1. What is Punctuation?
Punctuation is the collection of marks that we use to make sentences flow smoothly and express meaning clearly. It tells us when to pause or add a certain feeling to our words; it separates ideas so that sentences are clear, it points out titles, quotes, and other key parts of language—punctuation is important!
Originally, punctuation was only a tool for speech, not for writing. Writers developed it so that people would know when to pause, stop, or make other expressions when they were speaking. It wasn’t part of literature because most people didn’t even have access to printed work. But, nowadays, since everyone reads, and printed literature is available for everyone, we use punctuation in writing so that sentences read in a similar way to how we speak. Knowing how, when, and why to use punctuation is now a standard part of writing in English.
2. Examples of Punctuation
Punctuation is a part of every sentence and many other words in written language. You probably know most types. Some different parts of punctuation are underlined here:
THESE ARE CAPITAL LETTERS.
A period ends this sentence.
Here’s a comma, but have you seen a question mark?
Exclamation points are exciting!
“These are quotation marks” I said.
3. Types of Punctuation
There are a lot of types of punctuation, and each has its own purpose and rules. Here are the key types that we use all of the time:
a. Capitalization
Capitalization is when you use the capital form of a letter (A vs. a). The first letter of a sentence is ALWAYS capitalized, whether it’s one letter, like I went or A dog, or the first letter of a word, like The. Besides at the start of a sentence, we use capitalization for proper nouns, like places, people’s names, titles, and brand-named things. In dialogue, capitalization usually means the speaker is shouting.
The fox, named Mr. Brown, was fast. “RUN MR. FOX!” shouted the squirrel.
b. End marks
End marks are the types of punctuation that come at the end of a sentence. Every sentence has one (and only one), but the type depends on the tone of the sentence.
Period
A period (.) means a stop, and it only ever goes at the end of a sentence. Truly, any sentence can end with a period (unless it is a question), but that doesn’t always mean it is the best mark. However, a period is the standard end mark for a sentence:
- The fox was orange and white.
- He was a skilled runner.
Exclamation Mark
An exclamation mark (!) adds strong feelings like joy or fear to a sentence. “To exclaim” is to say something with excitement, and that’s just what an exclamation mark does—it exclaims! Since they add excitement, it’s also important not to overuse them. Here’s an example:
- The fox was faster than the wind!
Like this sentence, an exclamation mark can put emphasis on the meaning of the sentence as a whole. Here, it makes us aware that the fox really runs fast, and that seems important.
Question Mark
A question mark (?) is used at the end of every question. It is only ever used to show that a sentence is a question.
- How fast was the fox?
Ellipsis
An ellipsis (…) (plural ellipses) is a “to be continued” moment at the end of a sentence, like this:
- The fox waited…
But, an ellipsis is special because it can also be used inside the sentence, usually to put emphasis on what is coming next. When you see an ellipsis, it’s usually a sign that the next word or sentence that follows it will be important. Read these two sentences:
- Now, the only thing the fox could do was run.
*** - Now, there was only one thing the fox could do…run.
As you can see, the ellipsis in the second sentence makes it a little more exciting than the first. It helps to build up some tension for the reader, instead of giving all of the information at one time.
c. Comma
A comma (,) tells the reader when to pause in a sentence. Most importantly, commas help make things clear in a sentence.
They can separate ideas or events:
- The fox ran, and then he drank some water.
We also use them for listing things:
- One, two, three, four, and five.
A lot of sentences need commas—they’re one of the most used punctuation marks. But, commas are also misused all of the time. When you are using a comma, remember it means “pause,” so try reading your sentence out loud to see if you are pausing at the right time. For example, if you read this sentence aloud:
- The fox, ran and then, he drank some water.
You can hear that the pauses come at the wrong times in this sentence. So, that means we need to move the commas:
- The fox ran, and then, he drank some water.
Or,
- The fox ran, and then he drank some water.
A good general rule to remember is that when you list more than two things, you probably have to use a comma, like this:
- The fox was fast, sneaky, and quiet in the forest. CORRECT
- The fox was fast, sneaky and quiet in the forest. CORRECT
- The fox was fast sneaky and quiet in the forest. INCORRECT
- The fox was fast, sneaky, and quiet, in the forest. INCORRECT
Sometimes, whether or not to use a comma is up to the author and his style. The first two sentences are correct—using one or two commas is up to the writer. The third sentence, without a comma, and the last, with too many commas, are incorrect. With two things or less, you don’t need a comma, like this:
- The fox was fast and sneaky in the forest. CORRECT
- The fox was fast, and sneaky in the forest. INCORRECT
d. Apostrophe
An apostrophe (’) does two important things.
First, we use it to show possession:
- “The fox’s coat was orange.”
Second, we use it for contractions, like turning “cannot” into “can’t” or “you are” into “you’re.”
The biggest mistake people make with apostrophes is using them to create plurals—this is WRONG. For example, “dogs” means more than one dog, but “dog’s” shows something that belongs to the dog.
e. Quotations
Quotations (“”) are used for lots of things, but probably the most important way we use quotations is to “quote” someone’s exact words:
- Witnesses say that they heard the fox yell “I like pancakes!”
Or,
- The newspaper article stated, “a fox’s main source of food is pancakes.”
Likewise, they show that a character is speaking (dialogue):
- “I like pancakes,” said the fox.
Quotations can also show that the author is using a slang or unusual word:
- The fox didn’t know what a “fork” was.
We also use quotations for titles of poems, articles, song names, and brand names of things, like Shakespeare’s “Sonnet 18” and a the burger “Big Mac.”
e. Colons and Semi-colons
Colon
A colon (:) says that the writer is about to give a list:
- The fox liked three things: pancakes, syrup, and butter.
A colon may also separate two sentences, where the second sentence gives more information about the first:
The fox was great at hiding: a human had never seen him.
Semicolon
A semicolon (;) can connect two independent clauses that are related to each other:
- The fox liked pancakes; he ate them every day for breakfast.
A semicolon can be combined with a transition, like “but,” to connect two related sentences:
- The fox liked pancakes; but he couldn’t eat them without syrup and butter.
A semicolon can also separate items on a list that might be confusing:
Lisbon, Portugal; Barcelona, Spain; Venice, Italy; Paris, France; and Berlin, Germany are all popular places to visit in Europe.
f. Parentheses
Parentheses ( ) hold additional information that authors want to use as an aside, like here:
- The fox loved pancakes (he ate them every morning), and he had a great recipe for them.
The important information is that the fox loves pancakes and has a good recipe. But, the author also wants to make a side note to the readers that he eats them every morning—this emphasizes how much the fox likes pancakes, while also giving the reader more information.
Or, you can use parentheses to clarify something, like this:
- The fox paid a lot of money for good maple syrup ($50 per bottle).
Here, the writer wants to say that the syrup is expensive, but the reader might not know how much money is a lot. Putting the price inside the parentheses shows that $50 is what the author means by “a lot of money.”
Furthermore, you can also see in these sentences that: a. if the information inside parentheses comes at the end of a sentence, the end mark goes outside the parentheses; and b. that commas usually come after parentheses.
4. How to Use (and Not Use) Punctuation
In a sentence, punctuation can be as important as the words you use! It’s an essential and key part of every single sentence. Imagine a note from a girl to her boyfriend:
Example ADear Jack, I’m sorry I love you. From Jill |
Example BDear Jack, I’m sorry, I love you. From Jill |
Example CDear Jack, I’m sorry. I love you. From Jill |
Letter A has a different meaning than Letters B and C. Letter A has a negative meaning; expressing that Jill regrets being in love with Jack. In Letters B and C, however, Jill expresses an apology to Jack, and then tells him she loves him. So, you can see how much a simple comma can affect a sentence’s meaning.
When we are speaking every day, it’s easy to change our voice and emphasize different words so that our meaning is clear. But in writing, you need to mark the places where those changes should happen. Here are three sentences that are similar to the “Grandma” comic above that will show you why:
Without Proper Punctuation
- Do you want to eat Sally?
- I want to eat Sally.
- Let’s eat Sally!
With Proper Punctuation
- Do you want to eat, Sally?
- I want to eat, Sally.
- Let’s eat, Sally!
Like you can see in all of the examples above, forgetting to use punctuation or using the wrong marks at the wrong time can make a sentence confusing or even completely change it’s meaning. Here, a comma makes the difference between eating Sally and eating with Sally!
Punctuation Meaning | Definition
Punctuation is the name of the marks used in writing. They are very essential signs to understand a sentence in correct way. They represent the expression and feeling in a sentence.
Need For Punctuation
Punctuation is used to bring clarity and meaning to writing.
Use of Capital Letters
A capital letter is used at the beginning of a sentence.
Examples
- The bear in the zoo was a big one.
- Cycling is a good form of exercise.
- His favorite pastime is reading mystery stories.
A capital letter is used with proper nouns.
Examples
- On Saturday morning we have Inter School Soccer Match.
- Roger is a good tennis player.
- Mother Teresa was born in Skopje, Macedonia on Monday, August 27, 1910.
A capital letter is used with adjectives that are derived from proper nouns.
Examples
- Most tombs of the Mughal era were inspired by Persian architecture.
- We had dinner at a Chinese restaurant.
- David Copperfield is my favourite Dickensian character.
The pronoun “I” is always written in capital.
Example
My parents say I spend too much time surfing the Internet. I think it’s a great way to gather information.
In titles, the first letter of each main word is capitalized.
Examples
- Buckingham palace is the home to the Queen of England.
- He has a degree in Nuclear Physics from Cambridge University.
Punctuation Marks
Punctuation marks are symbols that help us to organize and structure sentences. The term punctuation is derived from a Latin term punctum. It means the correct use of points or stops in writing.
The character below lists some punctuation mark and a few rules.
[A] Capital Letter
Uses
- Starts a sentence
- Indicates proper noun
- Emphasizes certain words
Example Sentences
- All I want is a pastry.
- You can call me Ronnie.
- I want it Today!
. Full Stop
A full stop marks the end of a sentence. While reading a sentence we need to pause after a full stop. Full stops end sentences that are not questions or exclamations. A full stop is used at the end of every telling sentence.
Example Sentence
- This is an Elephant.
- Ann is an excellent teacher.
- Canada is fascinating country.
A full stop is also used at the end of an abbreviated word or between the letters of an abbreviated word. We DO NOT use a full stop with abbreviations formed from the first capital letters. For example: BBC, USA and MA
Examples
- Co.
- etc.
- e.g.
- i.e.
- no.
? Question Mark
A question mark is needed after a direct question. The question can be a short word or a whole sentence.
Uses
- Question marks end sentences that are questions.
Example Sentence
- Is this your assignment?
! Exclamation Mark or Sign
An exclamation mark is used after a strong interjection and after strong imperative sentences which mark certain direct commands.
Uses
- Exclamation marks end a sentence that is an exclamation.
Example Sentence
- Don’t pick that!
” “ Quotation or Speech Marks
Double quotation marks enclose quotations. It marks a direct speech.
Uses
- Quotation marks enclose direct speech – it can be double or single.
- Quotation marks are used at the beginning and end of a phrase to show that it is being written exactly as it was originally said or written.
- Commas and periods are always placed immediately before the closing quotation mark.
Example Sentence
- “How are you?”, she asked me.
, Comma
A comma is used to organize thoughts into logical groups. It indicates a much shorter pause than a full stop. It separates the different parts of a sentence or names in a list.
Uses
- A comma places a pause between clauses within a sentence.
- It separates items in a list.
- It separate adjectives in a series.
Example Sentences
- We were late, although it didn’t matter.
- You will need eggs, butter, salt and cheese.
- I wore a red-coloured, long and frilly skirt.
‘ ‘ Single Quotation Marks
Uses
- It completely encloses clauses inserted in a sentence.
- Mark speech from words denoting who said that.
Example Sentences
- We were , though we had rushed to get there, late for the film.
‘Thank you ,’ I said.
– Hyphen
Uses
- Hyphen connects elements of certain words.
Examples
- North-East
- Fair-weather friend
- X-factor
: Colon
Uses
- Introduces lists (including examples)
- Introduces summaries
- Introduces (direct) quotations
- Introduces a second clause that expands or illustrates the meaning of the first
Example Sentences
- We learned the following at the camp: rock-climbing, canoeing and rafting.
- During the salsa class we were told: dance salsa on any beat or across the beat.
- My instructor always says: “bend those knees.”
- The snow hardened: it turned into ice.
; Semicolon
A semicolon represents a pause greater than a comma. Semicolon is used to separate the independent clauses of a compound sentence. Such clauses are NOT joined by a coordinating conjunction (and, but, or nor, for, so, yet).
In separating the two clauses of a compound sentence, the semicolon is slightly stronger than a comma, but weaker than a period. Remember that the clause before the semicolon and the clause after the semicolon should be complete on their own; we should be able to replace the semicolon with a period and get two grammatically correct and complete sentences.
Uses
- Semicolon separates two closely linked clauses and shows that there is a link between them.
- It separate items in a complex list.
Example Sentences
- On Tuesday, the tram was late; the bus was early.
- You can go by and aeroplane, train and a taxi; channel tunnel train, coach, then a short walk; or aeroplane and car.
‘ Apostrophe of Possession
Uses
- Denotes the ownership of something
Example Sentences
- This is Betsy’s scarf.
- These are Peter’s books.
‘ Apostrophe of Contraction
Uses
- Shows the omission of a letter(s) when two (or occasionally more) words are contracted
Example Sentences
- Don’t walk on the grass.
- She’d’ve told us. (double contraction is used in spoken English only)
. . . Ellipsis
Uses
- Ellipsis shows the omission of words.
- It also indicates a pause.
Example Sentences
- The teacher moaned , “Look at this floor … a mess… this class.”
- Louis said: ‘I think I locked the door… no, hang on … did I?’
( ) Brackets
Uses
- Brackets set apart a word or phrase added to a sentence to give some additional information.
Example
- The necklace (which had been in my family for years) was stolen.
— Dash
Uses
- Indicates additional information, with more emphasis than a comma.
- Indicates a pause, especially for effect at the end of a sentence.
- Contains extra information (used instead of brackets).
Example Sentences
- She is an author – and a very good one too.
- We all know what to expect – the best.
- You solved that sum – and I don’t know how – before anybody else.
Punctuation (or sometimes interpunction) is the use of spacing, conventional signs (called punctuation marks), and certain typographical devices as aids to the understanding and correct reading of written text, whether read silently or aloud.[1] Another description is, «It is the practice, action, or system of inserting points or other small marks into texts in order to aid interpretation; division of text into sentences, clauses, etc., by means of such marks.»[2]
In written English, punctuation is vital to disambiguate the meaning of sentences. For example: «woman, without her man, is nothing» (emphasizing the importance of men to women), and «woman: without her, man is nothing» (emphasizing the importance of women to men) have very different meanings; as do «eats shoots and leaves» (which means the subject consumes plant growths) and «eats, shoots, and leaves» (which means the subject eats first, then fires a weapon, and then leaves the scene).[3] The sharp differences in meaning are produced by the simple differences in punctuation within the example pairs, especially the latter.
The rules of punctuation vary with language, location, register, and time and are constantly evolving. Certain aspects of punctuation are stylistic and are thus the author’s (or editor’s) choice, or tachygraphic (shorthand) language forms, such as those used in online chat and text messages.
