- klankAfrikaans
- صوتArabic
- səsAzerbaijani
- гукBelarusian
- звукBulgarian
- শব্দBengali
- སྒྲTibetan Standard
- so, sonar, sòlid, saCatalan, Valencian
- zvuk, rozeznít, rozezvučet, znít, vyslovovat, solidní, zdravýCzech
- swnio, sŵn, swntWelsh
- lyd, lyde, lade, udtale, rask, lodde, sondere, prøve, sund, fornuftig, sikker, sonde, dykke, pejle, pålidelig, solidDanish
- Klang, Schall, erklingen, Laut, klingen, Sund, Sonde, sondieren, gesundGerman
- ήχος, στηθοσκόπιο, βολιδοσκοπώ, πορθμός, ακροώμαιGreek
- sono, soniEsperanto
- son, sonar, sonido, seno, sondear, sano, estrecho, sondaSpanish
- heliEstonian
- soinu, hots, soundBasque
- صدا, آواز, صدا دادن, تندرستPersian
- soida, [[päästää]] [[ääni]], kajahtaa, perustua, soittaa, ääni, äännähtää, törähtää, kuulostaa, ääntää, lausua, sondi, sukeltaa, kokeilla, sondeerata, luodata, kondiksessa, lahti, koetin, hyväkuntoinen, vuono, terve, tutkia, testata, koestaaFinnish
- ljóð, sundFaroese
- de, prononcer, sonner, son, exprimer, sain, sonder, sauf, complet, tester, solide, sonde, sûrFrench
- lûdWestern Frisian
- fuaim, sunda, bealach, caolas, béalIrish
- fuaimScottish Gaelic
- sonGalician
- puGuaraní
- ધ્વનિGujarati
- קוֹל, השמיע קול, יציב, בריאHebrew
- आवाज़, ध्वनीHindi
- hang, hangzás, sértetlen, egészséges, hibátlan, épHungarian
- հնչյուն, ձայնArmenian
- sonarInterlingua
- bunyiIndonesian
- hljóða, hljóð, hljóma, sundIcelandic
- suonare, suono, insenatura, sanoItalian
- 音声, 関係する, 鳴らす, 音, 響き, 鳴る, 探子, 堅固な, 健全なる, 調べる, 探る, 健全な, 健康的な, 入り江, 潜るJapanese
- ხმაGeorgian
- дыбысKazakh
- សូរសំឡេងKhmer
- ಸ್ವಸ್ಥ, ಶಬ್ದKannada
- 音, 소리, 음Korean
- дабыш, добуш, тыбышKyrgyz
- sonō, sonus, sonitusLatin
- ສຽງLao
- garsoLithuanian
- skaņaLatvian
- nganga, toiora, tāwēwē, auMāori
- глас, звук, звучи, озвучува, јак, силен, здрав, цврст, драга, сонда, сондираMacedonian
- ഒച്ചMalayalam
- дууMongolian
- ध्वनी, आवाजMarathi
- bunyiMalay
- ħossMaltese
- အသံBurmese
- ध्वनिNepali
- geluid, klinken, klank, geluid maken, toon voortbrengen, degelijkDutch
- ljod, lydNorwegian Nynorsk
- lyd, frisk, sunn, grei, sund, stødigNorwegian
- sonOccitan
- dźwięk, cieśninaPolish
- som, soar, profundo, enseada, sonda, sólido, sã, seguro, completo, sãoPortuguese
- sondar, sunar, sun, tunRomansh
- suna, sunet, robust, sigur, zdravăn, nevătămat, solid, intact, teafăr, sănătos, completRomanian
- звук, звучать, прозвучать, канал, хорошо, надёжный, крепкий, здоровый, пролив, прочныйRussian
- स्वर, शब्द, नाद, ध्वन्Sanskrit
- sonai, sonareSardinian
- zvuk, звукSerbo-Croatian
- සද්දෙSinhala, Sinhalese
- zvuk, prielivSlovak
- zvok, zveneti, zazvenetiSlovene
- tingullAlbanian
- ljud, låta, ljuda, sund, kry, friskSwedish
- sautiSwahili
- ஒலிTamil
- సవ్వడి, శబ్దం, ధ్వనించు, మోగు, ధ్వని, మోగించుTelugu
- овоз, садоTajik
- เสียงThai
- sesTurkmen
- tunogTagalog
- ses, sağlıklı, iyiTurkish
- тавышTatar
- звукUkrainian
- آوازUrdu
- tovushUzbek
- âm thanh, 音聲, âm, 音Vietnamese
- ton, saunikVolapük
- קלאנגYiddish
- 声音Chinese
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This shows grade level based on the word’s complexity.
