The word revolution means

In political science, a revolution (Latin: revolutio, ‘a turn around’) is a fundamental and relatively sudden change in political power and political organization which occurs when the population revolts against the government, typically due to perceived oppression (political, social, economic) or political incompetence.[1]

Revolutions have occurred throughout human history and vary widely in terms of methods, duration, and motivating ideology. Their results include major changes in culture, economy, and socio-political institutions, usually in response to perceived overwhelming autocracy or plutocracy.

Scholarly debates about what does and does not constitute a revolution center on several issues. Early studies of revolutions primarily analyzed events in European history from a psychological perspective, but more modern examinations include global events and incorporate perspectives from several social sciences, including sociology and political science. Several generations of scholarly thought on revolutions have generated many competing theories and contributed much to the current understanding of this complex phenomenon.

Notable revolutions in recent centuries include the creation of the United States through the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), the French Revolution (1789–1799), the Haitian Revolution (1791–1804), the Spanish American wars of independence (1808–1826), the European Revolutions of 1848, the Russian Revolution in 1917, the Chinese Revolution of the 1940s, the Cuban Revolution in 1959, the Iranian Revolution in 1979, and the European Revolutions of 1989.

Etymology

The word «revolucion» is known in French from the 13th century, and «revolution» in English by the late fourteenth century, with regard to the revolving motion of celestial bodies. «Revolution» in the sense of representing abrupt change in a social order is attested by at least 1450.[2][3] Political usage of the term had been well established by 1688 in the description of the replacement of James II with William III. This incident was termed the «Glorious Revolution».[4]

Types

There are many different typologies of revolutions in social science and literature.

Alexis de Tocqueville differentiated between:

  • political revolutions, sudden and violent revolutions that seek not only to establish a new political system but to transform an entire society, and;
  • slow but sweeping transformations of the entire society that take several generations to bring about (such as changes in religion).[5]

One of several different Marxist typologies[6] divides revolutions into:

  • pre-capitalist
  • early bourgeois
  • bourgeois
  • bourgeois-democratic
  • early proletarian
  • socialist

Charles Tilly, a modern scholar of revolutions, differentiated between;

  • coup d’état (a top-down seizure of power)
  • civil war
  • revolt, and
  • «great revolution» (a revolution that transforms economic and social structures as well as political institutions, such as the French Revolution of 1789, Russian Revolution of 1917, or Islamic Revolution of Iran).[7][8]

Mark Katz[9] identified six forms of revolution;

  • rural revolution
  • urban revolution
  • Coup d’état, e.g. Egypt, 1952
  • revolution from above, e.g. Mao’s Great leap forward of 1958
  • revolution from without, e.g. the allied invasions of Italy, 1944 and Germany, 1945.
  • revolution by osmosis, e.g. the gradual Islamization of several countries.

These categories are not mutually exclusive; the Russian revolution of 1917 began with the urban revolution to depose the Czar, followed by rural revolution, followed by the Bolshevik coup in November. Katz also cross-classified revolutions as follows;

  • Central; countries, usually Great powers, which play a leading role in a Revolutionary wave; e.g. the USSR, Nazi Germany, Iran since 1979.[10]
  • Aspiring revolutions, which follow the Central revolution
  • subordinate or puppet revolutions
  • rival revolutions, e.g. communist Yugoslavia, and China after 1969

A further dimension to Katz’s typology[11] is that revolutions are either against (anti-monarchy, anti-dictatorial, anti-communist, anti-democratic) or for (pro-fascism, communism, nationalism etc.). In the latter cases, a transition period is often necessary to decide on the direction taken.

Other types of revolution, created for other typologies, include the social revolutions; proletarian or communist revolutions (inspired by the ideas of Marxism that aims to replace capitalism with Communism); failed or abortive revolutions (revolutions that fail to secure power after temporary victories or large-scale mobilization); or violent vs. nonviolent revolutions.

The term revolution has also been used to denote great changes outside the political sphere. Such revolutions are usually recognized as having transformed in society, culture, philosophy, and technology much more than political systems; they are often known as social revolutions.[12] Some can be global, while others are limited to single countries. One of the classic examples of the usage of the word revolution in such context is the Industrial Revolution, Scientific Revolution or the Commercial Revolution. Note that such revolutions also fit the «slow revolution» definition of Tocqueville.[13]
A similar example is the Digital Revolution.

Political and socioeconomic revolutions

R E V O L U T I O N, graffiti with political message on a house wall. Four letters have been written backwards and with a different color so that they also form the word Love.

Perhaps most often, the word «revolution» is employed to denote a change in social and political institutions.[14][15][16] Jeff Goodwin gives two definitions of a revolution. First, a broad one, including

any and all instances in which a state or a political regime is overthrown and thereby transformed by a popular movement in an irregular, extraconstitutional and/or violent fashion.

Second, a narrow one, in which

revolutions entail not only mass mobilization and regime change, but also more or less rapid and fundamental social, economic and/or cultural change, during or soon after the struggle for state power.[17]

Jack Goldstone defines a revolution as

an effort to transform the political institutions and the justifications for political authority in society, accompanied by formal or informal mass mobilization and non-institutionalized actions that undermine authorities.[18]

Political and socioeconomic revolutions have been studied in many social sciences, particularly sociology, political sciences and history. Among the leading scholars in that area have been or are Crane Brinton, Charles Brockett, Farideh Farhi, John Foran, John Mason Hart, Samuel Huntington, Jack Goldstone, Jeff Goodwin, Ted Roberts Gurr, Fred Halliday, Chalmers Johnson, Tim McDaniel, Barrington Moore, Jeffery Paige, Vilfredo Pareto, Terence Ranger, Eugen Rosenstock-Huessy, Theda Skocpol, James Scott, Eric Selbin, Charles Tilly, Ellen Kay Trimberger, Carlos Vistas, John Walton, Timothy Wickham-Crowley, and Eric Wolf.[19]

Scholars of revolutions, like Jack Goldstone, differentiate four current ‘generations’ of scholarly research dealing with revolutions.[18] The scholars of the first generation such as Gustave Le Bon, Charles A. Ellwood, or Pitirim Sorokin, were mainly descriptive in their approach, and their explanations of the phenomena of revolutions was usually related to social psychology, such as Le Bon’s crowd psychology theory.[14]

Second generation theorists sought to develop detailed theories of why and when revolutions arise, grounded in more complex social behavior theories. They can be divided into three major approaches: psychological, sociological and political.[14]