History[edit]
The first writing systems were either logographic or syllabic; for example, Chinese and Mayan script, which do not necessarily require punctuation, especially spacing. This is because the entire morpheme or word is typically clustered within a single glyph, so spacing does not help as much to distinguish where one word ends and the other starts. Disambiguation and emphasis can easily be communicated without punctuation by employing a separate written form distinct from the spoken form of the language that uses slightly different phraseology. Even today, written English differs subtly from spoken English because not all emphasis and disambiguation is possible to convey in print, even with punctuation.
Ancient Chinese classical texts were transmitted without punctuation. However, many Warring States period bamboo texts contain the symbols ⟨└⟩ and ⟨▄⟩ indicating the end of a chapter and full stop, respectively.[4] By the Song dynasty, addition of punctuation to texts by scholars to aid comprehension became common.[5]
The earliest alphabetic writing – Phoenician, Hebrew, and others of the same family – had no capitalization, no spaces, no vowels (see abjad) and few punctuation marks. This worked as long as the subject matter was restricted to a limited range of topics (for example, writing used for recording business transactions). Punctuation is historically an aid to reading aloud.
The oldest known document using punctuation is the Mesha Stele (9th century BC). This employs points between the words and horizontal strokes between the sense section as punctuation.[6][further explanation needed]
Western Antiquity[edit]
Most texts were still written in scriptura continua, that is without any separation between words. However, the Greeks were sporadically using punctuation marks consisting of vertically arranged dots—usually two (dicolon) or three (tricolon)—in around the 5th century BC as an aid in the oral delivery of texts. Greek playwrights such as Euripides and Aristophanes used symbols to distinguish the ends of phrases in written drama: this essentially helped the play’s cast to know when to pause. After 200 BC, the Greeks used Aristophanes of Byzantium’s system (called théseis) of a single dot (punctus) placed at varying heights to mark up speeches at rhetorical divisions:
- hypostigmḗ – a low punctus on the baseline to mark off a komma (unit smaller than a clause);
- stigmḕ mésē – a punctus at midheight to mark off a clause (kōlon); and
- stigmḕ teleía – a high punctus to mark off a sentence (periodos).[7]
In addition, the Greeks used the paragraphos (or gamma) to mark the beginning of sentences, marginal diples to mark quotations, and a koronis to indicate the end of major sections.
The Romans (c. 1st century BC) also occasionally used symbols to indicate pauses, but the Greek théseis—under the name distinctiones[8]—prevailed by the 4th century AD as reported by Aelius Donatus and Isidore of Seville (7th century). Also, texts were sometimes laid out per capitula, where every sentence had its own separate line. Diples were used, but by the late period these often degenerated into comma-shaped marks.
On the page, punctuation performs its grammatical function, but in the mind of the reader it does more than that. It tells the reader how to hum the tune.
Lynn Truss, Eats, Shoots and Leaves.[9]
Medieval[edit]
Punctuation developed dramatically when large numbers of copies of the Bible started to be produced. These were designed to be read aloud, so the copyists began to introduce a range of marks to aid the reader, including indentation, various punctuation marks (diple, paragraphos, simplex ductus), and an early version of initial capitals (litterae notabiliores). Jerome and his colleagues, who made a translation of the Bible into Latin, the Vulgate (c. AD 400), employed a layout system based on established practices for teaching the speeches of Demosthenes and Cicero. Under his layout per cola et commata every sense-unit was indented and given its own line. This layout was solely used for biblical manuscripts during the 5th–9th centuries but was abandoned in favor of punctuation.
In the 7th–8th centuries Irish and Anglo-Saxon scribes, whose native languages were not derived from Latin, added more visual cues to render texts more intelligible. Irish scribes introduced the practice of word separation.[10] Likewise, insular scribes adopted the distinctiones system while adapting it for minuscule script (so as to be more prominent) by using not differing height but rather a differing number of marks—aligned horizontally (or sometimes triangularly)—to signify a pause’s value: one mark for a minor pause, two for a medium one, and three for a major. Most common were the punctus, a comma-shaped mark, and a 7-shaped mark (comma positura), often used in combination. The same marks could be used in the margin to mark off quotations.
In the late 8th century a different system emerged in France under the Carolingian dynasty. Originally indicating how the voice should be modulated when chanting the liturgy, the positurae migrated into any text meant to be read aloud, and then to all manuscripts. Positurae first reached England in the late 10th century, probably during the Benedictine reform movement, but was not adopted until after the Norman conquest. The original positurae were the punctus, punctus elevatus,[11] punctus versus, and punctus interrogativus, but a fifth symbol, the punctus flexus, was added in the 10th century to indicate a pause of a value between the punctus and punctus elevatus. In the late 11th/early 12th century the punctus versus disappeared and was taken over by the simple punctus (now with two distinct values).[12]
The late Middle Ages saw the addition of the virgula suspensiva (slash or slash with a midpoint dot) which was often used in conjunction with the punctus for different types of pauses. Direct quotations were marked with marginal diples, as in Antiquity, but from at least the 12th century scribes also began entering diples (sometimes double) within the column of text.
Printing-press era[edit]
The amount of printed material and its readership began to increase after the invention of moveable type in Europe in the 1450s. Luthers German bible translation was one of the first mass printed works, he used only virgule, full stop and less than 1% question marks as punctuation. The focus of punctuation still was rhetorical, to aid reading aloud.[13] As explained by writer and editor Lynne Truss, «The rise of printing in the 14th and 15th centuries meant that a standard system of punctuation was urgently required.»[14] Printed books, whose letters were uniform, could be read much more rapidly than manuscripts. Rapid reading, or reading aloud, did not allow time to analyze sentence structures. This increased speed led to the greater use and finally standardization of punctuation, which showed the relationships of words with each other: where one sentence ends and another begins, for example.
The introduction of a standard system of punctuation has also been attributed to the Venetian printers Aldus Manutius and his grandson. They have been credited with popularizing the practice of ending sentences with the colon or full stop (period), inventing the semicolon, making occasional use of parentheses, and creating the modern comma by lowering the virgule. By 1566, Aldus Manutius the Younger was able to state that the main object of punctuation was the clarification of syntax.[15]
By the 19th century, punctuation in the western world had evolved «to classify the marks hierarchically, in terms of weight».[16] Cecil Hartley’s poem identifies their relative values:
The stop point out, with truth, the time of pause
A sentence doth require at ev’ry clause.
At ev’ry comma, stop while one you count;
At semicolon, two is the amount;
A colon doth require the time of three;
The period four, as learned men agree.[17]
The use of punctuation was not standardised until after the invention of printing. According to the 1885 edition of The American Printer, the importance of punctuation was noted in various sayings by children such as
With a semi-colon and a comma added, it reads as follows:
Charles the First walked and talked;
Half an hour after, his head was cut off.[18]
In a 19th-century manual of typography, Thomas MacKellar writes:
Shortly after the invention of printing, the necessity of stops or pauses in sentences for the guidance of the reader produced the colon and full point. In process of time, the comma was added, which was then merely a perpendicular line, proportioned to the body of the letter. These three points were the only ones used until the close of the fifteenth century, when Aldo Manuccio gave a better shape to the comma, and added the semicolon; the comma denoting the shortest pause, the semicolon next, then the colon, and the full point terminating the sentence. The marks of interrogation and admiration were introduced many years after.[19]
Typewriters and electronic communication[edit]
The introduction of electrical telegraphy with a limited set of transmission codes[20] and typewriters with a limited set of keys influenced punctuation subtly. For example, curved quotes and apostrophes were all collapsed into two characters (‘ and «). The hyphen, minus sign, and dashes of various widths have been collapsed into a single character (-), sometimes repeated to represent a long dash. The spaces of different widths available to professional typesetters were generally replaced by a single full-character width space, with typefaces monospaced. In some cases a typewriter keyboard didn’t include an exclamation point (!) but this was constructed by the overstrike of an apostrophe and a period; the original Morse code did not have an exclamation point.
These simplifications have been carried forward into digital writing, with teleprinters and the ASCII character set essentially supporting the same characters as typewriters. Treatment of whitespace in HTML discouraged the practice (in English prose) of putting two full spaces after a full stop, since a single or double space would appear the same on the screen. (Some style guides now discourage double spaces, and some electronic writing tools, including Wikipedia’s software, automatically collapse double spaces to single.) The full traditional set of typesetting tools became available with the advent of desktop publishing and more sophisticated word processors. Despite the widespread adoption of character sets like Unicode that support the punctuation of traditional typesetting, writing forms like text messages tend to use the simplified ASCII style of punctuation, with the addition of new non-text characters like emoji. Informal text speak tends to drop punctuation when not needed, including some ways that would be considered errors in more formal writing.
In the computer era, punctuation characters were recycled for use in programming languages and URLs. Due to its use in email and Twitter handles, the at sign (@) has gone from an obscure character mostly used by sellers of bulk commodities (10 pounds @$2.00 per pound), to a very common character in common use for both technical routing and an abbreviation for «at». The tilde (~), in moveable type only used in combination with vowels, for mechanical reasons ended up as a separate key on mechanical typewriters, and like @ it has been put to completely new uses.
In English[edit]
There are two major styles of punctuation in English: British or American. These two styles differ mainly in the way in which they handle quotation marks, particularly in conjunction with other punctuation marks. In British English, punctuation marks such as full stops and commas are placed inside the quotation mark only if they are part of what is being quoted, and placed outside the closing quotation mark if part of the containing sentence. In American English, however, such punctuation is generally placed inside the closing quotation mark regardless. This rule varies for other punctuation marks; for example, American English follows the British English rule when it comes to semicolons, colons, question marks, and exclamation points.[21][further explanation needed] The serial comma is used much more often in the United States than in England.
Other languages[edit]
Other languages of Europe use much the same punctuation as English. The similarity is so strong that the few variations may confuse a native English reader. Quotation marks are particularly variable across European languages. For example, in French and Russian, quotes would appear as: «Je suis fatigué.» (in French, each «double punctuation», as the guillemet, requires a non-breaking space; in Russian it does not).
In French of France and Belgium, the signs : ; ? and ! are always preceded by a thin non-breaking space. In Canadian French, this is only the case for :.[22][23]
In Greek, the question mark is written as the English semicolon, while the functions of the colon and semicolon are performed by a raised point ⟨·⟩, known as the ano teleia (άνω τελεία).
In Georgian, three dots, ⟨჻⟩, were formerly used as a sentence or paragraph divider. It is still sometimes used in calligraphy.
Spanish and Asturian (both of them Romance languages used in Spain) use an inverted question mark ⟨¿⟩ at the beginning of a question and the normal question mark at the end, as well as an inverted exclamation mark ⟨¡⟩ at the beginning of an exclamation and the normal exclamation mark at the end.[24]
Armenian uses several punctuation marks of its own. The full stop is represented by a colon, and vice versa; the exclamation mark is represented by a diagonal similar to a tilde ⟨~⟩, while the question mark ⟨՞⟩ resembles an unclosed circle placed after the last vowel of the word.
Arabic, Urdu, and Persian—written from right to left—use a reversed question mark: ⟨؟⟩, and a reversed comma: ⟨،⟩. This is a modern innovation; pre-modern Arabic did not use punctuation. Hebrew, which is also written from right to left, uses the same characters as in English, ⟨,⟩ and ⟨?⟩.[25]
Originally, Sanskrit had no punctuation. In the 17th century, Sanskrit and Marathi, both written using Devanagari, started using the vertical bar ⟨।⟩ to end a line of prose and double vertical bars ⟨॥⟩ in verse.
Punctuation was not used in Chinese, Japanese, Korean and Vietnamese Chu Nom writing until the adoption of punctuation from the West in the late 19th and early 20th century. In unpunctuated texts, the grammatical structure of sentences in classical writing is inferred from context.[26] Most punctuation marks in modern Chinese, Japanese, and Korean have similar functions to their English counterparts; however, they often look different and have different customary rules.
In the Indian subcontinent, ⟨:-⟩ is sometimes used in place of colon or after a subheading. Its origin is unclear, but could be a remnant of the British Raj. Another punctuation common in the Indian Subcontinent for writing monetary amounts is the use of ⟨/-⟩ or ⟨/=⟩ after the number. For example, Rs. 20/- or Rs. 20/= implies 20 rupees whole.
Thai, Khmer, Lao and Burmese did not use punctuation until the adoption of punctuation from the West in the 20th century. Blank spaces are more frequent than full stops or commas.
