The word sound used in a sentence

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This shows grade level based on the word’s complexity.


noun

the sensation produced by stimulation of the organs of hearing by vibrations transmitted through the air or other medium.

mechanical vibrations transmitted through an elastic medium, traveling in air at a speed of approximately 1,087 feet (331 meters) per second at sea level.

the particular auditory effect produced by a given cause: the sound of music.

any auditory effect; any audible vibrational disturbance: all kinds of sounds.

a noise, vocal utterance, musical tone, or the like: the sounds from the next room.

a distinctive, characteristic, or recognizable musical style, as from a particular performer, orchestra, or type of arrangement: the big-band sound.

Phonetics.

  1. speech sound.
  2. the audible result of an utterance or portion of an utterance: the s-sound in “slight”;the sound of m in “mere.”

the auditory effect of sound waves as transmitted or recorded by a particular system of sound reproduction: the sound of a stereophonic recording.

the quality of an event, letter, etc., as it affects a person: This report has a bad sound.

the distance within which the noise of something may be heard.

mere noise, without meaning: all sound and fury.

Archaic. a report or rumor; news; tidings.

verb (used without object)

to make or emit a sound.

to give forth a sound as a call or summons: The bugle sounded as the troops advanced.

to be heard, as a sound.

to convey a certain impression when heard or read: to sound strange.

to give a specific sound: to sound loud.

to give the appearance of being; seem: The report sounds true.

Law. to have as its basis or foundation (usually followed by in): His action sounds in contract.

verb (used with object)

to cause to make or emit a sound: to sound a bell.

to give forth (a sound): The oboe sounded an A.

to announce, order, or direct by or as by a sound: The bugle sounded retreat.His speech sounded a warning to aggressor nations.

to utter audibly, pronounce, or express: to sound each letter.

to examine by percussion or auscultation: to sound a patient’s chest.

Verb Phrases

sound off, Informal.

  1. to call out one’s name, as at military roll call.
  2. to speak freely or frankly, especially to complain in such a manner.
  3. to exaggerate; boast: Has he been sounding off about his golf game again?

QUIZ

CAN YOU ANSWER THESE COMMON GRAMMAR DEBATES?

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Idioms about sound

    (that) sounds good (to me), (used when accepting a suggestion) I agree; yes; OK: “Shall we meet at my place at 3 tomorrow, and talk about it in more detail then?” “Sounds good.”

Origin of sound

1

First recorded in 1250–1300; (noun) Middle English soun, from Anglo-French (Old French son ), from Latin sonus; (verb) Middle English sounen, from Old French suner, from Latin sonāre, derivative of sonus

synonym study for sound

1. Sound, noise, tone refer to something heard. Sound and noise are often used interchangeably for anything perceived by means of hearing. Sound, however, is more general in application, being used for anything within earshot: the sound of running water. Noise, caused by irregular vibrations, is more properly applied to a loud, discordant, or unpleasant sound: the noise of shouting. Tone is applied to a musical sound having a certain quality, resonance, and pitch.

OTHER WORDS FROM sound

sound·a·ble, adjectiveun·sound·a·ble, adjective

Words nearby sound

soul music, soul-searching, soul sister, Soult, sou marqué, sound, soundalike, sound-and-light, sound-and-light show, sound as a bell, sound barrier

Other definitions for sound (2 of 5)


adjective, sound·er, sound·est.

free from injury, damage, defect, disease, etc.; in good condition; healthy; robust: a sound heart;a sound mind.

financially strong, secure, or reliable: a sound business;sound investments.

competent, sensible, or valid: sound judgment.

having no defect as to truth, justice, wisdom, or reason: sound advice.

following in a systematic pattern without any apparent defect in logic: sound reasoning.

of substantial or enduring character: sound moral values.

uninterrupted and untroubled; deep; sound sleep.

vigorous, thorough, or severe: a sound thrashing.

free from moral defect or weakness; upright, honest, or good; honorable; loyal.

having no legal defect: a sound title to property.

theologically correct or orthodox, as doctrines or a theologian.