This shows grade level based on the word’s complexity.
noun
the sensation produced by stimulation of the organs of hearing by vibrations transmitted through the air or other medium.
mechanical vibrations transmitted through an elastic medium, traveling in air at a speed of approximately 1,087 feet (331 meters) per second at sea level.
the particular auditory effect produced by a given cause: the sound of music.
any auditory effect; any audible vibrational disturbance: all kinds of sounds.
a noise, vocal utterance, musical tone, or the like: the sounds from the next room.
a distinctive, characteristic, or recognizable musical style, as from a particular performer, orchestra, or type of arrangement: the big-band sound.
Phonetics.
- speech sound.
- the audible result of an utterance or portion of an utterance: the s-sound in “slight”;the sound of m in “mere.”
the auditory effect of sound waves as transmitted or recorded by a particular system of sound reproduction: the sound of a stereophonic recording.
the quality of an event, letter, etc., as it affects a person: This report has a bad sound.
the distance within which the noise of something may be heard.
mere noise, without meaning: all sound and fury.
Archaic. a report or rumor; news; tidings.
verb (used without object)
to make or emit a sound.
to give forth a sound as a call or summons: The bugle sounded as the troops advanced.
to be heard, as a sound.
to convey a certain impression when heard or read: to sound strange.
to give a specific sound: to sound loud.
to give the appearance of being; seem: The report sounds true.
Law. to have as its basis or foundation (usually followed by in): His action sounds in contract.
verb (used with object)
to cause to make or emit a sound: to sound a bell.
to give forth (a sound): The oboe sounded an A.
to announce, order, or direct by or as by a sound: The bugle sounded retreat.His speech sounded a warning to aggressor nations.
to utter audibly, pronounce, or express: to sound each letter.
to examine by percussion or auscultation: to sound a patient’s chest.
Verb Phrases
sound off, Informal.
- to call out one’s name, as at military roll call.
- to speak freely or frankly, especially to complain in such a manner.
- to exaggerate; boast: Has he been sounding off about his golf game again?
QUIZ
CAN YOU ANSWER THESE COMMON GRAMMAR DEBATES?
There are grammar debates that never die; and the ones highlighted in the questions in this quiz are sure to rile everyone up once again. Do you know how to answer the questions that cause some of the greatest grammar debates?
Which sentence is correct?
Idioms about sound
(that) sounds good (to me), (used when accepting a suggestion) I agree; yes; OK: “Shall we meet at my place at 3 tomorrow, and talk about it in more detail then?” “Sounds good.”
Origin of sound
1
First recorded in 1250–1300; (noun) Middle English soun, from Anglo-French (Old French son ), from Latin sonus; (verb) Middle English sounen, from Old French suner, from Latin sonāre, derivative of sonus
synonym study for sound
1. Sound, noise, tone refer to something heard. Sound and noise are often used interchangeably for anything perceived by means of hearing. Sound, however, is more general in application, being used for anything within earshot: the sound of running water. Noise, caused by irregular vibrations, is more properly applied to a loud, discordant, or unpleasant sound: the noise of shouting. Tone is applied to a musical sound having a certain quality, resonance, and pitch.