The works of Ted Robert Gurr, Ivo K. Feierbrand, Rosalind L. Feierbrand, James A. Geschwender, David C. Schwartz, and Denton E. Morrison fall into the first category. They followed theories of cognitive psychology and frustration-aggression theory and saw the cause of revolution in the state of mind of the masses, and while they varied in their approach as to what exactly caused the people to revolt (e.g., modernization, recession, or discrimination), they agreed that the primary cause for revolution was the widespread frustration with socio-political situation.[14]

The second group, composed of academics such as Chalmers Johnson, Neil Smelser, Bob Jessop, Mark Hart, Edward A. Tiryakian, and Mark Hagopian, followed in the footsteps of Talcott Parsons and the structural-functionalist theory in sociology; they saw society as a system in equilibrium between various resources, demands and subsystems (political, cultural, etc.). As in the psychological school, they differed in their definitions of what causes disequilibrium, but agreed that it is a state of a severe disequilibrium that is responsible for revolutions.[14]

Finally, the third group, which included writers such as Charles Tilly, Samuel P. Huntington, Peter Ammann, and Arthur L. Stinchcombe followed the path of political sciences and looked at pluralist theory and interest group conflict theory. Those theories see events as outcomes of a power struggle between competing interest groups. In such a model, revolutions happen when two or more groups cannot come to terms within a normal decision making process traditional for a given political system, and simultaneously have enough resources to employ force in pursuing their goals.[14]

The second generation theorists saw the development of the revolutions as a two-step process; first, some change results in the present situation being different from the past; second, the new situation creates an opportunity for a revolution to occur. In that situation, an event that in the past would not be sufficient to cause a revolution (e.g., a war, a riot, a bad harvest), now is sufficient; however, if authorities are aware of the danger, they can still prevent a revolution through reform or repression.[18]

Many such early studies of revolutions tended to concentrate on four classic cases: famous and uncontroversial examples that fit virtually all definitions of revolutions, such as the Glorious Revolution (1688), the French Revolution (1789–1799), the Russian Revolution of 1917, and the Chinese Revolution (also known as the Chinese Civil War) (1927–1949).[18] In his The Anatomy of Revolution, however, the Harvard historian Crane Brinton focused on the English Civil War, the American Revolution, the French Revolution, and the Russian Revolution.[20]

In time, scholars began to analyze hundreds of other events as revolutions (see List of revolutions and rebellions), and differences in definitions and approaches gave rise to new definitions and explanations. The theories of the second generation have been criticized for their limited geographical scope, difficulty in empirical verification, as well as that while they may explain some particular revolutions, they did not explain why revolutions did not occur in other societies in very similar situations.[18]

The criticism of the second generation led to the rise of a third generation of theories, with writers such as Theda Skocpol, Barrington Moore, Jeffrey Paige, and others expanding on the old Marxist class conflict approach, turning their attention to rural agrarian-state conflicts, state conflicts with autonomous elites, and the impact of interstate economic and military competition on domestic political change. Particularly Skocpol’s States and Social Revolutions became one of the most widely recognized works of the third generation; Skocpol defined revolution as «rapid, basic transformations of society’s state and class structures […] accompanied and in part carried through by class-based revolts from below», attributing revolutions to a conjunction of multiple conflicts involving state, elites and the lower classes.[18]

From the late 1980s, a new body of scholarly work began questioning the dominance of the third generation’s theories. The old theories were also dealt a significant blow by new revolutionary events that could not be easily explained by them. The Iranian and Nicaraguan Revolutions of 1979, the 1986 People Power Revolution in the Philippines and the 1989 Autumn of Nations in Europe saw multi-class coalitions topple seemingly powerful regimes amidst popular demonstrations and mass strikes in nonviolent revolutions.

Defining revolutions as mostly European violent state versus people and class struggles conflicts was no longer sufficient. The study of revolutions thus evolved in three directions, firstly, some researchers were applying previous or updated structuralist theories of revolutions to events beyond the previously analyzed, mostly European conflicts. Secondly, scholars called for greater attention to conscious agency in the form of ideology and culture in shaping revolutionary mobilization and objectives. Third, analysts of both revolutions and social movements realized that those phenomena have much in common, and a new ‘fourth generation’ literature on contentious politics has developed that attempts to combine insights from the study of social movements and revolutions in hopes of understanding both phenomena.[18]

Further, social science research on revolution, primarily work in political science, has begun to move beyond individual or comparative case studies towards large-N empirical studies assessing the causes and implications of revolution. Initial studies generally rely on the Polity Project’s data on democratization.[21] Such analyses, like those by Enterline,[22] Maoz,[23] and Mansfield and Snyder,[24] identify revolutions based on regime changes indicated by a change in the country’s score on Polity’s autocracy to democracy scale. More recently, scholars like Jeff Colgan have argued that Polity, which measures the degree of democratic or autocratic authority in a state’s governing institutions based on the openness of executive recruitment, constraints on executive authority, and political competition, is inadequate because it measures democratization, not revolution, and fails to account for regimes which come to power by revolution but fail to change the structure of the state and society sufficiently to yield a notable difference in Polity score.[25] Instead, Colgan offers a new data set on revolutionary leaders which identifies governments that «transform the existing social, political, and economic relationships of the state by overthrowing or rejecting the principal existing institutions of society.»[26] This most recent data set has been employed to make empirically-based contributions to the literature on revolution by identifying links between revolution and the likelihood of international disputes.

Revolutions have also been approached from anthropological perspectives. Drawing on Victor Turner’s writings on ritual and performance, Bjorn Thomassen has argued that revolutions can be understood as «liminal» moments: modern political revolutions very much resemble rituals and can therefore be studied within a process approach.[27] This would imply not only a focus on political behavior «from below», but also to recognize moments where «high and low» are relativized, made irrelevant or subverted, and where the micro and macro levels fuse together in critical conjunctions.