Novel punctuation marks[edit]
Interrobang[edit]
In 1962, American advertising executive Martin K. Speckter proposed the interrobang (‽), a combination of the question mark and exclamation point, to mark rhetorical questions or questions stated in a tone of disbelief. Although the new punctuation mark was widely discussed in the 1960s, it failed to achieve widespread use.[27]
«Love point» and similar marks[edit]
In 1966, the French author Hervé Bazin proposed a series of six innovative punctuation marks in his book Plumons l’Oiseau («Let’s pluck the bird», 1966).[28] These were:[29]
«Question comma», «exclamation comma»[edit]
An international patent application was filed, and published in 1992 under World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) number WO9219458,[30] for two new punctuation marks: the «question comma» and the «exclamation comma». The question comma has a comma instead of the dot at the bottom of a question mark, while the exclamation comma has a comma in place of the point at the bottom of an exclamation mark. These were intended for use as question and exclamation marks within a sentence, a function for which normal question and exclamation marks can also be used, but which may be considered obsolescent. The patent application entered into the national phase only in Canada. It was advertised as lapsing in Australia on 27 January 1994[31] and in Canada on 6 November 1995.[32]
Punctuation marks in Unicode[edit]
Punctuation marks in Unicode |
||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mark | Name | Code point | General Category | Script |
Pd, dash | ||||
— | HYPHEN-MINUS | U+002D | Pd, dash | Common |
‐ | HYPHEN | U+2010 | Pd, dash | Common |
‑ | NON-BREAKING HYPHEN | U+2011 | Pd, dash | Common |
‒ | FIGURE DASH | U+2012 | Pd, dash | Common |
– | EN DASH | U+2013 | Pd, dash | Common |
— | EM DASH | U+2014 | Pd, dash | Common |
― | HORIZONTAL BAR | U+2015 | Pd, dash | Common |
⸗ | DOUBLE OBLIQUE HYPHEN | U+2E17 | Pd, dash | Common |
⸚ | HYPHEN WITH DIAERESIS | U+2E1A | Pd, dash | Common |
⸺ | TWO-EM DASH | U+2E3A | Pd, dash | Common |
⸻ | THREE-EM DASH | U+2E3B | Pd, dash | Common |
⹀ | DOUBLE HYPHEN | U+2E40 | Pd, dash | Common |
〜 | WAVE DASH | U+301C | Pd, dash | Common |
〰 | WAVY DASH | U+3030 | Pd, dash | Common |
゠ | KATAKANA-HIRAGANA DOUBLE HYPHEN | U+30A0 | Pd, dash | Common |
︱ | PRESENTATION FORM FOR VERTICAL EM DASH | U+FE31 | Pd, dash | Common |
︲ | PRESENTATION FORM FOR VERTICAL EN DASH | U+FE32 | Pd, dash | Common |
﹘ | SMALL EM DASH | U+FE58 | Pd, dash | Common |
﹣ | SMALL HYPHEN-MINUS | U+FE63 | Pd, dash | Common |
- | FULLWIDTH HYPHEN-MINUS | U+FF0D | Pd, dash | Common |
֊ | ARMENIAN HYPHEN | U+058A | Pd, dash | Armenian |
᐀ | CANADIAN SYLLABICS HYPHEN | U+1400 | Pd, dash | Canadian Aboriginal |
־ | HEBREW PUNCTUATION MAQAF | U+05BE | Pd, dash | Hebrew |
᠆ | MONGOLIAN TODO SOFT HYPHEN | U+1806 | Pd, dash | Mongolian |
𐺭 | YEZIDI HYPHENATION MARK | U+10EAD | Pd, dash | Yezidi |
Pi-Pf, initial–final quote | ||||
« » |
|
|
|
Common |
‘ ’ |
|
|
|
Common |
‛ | SINGLE HIGH-REVERSED-9 QUOTATION MARK | U+201B | Pi, initial quote | Common |
“ ” |
|
|
|
Common |
‟ | DOUBLE HIGH-REVERSED-9 QUOTATION MARK | U+201F | Pi, initial quote | Common |
‹ › |
|
|
|
Common |
⸂ ⸃ |
|
|
|
Common |
⸄ ⸅ |
|
|
|
Common |
⸉ ⸊ |
|
|
|
Common |
⸌ ⸍ |
|
|
|
Common |
⸜ ⸝ |
|
|
|
Common |
⸠ ⸡ |
|
|
|
Common |
Ps-Pe, open–close (brackets) | ||||
( ) |
|
|
|
Common |
[ ] |
|
|
|
Common |
{ } |
|
|
|
Common |
‚ | SINGLE LOW-9 QUOTATION MARK | U+201A | Ps, open | Common |
„ | DOUBLE LOW-9 QUOTATION MARK | U+201E | Ps, open | Common |
⁅ ⁆ |
|
|
|
Common |
⁽ ⁾ |
|
|
|
Common |
₍ ₎ |
|
|
|
Common |
⌈ ⌉ |
|
|
|
Common |
⌊ ⌋ |
|
|
|
Common |
〈 〉 |
|
|
|
Common |
❨ ❩ |
|
|
|
Common |
❪ ❫ |
|
|
|
Common |
❬ ❭ |
|
|
|
Common |
❮ ❯ |
|
|
|
Common |
❰ ❱ |
|
|
|
Common |
❲ ❳ |
|
|
|
Common |
❴ ❵ |
|
|
|
Common |
⟅ ⟆ |
|
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|
Common |
⟦ ⟧ |
|
|
|
Common |
⟨ ⟩ |
|
|
|
Common |
⟪ ⟫ |
|
|
|
Common |
⟬ ⟭ |
|
|
|
Common |
⟮ ⟯ |
|
|
|
Common |
⦃ ⦄ |
|
|
|
Common |
⦅ ⦆ |
|
|
|
Common |
⦇ ⦈ |
|
|
|
Common |
⦉ ⦊ |
|
|
|
Common |
⦋ ⦌ |
|
|
|
Common |
⦍ ⦎ |
|
|
|
Common |
⦏ ⦐ |
|
|
|
Common |
⦑ ⦒ |
|
|
|
Common |
⦓ ⦔ |
|
|
|
Common |
⦕ ⦖ |
|
|
|
Common |
⦗ ⦘ |
|
|
|
Common |
⧘ ⧙ |
|
|
|
Common |
⧚ ⧛ |
|
|
|
Common |
⧼ ⧽ |
|
|
|
Common |
⸢ ⸣ |
|
|
|
Common |
⸤ ⸥ |
|
|
|
Common |
⸦ ⸧ |
|
|
|
Common |
⸨ ⸩ |
|
|
|
Common |
⹂ | DOUBLE LOW-REVERSED-9 QUOTATION MARK | U+2E42 | Ps, open | Common |
〈 〉 |
|
|
|
Common |
《 》 |
|
|
|
Common |
「 」 |
|
|
|
Common |
『 』 |
|
|
|
Common |
【 】 |
|
|
|
Common |
〔 〕 |
|
|
|
Common |
〖 〗 |
|
|
|
Common |
〘 〙 |
|
|
|
Common |
〚 〛 |
|
|
|
Common |
〝 〞 |
|
|
|
Common |
〟 | LOW DOUBLE PRIME QUOTATION MARK | U+301F | Pe, close | Common |
﴿ | ORNATE RIGHT PARENTHESIS | U+FD3F | Ps, open | Common |
︗ ︘ |
|
|
|
Common |
︵ ︶ |
|
|
|
Common |
︷ ︸ |
|
|
|
Common |
︹ ︺ |
|
|
|
Common |
︻ ︼ |
|
|
|
Common |
︽ ︾ |
|
|
|
Common |
︿ ﹀ |
|
|
|
Common |
﹁ ﹂ |
|
|
|
Common |
﹃ ﹄ |
|
|
|
Common |
﹇ ﹈ |
|
|
|
Common |
﹙ ﹚ |
|
|
|
Common |
﹛ ﹜ |
|
|
|
Common |
﹝ ﹞ |
|
|
|
Common |
( ) |
|
|
|
Common |
[ ] |
|
|
|
Common |
{ } |
|
|
|
Common |
⦅ ⦆ |
|
|
|
Common |
「 」 |
|
|
|
Common |
᚛ ᚜ |
|
|
|
Ogham |
༺ ༻ |
|
|
|
Tibetan |
༼ ༽ |
|
|
|
Tibetan |
Pc, connector | ||||
_ | LOW LINE | U+005F | Pc, connector | Common |
‿ | UNDERTIE | U+203F | Pc, connector | Common |
⁀ | CHARACTER TIE | U+2040 | Pc, connector | Common |
⁔ | INVERTED UNDERTIE | U+2054 | Pc, connector | Common |
︳ | PRESENTATION FORM FOR VERTICAL LOW LINE | U+FE33 | Pc, connector | Common |
︴ | PRESENTATION FORM FOR VERTICAL WAVY LOW LINE | U+FE34 | Pc, connector | Common |
﹍ | DASHED LOW LINE | U+FE4D | Pc, connector | Common |
﹎ | CENTRELINE LOW LINE | U+FE4E | Pc, connector | Common |
﹏ | WAVY LOW LINE | U+FE4F | Pc, connector | Common |
_ | FULLWIDTH LOW LINE | U+FF3F | Pc, connector | Common |
Po, other | ||||
! | EXCLAMATION MARK | U+0021 | Po, other | Common |
» | QUOTATION MARK | U+0022 | Po, other | Common |
# | NUMBER SIGN | U+0023 | Po, other | Common |
% | PERCENT SIGN | U+0025 | Po, other | Common |
& | AMPERSAND | U+0026 | Po, other | Common |
‘ | APOSTROPHE | U+0027 | Po, other | Common |
* | ASTERISK | U+002A | Po, other | Common |
, | COMMA | U+002C | Po, other | Common |
. | FULL STOP | U+002E | Po, other | Common |
/ | SOLIDUS | U+002F | Po, other | Common |
: | COLON | U+003A | Po, other | Common |
; | SEMICOLON | U+003B | Po, other | Common |
? | QUESTION MARK | U+003F | Po, other | Common |
@ | COMMERCIAL AT | U+0040 | Po, other | Common |
REVERSE SOLIDUS | U+005C | Po, other | Common | |
¡ | INVERTED EXCLAMATION MARK | U+00A1 | Po, other | Common |
§ | SECTION SIGN | U+00A7 | Po, other | Common |
¶ | PILCROW SIGN | U+00B6 | Po, other | Common |
· | MIDDLE DOT | U+00B7 | Po, other | Common |
¿ | INVERTED QUESTION MARK | U+00BF | Po, other | Common |
; | GREEK QUESTION MARK | U+037E | Po, other | Common |
· | GREEK ANO TELEIA | U+0387 | Po, other | Common |
، | ARABIC COMMA | U+060C | Po, other | Common |
؛ | ARABIC SEMICOLON | U+061B | Po, other | Common |
؟ | ARABIC QUESTION MARK | U+061F | Po, other | Common |
। | DEVANAGARI DANDA | U+0964 | Po, other | Common |
॥ | DEVANAGARI DOUBLE DANDA | U+0965 | Po, other | Common |
჻ | GEORGIAN PARAGRAPH SEPARATOR | U+10FB | Po, other | Common |
᛫ | RUNIC SINGLE PUNCTUATION | U+16EB | Po, other | Common |
᛬ | RUNIC MULTIPLE PUNCTUATION | U+16EC | Po, other | Common |
᛭ | RUNIC CROSS PUNCTUATION | U+16ED | Po, other | Common |
᜵ | PHILIPPINE SINGLE PUNCTUATION | U+1735 | Po, other | Common |
᜶ | PHILIPPINE DOUBLE PUNCTUATION | U+1736 | Po, other | Common |
᠂ | MONGOLIAN COMMA | U+1802 | Po, other | Common |
᠃ | MONGOLIAN FULL STOP | U+1803 | Po, other | Common |
᠅ | MONGOLIAN FOUR DOTS | U+1805 | Po, other | Common |
᳓ | VEDIC SIGN NIHSHVASA | U+1CD3 | Po, other | Common |
‖ | DOUBLE VERTICAL LINE | U+2016 | Po, other | Common |
‗ | DOUBLE LOW LINE | U+2017 | Po, other | Common |
† | DAGGER | U+2020 | Po, other | Common |
‡ | DOUBLE DAGGER | U+2021 | Po, other | Common |
• | BULLET | U+2022 | Po, other | Common |
‣ | TRIANGULAR BULLET | U+2023 | Po, other | Common |
․ | ONE DOT LEADER | U+2024 | Po, other | Common |
‥ | TWO DOT LEADER | U+2025 | Po, other | Common |
… | HORIZONTAL ELLIPSIS | U+2026 | Po, other | Common |
‧ | HYPHENATION POINT | U+2027 | Po, other | Common |
‰ | PER MILLE SIGN | U+2030 | Po, other | Common |
‱ | PER TEN THOUSAND SIGN | U+2031 | Po, other | Common |
′ | PRIME | U+2032 | Po, other | Common |
″ | DOUBLE PRIME | U+2033 | Po, other | Common |
‴ | TRIPLE PRIME | U+2034 | Po, other | Common |
‵ | REVERSED PRIME | U+2035 | Po, other | Common |
‶ | REVERSED DOUBLE PRIME | U+2036 | Po, other | Common |
‷ | REVERSED TRIPLE PRIME | U+2037 | Po, other | Common |
‸ | CARET | U+2038 | Po, other | Common |
※ | REFERENCE MARK | U+203B | Po, other | Common |
‼ | DOUBLE EXCLAMATION MARK | U+203C | Po, other | Common |
‽ | INTERROBANG | U+203D | Po, other | Common |
‾ | OVERLINE | U+203E | Po, other | Common |
⁁ | CARET INSERTION POINT | U+2041 | Po, other | Common |
⁂ | ASTERISM | U+2042 | Po, other | Common |
⁃ | HYPHEN BULLET | U+2043 | Po, other | Common |
⁇ | DOUBLE QUESTION MARK | U+2047 | Po, other | Common |
⁈ | QUESTION EXCLAMATION MARK | U+2048 | Po, other | Common |
⁉ | EXCLAMATION QUESTION MARK | U+2049 | Po, other | Common |
⁊ | TIRONIAN SIGN ET | U+204A | Po, other | Common |
⁋ | REVERSED PILCROW SIGN | U+204B | Po, other | Common |
⁌ | BLACK LEFTWARDS BULLET | U+204C | Po, other | Common |
⁍ | BLACK RIGHTWARDS BULLET | U+204D | Po, other | Common |
⁎ | LOW ASTERISK | U+204E | Po, other | Common |
⁏ | REVERSED SEMICOLON | U+204F | Po, other | Common |
⁐ | CLOSE UP | U+2050 | Po, other | Common |
⁑ | TWO ASTERISKS ALIGNED VERTICALLY | U+2051 | Po, other | Common |
⁓ | SWUNG DASH | U+2053 | Po, other | Common |
⁕ | FLOWER PUNCTUATION MARK | U+2055 | Po, other | Common |
⁖ | THREE DOT PUNCTUATION | U+2056 | Po, other | Common |
⁗ | QUADRUPLE PRIME | U+2057 | Po, other | Common |
⁘ | FOUR DOT PUNCTUATION | U+2058 | Po, other | Common |
⁙ | FIVE DOT PUNCTUATION | U+2059 | Po, other | Common |
⁚ | TWO DOT PUNCTUATION | U+205A | Po, other | Common |
⁛ | FOUR DOT MARK | U+205B | Po, other | Common |
⁜ | DOTTED CROSS | U+205C | Po, other | Common |
⁝ | TRICOLON | U+205D | Po, other | Common |
⁞ | VERTICAL FOUR DOTS | U+205E | Po, other | Common |
⸀ | RIGHT ANGLE SUBSTITUTION MARKER | U+2E00 | Po, other | Common |
⸁ | RIGHT ANGLE DOTTED SUBSTITUTION MARKER | U+2E01 | Po, other | Common |
⸆ | RAISED INTERPOLATION MARKER | U+2E06 | Po, other | Common |
⸇ | RAISED DOTTED INTERPOLATION MARKER | U+2E07 | Po, other | Common |
⸈ | DOTTED TRANSPOSITION MARKER | U+2E08 | Po, other | Common |
⸋ | RAISED SQUARE | U+2E0B | Po, other | Common |
⸎ | EDITORIAL CORONIS | U+2E0E | Po, other | Common |
⸏ | PARAGRAPHOS | U+2E0F | Po, other | Common |
