These examples may contain rude words based on your search.
These examples may contain colloquial words based on your search.
It contained several mistakes and made absolutely no mention of terrorism.
Il contient plusieurs erreurs et ne fait aucune mention du terrorisme.
Arthur inspected the work almost nightly and made several suggestions.
Arthur inspecte le travail presque tous les soirs et fait plusieurs suggestions.
But within the region, some countries have made substantial progress.
Certains pays de la région ont toutefois réalisé des progrès importants.
Work made for the Association Chapelle du Grand Hostel-Dieu de Lyon.
Travail réalisé pour l’Association Chapelle du Grand Hostel-Dieu de Lyon.
There was clearly nothing voluntary about the payment made by Willmor.
Le paiement effectué par Willmor n’a évidemment rien de volontaire.
Purchases made on our online store are processed through PayPal.
Les achats effectués via notre boutique en ligne sont traités par PayPal.
Extensive efforts had been made in improving fragile coastal ecosystems.
De gros efforts ont été faits pour améliorer les écosystèmes côtiers fragiles.
Various comments of a drafting nature were made on that proposal.
Différentes remarques ont été faites sur la rédaction de cette proposition.
A similar observation can be made pertaining to social integration.
La même observation peut être faite au sujet de l’intégration sociale.
You made an acquisition and need to harmonise your accounting policies.
Vous faites une acquisition et vous devez harmoniser vos structures comptables.
Your original plan might still be made to perform its function.
Votre plan initial pourrait encore être réalisés à remplir sa fonction.
These people have made their way to medical and dental clinics.
Ces personnes ont fait leur manière aux cliniques médicales et dentaires.
The negotiation is made directly between a debtor and its creditors.
La négociation est faite directement entre le débiteur et ses créanciers.
A diagnosis is made when cells are examined through a microscope.
Un diagnostic est fait lorsque les cellules sont examinées au microscope.
Every effort has been made to translate this interview verbatim.
Tous les efforts ont été faits pour traduire cette interview in extenso.
Normally this tank is made completely underground in reinforced concrete.
En général cette cuve est faite en béton armé et totalement enterrée.
We have made this website available for your own personal use.
Nous avons fait ce site disponible pour votre propre usage personnel.
The shipment is made by express courier and will always be traceable.
L’expédition est effectuée par courrier et sera toujours retraçable.
Inquiries for his purchase could be made In a delicate fashion.
Se renseigner sur cette vente pourrait être fait de manière subtile.
We have prepared a report on the progress made since January.
Nous avons préparé un rapport sur les progrès réalisés depuis janvier.
I mean… you made it sound like it was your fault.
Je veux dire… tu as dit ça comme si s’était ta faute.
I want to know why you made up that fake story about your mom.
Je veux savoir pourquoi tu as monté cette fausse histoire sur ta mère.
You made a mess of your life in service of your country.
Tu as gâché ta vie au service de ton pays.
You made a mess, and now you’re gonna clean it up!
Tu as tout sali, maintenant tu vas nettoyer!
It was created when you made the decision to stay here.
Elle a été créée quand tu as décidé de rester ici.
In 1843, he made a heliostat for Jean Thiébault Silbermann.
En 1843, il fabriqua l’héliostat de Jean Thiébault Silbermann.
Je leur ai cloué le bec.
Je lui ai dit de m’emmener.
You made a handsome couple.
I thought you made the switch. What happened?
Je pensais que tu avais inversé les bocaux, alors quoi?
Je lui ai dit de prendre un taxi.
Oh, I made us a dinner reservation for 8:00.
Oh, je nous ai réservé une table pour le dîner à 20h.
What made you decide to do a photo series on drive-ins?
Pourquoi avoir décidé de lancer une série photographique sur les drive-in?
I made you welcome to Earth.
Je vous ai souhaité la bienvenue sur la Terre.
Asbjorn, you made the right decision about that monk.
Asbjörn, tu avais raison pour le moine.
I thought you made a deal with Baker.
Je pensais que tu avais un accord avec Baker.
Je nous ai gagné quelques sous.
I made plans to see a movie with Trish
J’avais prévu de voir un film avec Trish
You made it perfectly clear you never
J’avais très bien compris
Made sense to me, that’s what I thought.
Avais du sens, c’est ce que je voulais dire.
I made a commitment to the Army I wasn’t able to fulfill.
J’avais un engagement envers l’armée que je n’ai pas rempli.