Economist Douglass North argued that it is much easier for revolutionaries to alter formal political institutions such as laws and constitutions than to alter informal social conventions. According to North, inconsistencies between rapidly changing formal institutions and slow-changing informal ones can inhibit effective sociopolitical change. Because of this, the long-term effect of revolutionary political restructuring is often more moderate than the ostensible short-term effect.[28]

While revolutions encompass events ranging from the relatively peaceful revolutions that overthrew communist regimes to the violent Islamic revolution in Afghanistan, they exclude coups d’état, civil wars, revolts, and rebellions that make no effort to transform institutions or the justification for authority (such as Józef Piłsudski’s May Coup of 1926 or the American Civil War), as well as peaceful transitions to democracy through institutional arrangements such as plebiscites and free elections, as in Spain after the death of Francisco Franco.[18]

See also

  • Age of Revolution
  • Classless society
  • Passive revolution
  • Political warfare
  • Psychological warfare
  • Rebellion
  • Reformism
  • Revolutionary wave
  • Right of revolution
  • Social movement
  • Subversion
  • User revolt — A phenomenon related to the modern Internet
  • Preference falsification

Lists of revolutions

  • List of revolutions and rebellions

References

  1. ^ Bullock, Alan; Trombley, Stephen, eds. (1999). The New Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought (Third ed.). HarperCollins. pp. 754–746. ISBN 978-0006863830.
  2. ^ OED vol Q-R p. 617 1979 Sense III states a usage «Alteration, change, mutation» from 1400 but lists it as «rare». «c. 1450, Lydg 1196 Secrees of Elementys the Revoluciuons, Chaung of tymes and Complexiouns.» It’s clear that the usage had been established by the early 15th century but only came into common use in the late 17th century in England.
  3. ^ «Revolution». onlineetymology.com.
  4. ^ Pipes, Richard. «A Concise History of the Russian Revolution». Archived from the original on 11 May 2011.
  5. ^ Boesche, Roger (2006). Tocqueville’s Road Map: Methodology, Liberalism, Revolution, and Despotism. Lexington Books. pp. https://books.google.com/books?id=fLL6Bil2gtcC&pg=PA86 86]. ISBN 0-7391-1665-7.
  6. ^ Topolski, J. (1976). «Rewolucje w dziejach nowożytnych i najnowszych (xvii-xx wiek)» [Revolutions in modern and recent history (17th-20th century)]. Kwartalnik Historyczny (in Polish). LXXXIII: 251–267.
  7. ^ Tilly, Charles (1995). European Revolutions, 1492-1992. Blackwell Publishing. pp. 16. ISBN 0-631-19903-9.
  8. ^ Lewis, Bernard. «Iran in History». Moshe Dayan Center, Tel Aviv University. Archived from the original on 29 April 2007.
  9. ^ Katz 1997, p. 4.
  10. ^ Katz 1997, p. 13.
  11. ^ Katz 1997, p. 12.
  12. ^ Fang, Irving E. (1997). A History of Mass Communication: Six Information Revolutions. Focal Press. pp. xv. ISBN 0-240-80254-3.
  13. ^ Murray, Warwick E. (2006). Geographies of Globalization. Routledge. pp. 226. ISBN 0-415-31800-9.
  14. ^ a b c d e f Goldstone, Jack (1980). «Theories of Revolutions: The Third Generation». World Politics. 32 (3): 425–453. doi:10.2307/2010111. JSTOR 2010111. S2CID 154287826.
  15. ^ Foran, John (1993). «Theories of Revolution Revisited: Toward a Fourth Generation». Sociological Theory. 11 (1): 1–20. doi:10.2307/201977. JSTOR 201977.
  16. ^ Kroeber, Clifton B. (1996). «Theory and History of Revolution». Journal of World History. 7 (1): 21–40. doi:10.1353/jwh.2005.0056. S2CID 144148530.
  17. ^ Goodwin, p.9.
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h Goldstone, Jack (2001). «Towards a Fourth Generation of Revolutionary Theory». Annual Review of Political Science. 4: 139–187. doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.4.1.139.
  19. ^ Goodwin, Jeff (2001). No Other Way Out: States and Revolutionary Movements, 1945-1991. Cambridge University Press. p. 5.
  20. ^ Brinton, Crane (1965) [1938]. The Anatomy of Revolution (revised ed.). New York: Vintage Books.
  21. ^ «PolityProject». www.systemicpeace.org. Retrieved 17 February 2016.
  22. ^ Enterline, A. J. (1 December 1998). «Regime Changes, Neighborhoods, and Interstate Conflict, 1816-1992». Journal of Conflict Resolution. 42 (6): 804–829. doi:10.1177/0022002798042006006. ISSN 0022-0027. S2CID 154877512.
  23. ^ Maoz, Zeev (1996). Domestic sources of global change. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
  24. ^ Mansfield, Edward D.; Snyder, Jack (2007). Electing to Fight: Why Emerging Democracies go to War. MIT Press.
  25. ^ Colgan, Jeff (1 September 2012). «Measuring Revolution». Conflict Management and Peace Science. 29 (4): 444–467. doi:10.1177/0738894212449093. ISSN 0738-8942. S2CID 220675692.
  26. ^ «Data — Jeff D Colgan». sites.google.com. Retrieved 17 February 2016.
  27. ^ Thomassen, Bjorn (2012). «Toward an anthropology of political revolutions» (PDF). Comparative Studies in Society and History. 54 (3): 679–706. doi:10.1017/s0010417512000278. S2CID 15806418.
  28. ^ North, Douglass C. (1992). Transaction costs, institutions, and economic performance. San Francisco: ICS Press. p. 13.

Bibliography

  • Katz, Mark N. (1997). Revolutions and Revolutionary Waves. St Martin’s Press. ISBN 978-0312173227.

Further reading

  • Beck, Colin J. (2018). «The Structure of Comparison in the Study of Revolution». Sociological Theory. 36 (2): 134–161. doi:10.1177/0735275118777004. S2CID 53669466.
  • Ness, Immanuel, ed. (2009). The International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest: 1500 to the Present. Malden, MA: Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-4051-8464-9.
  • Popovic, Srdja (2015). Blueprint for Revolution: How to use rice pudding, Lego men, and other nonviolent techniques to galvanize communities, overthrow dictators, or simply change the world. New York: Spiegel and Grau. ISBN 978-0-8129-9530-5.
  • Perreau-Sausine, Emile (Spring 2005). «Les libéraux face aux révolutions : 1688, 1789, 1917, 1933» [Liberals facing revolutions: 1688, 1789, 1917, 1933]. Commentaire (in French). pp. 181–193.

