The word social in latin

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Social organisms, including human(s), live collectively in interacting populations. This interaction is considered social whether they are aware of it or not, and whether the exchange is voluntary or not.

Etymology[edit]

The word «social» derives from the Latin word socii («allies»). It is particularly derived from the Italian Socii states, historical allies of the Roman Republic (although they rebelled against Rome in the Social War of 91–87 BC).

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In the view of Karl Marx^[1], human beings are intrinsically, necessarily and by definition social beings who, beyond being «gregarious creatures», cannot survive and meet their needs other than through social co-operation and association. Their social characteristics are therefore to a large extent an objectively given fact, stamped on them from birth and affirmed by socialization processes; and, according to Marx, in producing and reproducing their material life, people must necessarily enter into relations of production which are «independent of their will».

By contrast, the sociologist Max Weber^[1] for example defines human action as «social» if, by virtue of the subjective meanings attached to the action by individuals, it «takes account of the behavior of others, and is thereby oriented in its course».

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The term «socialism», used from the 1830s onwards in France and the United Kingdom, was directly related to what was called the social question. In essence, early socialists contended that the emergence of competitive market societies did not create «liberty, equality and fraternity» for all citizens, requiring the intervention of politics and social reform to tackle social problems, injustices and grievances (a topic on which Jean-Jacques Rousseau discourses at length in his classic work The Social Contract). Originally the term «socialist» was often used interchangeably with «co-operative», «mutualist», «associationist» and «collectivist» in reference to the organization of economic enterprise socialists advocated, in contrast to the private enterprise and corporate organizational structures inherent to capitalism.

The modern concept of socialism evolved in response to the development of industrial capitalism. The «social» in modern «socialism» came to refer to the specific perspective and understanding socialists had of the development of material, economic forces and determinants of human behavior in society. Specifically, it denoted the perspective that human behavior is largely determined by a person’s immediate social environment, that modes of social organization were not supernatural or metaphysical constructs but products of the social system and social environment, which were in turn products of the level of technology/mode of production (the material world), and were therefore constantly changing. Social and economic systems were thus not the product of innate human nature, but of the underlying form of economic organization and level of technology in a given society, implying that human social relations and incentive-structures would also change as social relations and social organization changes in response to improvements in technology and evolving material forces (relations of production). This perspective formed the bulk of the foundation for Karl Marx’s materialist conception of history.

Modern uses[edit]

In contemporary society, «social» often refers to the redistributive policies of the government which aim to apply resources in the public interest, for example, social security. Policy concerns then include the problems of social exclusion and social cohesion. Here, «social» contrasts with «private» and to the distinction between the public and the private (or privatised) spheres, where ownership relations define access to resources and attention.

The social domain is often also contrasted with that of physical nature, but in sociobiology analogies are drawn between humans and other living species in order to explain social behavior in terms of biological factors.

See also[edit]

• Social media
• Sociology
• Social networking service
• Social network
• Social neuroscience
• Social psychology
• Social skills
• Social support
• Social studies
• Social undermining
• Social work
• Social cue

References[edit]

External links[edit]

• Dolwick, JS. 2009. The ‘Social’ and Beyond: Introducing Actor Network Theory, article examining different meanings of the concept ‘social’

English[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Middle French social, from Latin sociālis (“of or belonging to a companion or companionship or association, social”), from socius (“a companion, fellow, partner, associate, ally”), from sequor (“follow”). Cognate with English seg (“man, companion, fellow”). More at seg.

Pronunciation[edit]

• (UK) IPA^(key): /ˈsəʊ.ʃəl/
• (US) IPA^(key): /ˈsoʊ.ʃəl/
• Rhymes: -əʊʃəl

Adjective[edit]

social (comparative more social, superlative most social)

1. Being extroverted or outgoing.

   James is a very social guy; he knows lots of people.

   • 1851, Herman Melville, Moby Dick, Chapter 1:

     Not ignoring what is good, I am quick to perceive a horror, and could still be social with it—would they let me—since it is but well to be on friendly terms with all the inmates of the place one lodges in.

2. Of or relating to society.

   • 2012 January 1, Donald Worster, “A Drier and Hotter Future”, in American Scientist‎^[1], volume 100, number 1, archived from the original on 26 January 2012, page 70:

     Phoenix and Lubbock are both caught in severe drought, and it is going to get much worse. We may see many such [dust] storms in the decades ahead, along with species extinctions, radical disturbance of ecosystems, and intensified social conflict over land and water. Welcome to the Anthropocene, the epoch when humans have become a major geological and climatic force.

   Teresa feels uncomfortable in certain social situations.

   Unemployment is a social problem.

