The word science probably

In
ancient times science (from the Latin word scientia) meant knowledge
or learning. Today we define science as the study of the world
around us. The study of science helps us to answer how, what, where,
and why questions concerning our surroundings. But science is more
than a collection of facts. Science is a human work. It is a growing
and an exciting search for what is true. In this sense, science is a
way of solving problems.

The
word «science»
probably brings to mind many different pictures: a fat textbook,
white lab coats and microscopes, an astronomer peering through a
telescope, a naturalist in the rainforest, Einstein’s equations
scribbled on a chalkboard, the launch of the space shuttle, bubbling
beakers etc. All these images reflect some aspects of science, but
none of them provides a full picture because science has so many
facets:

Science
is both a body of knowledge and a process.
Studying at school, science may sometimes seem like a collection of
isolated and static facts
listed in a textbook, but that’s only a small part of the story.
Science is also a process of discovery that allows us to link
isolated facts into coherent and comprehensive understanding of the
natural
world.

Science
is exciting.
Science is a way of discovering what’s in the universe and how these
things work today, how they worked in the past, and how they are
likely to work in future. Scientists are motivated by the thrill of
seeing or figuring out something that no one has had before.

Scientists
accept that the observations and scientific results must be
«objective.» That is they must be repeatable, testable and
confirmable by
other scientists, even (and especially) skeptical ones. The edifice
of law and theory that science builds must be representative of a
«shared» perception that can be observed and verified by
anyone equipped with good observation skills and appropriate
measuring tools. Modern science uses language and concepts that go
far beyond the directly and immediately observable, but there must
always be logical links and experimental operational links between
these concepts and things we can
observe.

To craft
scientific models and theories, scientists must brainstorm, innovate
and speculate. That’s the creative component of the activity. But
they must also maintain a disciplined rigor to ensure that their
theories and models fit into a logical and consistent interrelated
structure. The final edifice called science
allows deduction of predictions about the world, predictions that
may be tested against observations and against precise measurements
made on nature. Nature is unforgiving of mistakes, and when
experiments disagree with the predictions of scientific laws and
models these laws and models must be modified or scrapped.

Science
has many branches such as physical science, earth science, and life
science. Life science is the study of living things -plants and
animals. It helps to explain how living things relate to one another
and to their surroundings.

Put
yourself in the place of a life scientist. Try to figure out the
following press releases. Can you explain these events?

CHINE: DECEMBER, 1974 —
Snakes crawled from their winter sleeping places. They froze to
death in the winter cold. Rats also behaved in a strange way. They
came out of their hiding places and wandered around the streets in
broad daylight. These events were followed by an earthquake.

CHINA: FEBRUARY, 1975 —
Geese were seen flying into trees. Dogs howled for no clear reason.
These events were followed by an earthquake.

GREECE: 856 — Mice,
weasels, and other burrowing animals were seen fleeing from the
ancient city of Helice. Five days later the city was leveled by an
earthquake.

Earthquakes affect all the
living things. Because life scientists study the behavior of living
things they are able to predict earthquakes. It is one of many ways
life science is used in the world.

How science and technology
influence you

Technology
is the use of scientific discoveries. Transportation, communication,
food, medicine, and most of what you see around you are the result
of technology. Technology based on life science has resulted in many
useful applications. Plants that don’t get sick easily, shots that
prevent mumps and measles, X rays that show cavities, and organ
transplants are just a few applications. The world is a better place
because of science.

Exercise
1. Master the active vocabulary.

to
peer
– вглядываться , всматриваться

rainforest
– тропический лес

to
scribble
– писать каракулями , небрежно

shuttle
– затвор шлюза

facet
–аспект

to
figure
out
– вычислять; понимать, постигать

edifice
– [‘edifis]
здание, сооружение

perception
– восприятие

to
verify
– проверять, подтверждать

brainstorm
– буйный припадок, душевное потрясение

speculate
– размышлять; делать предположения

predictions
– предположения

to scrap – выбрасывать

earthquake – землетрясение

weasel – ласка

to
burrow
– рыть нору, прятаться в норе, жить в
норе

mumps –
свинка
(болезнь)

measles –
корь

Exercise
2. Answer the following questions:

1) What is science?

2) Science is both a body of
knowledge and a process, isn’t it?

3) Why must scientific
results be « objective»?

4) What branches does science
have?

5) Do you think it is
possible to live without science and technology?

6) How do science and
technology influence the humanity?

Exercise
3. Find in the text the English equivalents to the following words
and word combinations:

измерительные
инструменты

наука о мире вокруг
нас

быстро портиться

работа человека

повторяющиеся

подтверждаемые

логические связи

душевное потрясение

наблюдения

точные измерения

трансплантанты
органов

Exercise
4. Write down 5 your own sentences using words and word combinations
from Ex-s 1, 2.