External links

Look up Revolution in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

  • Arendt, Hannah (1963). IEP.UTM.edu. On Revolution. Penguin Classics. New Ed edition: February 8, 1991. ISBN 0-14-018421-X.
Источник

1

a(1)

: the action by a celestial body of going round in an orbit or elliptical course

also

: apparent movement of such a body round the earth

(2)

: the time taken by a celestial body to make a complete round in its orbit

(3)

: the rotation of a celestial body on its axis

b

: completion of a course (as of years)

also

: the period made by the regular succession of a measure of time or by a succession of similar events

c(1)

: a progressive motion of a body around an axis so that any line of the body parallel to the axis returns to its initial position while remaining parallel to the axis in transit and usually at a constant distance from it

(2)

: motion of any figure about a center or axis

revolution of a right triangle about one of its legs generates a cone

2

a

: a sudden, radical, or complete change

b

: a fundamental change in political organization

especially

: the overthrow or renunciation of one government or ruler and the substitution of another by the governed

c

: activity or movement designed to effect fundamental changes in the socioeconomic situation

d

: a fundamental change in the way of thinking about or visualizing something : a change of paradigm

the Copernican revolution

e

: a changeover in use or preference especially in technology

the foreign car revolution

Did you know?

Revolution and revolt have a shared origin, both ultimately going back to the Latin revolvere “to revolve, roll back.” When revolution first appeared in English in the 14th century, it referred to the movement of a celestial body in orbit; that sense was extended to “a progressive motion of a body around an axis,” “completion of a course,” and other senses suggesting regularity of motion or a predictable return to an original position. At virtually the same time, the word developed a sharply different meaning, namely, ”a sudden radical, or complete change,” apparently from the idea of reversal of direction implicit in the Latin verb. Revolt , which initially meant “to renounce allegiance,” grew from the same idea of “rolling back,” in this case from a prior bond of loyalty.

Synonyms

Choose the Right Synonym for revolution



open rebellion against the officers

revolution applies to a successful rebellion resulting in a major change (as in government).



a political revolution that toppled the monarchy

uprising implies a brief, limited, and often immediately ineffective rebellion.



quickly put down the uprising

revolt and insurrection imply an armed uprising that quickly fails or succeeds.



a revolt by the Young Turks that surprised party leaders



an insurrection of oppressed laborers

mutiny applies to group insubordination or insurrection especially against naval authority.



a mutiny led by the ship’s cook

Example Sentences



The group started a revolution.



The king knew that there was a threat of revolution.



This new theory could cause a revolution in elementary education.



the revolution of the Earth around the Sun



The period of revolution of the Earth around the Sun is equal to one year.



The Earth makes one revolution on its axis in about 24 hours.



This motor operates at a speed of 5,000 revolutions per minute.

See More

Recent Examples on the Web

The Wembanyama revolution is coming to the NBA.


—Marlowe Alter, Detroit Free Press, 2 Apr. 2023




Bogart had an awesome faith in his artists, notably Kiss, the band that turned heavy metal into a down-and-dirty spectacle of lusty carnival teenage fantasy, and Donna Summer, whose ecstatic virtuosity fueled the disco revolution.


—Owen Gleiberman, Variety, 2 Apr. 2023




Under Iran’s Islamic sharia law, imposed after the 1979 revolution, women are obliged to cover their hair and wear long, loose-fitting clothes to disguise their figures.


—Reuters, NBC News, 1 Apr. 2023




Sundar Pichai has been trying to start an A.I. revolution for a very long time.


—Kevin Roose, New York Times, 31 Mar. 2023




But to Chavez, revolution could not happen without penance – that is, an undertaking to offer oneself blameless.


—Lloyd Daniel Barba, Fortune, 31 Mar. 2023




The ongoing cultural revolution that is People’s Park in Berkeley has always been deliberately leaderless.


—Sam Whiting, San Francisco Chronicle, 30 Mar. 2023




The revolution involved protests all around the country, but Tahrir was always the symbolic heart of it.


—Ariana Bennett, The Christian Science Monitor, 29 Mar. 2023




Spain’s high-speed railway revolution TGV-M is the latest iteration of that family, promising to be 25% more energy efficient, 20% cheaper to buy and operate, more flexible in its layout and design, and seat 20% more passengers than its predecessor, the TGV Duplex.


—Ben Jones, CNN, 28 Mar. 2023


See More

These examples are programmatically compiled from various online sources to illustrate current usage of the word ‘revolution.’ Any opinions expressed in the examples do not represent those of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback about these examples.

Word History

Etymology

Middle English revolucioun «rotation of the heavenly spheres around the earth, cyclical recurrence, completed motion around an axis, change of fortune,» borrowed from Middle French & Medieval Latin; Middle French revolucion «return of a celestial body to its point of departure, recurrence,» borrowed from Medieval Latin revolūtiōn-, revolūtiō, going back to Late Latin, «a rolling back, return, recurrence,» from Latin revolū-, variant stem of revolvere «to roll back to a starting point, (passive) travel in a circular course, return to a starting point» + -tiōn-, -tiō, suffix of verbal action — more at revolve

First Known Use

14th century, in the meaning defined at sense 1a(1)

Time Traveler

The first known use of revolution was
in the 14th century

Dictionary Entries Near revolution

Cite this Entry

“Revolution.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/revolution. Accessed 14 Apr. 2023.

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Merriam-Webster unabridged

Источник

  • 1
    revolution

    revolution [ˏrevəˊlu:ʃn]

    n

    1) револю́ция

    2) переворо́т;

    3) крута́я ло́мка, круто́й перело́м

    4) кругово́е враще́ние

    5) по́лный оборо́т; цикл;

    6) периоди́ческое возвраще́ние; кругооборо́т;

    7) севооборо́т

    Англо-русский словарь Мюллера > revolution

  • 2
    revolution

    revolution n

    оборот

    range of revolutions

    диапазон оборотов

    revolution counter

    счетчик числа оборотов

    revolutions per minute

    число оборотов в минуту

    English-Russian aviation dictionary > revolution

  • 3
    revolution

    revolution
    n

    Англо-русский строительный словарь.
    .
    2011.