adverb

Origin of sound

2

First recorded in 1150–1200; Middle English sund, Old English gesund (see y-); cognate with Dutch gezond, German gesund

OTHER WORDS FROM sound

sound·ly, adverbsound·ness, noun

Other definitions for sound (3 of 5)


verb (used with object)

to measure or try the depth of (water, a deep hole, etc.) by letting down a lead or plummet at the end of a line, or by some equivalent means.

to measure (depth) in such a manner, as at sea.

to examine or test (the bottom, as of the sea or a deep hole) with a lead that brings up adhering bits of matter.

to examine or investigate; seek to fathom or ascertain: to sound a person’s views.

to seek to elicit the views or sentiments of (a person) by indirect inquiries, suggestive allusions, etc. (often followed by out): Why not sound him out about working for us?

Surgery. to examine, as the urinary bladder, with a sound.

verb (used without object)

to use the lead and line or some other device for measuring depth, as at sea.

to go down or touch bottom, as a lead.

to plunge downward or dive, as a whale.

to make investigation; seek information, especially by indirect inquiries.

noun

Surgery. a long, slender instrument for sounding or exploring body cavities or canals.

Origin of sound

3

First recorded in 1300–50; Middle English sounden, from Old French sonder “to plumb,” derivative of sonde “sounding line,” of unknown origin

OTHER WORDS FROM sound

sound·a·ble, adjective

Other definitions for sound (4 of 5)


noun

a relatively narrow passage of water between larger bodies of water or between the mainland and an island: Long Island Sound.

an inlet, arm, or recessed portion of the sea: Puget Sound.

the air bladder of a fish.

Origin of sound

4

First recorded before 900; Middle English; Old English sund “act of swimming”; akin to swim

Other definitions for sound (5 of 5)


noun

The Sound, a strait between southwestern Sweden and Zealand, connecting the Kattegat and the Baltic. 87 miles (140 km) long; 3–30 miles (5–48 km) wide.

Danish Ø·re·sund [Danish œruh-soon] /Danish ˈœ rəˌsʊn/ . Swedish Ö·re·sund [Swedish œruh-soond] /Swedish ˈœ rəˌsʊnd/ .

Dictionary.com Unabridged
Based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2023

Words related to sound

flawless, intact, robust, safe, sane, solid, stable, sturdy, thorough, vibrant, vigorous, accurate, correct, fair, judicious, precise, proper, prudent, rational, reliable

How to use sound in a sentence

  • If that sounds like you, don’t feel like you need to suffer to see gains.

  • In many cases, this will come as no surprise—we use many apps precisely because they can take pictures or record a sound.

  • The content should not be stuffed, like in the old days of SEO, it should rather be a natural-sounding copy written in an informative style.

  • Now researchers think the sounds stop queens from fighting to the death.

  • For one thing, it sounds like the App Store will now support game-streaming services like Microsoft’s xCloud and Google’s Stadia.

  • Again, the difference can seem subtle and sound more like splitting hairs, but the difference is important.

  • And it must make sure that the platform of debate where we can freely exchange ideas is safe and sound.

  • “Gronkowski” itself never manages to sound more erotic than the name of a hearty Polish stew or a D-list WWE performer.

  • Girls in Peacetime Want to Dance is a different sound for you.

  • “You can imagine the sound of that gun on a Bronx street,” Chief of Detectives Robert Boyce says.

  • Sol laughed out of his whiskers, with a big, loose-rolling sound, and sat on the porch without waiting to be asked.

  • She was flushed and felt intoxicated with the sound of her own voice and the unaccustomed taste of candor.

  • Bells were pealing and tolling in all directions, and the air was filled with the sound of distant shouts and cries.

  • It will be remembered that pitch depends upon the rapidity of the sound waves or vibrations.

  • Miss Christabel blushed furiously and emitted a sound half between a laugh and a scream.