Exercise
5. Say if the following statements are true or false. Correct the
false ones.

1)
Technology is the use of scientific discoveries.

2) Plants that don’t get
sick easily, shots that prevent mumps and measles, X rays that show
cavities are the only science applications.

3) The behavior of living
organisms can predict earthquakes .

4) When experiments agree
with the predictions of scientific laws and models, these laws and
models must be modified or scrapped .

5) There mustn’t be any
logical links between the concepts and things we can observe.

Exercise
6. Find the words with similar meanings:

knowledge
to connect

science facets

to peer learning

to discover to predict

to link points

perception to verify

to change study of the world

aspects to invent

to confirm to contemplate

to speculate understanding

to modify

Exercise
7. Make up dialogues on the following topics:

a) Science is a human work.

b) The role of science and
technology for the humanity.

Exercise
8. Render the text.

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группа 1

что науки?

A. прочтите следующие цитаты о науке и выражать собственное мнение о науке в целом, и о вашей области науки.

1) происхождения все науки является желание знать причины; и происхождения фальшивой науки и imposture является желание принять ложных причин, а не отсутствуют; или, который является одно и то же,в нежелании признать наше невежество.(уильям хэзлитт из атласа)
2) наука иногда строит мосты между вселенными дискурса и опыта до сих пор рассматривается в качестве отдельного и неоднородной.но наука также разрушает старые мосты и открывает различия между мирами, которые традиционно были связаны.(олдос хаксли из литературы и науки).3) — обе стороны стремятся использовать чудеса науки, а не его ужасы.давайте все вместе изучать звезды, покорять пустыню, искоренение болезней, использовать океанские глубины и поощрять искусства и коммерции.(джон ф. кеннеди из инаугурационной речи)
3), когда мы говорим «наука», мы можем либо означают любые манипуляции изобретательской и организаторские способности человеческого интеллекта:или мы можем сказать чрезвычайно разные вещи, как религия науки, vulgarized производные от этого чистая активность манипулируют вроде priestcraft в большую религиозного и политического оружия.(Wyndham льюис из искусство быть постановил)
4) наука не направлена, прежде всего, при высокой вероятности.он нацелен на высокий информационный контент, а подкреплена опытом.но гипотезу, может быть весьма вероятно, просто потому, что это ничего не говорит нам, или очень мало.(карл поппер, р. от логики научного открытия)

. запишите 5 — 10 приговоров, выражая свои идеи о науке.

с.: определения терминов «наука» и выбрать тот, который лучше подходит для вашей идеи о науке от упражнений в.

. определение источника

1.1) систематическое исследование характера и поведения материальной и физической вселенной, на основе наблюдений, эксперимент, и измерения, и разработке законов, чтобы описать эти факты в целом
2) знания, полученные или практика получения его 3) какой — либо конкретной отрасли это знание теоретических и прикладных наук
4) любое знания, организованной на систематической основе
5) навыки или метод
6) (устаревшие) знания

коллинз — английский словарь, 8 — е издание

2.любая система знаний, что касается физического мира и явлений, что влечет за собой объективные замечания и систематического экспериментов.»в целом,наука предполагает стремление к знаниям, охватывающих истины или деятельности основных законов.

3 «.наука — это изучение характера и поведения, естественного и знаний, которые мы получить о них.коллинз cobuild продвинутых учащихся — английский словарь, четвертое издание

4.филиал исследование, в котором факты наблюдаются и классификации, и, как правило,качественные законы разрабатывались и проверке; предусматривает применение математической обоснование и анализ данных для природных явлений.
McGraw — Hill словарь научно — технических терминов

5.1) области знаний проводится на цели, принципы, связанные с систематизированные наблюдения и эксперимент с явлениями, esp.в связи с материалов и функций вселенной.
2) (а) систематическое и сформулированы знаний, особенно определенного типа или по конкретному вопросу (политические науки).[b) достижения или принципов.
3), организованной свод знаний по предмету (наука о филологии).
4) умелое технику, а не сила или природные способности.
5) (устаревшие) знание любого рода.

Oxford Russian ссылки

6.знания о мире, особенно на основе изучения и проверки, и о фактах, которые могут быть доказано, Longman словарь современного английского, 3rd edition

. прочитать текст:

что науки?