    Англо-русский словарь строительных терминов > revolution

  • 4
    revolution

    Персональный Сократ > revolution

  • 5
    revolution

    Politics english-russian dictionary > revolution

  • 6
    revolution

    1. n революция

    2. n переворот

    3. n крутая ломка, крутой перелом; революция

    4. n вращение

    5. n тех. оборот

    6. n периодическое возвращение; кругооборот; цикл; смена

    7. n с. -х. севооборот, ротация севооборота

    8. n уст. размышления, раздумье

    9. n косм. оборот по орбите

    Синонимический ряд:

    1. change (noun) change; convulsion; reformation; upheaval

    2. circuit (noun) circuit; circulation; circumvolution; cycle; gyration; gyre; revolve; rotation; round; turn; wheel; whirl

    3. revolt (noun) anarchy; coup; insurrection; mutiny; overthrow; rebellion; revolt; tumult; uprising

    4. shake-up (noun) overturn; reorganization; shake-up; turnover

    English-Russian base dictionary > revolution

  • 7
    revolution

    [̈ɪˌrevəˈlu:ʃən]

    industrial revolution промышленная революция revolution переворот; palace revolution дворцовый переворот revolution коренное изменение revolution круговое вращение revolution крутая ломка, крутой перелом revolution крутой перелом revolution переворот; palace revolution дворцовый переворот revolution переворот revolution периодическое возвращение; кругооборот; the revolution of the seasons смена времен года revolution полный оборот, цикл revolution полный оборот; цикл; revolutions per minute число оборотов в минуту revolution революция revolution севооборот revolution counter тех. счетчик числа оборотов revolution периодическое возвращение; кругооборот; the revolution of the seasons смена времен года revolution полный оборот; цикл; revolutions per minute число оборотов в минуту

    English-Russian short dictionary > revolution

  • 8
    revolution

    ̈ɪˌrevəˈlu:ʃən I сущ.
    1) изменение, переделка, перестройка;
    крутая ломка, крутой перелом научно-техническая революция ≈ scientific-technical revolution revolution in medicine ≈ революция в медицине sexual revolution ≈ сексуальная революция Syn: alteration
    2) революция;
    переворот;
    восстание to carry out, conduct, fight a revolution ≈ организовывать революционное восстание to crush, defeat, put down a revolution ≈ подавлять революцию to foment, stir up a revolution ≈ побуждать к революции to organize a revolution ≈ организовывать переворот social revolution ≈ социальный переворот Syn: uprising ∙ cultural revolution ≈ культурная революция industrial revolution ≈ промышленная революция palace revolution ≈ дворцовый переворот political revolution ≈ политический переворот II сущ.
    1) круговое движение, вращение
    2) кругооборот;
    цикл
    3) тех. оборот revolution counter ≈ счетчик числа оборотов
    4) севооборот Syn: rotation of crops, crop rotation
    революция — bourgeois * буржуазная революция — the Great October Socialist Revolution Великая Октябрьская социалистическая революция — the English R. Английская (буржуазная) революция (1640-1653 гг.) — the American R. Американская революция, Война за независимость( 1775-83 гг.) переворот — palace * дворцовый переворот крутая ломка, крутой перелом;
    революция — * in modern physics революция в современной физике — * in our ideas of time and space переворот в наших представлениях о времени и пространстве вращение — the * of celestial bodies вращение небесных тел( техническое) оборот — * counter счетчик числа оборотов, тахометр — sixty-five *s per /a/ minute шестьдесят пять оборотов в минуту периодическое возвращение;
    кругооборот;
    цикл;
    смена — the * of the seasons смена времен года( сельскохозяйственное) севооборот, ротация севооборота( устаревшее) размышления, раздумье (космонавтика) оборот по орбите
    industrial ~ промышленная революция
    ~ переворот;
    palace revolution дворцовый переворот
    revolution коренное изменение ~ круговое вращение ~ крутая ломка, крутой перелом ~ крутой перелом ~ переворот;
    palace revolution дворцовый переворот ~ переворот ~ периодическое возвращение;
    кругооборот;
    the revolution of the seasons смена времен года ~ полный оборот, цикл ~ полный оборот;
    цикл;
    revolutions per minute число оборотов в минуту ~ революция ~ севооборот
    ~ counter тех. счетчик числа оборотов
    ~ периодическое возвращение;
    кругооборот;
    the revolution of the seasons смена времен года
    ~ полный оборот;
    цикл;
    revolutions per minute число оборотов в минуту

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > revolution

  • 9
    revolution

    Англо-русский словарь по машиностроению > revolution

  • 10
    revolution

    сущ.

    1)

    ,

    соц.

    революционный переворот, революция

    to carry out [conduct, fight, organize] a revolution — организовывать [поднимать] революционное восстание

    to crush [defeat, put down] a revolution — подавлять революцию

    See:

    2) революция, переворот, перестройка, перелом

    See:

    See:

    See:

    3)

    с.-х.

    севооборот, ротация севооборота

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > revolution

  • 11
    revolution

    Англо-русский технический словарь > revolution

  • 12
    revolution

    n

    2) коренное изменение, крутой перелом

    •

    English-russian dctionary of diplomacy > revolution

  • 13
    revolution

    Англо-русский синонимический словарь > revolution

  • 14
    revolution

    Англо-русский словарь по экономике и финансам > revolution

  • 15
    revolution

    I [ˌrev(ə)’luːʃ(ə)n]

    сущ.

    1) революция; переворот; восстание

    to carry out / conduct / fight / organize a revolution — организовывать революционное восстание

    to crush / defeat / put down a revolution — подавлять революцию

    to foment / stir up a revolution — побуждать к революции

    2) крутая ломка, крутой перелом, революция

    Syn:

    II [ˌrev(ə)’luːʃ(ə)n]

    сущ.

    1) круговое движение, вращение

    2) кругооборот; цикл

    Syn:

    Англо-русский современный словарь > revolution

  • 16
    revolution

    I
    [͵revəʹlu:ʃ(ə)n]

    1. революция

    bourgeois [socialist] revolution — буржуазная [социалистическая] революция

    the Great October Socialist Revolution — Великая Октябрьская социалистическая революция

    the American Revolution — Американская революция, Война за независимость ()

    2. переворот

    3. крутая ломка, крутой перелом; революция

    revolution in our ideas of time and space — переворот в наших представлениях о времени и пространстве

    II
    [͵revəʹlu:ʃ(ə)n]

    1. вращение

    revolution counter — счётчик числа оборотов, тахометр

    sixty-five revolutions per /a/ minute — шестьдесят пять оборотов в минуту

    3. периодическое возвращение; кругооборот; цикл; смена

    4.