British Dictionary definitions for sound (1 of 5)


noun

  1. a periodic disturbance in the pressure or density of a fluid or in the elastic strain of a solid, produced by a vibrating object. It has a velocity in air at sea level at 0°C of 331 metres per second (741 miles per hour) and travels as longitudinal waves
  2. (as modifier)a sound wave

(modifier) of or relating to radio as distinguished from televisionsound broadcasting; sound radio

the sensation produced by such a periodic disturbance in the organs of hearing

anything that can be heard

a particular instance, quality, or type of soundthe sound of running water

volume or quality of sounda radio with poor sound

the area or distance over which something can be heardto be born within the sound of Big Ben

the impression or implication of somethingI don’t like the sound of that

phonetics the auditory effect produced by a specific articulation or set of related articulations

(often plural) slang music, esp rock, jazz, or pop

verb

to cause (something, such as an instrument) to make a sound or (of an instrument, etc) to emit a sound

to announce or be announced by a soundto sound the alarm

(intr) (of a sound) to be heard

(intr) to resonate with a certain quality or intensityto sound loud

(copula) to give the impression of being as specified when read, heard, etcto sound reasonable

(tr) to pronounce distinctly or audiblyto sound one’s consonants

(intr usually foll by in) law to have the essential quality or nature (of)an action sounding in damages

Derived forms of sound

soundable, adjective

Word Origin for sound

C13: from Old French soner to make a sound, from Latin sonāre, from sonus a sound

British Dictionary definitions for sound (2 of 5)


adjective

free from damage, injury, decay, etc

firm; solid; substantiala sound basis

financially safe or stablea sound investment

showing good judgment or reasoning; sensible; wisesound advice

valid, logical, or justifiablea sound argument

holding approved beliefs; ethically correct; upright; honest

(of sleep) deep; peaceful; unbroken

thorough; completea sound examination

British informal excellent

law (of a title, etc) free from defect; legally valid

constituting a valid and justifiable application of correct principles; orthodoxsound theology

logic

  1. (of a deductive argument) valid
  2. (of an inductive argument) according with whatever principles ensure the high probability of the truth of the conclusion given the truth of the premises
  3. another word for consistent (def. 5b)

adverb

soundly; deeply: now archaic except when applied to sleep

Derived forms of sound

soundly, adverbsoundness, noun

Word Origin for sound

Old English sund; related to Old Saxon gisund, Old High German gisunt

British Dictionary definitions for sound (3 of 5)


verb

to measure the depth of (a well, the sea, etc) by lowering a plumb line, by sonar, etc

to seek to discover (someone’s views, etc), as by questioning

(intr) (of a whale, etc) to dive downwards swiftly and deeply

med

  1. to probe or explore (a bodily cavity or passage) by means of a sound
  2. to examine (a patient) by means of percussion and auscultation

noun

med an instrument for insertion into a bodily cavity or passage to dilate strictures, dislodge foreign material, etc

Word Origin for sound

C14: from Old French sonder, from sonde sounding line, probably of Germanic origin; related to Old English sundgyrd sounding pole, Old Norse sund strait, sound 4; see swim

British Dictionary definitions for sound (4 of 5)


noun

a relatively narrow channel between two larger areas of sea or between an island and the mainland

an inlet or deep bay of the sea

the air bladder of a fish

Word Origin for sound

Old English sund swimming, narrow sea; related to Middle Low German sunt strait; see sound ³

British Dictionary definitions for sound (5 of 5)


noun

the Sound a strait between SW Sweden and Zealand (Denmark), linking the Kattegat with the Baltic: busy shipping lane; spanned by a bridge in 2000. Length of the strait: 113 km (70 miles). Narrowest point: 5 km (3 miles)Danish name: Øresund Swedish name: Öresund

Collins English Dictionary — Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition
© William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins
Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012

Scientific definitions for sound (1 of 2)


A type of longitudinal wave that originates as the vibration of a medium (such as a person’s vocal cords or a guitar string) and travels through gases, liquids, and elastic solids as variations of pressure and density. The loudness of a sound perceived by the ear depends on the amplitude of the sound wave and is measured in decibels, while its pitch depends on its frequency, measured in hertz.