, чтобы понять, что наука, только посмотри вокруг.что ты видишь?возможно, твоя рука на мышь,на экране компьютера, документы, шариковых ручек, семья кпп, яркое солнце через окно.наука — это, с одной стороны, наши знания все — все то, что во вселенной: от самых маленьких субатомные частицы в один атом металла в компьютер цепи для ядерных реакций, которые образуют огромный шар газа, что является наше солнце,для сложных химических взаимодействий и электрические колебания в пределах своего организма, которые позволяют читать и понимать эти слова.но, что не менее важно, наука и надежный процесс, посредством которого мы узнали обо всем, что вещи во вселенной.однако наука отличается от многих других способов обучения потому, что, как это делается.наука опирается на тестирование идеи с доказательствами, собранными из мира природы.этот веб — сайт поможет вам узнать больше о науке как процесс познания мира природы и доступ к части науки, что повлиять на вашу жизнь.
наука поможет удовлетворить природное любопытство, с которым мы все рождены: почему небо голубое, как леопард получить свои пятна, что такое солнечное затмение?с наукой, мы можем ответить на эти вопросы, не прибегая к магическим объяснения.и наука может привести к техническим прогрессом, а также помочь нам узнать об исключительно важной и полезной темы, такие, как наше здравоохранение, охрана окружающей среды и опасных природных явлений.без науки, современный мир не будет современным, на всех, и нам еще предстоит многому научиться.миллионы ученые всего мира работают над решением различных частей пазла, как работает вселенная, заглядывая в закоулках, размещая их микроскопы, телескопов и другие инструменты, раскрыть свои секреты.
науки является сложным и многогранным, но наиболее важных характеристик науки прямолинейны:
• наука сосредоточена исключительно на природный мир, и не заниматься сверхъестественного объяснения.
• наука — это способ обучения, о том, что в природный мир, как мир природы работает и как природный мир, должно быть, так оно и есть.это не просто сбор фактов; скорее, это путь к пониманию.
• ученые работают по — разному,но наука опирается на тестирование идей, выяснить, какие ожидания из — за идею, и что замечания выяснить, насколько эти ожидания оправдаются.
• приняли научные идеи являются надежными, потому что они были подвергнуты тщательному тестированию, а новые доказательства, приобретается и новые перспективы, появляются эти идеи могут быть пересмотрены.
• наука является сообществом усилий.он использует систему сдержек и противовесов, который помогает обеспечить, чтобы наука движется в направлении большей точности и понимания.эта система способствует разнообразие в рамках научного сообщества, которое предлагает широкий спектр мнений о научных идей.»для многих, наука может показаться тайные,айвори возвышались учреждения — но это впечатление основывается на недоразумение науки.в самом деле:
• наука влияет на вашу жизнь каждый день в самых разных путей.
• наука может быть интересно и доступно каждому.
• можно применять понимания того, как работает наука в вашей повседневной жизни.
* любой может стать ученый — любитель или профессиональных разновидности.
слово «наука», вероятно, на ум приходит много различных картинок: толстый учебник, белых халатах и микроскопов, астроном, заглядывая через телескоп, натуралист в тропических лесах, уравнения эйнштейна сочиняющего на грифельная доска, запуск космического челнока, кипящим мензурок.все эти снимки отражают некоторые аспекты науки,но ни один из них не дает полную картину, потому что наука имеет много аспектов:
• наука и знания и длительный процесс.в школе, наука, возможно, иногда кажется коллекцию изолированных и статических факты, перечисленные в учебник, но это лишь малая часть истории.что особенно важно,наука — это процесс открытия, что позволяет увязать отдельные факты в последовательной и всеобъемлющей договоренности об окружающем мире.
• наука — это здорово.наука — это способ обнаружить, что во вселенной и как эти вещи работают сегодня, как они работали в прошлом, и как они будут работать в будущем.ученые мотивированы восторг видеть или выяснить, что — то, что никто никогда прежде.
• науки является полезным.знания, получаемые в результате науки является мощным и надежным.он может быть использован для разработки новых технологий, лечения болезней и борьбы со многими другими видами проблем.
• науке продолжается.наука — это постоянно обновляет и расширяет наши знания о вселенной,и как это, это ведет к появлению новых вопросов для дальнейшего расследования.наука никогда не будет «конец».
• науки является глобальной человеческой деятельности.во всем мире людям участвовать в процессе науки.
(от понимания науки: An Overview)

е. проверьте по чтению.выбрать лучший ответ (только один вариант возможен).как подчеркнул слова от упражнений D?

1) вещи
a) мусор
(b) вещества
(c) медицины
(d) тканью

2) опасность
a) шанс
(b) аварии
(c) предприятие
(d) опасность

3) строгие
a) строго точные
(b) серьезные
(c), d) негибких

) точность суровых 4 (а), b) способность аккуратности

(c), d) точность

) стабильность 5 тропических лесов (a) тропической древесины [b) зона дождей
(c) тропический климат
(d) влажные леса

3) стремление
a) борьба
(b) эссе
(c) цель
(d) попытка

.сравнить слова в левой колонке с их определения в правой колонке.