Made presents of coffee and most of the sugar.
Ai offert café et presque tout le sucre.
His mother made the dolls, and Mark distributed them.
Sa mère fabriqua les poupées et Mark les distribua.
You made the deal, shorty. Not me.
Tu avais un marché, nabot, pas moi.
He made many plants with different attributes
Il fabriqua de nombreuses plantes avec des propriétés
Old Man made grass on the prairies for grazers to feed on.
Le Vieil Homme fabriqua l’herbe de la prairie pour que les ruminants la broutent.
What made you think a transfusion would
Pourquoi avoir pensé qu’une transfusion réveillerait Blanche-Neige?
But I didn’t know you made the move to the’burbs?
Je ne savais pas que tu avais déménagé en banlieue?
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English
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French
French
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English
Sur cette page : made, make
WordReference English-French Dictionary © 2023:
| Principales traductions | ||
| Anglais | Français | |
| made adj | (produced, manufactured) | fabriqué, confectionné, produit adj |
| (courant) | fait adj | |
| (sur les étiquettes, pas traduit) | made | |
| The label on this toy says «Made in Taiwan.» | ||
| L’étiquette sur ce jouet indique « Fabriqué à Taïwan ». | ||
| L’étiquette sur ce jouet indique « Made in Taiwan ». | ||
| made adj | (how created) | fabriqué, confectionné, produit adj |
| (courant) | fait adj | |
| All of these garments were made by hand. | ||
| Tous ces vêtements ont été confectionnés à la main. | ||
| Tous ces vêtements ont été faits à la main. | ||
| made, -made adj |
as suffix (made in specified way) | fabriqué, confectionné, produit, conçu adj |
| (courant) | fait adj | |
| This screwdriver is nicely made and will not break. | ||
| Ce tournevis est bien fait et ne cassera pas. | ||
| made, -made adj |
as suffix (with an adjective: crafted, built) | fabriqué, confectionné, produit adj |
| (courant) | fait adj | |
| Larry drives a British-made car. | ||
| Larry conduit une voiture fabriquée en Grande-Bretagne. |
| Traductions supplémentaires | ||
| Anglais | Français | |
| made adj | US, slang (accepted into the mafia) (argot) | affranchi adj |
| He was made by one of the powerful families the day after he shot six of its rivals. | ||
| Il a été affranchi par l’une des grandes familles après avoir tué six de ses rivaux. |
WordReference English-French Dictionary © 2023:
| Principales traductions | ||
| Anglais | Français | |
| make [sth]⇒ vtr | (construct) | faire⇒, construire⇒ vtr |
| The children made houses with blocks. | ||
| Les enfants ont fait (or: ont construit) des maisons avec leurs cubes. | ||
| make [sth] vtr | (manufacture) (un produit,…) | faire⇒, fabriquer⇒ vtr |
| That factory makes bolts. | ||
| Cette usine fabrique des verrous. | ||
| make [sth] vtr | (fashion) (un vêtement,…) | faire⇒, fabriquer⇒, confectionner⇒ vtr |
| The weavers made a hat from palm fronds. | ||
| Les artisans ont fabriqué (or: ont confectionné) des chapeaux à partir de feuilles de palmier. | ||
| make [sth] vtr | (prepare) (un gâteau,…) | faire⇒ vtr |
| My mother wants to make a cake for my party. | ||
| Ma mère veut faire un gâteau pour ma fête. | ||
| make [sth] vtr | (create, cause) (du bruit, un trou,…) | faire⇒ vtr |
| causer⇒ vtr | ||
| The dogs made a commotion in the street. | ||
| Les chiens ont fait du vacarme dans la rue. | ||
| Les chiens ont causé un remue-ménage dans la rue. | ||
| make [sb] do [sth] v expr | (compel) | faire faire [qch] à [qqn] loc v |
| obliger [qqn] à faire [qch] loc v | ||
| My parents make me eat vegetables. | ||
| Mes parents me font manger des légumes. | ||
| Mes parents m’obligent à manger des légumes. | ||
| make [sb]⇒ vtr | informal (force) | forcer⇒ vtr |
| I won’t go! You can’t make me! | ||
| Je n’irai pas ! Tu ne peux pas me forcer ! | ||
| make [sb] do [sth], make [sth] do [sth]⇒ vtr |
(cause to) | faire faire [qch] à [qqn] loc v |
| He never fails to make me laugh. | ||