3. (Internet) Relating to social media or social networks.

   social gaming

4. (rare) Relating to a nation’s allies.

   the Social War

5. (botany, zoology) Cooperating or growing in groups.

   a social insect

Antonyms[edit]

• antisocial
• unsocial
• asocial

Derived terms[edit]

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• sociality
• societal

Translations[edit]

Noun[edit]

social (countable and uncountable, plural socials)

1. A festive gathering to foster introductions.

   They organized a social at the dance club to get people to know each other.

2. (Canadian Prairies) A dance held to raise money, often held for a couple to be married.
3. (Britain, colloquial, with definite article) Ellipsis of social security.

   Fred hated going down to the social to sign on.

4. (US, colloquial) Ellipsis of social security number.

   What’s your social?

5. (dated, Ireland) A dinner dance event, usually held annually by a company or sporting club.
6. (Canada) Ellipsis of social studies.
7. (Internet, informal, uncountable) Ellipsis of social media.

   • 2023 January 31, Casey Newton, quoting Kevin Systrom, “Instagram’s co-founders are back with Artifact, a kind of TikTok for text”, in The Verge‎^[2]:

     “I saw that shift, and I was like, ‘Oh, that’s the future of social,’” Systrom said.

8. (Internet, informal, countable) A social media account.

   • 2019 August 29, Randy Rainbow (lyrics), Andrew Lloyd Webber (music), “Cheeto Christ Stupid Czar”‎^[3], performed by Randy Rainbow:

     Close your mouth and delete all your socials tonight.

Translations[edit]

References[edit]

• social in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, G. & C. Merriam, 1913
• “social”, in The Century Dictionary […], New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., 1911, →OCLC.
• “social”, in Dictionary.com Unabridged, Dictionary.com, LLC, 1995–present, retrieved 15 July 2017, reproduced from Collins English Dictionary, 10th edition, London: Collins, 2010, →ISBN.

Anagrams[edit]

• scolia

Asturian[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Latin sociālis.

Pronunciation[edit]

• IPA^(key): /soˈθjal/, [soˈθjal]

Adjective[edit]

social (epicene, plural sociales)

1. social

Catalan[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Latin sociālis, attested from 1803.^[1]

Pronunciation[edit]

• (Balearic, Valencian) IPA^(key): /so.siˈal/
• (Central) IPA^(key): /su.siˈal/

Adjective[edit]

social (masculine and feminine plural socials)

1. social

Derived terms[edit]

[edit]

• soci

References[edit]

Further reading[edit]

• “social” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
• “social” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
• “social” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.

Chinese[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

From English social.

Adjective[edit]

social

1. (Hong Kong Cantonese) social; sociable; outgoing

Etymology 2[edit]

From clipping of English socialize.

Verb[edit]

social

1. (Hong Kong Cantonese) to socialize (to interact with others)

[edit]

• so (“to respond; to pay attension to”)

References[edit]

• English Loanwords in Hong Kong Cantonese

Danish[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From French social, from Latin sociālis (“concerning a partner or an ally”), an adjective derived from the noun socius (“partner, ally”).

Pronunciation[edit]

• IPA^(key): [soˈɕæˀl], [ɕoˈɕæˀl]

Adjective[edit]

social (neuter socialt, plural and definite singular attributive sociale)

1. social
2. sociable

Further reading[edit]

• “social” in Den Danske Ordbog
• “social” in Ordbog over det danske Sprog

French[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Latin sociālis (“of or belonging to a companion, companionship or association, social”), from socius (“a companion, ally”).

Pronunciation[edit]

• IPA^(key): /sɔ.sjal/
• Hyphenation: so‧cial
• (Paris)
• Homophones: sociale, sociales

Adjective[edit]

social (feminine sociale, masculine plural sociaux, feminine plural sociales)

1. social, related to society, community

   Un devoir social. ― A social obligation.

2. social, living in society

   l’homme est un animal social. ― Man is a social animal.

3. mundane, related to social life

   • 1922, Marcel Proust, Fugitive:

     Était-ce parce que la vie sociale de Gilberte devait présenter les mêmes contrastes que celle de Swann ?

     (please add an English translation of this quote)

Synonyms[edit]

• grégaire

Antonyms[edit]

• antisocial
• asocial

Derived terms[edit]

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Descendants[edit]

• → Romanian: social
• → Turkish: sosyal

Noun[edit]

social m (plural sociaux)

1. action intended to make society work better

   faire du social. ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)

Further reading[edit]

• “social”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

Galician[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Latin sociālis.

Pronunciation[edit]

Adjective[edit]

social m or f (plural sociais)

1. social

Derived terms[edit]

• socializar
• socialmente

Further reading[edit]

• “social” in Dicionario da Real Academia Galega, Royal Galician Academy.

Italian[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Ellipsis of social network.