OTHER WORDS FROM sound
sound·a·ble, adjectiveun·sound·a·ble, adjective
Words nearby sound
soul music, soul-searching, soul sister, Soult, sou marqué, sound, soundalike, sound-and-light, sound-and-light show, sound as a bell, sound barrier
Other definitions for sound (2 of 5)
adjective, sound·er, sound·est.
free from injury, damage, defect, disease, etc.; in good condition; healthy; robust: a sound heart;a sound mind.
financially strong, secure, or reliable: a sound business;sound investments.
competent, sensible, or valid: sound judgment.
having no defect as to truth, justice, wisdom, or reason: sound advice.
following in a systematic pattern without any apparent defect in logic: sound reasoning.
of substantial or enduring character: sound moral values.
uninterrupted and untroubled; deep; sound sleep.
vigorous, thorough, or severe: a sound thrashing.
free from moral defect or weakness; upright, honest, or good; honorable; loyal.
having no legal defect: a sound title to property.
theologically correct or orthodox, as doctrines or a theologian.
adverb
Origin of sound
2
First recorded in 1150–1200; Middle English sund, Old English gesund (see y-); cognate with Dutch gezond, German gesund
OTHER WORDS FROM sound
sound·ly, adverbsound·ness, noun
Other definitions for sound (3 of 5)
verb (used with object)
to measure or try the depth of (water, a deep hole, etc.) by letting down a lead or plummet at the end of a line, or by some equivalent means.
to measure (depth) in such a manner, as at sea.
to examine or test (the bottom, as of the sea or a deep hole) with a lead that brings up adhering bits of matter.
to examine or investigate; seek to fathom or ascertain: to sound a person’s views.
to seek to elicit the views or sentiments of (a person) by indirect inquiries, suggestive allusions, etc. (often followed by out): Why not sound him out about working for us?
Surgery. to examine, as the urinary bladder, with a sound.
verb (used without object)
to use the lead and line or some other device for measuring depth, as at sea.
to go down or touch bottom, as a lead.
to plunge downward or dive, as a whale.
to make investigation; seek information, especially by indirect inquiries.
noun
Surgery. a long, slender instrument for sounding or exploring body cavities or canals.
Origin of sound
3
First recorded in 1300–50; Middle English sounden, from Old French sonder “to plumb,” derivative of sonde “sounding line,” of unknown origin
OTHER WORDS FROM sound
sound·a·ble, adjective
Other definitions for sound (4 of 5)
noun
a relatively narrow passage of water between larger bodies of water or between the mainland and an island: Long Island Sound.
an inlet, arm, or recessed portion of the sea: Puget Sound.
the air bladder of a fish.
Origin of sound
4
First recorded before 900; Middle English; Old English sund “act of swimming”; akin to swim
Other definitions for sound (5 of 5)
noun
The Sound, a strait between southwestern Sweden and Zealand, connecting the Kattegat and the Baltic. 87 miles (140 km) long; 3–30 miles (5–48 km) wide.
Danish Ø·re·sund [Danish œ—ruh-soon] /Danish ˈœ rəˌsʊn/ . Swedish Ö·re·sund [Swedish œ—ruh-soond] /Swedish ˈœ rəˌsʊnd/ .
Dictionary.com Unabridged
Based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2023
Words related to sound
flawless, intact, robust, safe, sane, solid, stable, sturdy, thorough, vibrant, vigorous, accurate, correct, fair, judicious, precise, proper, prudent, rational, reliable
How to use sound in a sentence
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If that sounds like you, don’t feel like you need to suffer to see gains.
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In many cases, this will come as no surprise—we use many apps precisely because they can take pictures or record a sound.
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The content should not be stuffed, like in the old days of SEO, it should rather be a natural-sounding copy written in an informative style.
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Now researchers think the sounds stop queens from fighting to the death.
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For one thing, it sounds like the App Store will now support game-streaming services like Microsoft’s xCloud and Google’s Stadia.
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Again, the difference can seem subtle and sound more like splitting hairs, but the difference is important.
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And it must make sure that the platform of debate where we can freely exchange ideas is safe and sound.
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“Gronkowski” itself never manages to sound more erotic than the name of a hearty Polish stew or a D-list WWE performer.
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Girls in Peacetime Want to Dance is a different sound for you.
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“You can imagine the sound of that gun on a Bronx street,” Chief of Detectives Robert Boyce says.