| Il me fait tout le temps rire. | ||
| make [sb] [sth]⇒ vtr | (+ adj: cause to be) | rendre + [adjectif] vtr |
| You make me happy. | ||
| Tu me rends heureuse ! |
| Traductions supplémentaires | ||
| Anglais | Français | |
| make n | (brand) | marque nf |
| What make of car do you drive? Toyota? What make is your computer? | ||
| Quelle est la marque de ta voiture ? Toyota ? Quelle est la marque de ton ordinateur ? | ||
| make n | (build, stature) | corpulence nf |
| carrure nf | ||
| He is of a lean make, and could be an excellent athlete. | ||
| ⓘCette phrase n’est pas une traduction de la phrase originale. Il a la corpulence d’un joueur de rugby. | ||
| ⓘCette phrase n’est pas une traduction de la phrase originale. Avec sa carrure, il ferait un excellent athlète. | ||
| make [sth] of [sth] v expr | (interpret) | penser [qch] de [qch] vtr + prép |
| I don’t know what to make of his actions. What do you make of this car? | ||
| Je ne sais pas quoi penser de ses agissements. Qu’est-ce que tu penses de cette voiture ? | ||
| make for [sth] vi + prep | (move towards) | se diriger⇒ v pron |
| The fleet made for port. | ||
| La flotte s’est dirigée vers le port. | ||
| make [sth]⇒ vtr | (bring into existence) (un bébé) | faire⇒ vtr |
| Let’s make a baby! | ||
| Faisons un bébé ! | ||
| make [sth] vtr | (take: a decision) (une décision) | prendre⇒ vtr |
| Tess must make a decision. | ||
| Tess doit prendre une décision. | ||
| make [sth] vtr | (utter) (dire) | faire⇒ vtr |
| The politician made an impassioned plea for change. | ||
| My colleague is always making unpleasant remarks. | ||
| make [sth] vtr | (enter into: agreement, deal) (un accord) | passer⇒, signer⇒ vtr |
| (un accord) | arriver à, parvenir à vtr ind | |
| The parties involved made an agreement. | ||
| Les deux parties ont signé un accord. | ||
| Les deux parties sont arrivées (or: sont parvenues) à un accord. | ||
| make [sth] vtr | (fix: date, appointment) (un rendez-vous) | prendre⇒ vtr |
| Please call first to make an appointment. | ||
| Appelez d’abord pour prendre un rendez-vous. | ||
| make [sth] vtr | (train, plane: reach in time) (un train, un avion) | avoir⇒, attraper⇒ vtr |
| I have to run if I want to make my train. | ||
| Il faut que je me dépêche si je veux attraper mon train. | ||
| make [sth] vtr | (put down: a payment) (un crédit) | payer⇒ vtr |
| (un paiement) | effectuer⇒ vtr | |
| Adam makes a payment on his car each month. | ||
| Adam paie le crédit de sa voiture tous les mois. | ||
| make [sth] vtr | (bed: make tidy) (un lit) | faire⇒ vtr |
| The girls must make their beds every morning. | ||
| Les filles doivent faire leur lit tous les matins. | ||
| make [sth] vtr | (establish: name) (un nom) | se faire [qch] v pron |
| Bill is trying to make a name for himself in the business. | ||
| Bill essaie de se faire un nom dans les affaires. | ||
| make [sth] vtr | (appoint) | nommer⇒ vtr |
| The president is going to make Chris a vice-president. | ||
| Le président va nommer Chris vice-président. | ||
| make [sth] vtr | (achieve, reach) | atteindre⇒ vtr |
| The sales team hopes to make its numbers this month. | ||
| L’équipe de vente espère atteindre ses objectifs ce mois-ci. | ||
| make [sth] vtr | (establish, set) (établir : une loi,…) | faire⇒ vtr |
| Legislatures make laws. | ||
| Le corps législatif fait les lois. | ||
| make [sth] vtr | (commit: a mistake, etc.) (une erreur, une faute) | faire⇒ vtr |
| I made a mistake when I spent that money. | ||
| J’ai fait une erreur en dépensant cet argent. | ||
| make [sth] vtr | (attain: position, rank) (rang, position) | devenir⇒, passer⇒ vi |
| Francis is trying to make Captain. | ||
| Francis essaie de devenir (or: passer) capitaine. | ||
| make [sth] vtr | informal (earn acceptance into) (dans une équipe,…) | être accepté dans vi + adj + prép |
| Only half of people at tryouts made the team. | ||
| Seule la moitié de ceux qui passent les auditions sont acceptés dans l’équipe. | ||