1) атом) продолжается, и продолжает разрабатывать
2) многогранной b) облегчить процесс или активности произойдет
3) любительских c) доверять кому — то, или что — то делать то, что тебе нужно, либо ожидают, что их сделать
4) в настоящее время d) практиковать искусство или оккупации, за любовь это, но не в качестве профессии.5) согласованное e) превышает все обычные пределы размеров или степень
6) содействия f) наименьшая часть элемент, который может существовать в одиночку или комбинированной

Presentation on theme: «Natural Science What is science?. The word «science» probably brings to mind many different pictures: a fat textbook, white lab coats and microscopes,»— Presentation transcript:

1

Natural Science What is science?

2

The word «science» probably brings to mind many different pictures: a fat textbook, white lab coats and microscopes, an astronomer peering through a telescope, a naturalist in the rainforest, Einstein’s equations scribbled on a chalkboard, the launch of the space shuttle, bubbling beakers ….

3

All of those images reflect some aspect of science, but none of them provides a full picture because science has so many facets.

4

These images all show an aspect of science, but a complete view of science is more than any particular instance.

5

Science is both a body of knowledge and a process. In school, science may sometimes seem like a collection of isolated and static facts listed in a textbook. Just as importantly, science is also a process of discovery that allows us to link isolated facts into coherent and comprehensive understandings of the natural world.

6

Science is exciting. Science is a way of discovering what’s in the universe and how those things work today, how they worked in the past, and how they are likely to work in the future. Scientists are motivated by the thrill of seeing or figuring out something that no one has before.

7

Science is useful. The knowledge generated by science is powerful and reliable. It can be used to develop new technologies, treat diseases, and deal with many other sorts of problems.

8

Science is ongoing. Science is continually refining and expanding our knowledge of the universe, and as it does, it leads to new questions for future investigation. Science will never be «finished.»

9

Science is a global human endeavor. People all over the world participate in the process of science.

10

Discovery: The spark for science

11

«Eureka!» or «aha!» moments may not happen frequently, but they are often experiences that drive science and scientists.

12

For a scientist, every day holds the possibility of discovery — of coming up with a brand new idea or of observing something that no one has ever seen before.

13

Vast bodies of knowledge have yet to be built and many of the most basic questions about the universe have yet to be answered:

14

What causes gravity? How do tectonic plates move around on Earth’s surface? How do our brains store memories? How do water molecules interact with each other?

15

We don’t know the complete answers to these and an overwhelming number of other questions, but the prospect of answering them leads science forward.

16

EVERYDAY SCIENCE QUESTIONS

17

You’ve probably posed many perfectly valid scientific questions yourself: how can I get an A, why do my feet smell, why does my friend get drunk so easily?

18

Discoveries, new questions, and new ideas are what keep scientists going, but they are only one part of the picture; the rest involves a lot of work.

19

In science, discoveries and ideas must be verified by multiple lines of evidence and then integrated into the rest of science, a process which can take many years.

20

Line of Evidence Evidence drawn from one sort of test result that bears on the accuracy of an idea. In science, it is often desirable to use multiple lines of evidence (drawn from different sorts of tests and even different fields of study) to evaluate a scientific idea.

21

The process of scientific discovery is not limited to professional scientists working in labs. The everyday experience of deducing that your car won’t start because of a bad fuel pump, or of figuring out the best clothes to wear on a hot day shares fundamental similarities with classically scientific discoveries.

22

deduce To figure out through logical reasoning. Deductions are often based on established knowledge and/or assumptions.

23

These activities all involve making observations and analyzing evidence — and they all provide the satisfaction of finding an answer that makes sense of all the facts.

24

evidence Test results and/or observations that may either help support or help refute a scientific idea. In general, raw data are considered evidence only once they have been interpreted in a way that reflects on the accuracy of a scientific idea.

25

fact Statement that is known to be true through direct observation. Since scientific ideas are inherently tentative, the term fact is more meaningful in everyday language than in the language of science.

26

Some psychologists argue that the way individual humans learn (especially as children) bears a lot of similarity to the progress of science: both involve making observations, considering evidence, testing ideas, and holding on to those that work.

27

test In science, an observation or experiment that could provide evidence regarding the accuracy of a scientific idea. Testing involves figuring out what one would expect to observe if an idea were correct and comparing that expectation to what one actually observes.