    севооборот, ротация севооборота

    НБАРС > revolution

  • 17
    revolution

    English-Russian big polytechnic dictionary > revolution

  • 18
    revolution

    [ˌrevə’luːʃ(ə)n]

    n

    революция, переворот, восстание

    — social revolution


    — cultural revolution
    — industrial revolution
    — palace revolution
    — political revolution
    — carry out conduct
    — crush down a revolution
    — foment up a revolution
    — organize a revolution

    English-Russian combinatory dictionary > revolution

  • 19
    revolution

    1. революция; коренной переворот, скачкообразный переход от одного состояния к другому;

    2. по С. Хантингтону, быстрая, радикальная трансформация социальных, экономических и политических структур;

    3. открытие в науке, радикально меняющее прежние представления.

    * * *

    сущ.

    1) революция; коренной переворот, скачкообразный переход от одного состояния к другому;

    2) по С. Хантингтону, быстрая, радикальная трансформация социальных, экономических и политических структур;

    3) открытие в науке, радикально меняющее прежние представления.

    Англо-русский словарь по социологии > revolution

  • 20
    revolution

    English-Russian dictionary of mechanical engineering and automation > revolution

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См. также в других словарях:

  • révolution — [ revɔlysjɔ̃ ] n. f. • 1267 « achèvement d un cycle; écoulement d une période de temps »; bas lat. revolutio « déroulement » I ♦ Mouvement en courbe fermée. 1 ♦ Retour périodique d un astre à un point de son orbite; par ext. Marche, mouvement d… …   Encyclopédie Universelle

  • Revolution 1 — Revolution (chanson) Pour les articles homonymes, voir Revolution. Revolution Single par The Beatles Face A Hey Jude Face B …   Wikipédia en Français

  • Revolution 9 — Recorded composition by The Beatles from the album The Beatles Released 22 November 1968 Recorded May–June 1968 EMI Studios, London Genre Musi …   Wikipedia

  • Revolution — Révolution (homonymie) Cette page d’homonymie répertorie les différents sujets et articles partageant un même nom …   Wikipédia en Français

  • Revolution — Rev o*lu tion, n. [F. r[ e]volution, L. revolutio. See {Revolve}.] 1. The act of revolving, or turning round on an axis or a center; the motion of a body round a fixed point or line; rotation; as, the revolution of a wheel, of a top, of the earth …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • Revolution 9 — Saltar a navegación, búsqueda «Revolution 9» Canción de The Beatles Álbum The Beatles Publicación 22 de noviembre de 1 …   Wikipedia Español

  • Revolution 9 — Исполнитель The Beatles Альбом Белый альбом Дата выпуска 22 ноября 1968 Дата записи …   Википедия

  • Revolution OS — Revolution OS …   Википедия

  • revolution — rev‧o‧lu‧tion [ˌrevəˈluːʆn] noun [countable] a complete change in ways of thinking, methods of working etc: revolution in • Computer technology has caused a revolution in working practices. revolutionary adjective : • revolutionary advances in… …   Financial and business terms

  • Revolution — Saltar a navegación, búsqueda El término inglés Revolution (‘revolución’) puede hacer referencia a alguno de los siguientes significados: Revolution , canción de la banda británca The Beatles; Revolution , canción de la banda The Veronicas;… …   Wikipedia Español

  • Revolution — (революция) может означать: Музыка Revolution  альбом Running Wild, выпущенный в 2000 году Revolution  альбом Insolence, выпущенный в 2001 году Revolution  альбом Lacrimosa, выпущенный в 2012 году, и одноимённая песня из него.… …   Википедия

Источник

  • Top Definitions
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This shows grade level based on the word’s complexity.

[ rev-uh—loo-shuhn ]

/ ˌrɛv əˈlu ʃən /

This shows grade level based on the word’s complexity.

noun

an overthrow or repudiation and the thorough replacement of an established government or political system by the people governed.

Sociology. a radical and pervasive change in society and the social structure, especially one made suddenly and often accompanied by violence.Compare social evolution.

a sudden, complete or marked change in something: the present revolution in church architecture.

a procedure or course, as if in a circuit, back to a starting point.

a single turn of this kind.

Mechanics.

  1. a turning round or rotating, as on an axis.
  2. a moving in a circular or curving course, as about a central point.
  3. a single cycle in such a course.

Astronomy.

  1. (not in technical use) rotation (def. 2).
  2. the orbiting of one heavenly body around another.
  3. a single course of such movement.

a round or cycle of events in time or a recurring period of time.

Geology. a time of worldwide orogeny and mountain-building.

VIDEO FOR REVOLUTION

Why Are Only Some Wars Called «Revolutions»?

There’s a reason why some wars include the word revolution in their names and why others don’t. Is it because revolutions completely overhaul the old way of doing things, they inspire something new in all of us?

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Origin of revolution

1350–1400; Middle English revolucion<Late Latin revolūtiōn- (stem of revolūtiō), equivalent to revolūt(us) (see revolute) + -iōn--ion

OTHER WORDS FROM revolution

an·ti·rev·o·lu·tion, adjectivenon·rev·o·lu·tion, nounpost·rev·o·lu·tion, adjectivepro·rev·o·lu·tion, adjective

sem·i·rev·o·lu·tion, noun

Words nearby revolution

revoice, revoke, revolt, revolting, revolute, revolution, revolutionary, Revolutionary calendar, Revolutionary War, Revolutionary Wars, revolution counter

Dictionary.com Unabridged
Based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2023

Words related to revolution

coup, innovation, insurgency, mutiny, rebellion, revolt, shift, strike, transformation, turmoil, unrest, upheaval, uprising, violence, cycle, anarchy, bloodshed, cabal, crime, debacle

How to use revolution in a sentence

  • This argument now is largely dead, thanks to the fracking revolution, which has greatly expanded US oil and gas production.

  • Yes, everything changed with the computing revolution, as we’ll hear in a minute.

  • Back in January, I wrote a big story for Fortune about the ongoing revolution in natural language processing.

  • One of the biggest barriers to the renewable energy revolution is working out how to store power when the sun doesn’t shine and the wind doesn’t blow.

  • Some experts insist that gene editing has the potential to spark a new food revolution.

  • What had been the greatest asset of the paperback revolution,” observes Rabinowitz, “became its greatest danger.

  • That Stone would slander the democratic, pro-Western, EuroMaidan revolution as a CIA coup is no surprise.

  • The New York governor was the foremost Democrat to stand athwart the Reagan Revolution.

  • In response, the April Revolution protests erupted in much of the country.

  • After the Iranian Revolution, discrimination took on a sectarian flavor.