The sensation produced in the organs of hearing by waves of this type. See Note at ultrasound.

Scientific definitions for sound (2 of 2)


A long, wide inlet of the ocean, often parallel to the coast. Long Island Sound, between Long Island and the coast of New England, is an example.

A long body of water, wider than a strait, that connects larger bodies of water.

The American Heritage® Science Dictionary
Copyright © 2011. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved.

Other Idioms and Phrases with sound


In addition to the idioms beginning with sound

  • sound as a bell
  • sound bite
  • sound off
  • sound out

The American Heritage® Idioms Dictionary
Copyright © 2002, 2001, 1995 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company.

Sound sentence examples. The sentences below are ordered by length from shorter and easier to longer and more complex. They use sound in a sentence, providing visitors a sentence for sound.

  • He is sound at heart. (10)
  • No sound came from above. (8)
  • No sound of her any more! (8)
  • Emma grew sick at the sound. (4)
  • A sound made her swing round. (8)
  • I said I wanted to sound you. (10)
  • She heard the sound of water. (22)
  • The sound of applause is heard.] (8)
  • They sound like blessed things. (22)
  • The sound seemed too appropriate. (8)
  • A sound of humming came to his ears. (8)
  • Though sound at core, she is old wood. (10)
  • Not a sound was heard from bough or brake. (10)
  • A sound from Fleur distracted his attention. (8)
  • At the same time a sound of wheels was heard. (10)
  • He heard, to his alarm, a little gulping sound. (8)
  • So phantom-like a sound of speech alarmed him. (10)
  • And, encouraged by that sound, Barbara went closer. (8)
  • The sound of footsteps on the gravel made her turn. (8)
  • There is but sound of sedges dry; In me they sing. (10)
  • At last she lay very quiet, without motion or sound. (12)
  • She heard the sound of wheels-Lady Casterley had gone. (8)
  • The sound of a voice singing breaks in on their embrace. (8)
  • He would have shouted, but dreaded the sound of his voice. (8)
  • The sound of an electric bell is heard within the elevator. (9)
  • There was a wistful sound, as of breath escaping hurriedly. (8)
  • To go to bed every night with the sound of hooting in my ears! (8)
  • A sound of the galloping hoof drew her attention to the avenue. (10)
  • To these words Cecilia answered with a sound almost like a gasp. (8)
  • He made a sound that was almost a groan, and dropped on his knees. (8)
  • Loud cheers greeted this utterance, and stimulated by the sound Mr. (8)
  • The eyes closed, and that strangled sound of breathing began again. (8)
  • That his treatment of Old Tom was sound, he presently had proof of. (10)
  • Some of the horses pricked up their ears at the sound of their voices. (9)
  • There was not the faintest sound now, but of course he was still there. (8)
  • They heard through the noise of the mill-water the funeral bell sound. (10)
  • No one moved; not a sound could be heard but the tone of his deep voice. (8)
  • What methods of producing sound are used in playing stringed instruments? (3)
  • He heard a sound behind him, and saw that his wife and daughter had come in. (8)
  • Halidome cleared his throat, and there was something portentous in the sound. (8)
  • Well, not to torment you, he wished to sound an alarm cry after Angelo Guidascarpi. (10)
  • People were moving above; he heard a long moaning sound that filled his heart with terror. (8)
  • The voice overheard was off at a prodigious rate, like the far sound of a yell ringing on and on. (10)
  • He could not get away from the mocking sound of Rose beseeching him to instruct her on that point. (10)
  • His quick ear caught a sound of hoofs cantering down the avenue on the Northern front of the house. (10)
  • He hated the sound of his voice as he said it, though he tried to make it impersonal and indifferent. (13)
  • The sound of his voice was utterly unlike his own, and Kirsteen, starting forward, put her arm round him. (8)
  • There are some sentences which have a mournful sound read to-day, thirty-five years after the discussion. (14)
  • A cracked metallic tinkle answered her, but no one came; only a faint sound as of someone pacing to and fro. (8)
  • There was no sound, not one tiny noise of water, wind in trees, or man; not even of birds or the moor ponies. (8)
  • When the show had vanished, their spirits hung pausing, like the hollow air emptied of big sound, and reacted. (10)
  • On the air came the shrilly, hollow droning of a thresher, and the sound seemed exactly to express her feelings. (8)
  • Still holding that hand before his mouth, and smothering the sound of his feet in the long grass, he crept away. (8)
  • It was very still, but for the tinkle of cowbells, and, from somewhere in the distance, the sound of dropping logs. (8)
  • The moonless night; like a dark bird, had nested in the garden; the sighing of the lilac bushes was the only sound. (8)
  • After the first stinging pain of the wound, they make no sound, but bear their agony with mute, wondering endurance. (21)
  • The sound of her voice, reserved and close, the sight of her figure watchfully poised, defensive, was helping him now. (8)
  • The sound of coarse talk and laughter floated out into air thick with the reek of paraffin and the scent of frying fish. (8)
  • The sound of the regimental bugles drew him from the house, rather than any immediate settled scheme to watch at the gates. (10)
  • Miss Naylor made no reply to this, but vexedly cut off a sound rose, which she hastily picked up and regarded with contrition. (8)
  • Then, taking care to make no sound, she passed into the hall, caught up her sunshade, and went out, closing the door without noise. (8)
  • At the sound of hurried steps in the anteroom, Mrs. Roberts turns from the window, and runs to the portiere, through which she puts her head. (9)
  • As he spoke there was a shrill whistle from the fire marshal, and then a wrenching, crashing, plunging noise, like the sound of an avalanche. (13)
  • Then, in the stillness, Hilary seemed to hear, deep and very faint, the sound as of some monster breathing, or the far beating of muffed drums. (8)
  • Mrs. Small, Aunt Hester, and their cat were left once more alone, the sound of a door closing in the distance announced the approach of Timothy. (8)
  • She sprinkled silvery sound on that name or on the adieu, blushed, blinked, frowned, sweetened her lip-lines, bit at the underone, and passed in a discomposure. (10)