| make [sth] vtr | (equal) | faire⇒, égaler⇒ vtr |
| Two and two makes four. | ||
| Deux et deux font quatre. | ||
| make [sth] vtr | (be the essence of) | faire⇒ vtr |
| What makes a good writer? | ||
| Qu’est-ce qui fait un bon écrivain ? | ||
| make [sb]⇒ vtr | US, slang (seduce) (vulgaire) | se faire [qqn], se taper [qqn] v pron |
| He may try to make her, but he won’t succeed. | ||
| Il peut essayer de se la faire, mais il n’y arrivera pas. | ||
| make [sth]⇒ vtr | (reach, form) (un commentaire) | faire⇒ vtr |
| to make judgments : juger⇒ vi | ||
| Leanne is always quick to make judgments. | ||
| ⓘCette phrase n’est pas une traduction de la phrase originale. La prochaine fois, abstiens-toi de faire un commentaire. | ||
| Leanne juge toujours rapidement. | ||
| make [sth] vtr | (arrive at) | arriver à, entrer à vi + prép |
| The ship made port early in the morning. | ||
| Le navire est arrivé (or: est entré) au port tôt ce matin. | ||
| make [sth] vtr | informal (appear on) (les gros titres) | faire⇒ vtr |
| (aux informations) | passer à vi + prép | |
| The disaster made the evening news. | ||
| La catastrophe a fait les gros titres du soir. | ||
| La catastrophe est passée aux informations du soir. | ||
| make [sth] vtr | (score: a goal, etc.) (un but) | marquer⇒ vtr |
| The player made a goal in the second period. | ||
| Le joueur a marqué un but dans la deuxième mi-temps. | ||
| make [sth] vtr | informal (manage to attend) (à une réunion) | venir à vi + prép |
| Sorry I couldn’t make yesterday’s meeting. | ||
| Désolé de ne pas avoir pu venir à la réunion d’hier. | ||
| make [sth] vtr | (earn) (de l’argent) | gagner⇒ vtr |
| Jeff makes $80,000 a year. | ||
| Jeff gagne 80 000 $ par an. |
WordReference English-French Dictionary © 2023:
| Formes composées made | -made | make |
||
| Anglais | Français | |
| a match made in heaven n | figurative (lovers: perfect couple) | être faits l’un pour l’autre loc v |
| It was a match made in heaven, and they lived happily ever after. | ||
| a match made in heaven n | figurative (things: perfect pairing) | combinaison gagnante, combinaison parfaite, alliance parfaite nf |
| bitch-made adj | US, vulgar, slang (worthless) (très familier) | merdique adj |
| Ce transistor est vraiment merdique : avec ce son quasi inaudible, on ne risque pas de pouvoir danser sur la plage. | ||
| (très familier) | de merde loc adj | |
| C’est vraiment un disque de merde : aucune ligne mélodique, aucun rythme, des paroles incompréhensibles… | ||
| (très familier, vulgaire) | à chier adj | |
| Ce livre est à chier, on se demande comment il a obtenu un prix. | ||
| custom-made, custom made adj |
(bespoke, made to order) (vêtement) | sur mesure loc adj |
| fait sur mesure loc adj | ||
| Note: A hyphen is used when the adjective precedes the noun. | ||
| The millionaire wore only custom-made suits. | ||
| His office furniture was custom made. | ||
| Le millionnaire ne porte que des costumes sur mesure. | ||
| Le millionnaire ne porte que des costumes faits sur mesure. // Son mobilier de bureau a été fait sur mesure. | ||
| factory-made adj | (produced in factory) | manufacturé adj |
| industriel, industrielle adj | ||
| foreign made, foreign-made adj |
(manufactured overseas) | importé adj |
| Note: A hyphen is used when the adjective precedes the noun. | ||
| Why buy a foreign-made product when you can get a domestic one cheaper? | ||
| Pourquoi acheter un produit importé alors qu’on peut acheter le même fabriqué en France et moins cher ? | ||
| fabriqué à l’étranger, fait à l’étranger loc adj | ||
| Pourquoi acheter un produit fabriqué à l’étranger quand on peut trouver un produit local moins cher ? | ||
| have it made v expr | slang (be successful) | y être (arrivé) v |
| (familier) | gagner le gros lot, décrocher la timballe loc v | |
| have it made v expr | slang (have guarantee of success) | y être (arrivé) v |
| ta route est toute tracée expr | ||
| Get a good degree at Oxford or Cambridge and you’ve got it made! | ||