  • All over the world the just claims of organized labor are intermingled with the underground conspiracy of social revolution.

  • He will tell you about the success he had in America; it quite makes up for the defeat of the British army in the Revolution.

  • He joined the army at the outbreak of the revolution, and continued in it until it was disbanded.

  • This may be called the first day of the revolution, although the object of the meeting was to prevent such a catastrophe.

  • Among the middle class there was a strong party which had accepted the doctrines of the French Revolution.

British Dictionary definitions for revolution

noun

the overthrow or repudiation of a regime or political system by the governed

(in Marxist theory) the violent and historically necessary transition from one system of production in a society to the next, as from feudalism to capitalism

a far-reaching and drastic change, esp in ideas, methods, etc

  1. movement in or as if in a circle
  2. one complete turn in such a circlea turntable rotating at 33 revolutions per minute
  1. the orbital motion of one body, such as a planet or satellite, around anotherCompare rotation (def. 5a)
  2. one complete turn in such motion

a cycle of successive events or changes

geology obsolete a profound change in conditions over a large part of the earth’s surface, esp one characterized by mountain buildingan orogenic revolution

Word Origin for revolution

C14: via Old French from Late Latin revolūtiō, from Latin revolvere to revolve

Collins English Dictionary — Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition
© William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins
Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012

Scientific definitions for revolution

The motion of an object around a point, especially around another object or a center of mass.

A single complete cycle of such motion.

Usage

In everyday speech revolution and rotation are often used as synonyms, but in science they are not synonyms and have distinct meanings. The difference between the two terms lies in the location of the central axis that the object turns about. If the axis is outside the body itself-that is, if the object is orbiting about another object-then one complete orbit is called a revolution. But if the object is turning about an axis that passes through itself, then one complete cycle is called a rotation. This difference is often summed up in the statement “Earth rotates on its axis and revolves around the Sun.”

The American Heritage® Science Dictionary
Copyright © 2011. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved.

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Table of Contents

  1. What does the word revolution mean?
  2. What is a revolution in your own words?
  3. What is ment revolution?
  4. How does a revolution start?
  5. What revoke means?
  6. What is the meaning of revoked message?
  7. What is the meaning of revoked visa?
  8. What does account revoked mean?
  9. What is an uplink account?
  10. What do I do if my Chegg account is revoked?
  11. What activities lead to revocation of an answering privilege?
  12. How do I reactivate my suspended Chegg account?
  13. Which of the following practices must an expert not avoid?
  14. Does skipping questions affect CF score?
  15. What is revolution in short answer?
  16. How do you use revolution in a sentence?
  17. What is the revolution of a story?
  18. How does a revolution change society?
  19. What are the major causes of revolution?
  20. How did the American Revolution challenge the existing order of society?
  21. Why is revolution important for us?
  22. Who benefited the most from the American Revolution and its immediate aftermath?
  23. What can we learn from the American Revolution?
  24. How did the proclamation of 1763 lead to the American Revolution?
  25. Why would the proclamation of 1763 upset the colonists?
  26. How did the proclamation of 1763 lead to the American Revolution quizlet?
  27. What was the result of the proclamation of 1763 quizlet?
  28. Which of the following was a result of the proclamation of 1763?
  29. What was the primary purpose of the proclamation of 1763 quizlet?
  30. Why did the British issue the proclamation of 1763 quizlet?
  31. What best describes the events of the Boston Massacre?
  32. What was the most immediate effect of the proclamation of 1763?
  33. What are the causes and effects of the proclamation of 1763?
  34. What was one difficulty associated with the proclamation of 1763?
  35. What were the 3 goals of the proclamation of 1763?
  36. What did the proclamation of 1763 forbade British colonists from doing?
  37. What was the main goal of the royal proclamation?
  38. Who benefited from the Proclamation of 1763?
  39. How did the proclamation of 1763 affect Canada?

2a : a sudden, radical, or complete change. b : a fundamental change in political organization especially : the overthrow or renunciation of one government or ruler and the substitution of another by the governed. c : activity or movement designed to effect fundamental changes in the socioeconomic situation.

What is a revolution in your own words?

A revolution is a very sharp change made to something. The word comes from Latin, and is related to the word revolutio (which means a turn around). Revolutions are usually political in their nature. Often, revolutions include fighting, and civil unrest. But there are also revolutions that happen without fighting.

What is ment revolution?

A revolution is a successful attempt by a large group of people to change the political system of their country by force. The period since the revolution has been one of political turmoil.

How does a revolution start?

In political science, a revolution (Latin: revolutio, “a turn around”) is a fundamental and relatively sudden change in political power and political organization which occurs when the population revolts against the government, typically due to perceived oppression (political, social, economic) or political …

What revoke means?

transitive verb. 1 : to annul by recalling or taking back : rescind revoke a will. 2 : to bring or call back.

What is the meaning of revoked message?

A revoke option appears next to a message with a single tick, WhatApp’s indicator that it has been sent to the server, but not delivered to or viewed by the recipient.

What is the meaning of revoked visa?

Revocation means that your visa is no longer valid and cannot be used to re-enter the U.S. Visas may be revoked at the U.S. government’s discretion. However, this typically occurs only under extreme circumstances.

What does account revoked mean?

What does revoking an account do? When you revoke a user or manager from a shared account, it closes that account. This means that the user will no longer have access to their Rev account, including any past orders. As the account owner, you will still be able to access these orders.

What is an uplink account?

Uplink is the name of the Indiana Department of Workforce Development’s Unemployment Insurance system. Through Uplink Employer Self Service (ESS), you have access to services, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. ESS allow you to: Apply for new account status online. Review and manage your account information in detail.

What do I do if my Chegg account is revoked?

Yes, if you are getting re-directed to homepage repeatedly, then your account has been revoked. Experts are paid for all the valid solutions submitted by them at the time of final payment settlement after account revocation. Payments are settled in the upcoming payment cycle (15th date of the upcoming month).

What activities lead to revocation of an answering privilege?

A. Not Answering Any Question B. Any Violation Of Our Honor Code Would Result In Revocation Of Your Answering Privileges Being Inactive For A Month D.

How do I reactivate my suspended Chegg account?

If you have been revoked due to quality or spamming issues there is only one way you can reactivate your account that is by requesting your coordinator. Usually they reject your request because quality is most important at chegg. You can reapply after 8 months.