28

The word «science» probably brings to mind many different pictures. : a fat textbook, white lab coats and microscopes, an astronomer peering through a telescope, a naturalist in the rainforest, Einstein’s equations scribbled on a chalkboard, the launch of the space shuttle, bubbling beakers ….

29

The word «science» probably brings to mind many different pictures. : a fat textbook, white lab coats and microscopes, an astronomer peering through a telescope, a naturalist in the rainforest, Einstein’s equations scribbled on a chalkboard, the launch of the space shuttle, bubbling beakers ….

30

All of those images reflect some aspect of science, but none of them provides a full picture because science has so many facets.

31

32

These images all show an aspect of science, but a complete view of science is more than any particular instance.

33

34

Science is both a body of knowledge and a process. In school, science may sometimes seem like a collection of isolated and static facts listed in a textbook. Just as importantly, science is also a process of discovery that allows us to link isolated facts into coherent and comprehensive understandings of the natural world.

35

Science is both a body of knowledge and a process. In school, science may sometimes seem like a collection of isolated and static facts listed in a textbook. Just as importantly, science is also a process of discovery that allows us to link isolated facts into coherent and comprehensive understandings of the natural world.

36

Science can be exciting. Science is a way of discovering what’s in the universe and how those things work today, how they worked in the past, and how they are likely to work in the future. Scientists are motivated by the thrill of seeing or figuring out something that no one has before.

37

Science can be exciting. Science is a way of discovering what’s in the universe and how those things work today, how they worked in the past, and how they are likely to work in the future. Scientists are motivated by the thrill of seeing or figuring out something that no one has before.

38

Science is useful. The knowledge generated by science is powerful and reliable. It can be used to develop new technologies, treat diseases, and deal with many other sorts of problems.

39

Science is useful. The knowledge generated by science is powerful and reliable. It can be used to develop new technologies, treat diseases, and deal with many other sorts of problems.

40

Science is ongoing. Science is continually refining and expanding our knowledge of the universe, and as it does, it leads to new questions for future investigation. Science will never be «finished.»

41

Science is ongoing. Science is continually refining and expanding our knowledge of the universe, and as it does, it leads to new questions for future investigation. Science will never be «finished.»

42

Science is a global human endeavor. People all over the world participate in the process of science.

43

Science is a global human endeavor. People all over the world participate in the process of science.

44

Discovery: The spark for science

45

Discovery: The spark for science

46

«Eureka!» or «aha!» moments may not happen frequently, but they are often experiences that drive science and scientists.

47

48

For a scientist, every day holds the possibility of discovery — of coming up with a brand new idea or of observing something that no one has ever seen before.

49

50

Vast bodies of knowledge have yet to be built and many of the most basic questions about the universe have yet to be answered:

51

52

What causes gravity? How do tectonic plates move around on Earth’s surface? How do our brains store memories? How do water molecules interact with each other?

53

EVERYDAY SCIENCE QUESTIONS

54

You’ve probably posed many perfectly valid scientific questions yourself: how can airplanes fly, why do cakes rise in the oven, why do apples turn brown once they’re cut?

55

56

Discoveries, new questions, and new ideas are what keep scientists going, but they are only one part of the picture; the rest involves a lot of work.

57

58

In science, discoveries and ideas must be verified by multiple lines of evidence and then integrated into the rest of science, a process which can take many years.

59

60

Line of Evidence Evidence drawn from one sort of test result that bears on the accuracy of an idea. In science, it is often desirable to use multiple lines of evidence (drawn from different sorts of tests and even different fields of study) to evaluate a scientific idea.

61

Line of Evidence Evidence drawn from one sort of test result that bears on the accuracy of an idea. In science, it is often desirable to use multiple lines of evidence (drawn from different sorts of tests and even different fields of study) to evaluate a scientific idea.

62

The process of scientific discovery is not limited to professional scientists working in labs. The everyday experience of deducing that your car won’t start because of a bad fuel pump, or of figuring out the best clothes to wear on a hot day shares fundamental similarities with classically scientific discoveries.

63

64

deduce To figure out through logical reasoning. Deductions are often based on established knowledge and/or assumptions.

65

66

These activities all involve making observations and analyzing evidence — and they all provide the satisfaction of finding an answer that makes sense of all the facts.

67

68

evidence Test results and/or observations that may either help support or help refute a scientific idea. In general, raw data are considered evidence only once they have been interpreted in a way that reflects on the accuracy of a scientific idea.

69

70

fact Statement that is known to be true through direct observation. Since scientific ideas are inherently tentative, the term fact is more meaningful in everyday language than in the language of science.

71

72

Some psychologists argue that the way individual humans learn (especially as children) bears a lot of similarity to the progress of science: both involve making observations, considering evidence, testing ideas, and holding on to those that work.