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Sol laughed out of his whiskers, with a big, loose-rolling sound, and sat on the porch without waiting to be asked.
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She was flushed and felt intoxicated with the sound of her own voice and the unaccustomed taste of candor.
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Bells were pealing and tolling in all directions, and the air was filled with the sound of distant shouts and cries.
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It will be remembered that pitch depends upon the rapidity of the sound waves or vibrations.
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Miss Christabel blushed furiously and emitted a sound half between a laugh and a scream.
British Dictionary definitions for sound (1 of 5)
noun
- a periodic disturbance in the pressure or density of a fluid or in the elastic strain of a solid, produced by a vibrating object. It has a velocity in air at sea level at 0°C of 331 metres per second (741 miles per hour) and travels as longitudinal waves
- (as modifier)a sound wave
(modifier) of or relating to radio as distinguished from televisionsound broadcasting; sound radio
the sensation produced by such a periodic disturbance in the organs of hearing
anything that can be heard
a particular instance, quality, or type of soundthe sound of running water
volume or quality of sounda radio with poor sound
the area or distance over which something can be heardto be born within the sound of Big Ben
the impression or implication of somethingI don’t like the sound of that
phonetics the auditory effect produced by a specific articulation or set of related articulations
(often plural) slang music, esp rock, jazz, or pop
verb
to cause (something, such as an instrument) to make a sound or (of an instrument, etc) to emit a sound
to announce or be announced by a soundto sound the alarm
(intr) (of a sound) to be heard
(intr) to resonate with a certain quality or intensityto sound loud
(copula) to give the impression of being as specified when read, heard, etcto sound reasonable
(tr) to pronounce distinctly or audiblyto sound one’s consonants
(intr usually foll by in) law to have the essential quality or nature (of)an action sounding in damages
Derived forms of sound
soundable, adjective
Word Origin for sound
C13: from Old French soner to make a sound, from Latin sonāre, from sonus a sound
British Dictionary definitions for sound (2 of 5)
adjective
free from damage, injury, decay, etc
firm; solid; substantiala sound basis
financially safe or stablea sound investment
showing good judgment or reasoning; sensible; wisesound advice
valid, logical, or justifiablea sound argument
holding approved beliefs; ethically correct; upright; honest
(of sleep) deep; peaceful; unbroken
thorough; completea sound examination
British informal excellent
law (of a title, etc) free from defect; legally valid
constituting a valid and justifiable application of correct principles; orthodoxsound theology
logic
- (of a deductive argument) valid
- (of an inductive argument) according with whatever principles ensure the high probability of the truth of the conclusion given the truth of the premises
- another word for consistent (def. 5b)
adverb
soundly; deeply: now archaic except when applied to sleep
Derived forms of sound
soundly, adverbsoundness, noun
Word Origin for sound
Old English sund; related to Old Saxon gisund, Old High German gisunt
British Dictionary definitions for sound (3 of 5)
verb
to measure the depth of (a well, the sea, etc) by lowering a plumb line, by sonar, etc
to seek to discover (someone’s views, etc), as by questioning
(intr) (of a whale, etc) to dive downwards swiftly and deeply
med
- to probe or explore (a bodily cavity or passage) by means of a sound
- to examine (a patient) by means of percussion and auscultation
noun
med an instrument for insertion into a bodily cavity or passage to dilate strictures, dislodge foreign material, etc
Word Origin for sound
C14: from Old French sonder, from sonde sounding line, probably of Germanic origin; related to Old English sundgyrd sounding pole, Old Norse sund strait, sound 4; see swim
British Dictionary definitions for sound (4 of 5)
noun
a relatively narrow channel between two larger areas of sea or between an island and the mainland
an inlet or deep bay of the sea
the air bladder of a fish
Word Origin for sound
Old English sund swimming, narrow sea; related to Middle Low German sunt strait; see sound ³
British Dictionary definitions for sound (5 of 5)
noun
the Sound a strait between SW Sweden and Zealand (Denmark), linking the Kattegat with the Baltic: busy shipping lane; spanned by a bridge in 2000. Length of the strait: 113 km (70 miles). Narrowest point: 5 km (3 miles)Danish name: Øresund Swedish name: Öresund
Collins English Dictionary — Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition
© William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins
Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012
Scientific definitions for sound (1 of 2)
A type of longitudinal wave that originates as the vibration of a medium (such as a person’s vocal cords or a guitar string) and travels through gases, liquids, and elastic solids as variations of pressure and density. The loudness of a sound perceived by the ear depends on the amplitude of the sound wave and is measured in decibels, while its pitch depends on its frequency, measured in hertz.