Also see sentences for: channel, enduring, energy, explore, fathom, firm, hale.

Glad you visited this page with a sentence for sound. Now that you’ve seen how to use sound in a sentence hope you might explore the rest of this educational reference site Sentencefor.com to see many other example sentences which provide word usage information.

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Фонетика. Сильные и слабые формы.

В английском языке есть слова, которые имеют две формы произношения: сильную (strong form) и слабую (weak form). Например, модальный глагол could в сильной (ударной) позиции произносится как [kʊd], а в слабой (безударной) позиции — [kəd].

Почему некоторые слова имеют две формы произношения?

В английском языке есть такое понятие как фразовое ударение. Фразовое ударение — это выделение голосом в предложении одних слов среди других. То есть некоторые слова в предложении произносятся с большим ударением, чем другие.

При этом в английском есть слова, которые в предложении, как правило, всегда ударны. Это знаменательные (или по-другому самостоятельные) слова: существительные, смысловые глаголыприлагательныенаречиячислительныеуказательные местоимения (this/these; that/those), вопросительные местоимения (what, why, when, where, how). Эти слова сами по себе сильные, потому что в предложении они играют важную роль — передают смысл. Поэтому в устной речи мы стремимся выделить их голосом, а так как эти слова в предложении всегда под ударением, то и имеют они только одну — сильную форму произношения.

Но есть в английском языке слова, которые, напротив, в предложении чаще всего безударны, то есть находятся в слабой позиции. К таким словам относятся так называемые grammar words (грамматические слова), в русском языке мы их обычно называем служебными словами. Это артикли, некоторые предлоги и союзывспомогательные глаголы, некоторые модальные глаголы и большинство местоимений. Чаще всего в связной устной речи они ослабляются, потому что мы не выделяем их голосом, считая не очень важными. Ведь они не столько передают смысл, сколько помогают структурировать фразу, придают ей грамматическую верность. К тому же, стремясь придать фразе ритм, мы склонны «проглатывать» эти неважные слова, то есть произносить их слабо. Но несмотря на то, что в слитной речи такие слова, как правило, безударны и произносятся в слабой форме, они могут находиться и в сильной (ударной) позиции. Именно поэтому и имеют две формы произношения — слабую и сильную.