73

74

test In science, an observation or experiment that could provide evidence regarding the accuracy of a scientific idea. Testing involves figuring out what one would expect to observe if an idea were correct and comparing that expectation to what one actually observes.

75

76

Review Questions. What do you think of when you think of “Science”? Give some adjectives and nouns which can complete this sentence: “Science is ……….”

77

What sort of experiences often drive scientists? Would you say that they are driven more by emotion or by rationality?

78

What are some basic questions that are yet to be answered by science? What are some everyday enquiries that you have, that are similar to scientific questions?

79

In science, it is not enough to have ideas. What must happen to those ideas before they are accepted in science?

80

In your own words, explain what the following terms mean. Line of evidence. Deduce. Evidence. Fact. Test.

81

What are observations? How is the way people learn similar to the process of science?

Год издания: 2019

Кол-во страниц: 246

• Аннотация
• Коллекции
• Классификаторы
• Выпуски издания
• Бибзапись
• Фрагменты

А.В. Вдовичев
Н.Г. Оловникова

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК
ДЛЯ МАГИСТРАНТОВ И АСПИРАНТОВ

ENGLISH FOR GRADUATE
AND POSTGRADUATE STUDENTS

Учебно-методическое пособие

4-е издание, стереотипное

Москва

Издательство «ФЛИНТА»

2019

УДК 811.111(075.8)
ББК 81.432.1я73

В25

Ре це нзе нты:

канд. филол. наук, доцент, зав. кафедрой иностранных языков факуль-

тета энергетического строительства БНТУ Н.П. Мартысюк;

канд. филол. наук, доцент Е.А. Мисуно

В25 

Вдовичев А.В.
Английский язык для магистрантов и аспирантов. English 
for Graduate and Postgraduate Students [ Э л е к т р о н н ы й  
р е с у р с ] : 
учеб.-метод. 
пособие 
/ А.В. 
Вдовичев, 
Н.Г. 
Оловникова. — 4-е изд., стер. — М. : ФЛИНТА, 2019. — 246 с.

ISBN 978-5-9765-2247-3

Пособие содержит научные, научно-популярные и общественно-
политические тексты, а также комплексы упражнений и заданий для 
развития навыков устной и письменной речи на английском языке. 
Тематическое содержание соответствует программе-минимуму по 
иностранному языку для слушателей магистратуры и аспирантуры 
языковых и неязыковых специальностей вуза. Каждый раздел данного 
учебного пособия включает в себя упражнения по переводу, устной 
практике, усвоению активной лексики, тексты для изучающего и 
просмотрового чтения и последующего анализа.
Для слушателей магистратуры и аспирантуры и преподавателей 
языковых и неязыковых специальностей вузов.

УДК 811.111(075.8)
ББК 81.432.1я73

ISBN 978-5-9765-2247-3
© Вдовичев А.В., Оловникова Н.Г., 2017
© Издательство «ФЛИНТА», 2017

Contents

Introduction  .....................................................................................................4

 
UNIT  1.  What is Science?  .......................................................................6

 
UNIT  2.  Evolution of Science  ...............................................................33

 
UNIT  3.  Knowledge Society  .................................................................72

 
UNIT  4.  Perspectives of Science Development  ..................................112

 
UNIT  5.  Science in Our Everyday Life  ...............................................152

Supplementary Reading  .............................................................................190

APPENDIX  I.  List of Sciences  ..................................................................213

APPENDIX  II.  List of Abbreviations for College Degrees  .......................241

APPENDIX  III.  List of Abbreviations for Titles  .......................................243

Introduction

Nowadays it is impossible to imagine our life without science 
and technology. Much attention is paid to scientifi c development at 
the level of higher education. The English language proved to be the 
main means of communication in the fi eld of research, development 
and science. That is why graduate and postgraduate students have to 
understand the bulk of information that is provided in English.
This textbook can be regarded a guide to reading scientifi c and 
popular scientifi c texts in various fi elds, about the greatest inventions 
and researchers of the past and present as well as about perspectives 
of scientifi c development.
The textbook consists of 5 units:

1. What Is Science?
2. Evolution of Science
3. Knowledge Society
4. Perspectives of Science Development
5. Science in Our Everyday Life

Each unit contains 26 tasks (from A to Z) providing 
brainstorming activities, reading comprehension, vocabulary work, 
creative and interactive tasks, tips for graduates and postgraduates 
about presentations, thesis writing, communication skills needed in 
the fi eld of their research as well as tasks for development of skills 
of speaking and writing in English. The texts are selected in the way 
as to make all graduates and postgraduates be interested in the topics 
discussed, irrespective of their specialty and qualifi cation.
All texts are accompanied by references of and links to the 
resources they are taken from. Both varieties of English are used: 
British and American. After the units there is a section with some 
additional texts that can be used during the classes of English.
In Appendices one can fi nd some useful information about 
sciences that exist at present with the detailed defi nition, 
abbreviations of college degrees and academic and scientifi c titles 
(the US and European use).