⸐ | FORKED PARAGRAPHOS | U+2E10 | Po, other | Common |
⸑ | REVERSED FORKED PARAGRAPHOS | U+2E11 | Po, other | Common |
⸒ | HYPODIASTOLE | U+2E12 | Po, other | Common |
⸓ | DOTTED OBELOS | U+2E13 | Po, other | Common |
⸔ | DOWNWARDS ANCORA | U+2E14 | Po, other | Common |
⸕ | UPWARDS ANCORA | U+2E15 | Po, other | Common |
⸖ | DOTTED RIGHT-POINTING ANGLE | U+2E16 | Po, other | Common |
⸘ | INVERTED INTERROBANG | U+2E18 | Po, other | Common |
⸙ | PALM BRANCH | U+2E19 | Po, other | Common |
⸛ | TILDE WITH RING ABOVE | U+2E1B | Po, other | Common |
⸞ | TILDE WITH DOT ABOVE | U+2E1E | Po, other | Common |
⸟ | TILDE WITH DOT BELOW | U+2E1F | Po, other | Common |
⸪ | TWO DOTS OVER ONE DOT PUNCTUATION | U+2E2A | Po, other | Common |
⸫ | ONE DOT OVER TWO DOTS PUNCTUATION | U+2E2B | Po, other | Common |
⸬ | SQUARED FOUR DOT PUNCTUATION | U+2E2C | Po, other | Common |
⸭ | FIVE DOT MARK | U+2E2D | Po, other | Common |
⸮ | REVERSED QUESTION MARK | U+2E2E | Po, other | Common |
⸰ | RING POINT | U+2E30 | Po, other | Common |
⸱ | WORD SEPARATOR MIDDLE DOT | U+2E31 | Po, other | Common |
⸲ | TURNED COMMA | U+2E32 | Po, other | Common |
⸳ | RAISED DOT | U+2E33 | Po, other | Common |
⸴ | RAISED COMMA | U+2E34 | Po, other | Common |
⸵ | TURNED SEMICOLON | U+2E35 | Po, other | Common |
⸶ | DAGGER WITH LEFT GUARD | U+2E36 | Po, other | Common |
⸷ | DAGGER WITH RIGHT GUARD | U+2E37 | Po, other | Common |
⸸ | TURNED DAGGER | U+2E38 | Po, other | Common |
⸹ | TOP HALF SECTION SIGN | U+2E39 | Po, other | Common |
⸼ | STENOGRAPHIC FULL STOP | U+2E3C | Po, other | Common |
⸽ | VERTICAL SIX DOTS | U+2E3D | Po, other | Common |
⸾ | WIGGLY VERTICAL LINE | U+2E3E | Po, other | Common |
⸿ | CAPITULUM | U+2E3F | Po, other | Common |
⹁ | REVERSED COMMA | U+2E41 | Po, other | Common |
⹃ | DASH WITH LEFT UPTURN | U+2E43 | Po, other | Common |
⹄ | DOUBLE SUSPENSION MARK | U+2E44 | Po, other | Common |
⹅ | INVERTED LOW KAVYKA | U+2E45 | Po, other | Common |
⹆ | INVERTED LOW KAVYKA WITH KAVYKA ABOVE | U+2E46 | Po, other | Common |
⹇ | LOW KAVYKA | U+2E47 | Po, other | Common |
⹈ | LOW KAVYKA WITH DOT | U+2E48 | Po, other | Common |
⹉ | DOUBLE STACKED COMMA | U+2E49 | Po, other | Common |
⹊ | DOTTED SOLIDUS | U+2E4A | Po, other | Common |
⹋ | TRIPLE DAGGER | U+2E4B | Po, other | Common |
⹌ | MEDIEVAL COMMA | U+2E4C | Po, other | Common |
⹍ | PARAGRAPHUS MARK | U+2E4D | Po, other | Common |
⹎ | PUNCTUS ELEVATUS MARK | U+2E4E | Po, other | Common |
⹏ | CORNISH VERSE DIVIDER | U+2E4F | Po, other | Common |
⹒ | TIRONIAN SIGN CAPITAL ET | U+2E52 | Po, other | Common |
、 | IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA | U+3001 | Po, other | Common |
。 | IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP | U+3002 | Po, other | Common |
〃 | DITTO MARK | U+3003 | Po, other | Common |
〽 | PART ALTERNATION MARK | U+303D | Po, other | Common |
・ | KATAKANA MIDDLE DOT | U+30FB | Po, other | Common |
꤮ | KAYAH LI SIGN CWI | U+A92E | Po, other | Common |
︐ | PRESENTATION FORM FOR VERTICAL COMMA | U+FE10 | Po, other | Common |
︑ | PRESENTATION FORM FOR VERTICAL IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA | U+FE11 | Po, other | Common |
︒ | PRESENTATION FORM FOR VERTICAL IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP | U+FE12 | Po, other | Common |
︓ | PRESENTATION FORM FOR VERTICAL COLON | U+FE13 | Po, other | Common |
︔ | PRESENTATION FORM FOR VERTICAL SEMICOLON | U+FE14 | Po, other | Common |
︕ | PRESENTATION FORM FOR VERTICAL EXCLAMATION MARK | U+FE15 | Po, other | Common |
︖ | PRESENTATION FORM FOR VERTICAL QUESTION MARK | U+FE16 | Po, other | Common |
︙ | PRESENTATION FORM FOR VERTICAL HORIZONTAL ELLIPSIS | U+FE19 | Po, other | Common |
︰ | PRESENTATION FORM FOR VERTICAL TWO DOT LEADER | U+FE30 | Po, other | Common |
﹅ | SESAME DOT | U+FE45 | Po, other | Common |
﹆ | WHITE SESAME DOT | U+FE46 | Po, other | Common |
﹉ | DASHED OVERLINE | U+FE49 | Po, other | Common |
﹊ | CENTRELINE OVERLINE | U+FE4A | Po, other | Common |
﹋ | WAVY OVERLINE | U+FE4B | Po, other | Common |
﹌ | DOUBLE WAVY OVERLINE | U+FE4C | Po, other | Common |
﹐ | SMALL COMMA | U+FE50 | Po, other | Common |
﹑ | SMALL IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA | U+FE51 | Po, other | Common |
﹒ | SMALL FULL STOP | U+FE52 | Po, other | Common |
﹔ | SMALL SEMICOLON | U+FE54 | Po, other | Common |
﹕ | SMALL COLON | U+FE55 | Po, other | Common |
﹖ | SMALL QUESTION MARK | U+FE56 | Po, other | Common |
﹗ | SMALL EXCLAMATION MARK | U+FE57 | Po, other | Common |
﹟ | SMALL NUMBER SIGN | U+FE5F | Po, other | Common |
﹠ | SMALL AMPERSAND | U+FE60 | Po, other | Common |
﹡ | SMALL ASTERISK | U+FE61 | Po, other | Common |
﹨ | SMALL REVERSE SOLIDUS | U+FE68 | Po, other | Common |
﹪ | SMALL PERCENT SIGN | U+FE6A | Po, other | Common |
﹫ | SMALL COMMERCIAL AT | U+FE6B | Po, other | Common |
! | FULLWIDTH EXCLAMATION MARK | U+FF01 | Po, other | Common |
" | FULLWIDTH QUOTATION MARK | U+FF02 | Po, other | Common |
# | FULLWIDTH NUMBER SIGN | U+FF03 | Po, other | Common |
% | FULLWIDTH PERCENT SIGN | U+FF05 | Po, other | Common |
& | FULLWIDTH AMPERSAND | U+FF06 | Po, other | Common |
' | FULLWIDTH APOSTROPHE | U+FF07 | Po, other | Common |
* | FULLWIDTH ASTERISK | U+FF0A | Po, other | Common |
, | FULLWIDTH COMMA | U+FF0C | Po, other | Common |
. | FULLWIDTH FULL STOP | U+FF0E | Po, other | Common |
/ | FULLWIDTH SOLIDUS | U+FF0F | Po, other | Common |
: | FULLWIDTH COLON | U+FF1A | Po, other | Common |
; | FULLWIDTH SEMICOLON | U+FF1B | Po, other | Common |
? | FULLWIDTH QUESTION MARK | U+FF1F | Po, other | Common |
@ | FULLWIDTH COMMERCIAL AT | U+FF20 | Po, other | Common |
\ | FULLWIDTH REVERSE SOLIDUS | U+FF3C | Po, other | Common |
。 | HALFWIDTH IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP | U+FF61 | Po, other | Common |
、 | HALFWIDTH IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA | U+FF64 | Po, other | Common |
・ | HALFWIDTH KATAKANA MIDDLE DOT | U+FF65 | Po, other | Common |
𐄀 | AEGEAN WORD SEPARATOR LINE | U+10100 | Po, other | Common |
𐄁 | AEGEAN WORD SEPARATOR DOT | U+10101 | Po, other | Common |
𐄂 | AEGEAN CHECK MARK | U+10102 | Po, other | Common |
𖿢 | OLD CHINESE HOOK MARK | U+16FE2 | Po, other | Common |
𞥞 | ADLAM INITIAL EXCLAMATION MARK | U+1E95E | Po, other | Adlam |
𞥟 | ADLAM INITIAL QUESTION MARK | U+1E95F | Po, other | Adlam |
՚ | ARMENIAN APOSTROPHE | U+055A | Po, other | Armenian |
՛ | ARMENIAN EMPHASIS MARK | U+055B | Po, other | Armenian |
՜ | ARMENIAN EXCLAMATION MARK | U+055C | Po, other | Armenian |
՝ | ARMENIAN COMMA | U+055D | Po, other | Armenian |
՞ | ARMENIAN QUESTION MARK | U+055E | Po, other | Armenian |
՟ | ARMENIAN ABBREVIATION MARK | U+055F | Po, other | Armenian |
։ | ARMENIAN FULL STOP | U+0589 | Po, other | Armenian |
؉ | ARABIC-INDIC PER MILLE SIGN | U+0609 | Po, other | Arabic |
؊ | ARABIC-INDIC PER TEN THOUSAND SIGN | U+060A | Po, other | Arabic |
؍ | ARABIC DATE SEPARATOR | U+060D | Po, other | Arabic |
؞ | ARABIC TRIPLE DOT PUNCTUATION MARK | U+061E | Po, other | Arabic |
٪ | ARABIC PERCENT SIGN | U+066A | Po, other | Arabic |
٫ | ARABIC DECIMAL SEPARATOR | U+066B | Po, other | Arabic |
٬ | ARABIC THOUSANDS SEPARATOR | U+066C | Po, other | Arabic |
٭ | ARABIC FIVE POINTED STAR | U+066D | Po, other | Arabic |
۔ | ARABIC FULL STOP | U+06D4 | Po, other | Arabic |
𑜼 | AHOM SIGN SMALL SECTION | U+1173C | Po, other | Ahom |
𑜽 | AHOM SIGN SECTION | U+1173D | Po, other | Ahom |
𑜾 | AHOM SIGN RULAI | U+1173E | Po, other | Ahom |
𐬹 | AVESTAN ABBREVIATION MARK | U+10B39 | Po, other | Avestan |
𐬺 | TINY TWO DOTS OVER ONE DOT PUNCTUATION | U+10B3A | Po, other | Avestan |
𐬻 | SMALL TWO DOTS OVER ONE DOT PUNCTUATION | U+10B3B | Po, other | Avestan |
𐬼 | LARGE TWO DOTS OVER ONE DOT PUNCTUATION | U+10B3C | Po, other | Avestan |
𐬽 | LARGE ONE DOT OVER TWO DOTS PUNCTUATION | U+10B3D | Po, other | Avestan |
𐬾 | LARGE TWO RINGS OVER ONE RING PUNCTUATION | U+10B3E | Po, other | Avestan |
𐬿 | LARGE ONE RING OVER TWO RINGS PUNCTUATION | U+10B3F | Po, other | Avestan |
᭚ | BALINESE PANTI | U+1B5A | Po, other | Balinese |
᭛ | BALINESE PAMADA | U+1B5B | Po, other | Balinese |
᭜ | BALINESE WINDU | U+1B5C | Po, other | Balinese |
᭝ | BALINESE CARIK PAMUNGKAH | U+1B5D | Po, other | Balinese |
᭞ | BALINESE CARIK SIKI | U+1B5E | Po, other | Balinese |
᭟ | BALINESE CARIK PAREREN | U+1B5F | Po, other | Balinese |
᭠ | BALINESE PAMENENG | U+1B60 | Po, other | Balinese |
꛲ | BAMUM NJAEMLI | U+A6F2 | Po, other | Bamum |
꛳ | BAMUM FULL STOP | U+A6F3 | Po, other | Bamum |
꛴ | BAMUM COLON | U+A6F4 | Po, other | Bamum |
꛵ | BAMUM COMMA | U+A6F5 | Po, other | Bamum |
꛶ | BAMUM SEMICOLON | U+A6F6 | Po, other | Bamum |
꛷ | BAMUM QUESTION MARK | U+A6F7 | Po, other | Bamum |
𖫵 | BASSA VAH FULL STOP | U+16AF5 | Po, other | Bassa Vah |
᯼ | BATAK SYMBOL BINDU NA METEK | U+1BFC | Po, other | Batak |
᯽ | BATAK SYMBOL BINDU PINARBORAS | U+1BFD | Po, other | Batak |
᯾ | BATAK SYMBOL BINDU JUDUL | U+1BFE | Po, other | Batak |
᯿ | BATAK SYMBOL BINDU PANGOLAT | U+1BFF | Po, other | Batak |
৽ | BENGALI ABBREVIATION SIGN | U+09FD | Po, other | Bengali |
𑱁 | BHAIKSUKI DANDA | U+11C41 | Po, other | Bhaiksuki |
𑱂 | BHAIKSUKI DOUBLE DANDA | U+11C42 | Po, other | Bhaiksuki |
𑱃 | BHAIKSUKI WORD SEPARATOR | U+11C43 | Po, other | Bhaiksuki |
𑱄 | BHAIKSUKI GAP FILLER-1 | U+11C44 | Po, other | Bhaiksuki |
𑱅 | BHAIKSUKI GAP FILLER-2 | U+11C45 | Po, other | Bhaiksuki |
𑁇 | BRAHMI DANDA | U+11047 | Po, other | Brahmi |
𑁈 | BRAHMI DOUBLE DANDA | U+11048 | Po, other | Brahmi |
𑁉 | BRAHMI PUNCTUATION DOT | U+11049 | Po, other | Brahmi |
𑁊 | BRAHMI PUNCTUATION DOUBLE DOT | U+1104A | Po, other | Brahmi |
𑁋 | BRAHMI PUNCTUATION LINE | U+1104B | Po, other | Brahmi |
𑁌 | BRAHMI PUNCTUATION CRESCENT BAR | U+1104C | Po, other | Brahmi |
𑁍 | BRAHMI PUNCTUATION LOTUS | U+1104D | Po, other | Brahmi |
᨞ | BUGINESE PALLAWA | U+1A1E | Po, other | Buginese |
᨟ | BUGINESE END OF SECTION | U+1A1F | Po, other | Buginese |
᙮ | CANADIAN SYLLABICS FULL STOP | U+166E | Po, other | Canadian Aboriginal |
𑅀 | CHAKMA SECTION MARK | U+11140 | Po, other | Chakma |
𑅁 | CHAKMA DANDA | U+11141 | Po, other | Chakma |
𑅂 | CHAKMA DOUBLE DANDA | U+11142 | Po, other | Chakma |
𑅃 | CHAKMA QUESTION MARK | U+11143 | Po, other | Chakma |
꩜ | CHAM PUNCTUATION SPIRAL | U+AA5C | Po, other | Cham |
꩝ | CHAM PUNCTUATION DANDA | U+AA5D | Po, other | Cham |
꩞ | CHAM PUNCTUATION DOUBLE DANDA | U+AA5E | Po, other | Cham |
꩟ | CHAM PUNCTUATION TRIPLE DANDA | U+AA5F | Po, other | Cham |
⳹ | COPTIC OLD NUBIAN FULL STOP | U+2CF9 | Po, other | Coptic |
⳺ | COPTIC OLD NUBIAN DIRECT QUESTION MARK | U+2CFA | Po, other | Coptic |
⳻ | COPTIC OLD NUBIAN INDIRECT QUESTION MARK | U+2CFB | Po, other | Coptic |
⳼ | COPTIC OLD NUBIAN VERSE DIVIDER | U+2CFC | Po, other | Coptic |
⳾ | COPTIC FULL STOP | U+2CFE | Po, other | Coptic |
⳿ | COPTIC MORPHOLOGICAL DIVIDER | U+2CFF | Po, other | Coptic |
𒑰 | CUNEIFORM PUNCTUATION SIGN OLD ASSYRIAN WORD DIVIDER | U+12470 | Po, other | Cuneiform |