Например, рассмотрим предложение:

He can call you later.
hi kən kɔːl jʊ ˈleɪtə

В этом предложении два знаменательных слова, которые находятся в сильной (ударной) позиции: смысловой глагол call (звонить) и наречие later (позже). Это важные по своему значению слова, поэтому мы выделяем их голосом среди других. Другие же, местоимения he (он) и you (вы), а также модальный глагол can, в этом предложении безударны, то есть в речи ослабляются.

Слабая и сильная позиции в предложении

Хотя служебные слова в слитной речи чаще всего ослабляются, они могут находиться и в сильной позиции. Сильная позиция — это конец предложения. Если слово стоит в конце предложения, то оно, как правило, ударно, поэтому в этом случае используется сильная форма произношения. Кроме того, сильную форму произношения мы выберем и тогда, когда нужно намеренно выделить голосом слово в предложении, чтобы акцентировать на нём внимание. Во всех остальных случаях (в начале и середине предложения) используется слабая форма.

Could:
слабая форма [kəd] / сильная форма [kʊd]

could [kəd] read it now. (середина предложения — слабая позиция)
Could [kəd] you read it now? (начало предложения — слабая позиция)
Yes, I could [kʊd]. (конец предложения — сильная позиция)
I really COULD [kʊd] read. (выбираем сильную форму, чтобы акцентировать внимание «я правда умела читать»)

Список слов с двумя формами произношения

Ниже вы найдёте список наиболее часто встречающихся слов, которые имеют две формы произношения — слабую (weak) и сильную (strong).

Cлово

Weak Form (слабая форма)

Strong Form (сильная форма)

a

/ə/

/eɪ/ (unusual)

an

/ən/

/æn/ (unusual)

the*

/ðə/, /ði/*

/ðiː/ (unusual)

and

/ənd/ /ən/ /n/

/ænd/

but

/bət/

/bʌt/

that (союз)

/ðət/

/ðæt/

than

/ðən/

/ðæn/

there

/ðə(r)/

/ðeə(r)/

because

/bɪ(kəz)/

/bɪˈkɒz/

some

/səm/

/sʌm/

as

/əz/

/æz/

at

/ət/

/æt/

for

/fə(r)/

/fɔː(r)/

from

/frəm/

/frɒm/

of

/əv/

/ɒv/

to

/tə/ /tʊ/

/tuː/

am

/əm/ /m/

/æm/

are

/ə(r)/

/ɑː(r)/

be

/bɪ/

/biː/

been

/bɪn/

/biːn/

do

/də/

/duː/

does

/dəz/

/dʌz/

have

/həv/ /əv/

/hæv/

has

/həz/ /əz/

/hæz/

had

/həd/ /əd/

/hæd/

was

/wəz/ /wz/

/wɒz/

were

/wə(r)/

/wɜː(r)/

can

/kən/ /kn/

/kæn/

could

/kəd/

/kʊd/

must

/məst/ /məs/

/mʌst/

shall

/ʃəl/ /ʃl/

/ʃæl/

should

/ʃəd/

/ʃʊd/

will

/wəl/ /wl/

/wɪl/

would

/wəd/ /əd/

/wʊd/

he

/hi/ /i/

/hiː/

him

/ɪm/

/hɪm/

his

/ɪz/

/hɪz/

she

/ʃɪ/

/ʃiː/

her

/hə(r)/ /ə(r)/

/hɜː(r)/

me

/mi/

/miː/

we

/wɪ/

/wiː/

us

/əs/

/ʌs/

our

/ɑː(r)/

/aʊə(r)/

you

/jə/ /jʊ/

/juː/

your

/jə(r)/

/jɔː(r)/

them

/ðəm/

/ðem/

* Определённый артикль the имеет две слабые формы:  /ði/ — произносится, если следующее за ним слово начинается с гласного звука (the apple /ði ˈæpl /); /ðə/ — если следующее за ним слово начинается с согласного звука (the table /ðə ˈteɪbl/). Обратите внимание, что выбор формы определяется произношением, а не написанием.