The book will be quite useful in preparatory course for passing 
postgraduate exam in English.
The authors of the textbook would like to express their sincere 
gratitude to all those who helped them fi nd interesting and useful 
information as well as to those who will use this book for their 
studies of English. We hope it will be very useful and we wish 
graduates and postgraduates all possible success in their researches, 
theses and scientifi c careers.

U N I T  1

What is Science?

A. Read the following quotations about science and express your 
own opinion about science in general and about your fi eld of 
science.
1. The origin of all science is in the desire to know causes; and the 
origin of all false science and imposture is in the desire to accept 
false causes rather than none; or, which is the same thing, in 
the unwillingness to acknowledge our own ignorance. (William 
Hazlitt from The Atlas)
2. Science sometimes builds new bridges between universes of 
discourse and experience hitherto regarded as separate and 
heterogeneous. But science also breaks down old bridges and 
opens gulfs between universes that, traditionally, had been 
connected. (Aldous Huxley from Literature and Science)
3. Let both sides seek to invoke the wonders of science instead of 
its terrors. Together let us explore the stars, conquer the deserts, 
eradicate disease, tap the ocean depths and encourage the arts 
and commerce. (John F. Kennedy from Inaugural Address)
3. When we say “science” we can either mean any manipulation 
of the inventive and organizing power of the human intellect: or 
we can mean such an extremely different thing as the religion 
of science, the vulgarized derivative from this pure activity 
manipulated by a sort of priestcraft into a great religious and 
political weapon. (Wyndham Lewis from The Art of Being Ruled)
4. Science does not aim, primarily, at high probabilities. It aims 
at a high informative content, well backed by experience. But 
a hypothesis may be very probable simply because it tells us 
nothing, or very little.
(Karl R. Popper from The Logic of Scientifi c Discovery)

B. Write down 5—10 sentences expressing your ideas about 
science.

C. Read the defi nitions of “science” and choose the one, which 
suits best to your ideas about science from exercise B.

№
Defi nition
Source

1.
1) the systematic study of the nature and 
behaviour of the material and physical 
universe, 
based 
on 
observation, 
experiment, and measurement, and the 
formulation of laws to describe these 
facts in general terms;
2) the knowledge so obtained or the 
practice of obtaining it;
3) any particular branch of this knowledge 
the pure and applied sciences;
4) any body of knowledge organized in a 
systematic manner;
5) skill or technique;
6) (archaic) knowledge

Collins English 
Dictionary, 8th 
Edition

2.
Any system of knowledge that is concerned 
with the physical world and its phenomena 
and that entails unbiased observations and 
systematic experimentation.
In general, a science involves a pursuit of 
knowledge covering general truths or the 
operations of fundamental laws.

Britannica

3.
Science is the study of the nature and 
behaviour of natural things and the 
knowledge that we obtain about them.

Collins COBUILD 
Advanced 
Learner’s English 
Dictionary, 4th 
edition

Таблица (окончание)

№
Defi nition
Source

4.
A branch of study in which facts are 
observed and classifi ed, and, usually, 
quantitative laws are formulated and 
verifi ed; involves the application of 
mathematical reasoning and data analysis 
to natural phenomena.

McGraw-Hill 
Dictionary of 
Scientifi c and 
Technical Terms

5.
1) a branch of knowledge conducted 
on 
objective 
principles 
involving 
the systematized observation of and 
experiment 
with 
phenomena, 
esp. 
concerned 
with 
the 
material 
and 
functions of the physical universe;
2) (a) 
systematic 
and 
formulated 
knowledge, esp. of a specifi ed type 
or on a specifi ed subject (political 
science);
 
(b) the pursuit or principles of this;
3) an organized body of knowledge on a 
subject (the science of philology);
4) skilful technique rather than strength or 
natural ability;
5) (archaic) knowledge of any kind.

Oxford English 
Reference

6.
Knowledge about the world, especially 
based on examination and testing, and on 
facts that can be proved

Longman 
Dictionary of 
Contemporary 
English, 3rd 
edition

D. Read the following text.

What is Science?