Noun[edit]

social m

1. social network

   • 2019 October 1, “Zuckerberg è pronto alla battaglia contro Warren e TikTok (e Facebook non perde utenti)”, in Corriere della Sera‎^[4]:

     TikTok è sia la prima piattaforma cinese a imporsi nel resto del mondo sia l’unico social a ottenere numeri finora inanellati solo da Menlo Park (500 milioni di utenti), eppure non sembra causare particolari grattacapi.

     (please add an English translation of this quote)

2. (in the plural) social media

   postare sui social ― to post on social media

   • 2018 January 25, ““Un inconveniente tecnico”: il tweet di Trenord fa infuriare i social, poi le scuse”, in La Stampa‎^[5]:

     «Circolazione interrotta tra Treviglio e Milano a causa di un inconveniente tecnico a un treno»: è il tweet di Trenord delle 8.09 che ha fatto infuriare i social dopo il deragliamento a Seggiano di Pioltello.

     (please add an English translation of this quote)

Anagrams[edit]

• Alciso, lascio, lasciò, licosa, olisca, salcio, salico, scialo, scialo-, scialò, scolai, solcai

Middle French[edit]

Etymology[edit]

First known attestation 1355^[1], borrowed from Latin sociālis.

Adjective[edit]

social m (feminine singular sociale, masculine plural sociaulx, feminine plural sociales)

1. allied (on the same side)
2. social (tending to spend time with others)

Descendants[edit]

• → English: social
• French: social

References[edit]

• Godefroy, Frédéric, Dictionnaire de l’ancienne langue française et de tous ses dialectes du IX^e au XV^e siècle (1881) (social, supplement)

Occitan[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

• sociau (Gascony)

Etymology[edit]

From Latin sociālis.

Pronunciation[edit]

• IPA^(key): [suˈsjal]

• Audio (Languedocien)

  (file)

Adjective[edit]

social m (feminine singular sociala, masculine plural socials, feminine plural socialas)

1. social (relating to society)

Piedmontese[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

• IPA^(key): /suˈt͡ʃal/

Adjective[edit]

social

1. social

Portuguese[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Latin sociālis.

Pronunciation[edit]

• Rhymes: (Portugal) -al, (Brazil) -aw
• Hyphenation: so‧ci‧al

Adjective[edit]

social m or f (plural sociais)

1. social (relating to society)
2. (business) social (relating to business firms)
3. social; outgoing; extroverted

   Synonyms: sociável, extrovertido

   Antonym: associal

4. (ecology) social (living in large groups)
5. (Brazil) for use by the residents of an apartment block, as opposed to maintenance workers or deliverymen

   Elevador social. ― Residents’ lift.

Derived terms[edit]

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• sócio

Noun[edit]

social m or f (plural sociais)

1. (Brazil, informal) a small party between close people or friends

Further reading[edit]

• “social” in Dicionário Aberto based on Novo Diccionário da Língua Portuguesa de Cândido de Figueiredo, 1913

Romanian[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Borrowed from French social.

Pronunciation[edit]

• IPA^(key): /ˌso.t͡ʃiˈal/

Adjective[edit]

social m or n (feminine singular socială, masculine plural sociali, feminine and neuter plural sociale)

1. social (of or relating to society)

Declension[edit]

Further reading[edit]

• social in DEX online — Dicționare ale limbii române (Dictionaries of the Romanian language)

Spanish[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Latin sociālis (“of or belonging to a companion, companionship or association, social”), from socius (“a companion, ally”).

Pronunciation[edit]

• IPA^(key): (Spain) /soˈθjal/ [soˈθjal]
• IPA^(key): (Latin America) /soˈsjal/ [soˈsjal]
• Rhymes: -al
• Syllabification: so‧cial

Adjective[edit]

social (plural sociales)

1. social

Derived terms[edit]

Further reading[edit]

• “social”, in Diccionario de la lengua española, Vigésima tercera edición, Real Academia Española, 2014

Swedish[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

• IPA^(key): /sosiˈɑːl/, /soˈɧɑːl/

Adjective[edit]

social (comparative mer social, superlative mest social)

1. (not comparable) social, pertaining to living conditions and society (of an issue)
2. social, kind, friendly, welcoming, outgoing (of a person)

   Synonyms: utåtriktad, sällskaplig, föreningsintresserad

Declension[edit]

Inflection of social
Indefinite	Positive	Comparative	Superlative2
Common singular	social	mer social	mest social
Neuter singular	socialt	mer socialt	mest socialt
Plural	sociala	mer sociala	mest sociala
Masculine plural3	sociale	mer sociala	mest sociala
Definite	Positive	Comparative	Superlative
Masculine singular1	sociale	mer sociale	mest sociale
All	sociala	mer sociala	mest sociala
1) Only used, optionally, to refer to things whose natural gender is masculine. 2) The indefinite superlative forms are only used in the predicative. 3) Dated or archaic

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References[edit]

• social in Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL)
• social in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)