The sensation produced in the organs of hearing by waves of this type. See Note at ultrasound.
Scientific definitions for sound (2 of 2)
A long, wide inlet of the ocean, often parallel to the coast. Long Island Sound, between Long Island and the coast of New England, is an example.
A long body of water, wider than a strait, that connects larger bodies of water.
The American Heritage® Science Dictionary
Copyright © 2011. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved.
Other Idioms and Phrases with sound
In addition to the idioms beginning with sound
- sound as a bell
- sound bite
- sound off
- sound out
The American Heritage® Idioms Dictionary
Copyright © 2002, 2001, 1995 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company.
Recent Examples on the Web
Nearly every model in the lineup now offers a gas-electric variant, and this kind of powertrain makes sense for the typical Lexus buyer who prioritizes quietness and efficiency above the sporty sounds and performance of Lexus’s V-6 and V-8 engines.
—Joey Capparella, Car and Driver, 11 Apr. 2023
The sounds of guitars and singing about working and care and love and family is really familiar.
—Jessica Nicholson, Billboard, 10 Apr. 2023
Both the sound and ease of pairing the speaker to your phone were also lauded in our testing, as was the steady, wide water flow.
—Melanie Rud, Peoplemag, 7 Apr. 2023
As the troupe lined up and tried it three more times, their movements fell into sync with the building sound.
—Jonathan M. Pitts, Baltimore Sun, 6 Apr. 2023
The idea is that does, tired of being harassed by bucks, use the extra sound and movement in the woods as cover to escape their suiters.
—Dave Hurteau, Field & Stream, 3 Apr. 2023
But his formative effort, with a raw sound fueled by the circumstances behind it, still seems to hold a certain romance for the man responsible.
—Martin Guttridge-hewitt, SPIN, 3 Apr. 2023
The sound of running water and the sense that levels are dropping will make this set irresistible to a beaver, which will attempt to repair the damage in the dam and get caught.
—Joseph Biebert, Outdoor Life, 3 Apr. 2023
According to The Film Foundation, digitally restoring a color feature with sound can cost up to several hundred thousand dollars.
—Julia Chan, CNN, 3 Apr. 2023
Wow, that sounds — OK.
—The Foretold Team, Los Angeles Times, 11 Apr. 2023
To this reporter, the Premier sounds suspiciously like a case of just desserts.
—Larry Griffin, Car and Driver, 11 Apr. 2023
Western automakers sound increasingly nervous, with some blaming Europe’s relatively low import tariffs compared with China’s high tariffs for foreign companies.
—Vivienne Walt, Fortune, 10 Apr. 2023
An investigation conducted before last week’s drama from Nashville-based NewsChannel5 revealed how Tennessee Republicans have introduced legislation with no notice to the public, denied roll call votes on bills, and killed bills on the basis that their side apparently sounded louder in voice votes.
—Prem Thakker, The New Republic, 10 Apr. 2023
Ditching the bourbon in Kentucky sounds borderline sacrilegious.
—Maggie Menderski, The Courier-Journal, 10 Apr. 2023
The air horns sounded again at 4:22 p.m. as another set arrived, forcing the evacuation of patrons and sending players and officials scrambling for cover.
—Dave Skretta And Steve Reed, ajc, 8 Apr. 2023
The air horns sounded again at 4:22 p.m. as another set of storms arrived, forcing the evacuation of patrons and sending players and officials searching for cover.
—Dave Skretta, Chicago Tribune, 8 Apr. 2023
The air horns sounded again at 4:22 p.m. as another set arrived, forcing the evacuation of patrons and sending players and officials scrambling for cover.