Краткие отрицательные формы глаголов имеют только сильное произношение: can’t /kɑːnt/, couldn’t /ˈkʊdnt/, wasn’t /wɒznt/ и др.

Обратите внимание, что в большинстве слабых форм появляется нейтральный гласный звук /ə/. Это краткий, всегда безударный гласный звук. Он очень короткий и расслабленный. Чтобы его произнести, нужно немного приоткрыть рот и слегка выдохнуть. Язык и губы не должны быть напряжены.

Несколько примеров:

Who are you waiting for? huː ə jʊ ˈweɪtɪŋ fɔː?

Are и you произносятся в слабой форме, а предлог for — в сильной, так как стоит в сильной позиции — в конце предложения.

We need some salt and pepper. wi niːd səm sɔːlt ən(d)ˈpepər.

Wesome и and произносятся в слабой форме. Вы можете сравнить их слабые формы с сильными в таблице выше.

Даже зная приведенную выше теорию, практически невозможно научиться понимать быструю речь, не научившись, хотя бы более или менее говорить таким образом. Для этого недостаточно просто пытаться повторять фразы вслед за диктором. Необходимо выучить слова, имеющие две формы произношения, – полную, которую еще называют сильной, и слабую. Когда на такие слова по смыслу падает ударение, они имеют полную форму произношения. 

ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ

There are three degrees of reduction:

  — Quantitative reduction (shortening of a long vowel)

e.g. he  [hi: — hi – hi]

— Qualitative reduction (changing of the quality of a vowel0

e.g. can [ kæn – kәn]

— Zero reduction (omission of a vowel)

e.g. I ’m [aim]

The following cases should be remembered as the traditional use of strong forms:

a. Prepositions have their strong forms in the sentence final position or when followed by an unstressed personal pronoun.

e.g. What are you looking at ? [ æt ]

I’m listening to you. [tu:]

b. Auxiliary and modal verbs are in their strong forms at the end of a sentence or sense-group and in contracted negative forms. In both cases the verbs are stressed.

e.g. Are you free ? – I am. [ æm]

I can’t come. [k α: nt]

c. The verb ‘to have’ in the meaning of ‘to possess’ is used in its full form whether stressed or unstressed. The verb ‘to do’ is not reduced when used for emphasis.

e.g. I have a brother . [h æ v]

Do tell me a bout it. [ du: ]

d. The demonstrative pronoun ‘that’ is never reduced while the conjunction ‘that’ is always weak.

e.g. I know that . [ ðæt]

I know that you are ill. [ ðәt ]

Linguistic reductions are lost sounds in words. This happens in spoken English.

For instance, “going to” changes to “gonna”. The most widely known reductions are contractions. Most contractions are reductions of ‘not’. For instance, “cannot” becomes “can’t”. Many contractions are reductions between a subject and a verb.

For instance, “He is...” becomes “He’s…

Some reductions are well known to ESL learners; for instance, the reduction of a verb and “to”. Examples are “going to” becoming “gonna” and “want to” becoming “wanna”.

Linguistic reductions are part of natural English. They are not slang, or improper.” – Wikipedia.

1. wanna/ gonna/ outta/ hafta/ hasta/ hada/

Words like want to/ going to/ have to/ has to/ had to/ ought to are often said in an utterance. They are so often spoken every day that speakers tend to reduce them into the following forms:

         Written Words   Spoken Utterance

Want to                    wanna

Going to                  gonna

Ought to                  oudda

Has to                      hasta

Had to                     hada

The above examples show that not only the words are shorter, but the sounds are of course shorter, which eventually speed up the utterance. For better understanding, please see the following examples:

wanna get it done soon.

I am gonna visit Japan next month.

outta try harder in the test.

