улучшить?

Если не уверены, что ваш текст сработает, сходите на консультацию к специалисту и подумайте, как историю можно усилить.

Где учиться сторителлингу

1. Искусство сторителлинга от Pixar на платформе Khan Academy. Шесть модулей познакомят вас с базовыми понятиями и структурными элементами хорошей истории. Вы узнаете, как создавать персонажей, которым хочется сопереживать. Увидите, как визуальный язык влияет на восприятие истории и сможете использовать приемы Pixar в своих историях.

Язык: английский.

Цена: бесплатно.

2. Курс по сторителлингу для маркетинга и бизнеса от Udemy и Алекса Голда. Расскажет о том, что такое легенда для бизнеса и какова ее роль. Научит тому, как рассказать о продукте или сервисе, чтобы привлечь большую аудиторию. 

Язык: английский. 

Цена: $14.

3. Курс «Сторителлинг: сильный текст от А до Я» от Udemy научит находить идеи для историй и преподносить ценности продукта, поможет создать личный бренд и отстроиться от конкурентов.

Язык: русский. 

Цена: $19,99.

4. Шестинедельный курс Елены Асановой «Сторителлинг для бизнеса» на платформе BigTomorrow. Вы научитесь выстраивать отношения, рассказывая истории о себе и своем бизнесе. 

Язык: русский. 

Цена: от 27 000 рублей.

5. Онлайн-курс Лилии Ким «ДНК истории». 15 уроков для тех, чьим профессиональным инструментом является история. Курс поможет найти свой авторский голос и видеть истории всюду. 

Язык: русский. 

Цена: от 14990 рублей.

5. Курс «Сторителлинг» от 4Brain. За 5 недель и 20 уроков научит аргументированно, оригинально и остроумно излагать свои мысли, чтобы вас было интересно читать и слушать. 

Язык: русский. 

Цена: обычная 3000 рублей (на момент публикации действует скидка 1010 рублей).

6. Онлайн-курс «Сторителлинг» От Skillbox обещает, что вы изучите основы драматургии, поймете, как текстом и визуальными образами удерживать внимание аудитории и воздействовать на эмоции. Сможете уверенно презентовать себя и свои проекты. 

Язык: русский. 

Цена: 29868 рублей.

7. Дистанционный курс Татьяны Жаковой «Сторителлинг: как рассказать свою историю». За 45 уроков и 30 домашних заданий вы научитесь использовать силу историй для того, чтобы живей и легче писать в соцестях и больше никогда не продавать напрямую. 

Язык: русский. 

Цена: 4500 рублей.

8. Курс сторителлинга от Skillbox научит использовать сторителлинг, найти свой стиль написания, развить креативность и использовать различные творческие техники, а также рассказывать истории публично.

Язык: русский.

Цена: 5 500 руб. в рассрочку на 24 месяца

Что почитать о сторителлинге

Лена Трускова рассказывает, откуда берется и куда приводит история. Из текста вы узнаете, что самое важное в сторителлинге.

Аннет Симмонс в книге «Сторителлинг. Как использовать силу историй» дает советы о том, как находить и записывать истории. Она разбирает шесть типов сторителлинга и рассказывает, как их можно применять в зависимости от обстоятельств и аудитории, на которую истории нацелены. Сама книга тоже наполнена историями, которые помогут вдохновиться и написать что-то подобное.

Роберт Макки и его «История на миллион долларов. Мастер-класс для сценаристов, писателей и не только» повествуют о ремесленной части создания сценария или истории. Автор анализирует фильмы и показывает, из каких компонентов складывается хорошая история. Он говорит, как рассказывать о событиях и как довести героя до кризиса, чтобы зритель, слушатель или читатель сопереживал и не мог оторваться от истории.

Пол Смит в книге «Мастер историй. Увлекай, убеждай, вдохновляй» рассказывает о том, как использовать эмоции и создавать классные презентации. Он дает матрицу историй, которая поможет вам подобрать историю на любую тему.

Акаш Кариа, «Вдохновляй своей речью. 23 инструмента сторителлинга от лучших спикеров TED Talks». Если вы недостаточно зажигательный рассказчик, то эта книга станет для вас продвинутым мастер-классом от всемирно известных спикеров конференции TED. С ней вы научитесь говорить так, чтобы вас слушали.

Что посмотреть о сторителлинге

• Подборка TED-выступлений о сторителлинге.
• Мастер-класс Алексея Каптерева «Сторителлинг». 
• Курс студии «Pixar» с русской озвучкой. 
• Александр Молчанов о том, «Как создать историю на миллион. Сторителлинг для бизнеса и продаж».

• Лекция Лилии Ким «Сторителлинг для образовательного бизнеса».  

Выводы

1. Истории были, есть и будут средством передачи информации и способом проникнуть в сердца аудитории без занудных инструкций и нравоучений. 
2. Умение рассказывать истории — это навык, которым вы уже владеете, но можете делать это еще лучше.
3. Сторителлинг в вакууме — путь в никуда. Ориентируйте истории на свою аудиторию, ее проблемы и контекст, который ее волнует.
4. Мало рассказать историю, важно продумать ее подачу и упаковку — то, как она будет выглядеть для аудитории.
5. Учитесь у профессиональных рассказчиков. Собирайте классные истории, которые вас зацепили, чтобы анализировать и понимать, как они сделаны и какие приемы вы можете использовать у себя.

telling stories — перевод на русский

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