𒑱 | CUNEIFORM PUNCTUATION SIGN VERTICAL COLON | U+12471 | Po, other | Cuneiform |
𒑲 | CUNEIFORM PUNCTUATION SIGN DIAGONAL COLON | U+12472 | Po, other | Cuneiform |
𒑳 | CUNEIFORM PUNCTUATION SIGN DIAGONAL TRICOLON | U+12473 | Po, other | Cuneiform |
𒑴 | CUNEIFORM PUNCTUATION SIGN DIAGONAL QUADCOLON | U+12474 | Po, other | Cuneiform |
꙳ | SLAVONIC ASTERISK | U+A673 | Po, other | Cyrillic |
꙾ | CYRILLIC KAVYKA | U+A67E | Po, other | Cyrillic |
𐕯 | CAUCASIAN ALBANIAN CITATION MARK | U+1056F | Po, other | Caucasian Albanian |
॰ | DEVANAGARI ABBREVIATION SIGN | U+0970 | Po, other | Devanagari |
꣸ | DEVANAGARI SIGN PUSHPIKA | U+A8F8 | Po, other | Devanagari |
꣹ | DEVANAGARI GAP FILLER | U+A8F9 | Po, other | Devanagari |
꣺ | DEVANAGARI CARET | U+A8FA | Po, other | Devanagari |
꣼ | DEVANAGARI SIGN SIDDHAM | U+A8FC | Po, other | Devanagari |
𑥄 | DIVES AKURU DOUBLE DANDA | U+11944 | Po, other | Dives Akuru |
𑥅 | DIVES AKURU GAP FILLER | U+11945 | Po, other | Dives Akuru |
𑥆 | DIVES AKURU END OF TEXT MARK | U+11946 | Po, other | Dives Akuru |
𑠻 | DOGRA ABBREVIATION SIGN | U+1183B | Po, other | Dogra |
𛲟 | DUPLOYAN PUNCTUATION CHINOOK FULL STOP | U+1BC9F | Po, other | Duployan |
፠ | ETHIOPIC SECTION MARK | U+1360 | Po, other | Ethiopic |
፡ | ETHIOPIC WORDSPACE | U+1361 | Po, other | Ethiopic |
። | ETHIOPIC FULL STOP | U+1362 | Po, other | Ethiopic |
፣ | ETHIOPIC COMMA | U+1363 | Po, other | Ethiopic |
፤ | ETHIOPIC SEMICOLON | U+1364 | Po, other | Ethiopic |
፥ | ETHIOPIC COLON | U+1365 | Po, other | Ethiopic |
፦ | ETHIOPIC PREFACE COLON | U+1366 | Po, other | Ethiopic |
፧ | ETHIOPIC QUESTION MARK | U+1367 | Po, other | Ethiopic |
፨ | ETHIOPIC PARAGRAPH SEPARATOR | U+1368 | Po, other | Ethiopic |
੶ | GURMUKHI ABBREVIATION SIGN | U+0A76 | Po, other | Gurmukhi |
૰ | GUJARATI ABBREVIATION SIGN | U+0AF0 | Po, other | Gujarati |
׀ | HEBREW PUNCTUATION PASEQ | U+05C0 | Po, other | Hebrew |
׃ | HEBREW PUNCTUATION SOF PASUQ | U+05C3 | Po, other | Hebrew |
׆ | HEBREW PUNCTUATION NUN HAFUKHA | U+05C6 | Po, other | Hebrew |
׳ | HEBREW PUNCTUATION GERESH | U+05F3 | Po, other | Hebrew |
״ | HEBREW PUNCTUATION GERSHAYIM | U+05F4 | Po, other | Hebrew |
𐡗 | IMPERIAL ARAMAIC SECTION SIGN | U+10857 | Po, other | Imperial Aramaic |
꧁ | JAVANESE LEFT RERENGGAN | U+A9C1 | Po, other | Javanese |
꧂ | JAVANESE RIGHT RERENGGAN | U+A9C2 | Po, other | Javanese |
꧃ | JAVANESE PADA ANDAP | U+A9C3 | Po, other | Javanese |
꧄ | JAVANESE PADA MADYA | U+A9C4 | Po, other | Javanese |
꧅ | JAVANESE PADA LUHUR | U+A9C5 | Po, other | Javanese |
꧆ | JAVANESE PADA WINDU | U+A9C6 | Po, other | Javanese |
꧇ | JAVANESE PADA PANGKAT | U+A9C7 | Po, other | Javanese |
꧈ | JAVANESE PADA LINGSA | U+A9C8 | Po, other | Javanese |
꧉ | JAVANESE PADA LUNGSI | U+A9C9 | Po, other | Javanese |
꧊ | JAVANESE PADA ADEG | U+A9CA | Po, other | Javanese |
꧋ | JAVANESE PADA ADEG ADEG | U+A9CB | Po, other | Javanese |
꧌ | JAVANESE PADA PISELEH | U+A9CC | Po, other | Javanese |
꧍ | JAVANESE TURNED PADA PISELEH | U+A9CD | Po, other | Javanese |
꧞ | JAVANESE PADA TIRTA TUMETES | U+A9DE | Po, other | Javanese |
꧟ | JAVANESE PADA ISEN-ISEN | U+A9DF | Po, other | Javanese |
𑂻 | KAITHI ABBREVIATION SIGN | U+110BB | Po, other | Kaithi |
𑂼 | KAITHI ENUMERATION SIGN | U+110BC | Po, other | Kaithi |
𑂾 | KAITHI SECTION MARK | U+110BE | Po, other | Kaithi |
𑂿 | KAITHI DOUBLE SECTION MARK | U+110BF | Po, other | Kaithi |
𑃀 | KAITHI DANDA | U+110C0 | Po, other | Kaithi |
𑃁 | KAITHI DOUBLE DANDA | U+110C1 | Po, other | Kaithi |
಄ | KANNADA SIGN SIDDHAM | U+0C84 | Po, other | Kannada |
꤯ | KAYAH LI SIGN SHYA | U+A92F | Po, other | Kayah Li |
𐩐 | KHAROSHTHI PUNCTUATION DOT | U+10A50 | Po, other | Kharoshthi |
𐩑 | KHAROSHTHI PUNCTUATION SMALL CIRCLE | U+10A51 | Po, other | Kharoshthi |
𐩒 | KHAROSHTHI PUNCTUATION CIRCLE | U+10A52 | Po, other | Kharoshthi |
𐩓 | KHAROSHTHI PUNCTUATION CRESCENT BAR | U+10A53 | Po, other | Kharoshthi |
𐩔 | KHAROSHTHI PUNCTUATION MANGALAM | U+10A54 | Po, other | Kharoshthi |
𐩕 | KHAROSHTHI PUNCTUATION LOTUS | U+10A55 | Po, other | Kharoshthi |
𐩖 | KHAROSHTHI PUNCTUATION DANDA | U+10A56 | Po, other | Kharoshthi |
𐩗 | KHAROSHTHI PUNCTUATION DOUBLE DANDA | U+10A57 | Po, other | Kharoshthi |
𐩘 | KHAROSHTHI PUNCTUATION LINES | U+10A58 | Po, other | Kharoshthi |
។ | KHMER SIGN KHAN | U+17D4 | Po, other | Khmer |
៕ | KHMER SIGN BARIYOOSAN | U+17D5 | Po, other | Khmer |
៖ | KHMER SIGN CAMNUC PII KUUH | U+17D6 | Po, other | Khmer |
៘ | KHMER SIGN BEYYAL | U+17D8 | Po, other | Khmer |
៙ | KHMER SIGN PHNAEK MUAN | U+17D9 | Po, other | Khmer |
៚ | KHMER SIGN KOOMUUT | U+17DA | Po, other | Khmer |
𑈸 | KHOJKI DANDA | U+11238 | Po, other | Khojki |
𑈹 | KHOJKI DOUBLE DANDA | U+11239 | Po, other | Khojki |
𑈺 | KHOJKI WORD SEPARATOR | U+1123A | Po, other | Khojki |
𑈻 | KHOJKI SECTION MARK | U+1123B | Po, other | Khojki |
𑈼 | KHOJKI DOUBLE SECTION MARK | U+1123C | Po, other | Khojki |
𑈽 | KHOJKI ABBREVIATION SIGN | U+1123D | Po, other | Khojki |
᰻ | LEPCHA PUNCTUATION TA-ROL | U+1C3B | Po, other | Lepcha |
᰼ | LEPCHA PUNCTUATION NYET THYOOM TA-ROL | U+1C3C | Po, other | Lepcha |
᰽ | LEPCHA PUNCTUATION CER-WA | U+1C3D | Po, other | Lepcha |
᰾ | LEPCHA PUNCTUATION TSHOOK CER-WA | U+1C3E | Po, other | Lepcha |
᰿ | LEPCHA PUNCTUATION TSHOOK | U+1C3F | Po, other | Lepcha |
᥄ | LIMBU EXCLAMATION MARK | U+1944 | Po, other | Limbu |
᥅ | LIMBU QUESTION MARK | U+1945 | Po, other | Limbu |
꓾ | LISU PUNCTUATION COMMA | U+A4FE | Po, other | Lisu |
꓿ | LISU PUNCTUATION FULL STOP | U+A4FF | Po, other | Lisu |
𐤿 | LYDIAN TRIANGULAR MARK | U+1093F | Po, other | Lydian |
𑅴 | MAHAJANI ABBREVIATION SIGN | U+11174 | Po, other | Mahajani |
𑅵 | MAHAJANI SECTION MARK | U+11175 | Po, other | Mahajani |
𑻷 | MAKASAR PASSIMBANG | U+11EF7 | Po, other | Makasar |
𑻸 | MAKASAR END OF SECTION | U+11EF8 | Po, other | Makasar |
𐫰 | MANICHAEAN PUNCTUATION STAR | U+10AF0 | Po, other | Manichaean |
𐫱 | MANICHAEAN PUNCTUATION FLEURON | U+10AF1 | Po, other | Manichaean |
𐫲 | MANICHAEAN PUNCTUATION DOUBLE DOT WITHIN DOT | U+10AF2 | Po, other | Manichaean |
𐫳 | MANICHAEAN PUNCTUATION DOT WITHIN DOT | U+10AF3 | Po, other | Manichaean |
𐫴 | MANICHAEAN PUNCTUATION DOT | U+10AF4 | Po, other | Manichaean |
𐫵 | MANICHAEAN PUNCTUATION TWO DOTS | U+10AF5 | Po, other | Manichaean |
𐫶 | MANICHAEAN PUNCTUATION LINE FILLER | U+10AF6 | Po, other | Manichaean |
𑱰 | MARCHEN HEAD MARK | U+11C70 | Po, other | Marchen |
𑱱 | MARCHEN MARK SHAD | U+11C71 | Po, other | Marchen |
𖺗 | MEDEFAIDRIN COMMA | U+16E97 | Po, other | Medefaidrin |
𖺘 | MEDEFAIDRIN FULL STOP | U+16E98 | Po, other | Medefaidrin |
𖺙 | MEDEFAIDRIN SYMBOL AIVA | U+16E99 | Po, other | Medefaidrin |
𖺚 | MEDEFAIDRIN EXCLAMATION OH | U+16E9A | Po, other | Medefaidrin |
꫰ | MEETEI MAYEK CHEIKHAN | U+AAF0 | Po, other | Meetei Mayek |
꫱ | MEETEI MAYEK AHANG KHUDAM | U+AAF1 | Po, other | Meetei Mayek |
꯫ | MEETEI MAYEK CHEIKHEI | U+ABEB | Po, other | Meetei Mayek |
𑙁 | MODI DANDA | U+11641 | Po, other | Modi |
𑙂 | MODI DOUBLE DANDA | U+11642 | Po, other | Modi |
𑙃 | MODI ABBREVIATION SIGN | U+11643 | Po, other | Modi |
᠀ | MONGOLIAN BIRGA | U+1800 | Po, other | Mongolian |
᠁ | MONGOLIAN ELLIPSIS | U+1801 | Po, other | Mongolian |
᠄ | MONGOLIAN COLON | U+1804 | Po, other | Mongolian |
᠇ | MONGOLIAN SIBE SYLLABLE BOUNDARY MARKER | U+1807 | Po, other | Mongolian |
᠈ | MONGOLIAN MANCHU COMMA | U+1808 | Po, other | Mongolian |
᠉ | MONGOLIAN MANCHU FULL STOP | U+1809 | Po, other | Mongolian |
᠊ | MONGOLIAN NIRUGU | U+180A | Po, other | Mongolian |
𑙠 | MONGOLIAN BIRGA WITH ORNAMENT | U+11660 | Po, other | Mongolian |
𑙡 | MONGOLIAN ROTATED BIRGA | U+11661 | Po, other | Mongolian |
𑙢 | MONGOLIAN DOUBLE BIRGA WITH ORNAMENT | U+11662 | Po, other | Mongolian |
𑙣 | MONGOLIAN TRIPLE BIRGA WITH ORNAMENT | U+11663 | Po, other | Mongolian |
𑙤 | MONGOLIAN BIRGA WITH DOUBLE ORNAMENT | U+11664 | Po, other | Mongolian |
𑙥 | MONGOLIAN ROTATED BIRGA WITH ORNAMENT | U+11665 | Po, other | Mongolian |
𑙦 | MONGOLIAN ROTATED BIRGA WITH DOUBLE ORNAMENT | U+11666 | Po, other | Mongolian |
𑙧 | MONGOLIAN INVERTED BIRGA | U+11667 | Po, other | Mongolian |
𑙨 | MONGOLIAN INVERTED BIRGA WITH DOUBLE ORNAMENT | U+11668 | Po, other | Mongolian |
𑙩 | MONGOLIAN SWIRL BIRGA | U+11669 | Po, other | Mongolian |
𑙪 | MONGOLIAN SWIRL BIRGA WITH ORNAMENT | U+1166A | Po, other | Mongolian |
𑙫 | MONGOLIAN SWIRL BIRGA WITH DOUBLE ORNAMENT | U+1166B | Po, other | Mongolian |
𑙬 | MONGOLIAN TURNED SWIRL BIRGA WITH DOUBLE ORNAMENT | U+1166C | Po, other | Mongolian |
𖩮 | MRO DANDA | U+16A6E | Po, other | Mro |
𖩯 | MRO DOUBLE DANDA | U+16A6F | Po, other | Mro |
𑊩 | MULTANI SECTION MARK | U+112A9 | Po, other | Multani |
၊ | MYANMAR SIGN LITTLE SECTION | U+104A | Po, other | Myanmar |
။ | MYANMAR SIGN SECTION | U+104B | Po, other | Myanmar |
၌ | MYANMAR SYMBOL LOCATIVE | U+104C | Po, other | Myanmar |
၍ | MYANMAR SYMBOL COMPLETED | U+104D | Po, other | Myanmar |
၎ | MYANMAR SYMBOL AFOREMENTIONED | U+104E | Po, other | Myanmar |
၏ | MYANMAR SYMBOL GENITIVE | U+104F | Po, other | Myanmar |
߷ | NKO SYMBOL GBAKURUNEN | U+07F7 | Po, other | N’Ko |
߸ | NKO COMMA | U+07F8 | Po, other | N’Ko |
߹ | NKO EXCLAMATION MARK | U+07F9 | Po, other | N’Ko |
𑧢 | NANDINAGARI SIGN SIDDHAM | U+119E2 | Po, other | Nandinagari |
𑑋 | NEWA DANDA | U+1144B | Po, other | Newa |
𑑌 | NEWA DOUBLE DANDA | U+1144C | Po, other | Newa |
𑑍 | NEWA COMMA | U+1144D | Po, other | Newa |
𑑎 | NEWA GAP FILLER | U+1144E | Po, other | Newa |
𑑏 | NEWA ABBREVIATION SIGN | U+1144F | Po, other | Newa |
𑑚 | NEWA DOUBLE COMMA | U+1145A | Po, other | Newa |
𑑛 | NEWA PLACEHOLDER MARK | U+1145B | Po, other | Newa |
𑑝 | NEWA INSERTION SIGN | U+1145D | Po, other | Newa |
᱾ | OL CHIKI PUNCTUATION MUCAAD | U+1C7E | Po, other | Ol Chiki |
᱿ | OL CHIKI PUNCTUATION DOUBLE MUCAAD | U+1C7F | Po, other | Ol Chiki |
𐏐 | OLD PERSIAN WORD DIVIDER | U+103D0 | Po, other | Old Persian |
𐩿 | OLD SOUTH ARABIAN NUMERIC INDICATOR | U+10A7F | Po, other | Old South Arabian |
𖬷 | PAHAWH HMONG SIGN VOS THOM | U+16B37 | Po, other | Pahawh Hmong |
𖬸 | PAHAWH HMONG SIGN VOS TSHAB CEEB | U+16B38 | Po, other | Pahawh Hmong |
𖬹 | PAHAWH HMONG SIGN CIM CHEEM | U+16B39 | Po, other | Pahawh Hmong |
𖬺 | PAHAWH HMONG SIGN VOS THIAB | U+16B3A | Po, other | Pahawh Hmong |
𖬻 | PAHAWH HMONG SIGN VOS FEEM | U+16B3B | Po, other | Pahawh Hmong |
𖭄 | PAHAWH HMONG SIGN XAUS | U+16B44 | Po, other | Pahawh Hmong |
꡴ | PHAGS-PA SINGLE HEAD MARK | U+A874 | Po, other | Phags-pa |
꡵ | PHAGS-PA DOUBLE HEAD MARK | U+A875 | Po, other | Phags-pa |
꡶ | PHAGS-PA MARK SHAD | U+A876 | Po, other | Phags-pa |
꡷ | PHAGS-PA MARK DOUBLE SHAD | U+A877 | Po, other | Phags-pa |
𐤟 | PHOENICIAN WORD SEPARATOR | U+1091F | Po, other | Phoenician |
𐮙 | PSALTER PAHLAVI SECTION MARK | U+10B99 | Po, other | Psalter Pahlavi |
𐮚 | PSALTER PAHLAVI TURNED SECTION MARK | U+10B9A | Po, other | Psalter Pahlavi |
𐮛 | PSALTER PAHLAVI FOUR DOTS WITH CROSS | U+10B9B | Po, other | Psalter Pahlavi |
𐮜 | PSALTER PAHLAVI FOUR DOTS WITH DOT | U+10B9C | Po, other | Psalter Pahlavi |