Which of the following practices must an expert not avoid?

the basic practices in an experiment should never be avoided by an expert. Explanation: One of the most important practice that is followed by every scientist is the precautionary measures. Precautionary measures not only helps to prevent any accident but also decreases the requirement of the raw materials.

Does skipping questions affect CF score?

Skipping more questions with valid reason will not lead to revocation of your account or decrease in CF score. Although, it may limit your earnings as you will only be answering questions from limited pool of questions.

What is revolution in short answer?

The definition of a revolution is the movement of one object around a center or another object, a forceful overthrow of a government by the people or any sudden or grand change. An example of revolution is movement of the earth around the sun.

How do you use revolution in a sentence?

Revolution in a Sentence 🔉

  1. The industrial revolution changed many of the ways in which farming was performed.
  2. Tired of the dictatorship that ruled over them, the people took up arms and began a revolution to replace the government with a democracy.
  3. The revolution replaced the dictator’s absolute power with democracy.

What is the revolution of a story?

The protagonists’ gifts are expressed in the Revolution Scene. This is the Core Event and Climax of the Society story where power either changes hands from the subjugators to the subjugated (protagonists succeed) or the subjugators remain in power (protagonists fail). The winner and the loser are made clear.

How does a revolution change society?

The Revolution also unleashed powerful political, social, and economic forces that would transform the post-Revolution politics and society, including increased participation in politics and governance, the legal institutionalization of religious toleration, and the growth and diffusion of the population.

What are the major causes of revolution?

In other words, similar to Johnson’s (1966) thesis, revolution is caused by the gap between political mobilization of the people and the inability of political institutions (or their failure to continuously adapt) to absorb the mobilized masses into politics.

How did the American Revolution challenge the existing order of society?

The American Revolution challenged that social order in many areas on American society. For example it challenged the order by limiting some of the rules placed on society. Jefferson said that “all men were created equal”, but women and slaves was not equal in society. Women had no rights before.

Why is revolution important for us?

First, the American Revolution secured the independence of the United States from the dominion of Great Britain and separated it from the British Empire. Today most of the world’s nations are at least nominal republics, due in no small way to the success of the American republic.

The British benefited the most, from one point of view. Most of the Indians fought on their side. These Indians perpetrated no massacres or torture of prisoners on British soldiers or civilians.

What can we learn from the American Revolution?

American revolutionaries found creative ways to change the paradigm of war in their favor. Togetherness: During Revolutionary War times, the individual colonies were not necessarily all on the same page as to what they wanted their future to be. However, these differences did not get in their way.

How did the proclamation of 1763 lead to the American Revolution?

The proclamation was intended to prevent the outbreak of another costly war like the French and Indian war by preventing further expansion into the contested areas. it was also intended to keep the colonists near the coast.

Why would the proclamation of 1763 upset the colonists?

The Royal Proclamation of 1763 was very unpopular with the colonists. This angered the colonists. They felt the Proclamation was a plot to keep them under the strict control of England and that the British only wanted them east of the mountains so they could keep an eye on them.

How did the proclamation of 1763 lead to the American Revolution quizlet?

How did the Royal Proclamation of 1763 cause the revolutionary war? British leaders feared that more fighting would take place on the frontier if colonists kept moving onto American Indian lands. This law banned British settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains.

What was the result of the proclamation of 1763 quizlet?

What was the Proclamation of 1763? The proclamation was a law that forbade colonists of to settle west of the Appalachian mountains.

Which of the following was a result of the proclamation of 1763?

It was the first measure to affect all thirteen colonies. The edict forbade private citizens and colonial governments alike from buying land or making any agreements with natives; the empire would conduct all official relations. Furthermore, only licensed traders would be allowed to travel west or deal with Indians.

What was the primary purpose of the proclamation of 1763 quizlet?

The purpose of the Proclamation of 1763 was to stabilize the relationship between the colonists and the Native Americans.

Why did the British issue the proclamation of 1763 quizlet?

In 1763, at the end of the French and Inidan War, the British issued a proclamation, mainly intended to conciliate the Indians by checking the encroachment of settlers on their lands.

What best describes the events of the Boston Massacre?

The Boston Massacre was a street battle that took place on March 5, 1770, between a “patriot” mob, dropping snowballs, bricks, and sticks, and a battalion of British forces. Several colonists were killed, and this led to a project by speech-writers to try and create the outrage of the citizenry.

Which of the following was the most immediate effect of the Proclamation of 1763? The British Empire’s Proclamation of 1763 prohibited white settlers from crossing over the Appalachian mountains into territory reserved for Native Americans.

What are the causes and effects of the proclamation of 1763?

The Proclamation of 1763 was a law prohibiting the colonists to move west of the Appalachian Mountains. Cause: England was still in debt from the French and Indian War and didn’t want to start another war. Effect: Colonists became angry and moved west anyway because owning land was important (you needed it to be vote).

What was one difficulty associated with the proclamation of 1763?

What was one difficulty associated with the Proclamation of 1763? Many land speculators continued to illegally buy native lands in secret. You just studied 17 terms!

What were the 3 goals of the proclamation of 1763?

What are the three goals of the Proclamation of 1763? Settlers were not to go west of the appalachian mountains. further purchases from indians of land to the east of that line were prohibited. the indian territories west of the proclamation line would be underthe authority of the military.

What did the proclamation of 1763 forbade British colonists from doing?

The Proclamation Line of 1763 was a British-produced boundary marked in the Appalachian Mountains at the Eastern Continental Divide. Decreed on October 7, 1763, the Proclamation Line prohibited Anglo-American colonists from settling on lands acquired from the French following the French and Indian War.

What was the main goal of the royal proclamation?

The Royal Proclamation is a document that set out guidelines for European settlement of Aboriginal territories in what is now North America. The Royal Proclamation was initially issued by King George III in 1763 to officially claim British territory in North America after Britain won the Seven Years War.

Who benefited from the Proclamation of 1763?

After Britain won the Seven Years’ War and gained land in North America, it issued the Royal Proclamation of 1763, which prohibited American colonists from settling west of Appalachia. The Treaty of Paris, which marked the end of the French and Indian War, granted Britain a great deal of valuable North American land.

How did the proclamation of 1763 affect Canada?

It established the basis for governing the North American territories surrendered by France to Britain in the Treaty of Paris, 1763, following the Seven Years’ War. The Royal Proclamation also set the constitutional structure for the negotiation of treaties with the Indigenous inhabitants of large sections of Canada.

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