—CBS News, 8 Apr. 2023
Dismayed by the sound quality, the customer sought a refund, then complained to the local consumer protection authorities when Hutter refused.
—Christiaan Hetzner, Fortune, 6 Apr. 2023
Keep your family safe and sound – opt for the earth-friendly product with ECOS Hypoallergenic Liquid Laundry Detergent today!
—Amber Smith, Discover Magazine, 2 Apr. 2023
Its sound quality isn’t great.
—Good Housekeeping, 31 Mar. 2023
The sound quality is really good.
—Jenna Clark, Women’s Health, 29 Mar. 2023
Size factors into the sound quality as well.
—Kate Mcgregor, Better Homes & Gardens, 24 Mar. 2023
The pod is not a rambling conversation, and the sound quality and editing is good.
—Lori Nickel, Journal Sentinel, 24 Mar. 2023
The latest AirPods Pro buds have improved noise cancellation, sound quality, and some handy gesture controls for volume.
—Antonio G. Di Benedetto, The Verge, 24 Mar. 2023
The Pixel Buds Pro (9/10, WIRED Recommends) are supremely comfortable and have the sound quality to match, plus the case supports wireless charging.
—WIRED, 22 Mar. 2023
The garbage disposal features a generous 0.75 horsepower motor that is sound-insulated.
—Kaitlyn Mcinnis, Better Homes & Gardens, 24 Mar. 2023
Some examples include watches with alarms, visual timers, sound-blocking headphones, and calculators.
—Lisa Jo Rudy, Verywell Health, 7 Mar. 2023
There could be sound-absorbing qualities, too, which gave the ceilings their other name: acoustical ceilings.
—John Kelly, Washington Post, 19 Feb. 2023
Porsche also outfitted lightweight glass and a slinkier battery, whittled out some of the sound-deadening material, and even deleted the rear seat.
—Tim Stevens, Ars Technica, 23 Nov. 2022
Every practice and bus ride are sound-tracked by a JBL Bluetooth speaker and a steady stream of hits from Adele and Pitbull.
—BostonGlobe.com, 6 Nov. 2021
Qualifying property owners, who must have their buildings sound-tested, will each receive about $40,000 in upgrades.
—Los Angeles Times, 23 July 2021
Even more sound-deadening materials arrived for 2004, as did new stereo speakers to take advantage of the ostensibly quieter cabin.
—Andrew Wendler, Car and Driver, 29 Apr. 2021
The local fire department said earlier that the main material burning was sound-absorbing cotton.
—Bloomberg.com, 25 Sep. 2020
See More
These examples are programmatically compiled from various online sources to illustrate current usage of the word ‘sound.’ Any opinions expressed in the examples do not represent those of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback about these examples.
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WordReference Random House Learner’s Dictionary of American English © 2023 sound1 /saʊnd/USA pronunciation
v.
sound•less, adj. See -son-.
sound2 /saʊnd/USA pronunciation
adv.
sound•ly, adv.: The team was soundly defeated.
sound3 /saʊnd/USA pronunciation
sound•ing, n. [countable]to take a sounding.
sound4 /saʊnd/USA pronunciation
WordReference Random House Unabridged Dictionary of American English © 2023 sound1
v.i.
v.t.
sound′a•ble, adj.
adv. sound′ly, adv.
sound3
v.i.
n.
sound′a•ble, adj.
sound4
Sound
Collins Concise English Dictionary © HarperCollins Publishers:: sound /saʊnd/ n
vb
Etymology: 13th Century: from Old French soner to make a sound, from Latin sonāre, from sonus a sound ˈsoundable adj sound /saʊnd/ adj
adv
Etymology: Old English sund; related to Old Saxon gisund, Old High German gisunt ˈsoundly adv ˈsoundness n sound /saʊnd/ vb
n
sound /saʊnd/ n
Etymology: Old English sund swimming, narrow sea; related to Middle Low German sunt strait; see sound³ Collins Concise English Dictionary © HarperCollins Publishers:: Sound /saʊnd/ n
‘sound‘ also found in these entries (note: many are not synonyms or translations): |
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♦ October 12, 2013
♦ 19 Comments
Dear All,
There are several terms in phonetics which are often confused. These terms are phoneme, sound, allophone, and phone. The purpose of this post is to clearly define each of these terms and exemplify them.