To understand what science is, just look around you. What 
do you see? Perhaps, your hand on the mouse, a computer screen, 

papers, ballpoint pens, the family cat, the sun shining through the 
window ... Science is, in one sense, our knowledge of all that — all 
the stuff that is in the universe: from the tiniest subatomic particles 
in a single atom of the metal in your computer’s circuits, to the 
nuclear reactions that formed the immense ball of gas that is our 
sun, to the complex chemical interactions and electrical fl uctuations 
within your own body that allow you to read and understand these 
words. But just as importantly, science is also a reliable process by 
which we learn about all that stuff in the universe. However, science 
is different from many other ways of learning because of the way 
it is done. Science relies on testing ideas with evidence gathered 
from the natural world. This website will help you learn more about 
science as a process of learning about the natural world and access 
the parts of science that affect your life.
Science helps satisfy the natural curiosity with which we are all 
born: why is the sky blue, how did the leopard get its spots, what 
is a solar eclipse? With science, we can answer such questions 
without resorting to magical explanations. And science can lead to 
technological advances, as well as helping us learn about enormously 
important and useful topics, such as our health, the environment, and 
natural hazards. Without science, the modern world would not be 
modern at all, and we still have much to learn. Millions of scientists 
all over the world are working to solve different parts of the puzzle 
of how the universe works, peering into its nooks and crannies, 
deploying their microscopes, telescopes, and other tools to unravel 
its secrets.
Science is complex and multi-faceted, but the most important 
characteristics of science are straightforward:

● 
Science focuses exclusively on the natural world, and does 
not deal with supernatural explanations.

● 
Science is a way of learning about what is in the natural 
world, how the natural world works, and how the natural world got 
to be the way it is. It is not simply a collection of facts; rather it is a 
path to understanding.

● 
Scientists work in many different ways, but all science relies 
on testing ideas by fi guring out what expectations are generated 
by an idea and making observations to fi nd out whether those 
expectations hold true.

● 
Accepted scientifi c ideas are reliable because they have been 
subjected to rigorous testing, but as new evidence is acquired and 
new perspectives emerge these ideas can be revised.

● 
Science is a community endeavor. It relies on a system of 
checks and balances, which helps ensure that science moves in the 
direction of greater accuracy and understanding. This system is 
facilitated by diversity within the scientifi c community, which offers 
a broad range of perspectives on scientifi c ideas.
To many, science may seem like an arcane, ivory-towered 
institution — but that impression is based on a misunderstanding of 
science. In fact:

● 
Science affects your life everyday in all sorts of different 
ways.

● 
Science can be fun and is accessible to everyone.

● 
You can apply an understanding of how science works to 
your everyday life.

● 
Anyone can become a scientist — of the amateur or 
professional variety.
The word “science” probably brings to mind many different 
pictures: a fat textbook, white lab coats and microscopes, an 
astronomer peering through a telescope, a naturalist in the rainforest, 
Einstein’s equations scribbled on a chalkboard, the launch of the 
space shuttle, bubbling beakers ... All of those images refl ect some 
aspect of science, but none of them provides a full picture because 
science has so many facets:

● 
Science is both a body of knowledge and a process. In 
school, science may sometimes seem like a collection of isolated 
and static facts listed in a textbook, but that’s only a small part of 
the story. Just as importantly, science is also a process of discovery 
that allows us to link isolated facts into coherent and comprehensive 
understandings of the natural world.

● 
Science is exciting. Science is a way of discovering what’s 
in the universe and how those things work today, how they worked 
in the past, and how they are likely to work in the future. Scientists 
are motivated by the thrill of seeing or fi guring out something that 
no one has before.

● 
Science is useful. The knowledge generated by science is 
powerful and reliable. It can be used to develop new technologies, 
treat diseases, and deal with many other sorts of problems.

● 
Science is ongoing. Science is continually refi ning and 
 expanding our knowledge of the universe, and as it does, it leads to new 
questions for future investigation. Science will never be “fi nished”.

● 
Science is a global human endeavor. People all over the 
world participate in the process of science.
(from Understanding Science: An Overview)

E. Check your reading comprehension. Choose the best answer 
(only one variant is possible). What do the underlined words from 
exercise D mean?
1) stuff
 
(a) rubbish
 
(b) substance
 
(c) medicine
 
(d) cloth

2) hazard
 
(a) chance
 
(b) accident
 
(c) venture
 
(d) danger

3) rigorous
 
(a) strictly exact
 
(b) severe
 
(c) infl exible
 
(d) harsh

4) accuracy
 
(a) neatness
 
(b) ability
 
(c) precision
 
(d) stability

5) rainforest
 
(a) tropical wood
 
(b) rainy zone
 
(c) tropical climate
 
(d) wet woodland

6) endeavor
 
(a) struggle
 
(b) essay
 
(c) aim
 
(d) attempt