꥟ | REJANG SECTION MARK | U+A95F | Po, other | Rejang |
࠰ | SAMARITAN PUNCTUATION NEQUDAA | U+0830 | Po, other | Samaritan |
࠱ | SAMARITAN PUNCTUATION AFSAAQ | U+0831 | Po, other | Samaritan |
࠲ | SAMARITAN PUNCTUATION ANGED | U+0832 | Po, other | Samaritan |
࠳ | SAMARITAN PUNCTUATION BAU | U+0833 | Po, other | Samaritan |
࠴ | SAMARITAN PUNCTUATION ATMAAU | U+0834 | Po, other | Samaritan |
࠵ | SAMARITAN PUNCTUATION SHIYYAALAA | U+0835 | Po, other | Samaritan |
࠶ | SAMARITAN ABBREVIATION MARK | U+0836 | Po, other | Samaritan |
࠷ | SAMARITAN PUNCTUATION MELODIC QITSA | U+0837 | Po, other | Samaritan |
࠸ | SAMARITAN PUNCTUATION ZIQAA | U+0838 | Po, other | Samaritan |
࠹ | SAMARITAN PUNCTUATION QITSA | U+0839 | Po, other | Samaritan |
࠺ | SAMARITAN PUNCTUATION ZAEF | U+083A | Po, other | Samaritan |
࠻ | SAMARITAN PUNCTUATION TURU | U+083B | Po, other | Samaritan |
࠼ | SAMARITAN PUNCTUATION ARKAANU | U+083C | Po, other | Samaritan |
࠽ | SAMARITAN PUNCTUATION SOF MASHFAAT | U+083D | Po, other | Samaritan |
࠾ | SAMARITAN PUNCTUATION ANNAAU | U+083E | Po, other | Samaritan |
꣎ | SAURASHTRA DANDA | U+A8CE | Po, other | Saurashtra |
꣏ | SAURASHTRA DOUBLE DANDA | U+A8CF | Po, other | Saurashtra |
𑇅 | SHARADA DANDA | U+111C5 | Po, other | Sharada |
𑇆 | SHARADA DOUBLE DANDA | U+111C6 | Po, other | Sharada |
𑇇 | SHARADA ABBREVIATION SIGN | U+111C7 | Po, other | Sharada |
𑇈 | SHARADA SEPARATOR | U+111C8 | Po, other | Sharada |
𑇍 | SHARADA SUTRA MARK | U+111CD | Po, other | Sharada |
𑇛 | SHARADA SIGN SIDDHAM | U+111DB | Po, other | Sharada |
𑇝 | SHARADA CONTINUATION SIGN | U+111DD | Po, other | Sharada |
𑇞 | SHARADA SECTION MARK-1 | U+111DE | Po, other | Sharada |
𑇟 | SHARADA SECTION MARK-2 | U+111DF | Po, other | Sharada |
𑗁 | SIDDHAM SIGN SIDDHAM | U+115C1 | Po, other | Siddham |
𑗂 | SIDDHAM DANDA | U+115C2 | Po, other | Siddham |
𑗃 | SIDDHAM DOUBLE DANDA | U+115C3 | Po, other | Siddham |
𑗄 | SIDDHAM SEPARATOR DOT | U+115C4 | Po, other | Siddham |
𑗅 | SIDDHAM SEPARATOR BAR | U+115C5 | Po, other | Siddham |
𑗆 | SIDDHAM REPETITION MARK-1 | U+115C6 | Po, other | Siddham |
𑗇 | SIDDHAM REPETITION MARK-2 | U+115C7 | Po, other | Siddham |
𑗈 | SIDDHAM REPETITION MARK-3 | U+115C8 | Po, other | Siddham |
𑗉 | SIDDHAM END OF TEXT MARK | U+115C9 | Po, other | Siddham |
𑗊 | SIDDHAM SECTION MARK WITH TRIDENT AND U-SHAPED ORNAMENTS | U+115CA | Po, other | Siddham |
𑗋 | SIDDHAM SECTION MARK WITH TRIDENT AND DOTTED CRESCENTS | U+115CB | Po, other | Siddham |
𑗌 | SIDDHAM SECTION MARK WITH RAYS AND DOTTED CRESCENTS | U+115CC | Po, other | Siddham |
𑗍 | SIDDHAM SECTION MARK WITH RAYS AND DOTTED DOUBLE CRESCENTS | U+115CD | Po, other | Siddham |
𑗎 | SIDDHAM SECTION MARK WITH RAYS AND DOTTED TRIPLE CRESCENTS | U+115CE | Po, other | Siddham |
𑗏 | SIDDHAM SECTION MARK DOUBLE RING | U+115CF | Po, other | Siddham |
𑗐 | SIDDHAM SECTION MARK DOUBLE RING WITH RAYS | U+115D0 | Po, other | Siddham |
𑗑 | SIDDHAM SECTION MARK WITH DOUBLE CRESCENTS | U+115D1 | Po, other | Siddham |
𑗒 | SIDDHAM SECTION MARK WITH TRIPLE CRESCENTS | U+115D2 | Po, other | Siddham |
𑗓 | SIDDHAM SECTION MARK WITH QUADRUPLE CRESCENTS | U+115D3 | Po, other | Siddham |
𑗔 | SIDDHAM SECTION MARK WITH SEPTUPLE CRESCENTS | U+115D4 | Po, other | Siddham |
𑗕 | SIDDHAM SECTION MARK WITH CIRCLES AND RAYS | U+115D5 | Po, other | Siddham |
𑗖 | SIDDHAM SECTION MARK WITH CIRCLES AND TWO ENCLOSURES | U+115D6 | Po, other | Siddham |
𑗗 | SIDDHAM SECTION MARK WITH CIRCLES AND FOUR ENCLOSURES | U+115D7 | Po, other | Siddham |
𝪇 | SIGNWRITING COMMA | U+1DA87 | Po, other | SignWriting |
𝪈 | SIGNWRITING FULL STOP | U+1DA88 | Po, other | SignWriting |
𝪉 | SIGNWRITING SEMICOLON | U+1DA89 | Po, other | SignWriting |
𝪊 | SIGNWRITING COLON | U+1DA8A | Po, other | SignWriting |
𝪋 | SIGNWRITING PARENTHESIS | U+1DA8B | Po, other | SignWriting |
෴ | SINHALA PUNCTUATION KUNDDALIYA | U+0DF4 | Po, other | Sinhala |
𐽕 | SOGDIAN PUNCTUATION TWO VERTICAL BARS | U+10F55 | Po, other | Sogdian |
𐽖 | SOGDIAN PUNCTUATION TWO VERTICAL BARS WITH DOTS | U+10F56 | Po, other | Sogdian |
𐽗 | SOGDIAN PUNCTUATION CIRCLE WITH DOT | U+10F57 | Po, other | Sogdian |
𐽘 | SOGDIAN PUNCTUATION TWO CIRCLES WITH DOTS | U+10F58 | Po, other | Sogdian |
𐽙 | SOGDIAN PUNCTUATION HALF CIRCLE WITH DOT | U+10F59 | Po, other | Sogdian |
𑪚 | SOYOMBO MARK TSHEG | U+11A9A | Po, other | Soyombo |
𑪛 | SOYOMBO MARK SHAD | U+11A9B | Po, other | Soyombo |
𑪜 | SOYOMBO MARK DOUBLE SHAD | U+11A9C | Po, other | Soyombo |
𑪞 | SOYOMBO HEAD MARK WITH MOON AND SUN AND TRIPLE FLAME | U+11A9E | Po, other | Soyombo |
𑪟 | SOYOMBO HEAD MARK WITH MOON AND SUN AND FLAME | U+11A9F | Po, other | Soyombo |
𑪠 | SOYOMBO HEAD MARK WITH MOON AND SUN | U+11AA0 | Po, other | Soyombo |
𑪡 | SOYOMBO TERMINAL MARK-1 | U+11AA1 | Po, other | Soyombo |
𑪢 | SOYOMBO TERMINAL MARK-2 | U+11AA2 | Po, other | Soyombo |
᳀ | SUNDANESE PUNCTUATION BINDU SURYA | U+1CC0 | Po, other | Sundanese |
᳁ | SUNDANESE PUNCTUATION BINDU PANGLONG | U+1CC1 | Po, other | Sundanese |
᳂ | SUNDANESE PUNCTUATION BINDU PURNAMA | U+1CC2 | Po, other | Sundanese |
᳃ | SUNDANESE PUNCTUATION BINDU CAKRA | U+1CC3 | Po, other | Sundanese |
᳄ | SUNDANESE PUNCTUATION BINDU LEU SATANGA | U+1CC4 | Po, other | Sundanese |
᳅ | SUNDANESE PUNCTUATION BINDU KA SATANGA | U+1CC5 | Po, other | Sundanese |
᳆ | SUNDANESE PUNCTUATION BINDU DA SATANGA | U+1CC6 | Po, other | Sundanese |
᳇ | SUNDANESE PUNCTUATION BINDU BA SATANGA | U+1CC7 | Po, other | Sundanese |
܀ | SYRIAC END OF PARAGRAPH | U+0700 | Po, other | Syriac |
܁ | SYRIAC SUPRALINEAR FULL STOP | U+0701 | Po, other | Syriac |
܂ | SYRIAC SUBLINEAR FULL STOP | U+0702 | Po, other | Syriac |
܃ | SYRIAC SUPRALINEAR COLON | U+0703 | Po, other | Syriac |
܄ | SYRIAC SUBLINEAR COLON | U+0704 | Po, other | Syriac |
܅ | SYRIAC HORIZONTAL COLON | U+0705 | Po, other | Syriac |
܆ | SYRIAC COLON SKEWED LEFT | U+0706 | Po, other | Syriac |
܇ | SYRIAC COLON SKEWED RIGHT | U+0707 | Po, other | Syriac |
܈ | SYRIAC SUPRALINEAR COLON SKEWED LEFT | U+0708 | Po, other | Syriac |
܉ | SYRIAC SUBLINEAR COLON SKEWED RIGHT | U+0709 | Po, other | Syriac |
܊ | SYRIAC CONTRACTION | U+070A | Po, other | Syriac |
܋ | SYRIAC HARKLEAN OBELUS | U+070B | Po, other | Syriac |
܌ | SYRIAC HARKLEAN METOBELUS | U+070C | Po, other | Syriac |
܍ | SYRIAC HARKLEAN ASTERISCUS | U+070D | Po, other | Syriac |
᪠ | TAI THAM SIGN WIANG | U+1AA0 | Po, other | Tai Tham |
᪡ | TAI THAM SIGN WIANGWAAK | U+1AA1 | Po, other | Tai Tham |
᪢ | TAI THAM SIGN SAWAN | U+1AA2 | Po, other | Tai Tham |
᪣ | TAI THAM SIGN KEOW | U+1AA3 | Po, other | Tai Tham |
᪤ | TAI THAM SIGN HOY | U+1AA4 | Po, other | Tai Tham |
᪥ | TAI THAM SIGN DOKMAI | U+1AA5 | Po, other | Tai Tham |
᪦ | TAI THAM SIGN REVERSED ROTATED RANA | U+1AA6 | Po, other | Tai Tham |
᪨ | TAI THAM SIGN KAAN | U+1AA8 | Po, other | Tai Tham |
᪩ | TAI THAM SIGN KAANKUU | U+1AA9 | Po, other | Tai Tham |
᪪ | TAI THAM SIGN SATKAAN | U+1AAA | Po, other | Tai Tham |
᪫ | TAI THAM SIGN SATKAANKUU | U+1AAB | Po, other | Tai Tham |
᪬ | TAI THAM SIGN HANG | U+1AAC | Po, other | Tai Tham |
᪭ | TAI THAM SIGN CAANG | U+1AAD | Po, other | Tai Tham |
꫞ | TAI VIET SYMBOL HO HOI | U+AADE | Po, other | Tai Viet |
꫟ | TAI VIET SYMBOL KOI KOI | U+AADF | Po, other | Tai Viet |
𑿿 | TAMIL PUNCTUATION END OF TEXT | U+11FFF | Po, other | Tamil |
౷ | TELUGU SIGN SIDDHAM | U+0C77 | Po, other | Telugu |
๏ | THAI CHARACTER FONGMAN | U+0E4F | Po, other | Thai |
๚ | THAI CHARACTER ANGKHANKHU | U+0E5A | Po, other | Thai |
๛ | THAI CHARACTER KHOMUT | U+0E5B | Po, other | Thai |
༄ | TIBETAN MARK INITIAL YIG MGO MDUN MA | U+0F04 | Po, other | Tibetan |
༅ | TIBETAN MARK CLOSING YIG MGO SGAB MA | U+0F05 | Po, other | Tibetan |
༆ | TIBETAN MARK CARET YIG MGO PHUR SHAD MA | U+0F06 | Po, other | Tibetan |
༇ | TIBETAN MARK YIG MGO TSHEG SHAD MA | U+0F07 | Po, other | Tibetan |
༈ | TIBETAN MARK SBRUL SHAD | U+0F08 | Po, other | Tibetan |
༉ | TIBETAN MARK BSKUR YIG MGO | U+0F09 | Po, other | Tibetan |
༊ | TIBETAN MARK BKA- SHOG YIG MGO | U+0F0A | Po, other | Tibetan |
་ | TIBETAN MARK INTERSYLLABIC TSHEG | U+0F0B | Po, other | Tibetan |
༌ | TIBETAN MARK DELIMITER TSHEG BSTAR | U+0F0C | Po, other | Tibetan |
། | TIBETAN MARK SHAD | U+0F0D | Po, other | Tibetan |
༎ | TIBETAN MARK NYIS SHAD | U+0F0E | Po, other | Tibetan |
༏ | TIBETAN MARK TSHEG SHAD | U+0F0F | Po, other | Tibetan |
༐ | TIBETAN MARK NYIS TSHEG SHAD | U+0F10 | Po, other | Tibetan |
༑ | TIBETAN MARK RIN CHEN SPUNGS SHAD | U+0F11 | Po, other | Tibetan |
༒ | TIBETAN MARK RGYA GRAM SHAD | U+0F12 | Po, other | Tibetan |
༔ | TIBETAN MARK GTER TSHEG | U+0F14 | Po, other | Tibetan |
྅ | TIBETAN MARK PALUTA | U+0F85 | Po, other | Tibetan |
࿐ | TIBETAN MARK BSKA- SHOG GI MGO RGYAN | U+0FD0 | Po, other | Tibetan |
࿑ | TIBETAN MARK MNYAM YIG GI MGO RGYAN | U+0FD1 | Po, other | Tibetan |
࿒ | TIBETAN MARK NYIS TSHEG | U+0FD2 | Po, other | Tibetan |
࿓ | TIBETAN MARK INITIAL BRDA RNYING YIG MGO MDUN MA | U+0FD3 | Po, other | Tibetan |
࿔ | TIBETAN MARK CLOSING BRDA RNYING YIG MGO SGAB MA | U+0FD4 | Po, other | Tibetan |
࿙ | TIBETAN MARK LEADING MCHAN RTAGS | U+0FD9 | Po, other | Tibetan |
࿚ | TIBETAN MARK TRAILING MCHAN RTAGS | U+0FDA | Po, other | Tibetan |
⵰ | TIFINAGH SEPARATOR MARK | U+2D70 | Po, other | Tifinagh |
𑓆 | TIRHUTA ABBREVIATION SIGN | U+114C6 | Po, other | Tirhuta |
𐎟 | UGARITIC WORD DIVIDER | U+1039F | Po, other | Ugaritic |
꘍ | VAI COMMA | U+A60D | Po, other | Vai |
꘎ | VAI FULL STOP | U+A60E | Po, other | Vai |
꘏ | VAI QUESTION MARK | U+A60F | Po, other | Vai |
𑨿 | ZANABAZAR SQUARE INITIAL HEAD MARK | U+11A3F | Po, other | Zanabazar Square |
𑩀 | ZANABAZAR SQUARE CLOSING HEAD MARK | U+11A40 | Po, other | Zanabazar Square |
𑩁 | ZANABAZAR SQUARE MARK TSHEG | U+11A41 | Po, other | Zanabazar Square |
𑩂 | ZANABAZAR SQUARE MARK SHAD | U+11A42 | Po, other | Zanabazar Square |
𑩃 | ZANABAZAR SQUARE MARK DOUBLE SHAD | U+11A43 | Po, other | Zanabazar Square |
𑩄 | ZANABAZAR SQUARE MARK LONG TSHEG | U+11A44 | Po, other | Zanabazar Square |
𑩅 | ZANABAZAR SQUARE INITIAL DOUBLE-LINED HEAD MARK | U+11A45 | Po, other | Zanabazar Square |
𑩆 | ZANABAZAR SQUARE CLOSING DOUBLE-LINED HEAD MARK | U+11A46 | Po, other | Zanabazar Square |
࡞ | MANDAIC PUNCTUATION | U+085E | Po, other | Mandaic |
See also[edit]
- Diacritic
- James while John had had had had had had had had had had had a better effect on the teacher, a word puzzle
- Obelism, the practice of annotating manuscripts with marks set in the margins
- Orthography, the category of written conventions that includes punctuation as well as spelling, hyphenation, capitalization, word breaks, and emphasis
- Scribal abbreviations, abbreviations used by ancient and medieval scribes writing in Latin
- Terminal punctuation
- History of sentence spacing for typographical details
- Tironian notes, a system of shorthand that consisted of about 4,000 signs
- Usage
References[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica: «Punctuation.