You hafta make sure someone will pick you up.

He hasta report to the office before 5:00 p.m.

She hada get a ride last night when she was too sleepy to drive.

2. n/ er/ fer

Words like and/or/for are also used in most of the sentences. And they are pronounced in very short and weak sounds. Please see the following examples:

Written Words                    Spoken Utterance

and                                       n 

or                                          er

for                                         fer  

For better understanding, please refer to the following examples:

Cream n sugar?

Either coffee er tea is fine with me.

Fer information, please call 2635-8284.

3. Reduction of h Sound

When “him” and “her” are used as an object in a sentence, and the sentence is on the verb, the h sound of these two words are often removed and the rest of the word is pronounced rather weak by linking with the previous sound; either a vowel or a consonant..

Written Words                                  Spoken Utterance

him                                                     im

her                                                      er

For better understanding, please refer to the following examples:

A: Did you see John?

Yeah, I saw_im in the hallway.

A: So, do you like Mary?

Yeah, I like_er a lot.

4. Unreleased Consonants

Words with final sounds p/b/d/t/k/g are found everywhere in spoken utterances, and native speakers tend to make these sounds unreleased. But very often non-native speakers pronounce these sounds with very strong stress, which also affect the speed of their utterance. The trick to pronounce these words is to place more stress on the vowel.

     Written Words                                       Spoken Utterance

soup                                                          soup

rob                                                            rob

road                                                          road

it                                                               it

take                                                           take

bag                                                            ba

For better understanding, please refer to the following examples:

The soup tastes good.

Are you gonna rob the bank?

You can stop by Jackson Road and pick me up.

It is very interesting to read Harry Potter.

Take this book and read it during the weekend.

I like this bag more than that one.

5. Reductions of ‘of’ –

There are three changes that can occur with the word ‘of’.

1. The “o” in “of” is often pronounced using the schwa sound “- uh”. 

some of”  becomes  some uh”

He likes some of the books” becomes “He likes some uh the books.”

2. If a vowel follows “of” it is often pronounced with a schwa + v (uhv)

most of” becomes most uhv”

Most of all, you can’t drink’” becomes “Most uhv all, you can’t drink.”

 3. If the sound of the letter before “of” is a “t” ,there is a flap in addition to the reduction. 

out of” becomes “outta”

 He’s out of money” becomes “He’s outta money.”

6. Reductions of ‘and’

And is often reduced to ‘n’. 

movies and books” becomes “movies n books”

I like movies and books” becomes “I like movies n books.”

7. Reductions of ‘or’

Or is often reduced to ‘r’.

pencil or pen” becomes “pencil r pen”

Either a pencil or pen will do.” becomes “Either a pencil r a pen will do.”

8. Reductions of ‘for’

For is often reduced and changed to fer

for instance” becomes “fer instance

What’s for lunch?” becomes “What’s fer lunch?”

Other Reductions Used in Utterance 

Because => Kuz

I don’t wanna go to the party, kuz it sounds boring. 

Bet you => Betcha 

I betcha can’t eat ten hot dogs!

Could have + consonant => Kuda 

You kuda gone with me, if you’d told me in plenty of time. 

Could have + vowel => kuday 

I was so hungry, I kuday eaten a horse. 

Did you => didja/ didya 

Didja like the film? 

Don’t you => doncha 

Doncha know?

Get you => Getcha 

I’ll getcha a drink. 

Give me => gimme 

Gimme all your money! 

Going to + verb => Gonna 

I’m gonna do my homework now. 

Got you => gotcha 

I gotcha that candy bar you asked for. 

Has to => hasta 

He hasta know how much he means to me. 

Have to => hafta 

I hafta clean the house before I go out.

IMPORTANT:  The reductions are being used by native speakers a lot. If you have observed yourself, when listening to native speakers you hardly comprehend them, because they speak so fast and use reduction. In order to, familiarized yourself with spoken English, I recommend you to listen to native speakers in a move, lecture, news etc. and concentrate how do they use and pronounce contractions. 

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