The word stock of any given language can be roughly divided into the following groups

Stylistic Classification of the English
Vocabulary

1. Neutral, common literary and common colloquial
vocabulary

2. Special literary vocabulary

3. Special colloquial vocabulary

1. Neutral, common literary and common colloquial vocabulary

The word-stock of any language may be represented
as a definite system in which different aspects
of words may be singled out as interdependent. Aspect-
the most typical characteristic of a word.

The word-stock of any given language can be
roughly divided into three uneven groups, differing from each other
by the sphere of its possible use. The biggest layer of the English
word-stock is made up of neutral words,
possessing no stylistic connotation and suitable for any
communicative situation, two smaller ones are
and colloquial
strata respectively.

Literary words serve to satisfy communicative
demands of official, scientific, poetic messages, while the
colloquial ones are employed in non-official everyday communication.
Though there is no immediate correlation between the written and the
oral forms of speech on the one hand, and the literary and colloquial
words, on the other, yet, for the most part, the first ones are
mainly observed in the written form, as most literary messages appear
in writing. And vice versa: though there are many examples of
colloquialisms in writing (informal letters, diaries), their usage is
associated with the oral form of communication. Consequently,
taking for analysis printed materials we shall find
literary words in authorial speech, descriptions,
considerations, while colloquialisms will be observed in
the types of discourse, simulating (copying) everyday oral
communication-i.e., in the dialogue (or interior monologue) of a
prose work.

When we classify some speech (text) fragment as
literary or colloquial it does not mean that all the words
constituting it have a corresponding stylistic meaning. More than
that: words with a pronounced stylistic connotation are few in any
type of discourse, the overwhelming majority of its lexis being
neutral. As our famous philologist L.V.
Shcherba once said- a stylistically coloured word is like a drop of
paint added to a glass of pure water and colouring the whole of it.

The literary and the colloquial layers contain a
number of subgroups each of which has a property it shares with all
the subgroups within the layer. This
common property, which unites the different groups of words within
the layer, may be called its aspect. The
aspect of the literary layer is its
markedly bookish character. It is this that makes the layer more or
less stable. The aspect of the
colloquial layer of words is its
lively-spoken character. It is this that makes it unstable, fleeting.
The aspect of the neutral layer
is its universal character. That means it is unrestricted in its use.
It can be employed in all styles of language and in all spheres of
human activity. It is this that makes the layer the most stable of
all.

The literary layer
of words consists of groups accepted as legitimate members of the
English vocabulary. They have no local or dialectal character.

The colloquial layer
of words as qualified in most English or American dictionaries is not
infrequently limited to a definite language community or confined to
a special locality where it circulates.

Each of the two named groups of words, possessing
a stylistic meaning (literary and colloquial), is not homogeneous as
to the quality of the meaning, frequency of use, sphere of
application, or the number and character of potential users. This
is why each one is further divided into the common
(general), i.e. known to and used by
native speakers in generalized literary (formal) or colloquial
(informal) communication, and special
bulks. The latter ones, in their turn, are subdivided into subgroups,
each one serving a rather narrow, specified communicative purpose.

The literary vocabulary
consists of the following groups of words:

1. common literary; 2. terms and learned words;
3. poetic words; 4. archaic words; 5. barbarisms and foreign words;
6. literary coinages including nonce-words.

The colloquial vocabulary
falls into the following groups: 1. common colloquial words; 2.
slang; 3. jargonisms; 4. professional words; 5. dialectal words; 6.
vulgar words; 7. colloquial coinages.

The common literary, neutral and common colloquial
words are grouped under the term standard
English vocabulary. Other groups in the
literary layer are regarded as special literary vocabulary and those
in the colloquial layer are regarded as special colloquial
(non-literary) vocabulary.

Neutral words,
which form the bulk of the English vocabulary, are used in both
literary and colloquial language. Neutral words are the main source
of synonymy and polysemy. It is the neutral stock of words that is so
prolific in the production of new meanings new words by means of
conversion, word compounding, word derivation.

Unlike all other groups, the neutral group of
words cannot be considered as having a special stylistic colouring,
whereas both literary and colloquial words have a definite stylistic
colouring.

Common literary words
are chiefly used in writing and in polished speech.

The following synonyms illustrate the relations
that exist between the neutral, literary and colloquial words in the
English language: kid-child-infant, daddy-father-parent,
chap-fellow-associate, go on, continue, proceed.

These synonyms are not only stylistic but
ideographic as well, i.e. there is a definite, though slight,
semantic difference between the words. But this is almost always the
case with synonyms. There are very few absolute synonyms in English
just as there are in any language. The main distinction between
synonyms remains stylistic. But stylistic difference may be of
various kinds: it may lie in the emotional colouring of a word, or in
the sphere of application, or in the degree of the quality denoted.
Colloquial words are always more emotionally coloured than literary
ones. The neutral stratum of words, as the term itself implies, has
no degree of emotiveness, nor have they any distinctions in the
sphere of usage.

Both literary and colloquial words have their
upper and lower ranges. The lower range of literary words approaches
the neutral layer and has a markedly obvious tendency to pass into
that layer. The same may be said of the upper range of the colloquial
layer: it can very easily pass into the neutral layer. The
borderlines between common colloquial and neutral, on the one hand,
and common literary and neutral, on the other, are blurred.

Common
colloquial vocabulary overlaps into
the standard English vocabulary and is therefore to be considered
part of it. It borders both on the neutral vocabulary and on the
special colloquial vocabulary. Both common literary and common
colloquial words are not homogenious. Some of them are closer to the
non-standard groups while other words approach the neutral bulk of
the vocabulary.

blitz

1
a special effort to finish a job or to deal with a problem
quickly and thoroughly:

blitz on: It’s time we had a
blitz on the paperwork.

2
a sudden military attack

The stylistic function of the different
strata of the English vocabulary depends mostly on their interaction
when they are opposed to one another.

Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]

• #
• #
• #
• #
• #
• #
• #
• #
• #
• #
• #

Bog’liq
0014d50b-5ce76d77
d b o amonov-n-s 1aac87c4, Abduramanov Ulug’bek 914-19 13-labaratoriya, Test Sojida Absamatova, ingliz oraliq(1), ingliz oraliq(1), 2 5289618852022325313, 2 5289618852022325313, Funksional analiz, Elektr tarmoklarida energiyani tejash (1), 2 5444988031234740177, 11 — sinf Nazorat ishi — 7, 10 — sinf 5 — nazorat ishi, Asliddin Xalilov, 1- topshiriq, 10.1515 9783110485912-007

Bu sahifa navigatsiya:
• 2. What do Literary words serve to satisfy
• 3. What do colloquial words serve to satisfy
• 4. The biggest division of vocabulary is made up of
• 6. The main source of synonymy and polysemy are considered to be
• 8. Terms are