- ^ Oxford English Dictionary, definition 2a.
- ^ Truss, Lynne (2003). Eats, Shoots & Leaves: The Zero Tolerance Approach to Punctuation. Profile Books. ISBN 1-86197-612-7.
- ^ 林清源,《簡牘帛書標題格式研究》台北: 藝文印書館,2006。(Lin Qingyuan, Study of Title Formatting in Bamboo and Silk Texts Taipei: Yiwen Publishing, 2006.) ISBN 957-520-111-6.
- ^ The History of the Song Dynasty (1346) states 「凡所讀書,無不加標點。」 (Among those who read texts, there are none who do not add punctuation).
- ^ Byrne, Eugene. «Q&A: When were punctuation marks first used?». History Extra. BBC. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
- ^ E. Otha Wingo, Latin Punctuation in the Classical Age (The Hague, Netherlands: De Gruyter, 1972), 22.
- ^ The Latin names for the marks: subdistinctio, media distinctio, and distinctio.
- ^ Truss, Lynn (2004). Eats, Shoots & Leaves. New York: Gotham Books. p. 71. ISBN 1-59240-087-6.
- ^ Parkes, M. B. (1991). «The Contribution of Insular Scribes of the Seventh and Eighth Centuries to the ‘Grammar of Legibility’«. Scribes, Scripts and Readers: Studies in the Communication, Presentation and Dissemination of Medieval Texts. London: Hambledon Press. pp. 1–18.
- ^ «Paleography: How to Read Medieval Handwriting». Harvard University. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 13 November 2017.
- ^ Raymond Clemens & Timothy Graham, Introduction to Manuscript Studies (Ithaca–London: Cornell UP, 2007), 84–6.
- ^ Historische Kommasetzung bei Luther, en: historical use of comma by Luther, Frank Slotta, for Prof Beatrice Primus, Landesprüfungsamt I NRW, 2010.
- ^ Truss, Lynne (2004). Eats, Shoots & Leaves: The Zero Tolerance Approach to Punctuation. New York: Gotham Books. p. 77. ISBN 1-59240-087-6.
- ^ Truss, Lynn (2004). Eats, Shoots & Leaves: The Zero Tolerance Approach to Punctuation. New York: Gotham Books. pp. 77–78. ISBN 1-59240-087-6.
- ^ Truss, Lynn (2004). Eats, Shoots & Leaves: The Zero Tolerance Approach to Punctuation. New York: Gotham Books. p. 112. ISBN 1-59240-087-6.
- ^ Truss, Lynn (2004). Eats, Shoots & Leaves: The Zero Tolerance Approach to Punctuation. New York: Gotham Books. pp. 112–113. ISBN 1-59240-087-6.
- ^ Iona and Peter Opie (1943) I Saw Esau.
- ^ MacKellar, Thomas (1885). The American Printer: A Manual of Typography, Containing Practical Directions for Managing all Departments of a Printing Office, As Well as Complete Instructions for Apprentices: With Several Useful Tables, Numerous Schemes for Imposing Forms in Every Variety, Hints to Authors, Etc (Fifteenth – Revised and Enlarged ed.). Philadelphia: MacKellar, Smiths & Jordan. p. 63.
- ^ See e.g. Morse code
- ^ Chelsea, Lee. «Punctuating Around Quotation Marks». APA Style. American Psychological Association. Retrieved 16 February 2017.
- ^ Bryan, Chloe (12 March 2019). «Why people leave a space before punctuation in texts». Mashable. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
- ^ Tetteroo, Jeroen (19 August 2015). «Designer’s Style Guide to French Translation for Canada». LanguageSolutions. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
- ^ Put, Olga (26 February 2022). «What Is the Upside-Down Question Mark in Spanish?». Spanish Academy. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
- ^ «Punctuation in Different Languages». TranslateMedia. 11 July 2013. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
- ^ Prasoon, Shrikant (2015). English Grammar and Usage. New Delhi: V & S Publishers. pp. Chapter 6. ISBN 978-93-505742-6-3.
- ^ Haley, Allan (June 2001). «The Interrobang Is Back». fonthaus.com. Archived from the original on 7 May 2008. Retrieved 3 December 2010.
- ^ Bazin, Hervé (1966), Plumons l’oiseau, Paris (France): Éditions Bernard Grasset, p. 142
- ^ Revised preliminary proposal to encode six punctuation characters introduced by Hervé Bazin in the UCS by Mykyta Yevstifeyev and Karl Pentzlin, 28 Feb. 2012
- ^ «European Patent Office publication».
- ^ Australian Official Journal of Patents, 27 January 1994
- ^ CIPO – Patent – 2102803 – Financial Transactions Archived 2 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine
Further reading[edit]
- Allen, Robert (25 July 2002). Punctuation. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-860439-4.
- Amis, Kingsley (2 March 1998). The King’s English: A Guide to Modern Usage. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-00-638746-2.
- Fowler, Henry Watson; Francis George Fowler (June 2002) [1906]. The King’s English. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-860507-2.
- Gowers, Ernest (1948). Plain Words: a guide to the use of English. London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office.
- Houston, Keith (2013). Shady Characters: Ampersands, Interrobangs and other Typographical Curiosities. Particular.
- Parkes, Malcolm Beckwith (1993). Pause and Effect: An Introduction to the History of Punctuation in the West. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-07941-8.
- Patt, Sebastian (2013). Punctuation as a Means of Medium-Dependent Presentation Structure in English: Exploring the Guide Functions of Punctuation. Tübingen: Narr Francke Attempto Verlag. ISBN 978-3-8233-6753-6.
External links[edit]
Look up Punctuation in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
- Larry Trask: Guide to Punctuation A helpful online resource
- History of Punctuation, in French Helpful photographs of early punctuation
- Punctuation Marks in English: Clarity in Expression
- Unicode reference tables:
- Unicode collation charts—including punctuation marks, sorted by shape
- «General punctuation U2000» (PDF).
- «CJK Symbols and Punctuation U3000» (PDF).
- «CJK Compatibility Forms UFE30» (PDF).
- «Small Form Variants UFE50» (PDF).
- «Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms UFF00» (PDF).
- Ethiopic script
- Automatic Recovery of Capitalization and Punctuation of Automatic Speech Transcripts
- English Punctuation Rules
- Punctuation marks with independent clauses, by Jennifer Frost
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Punctuation is the name for marks used for writing text. They are used to separate ideas in sentences. Punctuation makes text easier to read and understand. These are the most common punctuation marks used in English:
- . is a period or full stop
- , is a comma
- ? is a question mark
- ! is an exclamation mark
- ‘ is an apostrophe or single quote mark
- « is a quotation mark/inverted comma
- : is a colon
- ; is a semicolon
- … is an ellipsis mark
- — is a hyphen
- – is an en dash
- — is an em dash
- ( ) are parentheses or curved brackets
- [ ] are brackets or square brackets.
There are other punctuation marks but used less often. Other languages have other marks, such as French using guillemets, « »
as quotation marks.
Rules of punctuation[change | change source]
The use of punctuation in English changes depending on the sentence. Many punctuation marks have more than one use. Modern typography says that punctuation should only be used when there is a need for it. Because of this, people use less punctuation in their writing today than in the early 20th century.[1]
When punctuation marks should be used is often decided by a group or organization. Then, it is written down into a style guide of format rules. Newspapers have a style guide so that every newspaper is consistent with its writing.
Reasons for punctuation[change | change source]
- One reason is obedience. If we work for an organization with a house style guide, then we use that guide.
- Punctuation helps the reader understand what is meant. Consider these examples:
- He did not go to town because his father was absent. This means he did go to town, and the reason was not his father’s absence.
- He did not go to town, because his father was absent. This means he did not go to town, and the reason for not going was that his father was absent.
In the second example, no style guide will help. The writer just has to make sure that the sentence is understood as it is written. Punctuation is there to help the reader make sense of what is written. Often it is best to change the sentence so that the meaning does not rest on a comma.
- He went to town, but not because his father was away.
- Because his father was away, he did not go to town.
That seems to make the meanings clear.
Period or full stop[change | change source]
A period (U.S.A.), full stop (U.K. and Commonwealth) or full point (typography and printing),[2][3] looks like this: .
A period or stop is used to end a sentence. The period plus a space separates sentences in prose, and makes it easier to read. If they are not needed, they should not be used. So, for example, in a list format it is obvious when a section ends, therefore it does not need a full stop.
A period can show numbers that are smaller than one. With money, a period is used to show the amount of money less than one dollar.
- For example: «Elizabeth bought a soda for $1.25.» means that Elizabeth paid one dollar and twenty-five cents for her drink.
A period is sometimes used to show that a word has been made shorter. A word that is made shorter with a period is called an abbreviation.
- For example: The words doctor or mister are often made shorter when used with a name. «Dr. Smith» is the name of a doctor whose last name is Smith, and «Mr. Banerjee» and «Mrs. Yang» are common ways of writing. However, in modern typography, plain «Mr, Mrs/Ms» or «Dr» are more common. «Mrs» is never written in full: to write «mistress» is to mean something quite different. See also capitalization.
Comma[change | change source]
A full comma, or simply a comma, looks like this: ,
A comma has many uses. Some of these are shown below:
- To separate things in a list: «cows, horses, pigs, and sheep». A comma that is used before the word and in a list is called an Oxford comma. Some people do not use Oxford commas: «cows, horses, pigs and sheep».
- To separate two sentences with a conjunction: «Most birds have separate toes, but ducks’ feet are webbed.»
- To separate parts of a sentence: «Mimi, hungry as she was, was shy to come forward and have a slice of cake.»
- To indicate a pause in a sentence or question: «Hallie, did you remember to feed the cat?»
- In some European countries, commas are used as the -Insert number base here- point, instead of a full stop. Instead of €3.57 it would be €3,57. In an inverse to that, €17,693 (Seventeen thousand, etc.) would be €17.693.
Question mark[change | change source]
A question mark looks like this: ?
Question marks are used when writing a question, to make an inquiry, or to ask something.
- For example:
- «Hallie, have you done your homework?»
- «Elizabeth said ‘How are you?’ to Hallie.»
- «Why is the sky blue?»
- «Do you like apples?»
Exclamation mark[change | change source]
An exclamation mark looks like this: !
An exclamation mark is used to write about a surprise or emotion, or to write the words a person shouts. It can be used to make a statement stronger or more forceful.
- For example:
- «What a bad cat she has!»
- «Jane, come here!»
- «You did a good job!»
- How wonderful this city is!
- Don’t talk, get out!
- And also an exclamation mark can be used with a question mark, to make a question more forceful.
- For example:
- «What did you do that for?!» she said angrily.
Apostrophe[change | change source]
An apostrophe looks like this: ‘
An apostrophe has two main uses:
Ownership[change | change source]
An apostrophe can be used to show that something belongs to someone else.
If there is only one thing, the letter s is used after an apostrophe to show ownership.
- For example:
- «It was the boy’s dog.»