- Phoneme (Gr. phone “sound, voice”) is the smallest contrastive unit of language that may change the meaning of a morpheme and, as a pursuant, a word.
Put it simply, phoneme is a contrasting phonological unit. Let us consider several examples:
1) pig – big /p/* – /b/
2) pen – pan /e/ – /æ/
3) sink – think /s/ – /θ/
As can be seen from the examples above, the distinction between /p/ – /b/, /e/ – /æ/, and /s/ – /θ/ creates new words in English, which means that English has such phonemes as /p/, /b/, /e/, /æ/, /s/, /θ/ (among other English phonemes). When linguists construct phonological system of a language (let’s say the language of a tribe), they try to find pairs of words in which the distinction is as small as in the words above. If such a pair is found, then it means that this language has such phonemes. Let us consider one more example, in Russian this time:
4) люк [luk] “hatch” – лук [ɫuk] “onion” /l/ – /ɫ/.
In this pair the only difference between two words is /l/ – /ɫ/, that is, soft /l/ vs hard /ɫ/. As example 4 shows, in Russian, there are two distinctive phonemes /l/ – /ɫ/ since they change the meaning of the word**. However, in English, there is no phoneme /ɫ/ since it does not serve the purpose of distinguishing words or morphemes. For example, whether we pronounce [lamp] or [ɫamp], it does not change the meaning; therefore, it is not a phoneme in English. In contrast, in Russian, there is no pair of words which would be distinguished based on the /e/ – /æ/ opposition (example 2 above); therefore, /æ/ is not a phoneme in Russian.
- Sound (=phone) is a vibration or wave caused by an object.
This definition comes from acoustics and underlines physical characteristics of sounds of speech. Sounds are instances of phonemes in real speech. Put it simply, sounds are everything we hear with our ears. Here are some examples of sounds:
5) [k], [b], [f], [u], [d], [e], [i:]
6) the word “cat” consists of three sounds and can be transcribed as follows: [kæt]
In dictionary transcriptions, we have sounds, not phonemes. Sounds are physical segments. Sounds, unlike phonemes, have such concrete characteristics as duration in time and loudness. Sounds are produced by organs of speech. Sounds are quite concrete and linguists consider them to be units of speech; while phonemes are abstract (they are generalizations made on the basis of comparison of words) and linguists consider them to be units of language (cf Saussurian distinction langue – parole). Sometimes, in non-linguistic circles, the word “sound” is used to name what is, in fact, a phoneme.
- Allophone (Gr. allos “other” and phone “sound, voice”) is a variant of a phoneme.
Allophones are different pronunciations of words which do not change the meaning of these words. Let us consider the following allophones:
7) [pʰ] as in “pin” and [p] as in “spin”
[l] as in “lean” and [ɫ] as in “fill”
Whether we (or a foreigner) pronounce [pin] or [pʰin], [spin] or [spʰin]; [li:n] or [ɫi:n], [fil] or [fiɫ], it does not really change the meaning in English. Therefore, we are dealing not with phonemes, but with allophones.
Allophones can be of three types (Kocherhan, 2006, p. 158):
a) individual (e.g. a foreigner or a person with a speech disorder cannot pronounce [p] correctly);
b) territorial (e.g. when in some part of a country [p] is always pronounced as [pʰ]); and
c) positional (e.g. [l] at the end of words is usually pronounced as [ɫ]).
See similar posts:
Theme and rheme
Coherence and cohesion
What is linguistics?
References
Kocherhan, M.P. (2006). Vstup do movoznavstva (2nd ed.). Kyiv: Academiia.
Scupin, R. (2012). Cultural anthropology: A global perspective (8th ed.). Boston: Pearson.
*/Slashes/ are usually used for phonemes and [square brackets] for sounds.
**Via the root morpheme.
Iaroslav