- «We will go in Mimi’s car.»
Sometimes the letter s is not used after an apostrophe to show ownership. A word will end with just an apostrophe if there is more than one thing and the word already ends with an s.
- For example:
- «Father put away the girls’ clothes» means that Father had to tidy up for several girls.
- «Father put away the girl’s clothes» means that Father tidied up for only one girl.
Contractions[change | change source]
An apostrophe can be used to put two small words together. Two small words that are put together with an apostrophe to make one word are called contractions. This is normal in writing about a person speaking. Spoken English often uses contractions because these words are easier to say.
- For example:
- Cannot can be made into the word can’t.
- It is can be made into the word it’s, for example, «It’s a nice day today.»
Common mistakes when using apostrophes[change | change source]
Pronouns do not use an apostrophe to show that something belongs to something else. Among these are its, his, hers, theirs.
- For example:
- «The bird flapped its wings,» not «The bird flapped it’s wings.»
- «It is his bike,» not «It is his’s bike.»
Plurals (words referring to more than one thing) do not need an apostrophe.
- For example:
- «Apples for sale,» not «Apple’s for sale.»
Quotation marks[change | change source]
|
|
Quotation marks (also called quote marks or quotes for short) are used around the words that people have said, or direct speech. They are used in pairs.
- For example:
- Hallie said, «Mimi, please wash the dishes.»
- «Today,» said our teacher, «is the first day of the rest of your lives.»
- Example:
- «After recording ‘Beat It’, Michael Jackson went on to record several more hits».
Order of punctuation[change | change source]
When quotation marks sit next to periods and commas, there are two styles of punctuation. These two styles are most commonly referred to as «American» and «British»; the British one is also called «logical quotation».
Both systems have the same rules regarding question marks, exclamation points, colons, and semicolons. But they differ in how they treat full stops and commas.[4][5][6]
In all major forms of English, question marks, exclamation marks, semicolons, and any other punctuation are placed inside or outside the closing quotation mark depending on whether they are part of the quoted material.[7]
- Did he say, «Good morning, Dave»?
- No, he said, «Where are you, Dave?»
- There are three major definitions of the word «gender»: vernacular, sociological, and linguistic.
British practice[change | change source]
The style in the United Kingdom and other non-American places is called British style,[5][7]
logical quotation,[8]
or logical punctuation.[9] it includes inside quotation marks only those punctuation marks which appeared in the original quoted material. Otherwise it places punctuation outside the closing quotation marks.[9] Fowler’s A Dictionary of Modern English Usage provides an early example of the rule: «All signs of punctuation used with words in quotation marks must be placed according to the sense.»[10]
When dealing with words-as-words, short-form works and sentence fragments, this style places periods and commas outside the quotation marks:
- «Carefree», in general, means «free from care or anxiety».
- The name of the song was «Gloria», which many already knew.
- She said she felt «free from care and anxiety».
With direct speech, British placing depends on whether or not the quoted statement is complete or a fragment. According to the British style guide Butcher’s Copy-editing, American style should be used when writing fiction.[11] In non-fiction, some British publishers may permit placing punctuation that is not part of the person’s speech inside the quotation marks but prefer that it be placed outside.[11] Periods and commas that are part of the person’s speech are permitted inside the quotation marks regardless of whether the material is fiction.[11]
- «Today,» said Cinderella, «I feel free from care and anxiety.» (fiction)
- «Today», said the Prime Minister, «I feel free from care and anxiety.» (preferred in non-fiction)
- «Today I feel happy,» said the woman, «carefree, and well.» (regardless)
U.S. practice[change | change source]
In the United States, the prevailing style is called American style,[7] whereby commas and periods are almost always placed inside closing quotation marks.[12] This style of punctuation is common in the U.S. and to a lesser extent, Canada as well., and is the style usually recommended by The Chicago Manual of Style and most other American style guides.
When dealing with words-as-words, short-form works and sentence fragments, standard American style places periods and commas inside the quotation marks:
- «Carefree,» in general, means «free from care or anxiety.»
- The name of the song was «Gloria,» which many already knew.
- She said she felt «free from care and anxiety.»
This style also places periods and commas inside the quotation marks when dealing with direct speech, regardless of whether the work is fiction or non-fiction:
- «Today,» said Cinderella, «I feel free from care and anxiety.» (fiction)
- «Today,» said the Prime Minister, «I feel free from care and anxiety.» (non-fiction)
Ending the sentence[change | change source]
In both major styles, regardless of placement, only one end mark (?, !, or .) can end a sentence. Only the period, however, may not end a quoted sentence when it does not also end the enclosing sentence, except for literal text:[13]
- «Hello, world,» she said. (American style)
- «Hello, world», she said. (British non-fiction)
- She said, «Hello, world.» (both styles)
- «Hello, world!» she exclaimed. (both styles)
- «Is anybody out there?» she asked into the void. (both styles)
Colon[change | change source]
This is a colon: :
Colons can be used at the beginning of a list. «This is a list of animals: birds, cats, insects, pigs, and sheep.«.
Colons can be used to replace a semicolon in between two parts of a sentence, but this is not common today.
Standard English usage is to have no spaces before, and one space after a colon.
Semicolon[change | change source]
A semicolon looks like this: ;
A semicolon has only two uses. First, to connect two independent clauses into a single sentence. For example:
«I could tell that it was getting late; it was growing darker by the second.»
The second use of a semicolon is to separate items in a series when the items contain parenthetical elements within themselves. For example:
«The following crewmembers were on the bridge: James T. Kirk, captain of the
Enterprise; Mr. Spock, first science officer; Mr. Sulu, helmsman; Mr. Scott,
engineer; and Dr. McCoy, chief medical officer.»
A semicolon is also used with a conjunctive adverb when joining two clauses. In reality, this is the same as the first rule, but it looks different enough to sometimes cause concern.
For example:
«huzaifa, context in which all life exists; consequently, it is more than a political issue.»
Ellipsis[change | change source]
An ellipsis is a mark that looks like this: …
It is used to show where words have been omitted when quoting what a person said. Ellipses are used in dialogue very often. They can be used to show that a sentence is incomplete, to add suspense in dialogue or text, or to show mumbling while speaking.
- For example:
- … one day all Americans will live peacefully throughout the world … they will be at peace with all other world inhabitants …
- So much more could be said …
Hyphen[change | change source]
A hyphen looks like this: —. Hyphens have many uses in writing:
- Some words can have a hyphen added to change the meaning. For example, re-form means «start again» but reform means «change». A re-formed group is different from a reformed group.
- A hyphen is used to spell out some numbers (thirty-two, forty-nine, eighty-six).
- When a name for a material such as «stainless steel» is used with a word for a thing made of that material, a hyphen is used, as in «stainless-steel knife».
- Some words have letters at the beginning, or prefixes, these can sometimes use hyphens: un-American, anti-pollution, non-proliferation
- When spelling out a word: H-Y-P-H-E-N
- In some cases, when putting two words together would be hard to understand. For example, if something is like a shell, writing it as «shelllike» is hard to read with so many uses of the letter ‘l’. It is better to use «shell-like.»
- When writing words that someone has spoken when that person has difficulty speaking, as in: «I reached for the w-w-w-watering can.» This is called a stammer.
- When adding words that already have a hyphen. For example: two to year-old as in: «He was a two- or three-year-old dog.»
- If a word for a person (a name or proper noun) is used with another name, a hyphen is used such as «the Merriam-Webster dictionary» or «the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact.»
- Some people take a name from the family names of both parents, or from the last name of their father and spouse. For example: «John Rees-Williams». This is not always the case, for example: «Hillary Rodham Clinton».
- A hyphen is also used when a word is too long to fit in one row of writing. This is often done in books, magazines and newspapers to save space and paper. A long word is broken into two parts, of nearly the same length, with a hyphen at the end of the first part. The normal way is to make the first part of the word as much like a complete word as possible. For example:
Good | Not so good |
---|---|
What was done was not good, not help-
ful, nor was it very useful. |
What was done was not good, not hel-
pful, nor was it very useful. |
References[change | change source]
- ↑ Tschichold, Jan (1991). The Form of the Book: Essays on the morality of good design. Hartley & Marks, Vancouver. ISBN 978-0-88179-034-4.
- ↑ «full stop». The Free Dictionary. Farlex. Retrieved 13 October 2013.
- ↑ The term full stop for the term of punctuation is rarely used by speakers in Canada and virtually never in the United States. In American English, the phrase «full stop» is generally used only in the context of transport to describe the process of completely halting the motion of a vehicle. See, e.g., Seaboard Air Line Railway Co. v. Blackwell, 244 U.S. 310 (1917) «under the laws of the state a train is required to come to a full stop 50 feet from the crossing»; Chowdhury v. City of Los Angeles, 38 Cal. App. 4th 1187 (1995) «Once the signals failed, the City could reasonably foresee that motorists using due care would obey the provisions of the Vehicle Code and make a full stop before proceeding when it was safe to do so».
- ↑ Stephen Wilbers. «Frequently asked questions concerning punctuation» (web site). [1]
- ↑ 5.0 5.1
Scientific Style and Format: The CBE Manual for Authors, Editors and Publishers (PDF). Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. 2002. ISBN 9780521471541. Retrieved 2015-09-04.In the British style (OUP 1983), all signs of punctuation used with words and quotation marks must be placed according to the sense.
- ↑ Chicago Manual of Style (15th ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 2003-07-07. pp. 6.8–6.10. ISBN 0226104036.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2
Lee, Chelsea (2011). «Punctuating Around Quotation Marks» (blog). Style Guide of the American Psychological Association. Retrieved 2011-10-25. - ↑
«Journal of Irish and Scottish Studies – Style Guide» (PDF). University of Aberdeen, Scotland: Research Institute of Irish and Scottish Studies. 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-04-10. Retrieved 2014-05-28.Punctuation marks are placed inside the quotation marks only if the sense of the punctuation is part of the quotation; this system is referred to as logical quotation.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Ben Yagoda (2011). «The rise of «logical punctuation»«. Slate (magazine). Retrieved 2011-05-13.
- ↑ Burchfield, R.W., ed. (1996). The New Fowler’s Modern English Usage (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 646. ISBN 978-0-19-869126-6. Emphasis in original.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Butcher, Judith; et al. (2006). Butcher’s Copy-editing: The Cambridge Handbook for Editors, Copy-editors and Proofreaders. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 273. ISBN 978-0-521-84713-1.
- ↑ The Associated Press Stylebook, p. 337; The Chicago Manual of Style, 15th ed., ch. 6.9, pp. 242–243, http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/CMS_FAQ/Punctuation/Punctuation50.html; Strunk, William Jr., and White, E. B. ,The Elements of Style, Pearson Education Company, 4th ed., p. 36; McFarlane and Warren Clements. The Globe and Mail Style Book, 9th ed., p. 237; Brinck, Tom, et al., Usability for the Web, Morgan Kaufmann, 2002, p. 277.
- ↑ The Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition; Hart’s Rules for Compositors and Readers at the University Press, Oxford; Merriam-Webster’s Guide to Punctuation and Style, second edition.
Bibliography[change | change source]
- Trusse, Lynne 2003. Eats, shoots, and leaves. Profile Books.
- Carey G.V. 1946. Mind the stop: a brief guide to punctuation with a note on proof-correction. Cambridge University Press,
Definition of Punctuation
Punctuation is a set of marks that regulates and clarifies the meanings of different texts. The term “punctuation” has originated from the Medieval Latin word “pūnctuātiōn,” which means markings or signs.
The purpose of punctuation is to clarify the meanings of texts by linking or separating words, phrases, or clauses. For example, in the sentence “Yesterday, rain-fog; today, frost-mist. But how fascinating each” (At the Turn of the Year, by Fiona Macleod), hyphens are used to separate the compound words, while commas are used to separate the phrases.
Types of Punctuation
There are fifteen basic punctuation marks in English grammar. These include the period, comma, exclamation point, question mark, colon, semicolon, bullet point, dash, hyphen, parenthesis, bracket, brace, ellipsis, quotation mark, and apostrophe. The following are a few examples of these marks being used in a sentence.
Brackets and Ellipses
“Mr. Bumble said ‘a ass’ not ‘an ass’ in Oliver Twist. … [In a quotation, one] option might have been ‘The law is a[n] ass,’ although this would have carried the condescending tone of a sic flag, implying we’re smarter than Dickens.” (Quibbling Over Quotes, by Blair Shewchuk)
In this example, see the use of square brackets ([ ]) and an ellipsis (“…”). The author has used the brackets to explain the technical description, and the ellipsis to show the omission of words.
Dashes and Parentheses
“The why and wherefore of the scorpion – how it had got on board and came to select his room rather than the pantry (which was a dark place and more what a scorpion would be partial to), and how on earth it managed to drown itself in the inkwell of his writing desk – had exercised him infinitely.” (The Secret Sharer, by Joseph Conrad)
Here, Conrad has employed dashes to provide a short summary of the main clause. He has also used parentheses, or curved notations, to explain the idea further.
Bullet Points
“The idea is simply to end by design rather than by default, and any of the following practices will help:
- In your notes, keep track of potentially dramatic closing materials.
- Allow space for a developed ending.
- Commit to a closing worthy of the piece.
- Avoid the drift toward a clichéd ending.”
(Spunk & Bite, by Arthur Plotnik)
Here, the author has used bullet points to display his list of ideas.
Apostrophes and Quotation Marks
“And underneath the guy on the horse’s picture, it always says: ‘Since 1888 we have been molding boys into splendid, clear-thinking young men.’ …”
“No, sir, I haven’t communicated with them.”
(The Catcher in The Rye, by J.D. Salinger)
In this excerpt, Salinger has used an apostrophe, which allows the removal of letters from a word, such that the word still makes sense. He also uses a pair of quotation marks around the sentence in order to quote the statement of another character.
Colons and Semi-Colons
“The City is termite territory: thousands of heads-down workers serving an unacknowledged queen, a fear motor buried deep in the heart of the place.”
(Lights Out for the Territory, by Iain Sinclair)
“The past is a foreign country; they do things differently there.”
(The Go-Between, by L.P. Hartley)
Here, a colon appears in the first example. It is used to introduce the explanation about the main clause. In the second example, a semicolon connects the two independent clauses.
Questions and Exclamation Marks
LAVINIA – (startled – agitatedly)
“Father? No! … Yes! He does – something about his face – that must be why I’ve had the strange feeling I’ve known him before … Oh! I won’t believe it! You must be mistaken, Seth! …”
(Mourning Becomes Electra, by Eugene O’Neil)
In these lines, an exclamation point “!” indicates a sudden expression of emotion, while a question mark “?” is used to pose a question.
Periods
ESTRAGON:
“I remember the maps of the Holy Land. Coloured they were. Very pretty. The Dead Sea was pale blue. The very look of it made me thirsty.”
(Waiting for Godot, by Samuel Beckett)
Beckett has used five periods in the above sentences. The use of a period indicates the end of a thought. A period can also be used as a pause after a thought.
Function
Punctuation serves as a pause within a sentence, which is often necessary in order to emphasize certain phrases or words in order to help readers and listeners understand better what the writer or speaker is trying to convey. Thus, the basic function of punctuation is to place stress on certain sections of a sentence.
Punctuation marks are also used to divide text into words and phrases when necessary in order to better clarify the meaning of those words or phrases. On the contrary, using punctuation incorrectly can convey an entirely different meaning of a sentence from the one that was originally intended.