| Décroche un diplôme d’Oxford ou de Cambridge et ta route est toute tracée ! | ||
| homemade, home-made adj |
(made at home, handmade) | fait maison loc adj |
| maison adj inv | ||
| Home-made cakes always taste better than factory-made ones. | ||
| Les gâteaux (faits) maison ont toujours meilleur goût que les gâteaux industriels. | ||
| homemade, home-made adj |
(made by self) | fait maison loc adj |
| (nourriture) | maison adj inv | |
| It looked to me like his furniture was all homemade. | ||
| Selon moi, les meubles avaient l’air faits maison. | ||
| ⓘCette phrase n’est pas une traduction de la phrase originale. J’aimerais goûter votre gâteau maison. | ||
| homemade, home-made adj |
(makeshift) | fait maison loc adj |
| bricolé adj | ||
| The boys raced down the hill in their homemade go-kart. | ||
| Les garçons ont dévalé la colline dans leur karting bricolé. | ||
| judge-made law n | (law: established by courts) | droit jurisprudentiel nm |
| machine-made adj | (manufactured by machines) | fait à la machine, fabriqué mécaniquement loc adj |
| made by adj | (manufactured or crafted by) | fait par adj + prép |
| (objet solide) | fabriqué par adj + prép | |
| (brochure,…) | créé par adj + prép | |
| This beautiful cap was made by native Peruvians. | ||
| ⓘCette phrase n’est pas une traduction de la phrase originale. Ces bijoux ont été fabriqués par des artisans talentueux. | ||
| made flesh adj | (Christianity: incarnate) | réincarné adj |
| have [sth] made for [sb/sth] v expr | (request special creation) | se faire faire [qch] loc v |
| She had a gown made for the gala. | ||
| Elle s’est fait faire une robe pour le gala. | ||
| be made for each other, be made for one another v expr |
informal, figurative (be ideally suited to each other) (couple) | être fait l’un pour l’autre pour loc v |
| (amis,…) | bien s’être trouvés loc v | |
| What a lovely couple; they’re made for each other. Those two business partners are equally nasty; they’re made for one another. | ||
| Quel joli couple, ils sont faits l’un pour l’autre. | ||
| Ces deux associés sont aussi méchants l’un que l’autre, ils se sont bien trouvés. | ||
| be made for [sth/sb] v expr | informal, figurative (be ideally suited to) | être fait pour loc v |
| This job matches your qualifications and experience perfectly; it’s made for you! | ||
| Le travail correspond parfaitement à tes qualifications et ton expérience : il est fait pour toi ! | ||
| made into adj | (turned or transformed into) | transformé en adj + prép |
| Re-cycled garden waste can be made into compost. | ||
| made of, made from, made out of adj |
(built out of) | en prép |
| fait en, fait de adj + prép | ||
| Those cabinets are made of oak while these cabinets over here are made of pine. | ||
| Ces armoires sont en chêne tandis que celles-ci sont en pin. | ||
| made of adj | informal (capable of, strong enough for) (figuré) | fait de adj + prép |
| In the army, young men find out what they’re really made of. A crisis is an opportunity to show what you’re made of. | ||
| Dans l’armée, les jeunes hommes trouvent ce dont ils sont faits. Une crise est une occasion de montrer ce dont on est fait. | ||
| made of money adj | figurative, informal (rich) (figuré, familier) | plein aux as loc adj |
| être Crésus loc v | ||
| rouler sur l’or loc v | ||
| My daughter’s Christmas list is four pages long; she must think we’re made of money! | ||
| La liste de Noël de ma fille fait quatre pages : elle doit penser que nous sommes pleins aux as ! | ||
| La liste de Noël de ma fille fait quatre pages : elle doit penser que nous sommes Crésus ! | ||
| La liste de Noël de ma fille fait quatre pages : elle doit penser que nous roulons sur l’or ! | ||
| made to measure, made-to-measure adj |
(designed specifically for [sb/sth]) | sur mesure loc adj |
| (Habillement, technique) | en demi-mesure loc adj | |
| Note: Hyphens are used when the adjective precedes the noun. | ||
| made to order, made-to-order adj |
(custom made) (vêtement) | sur mesure loc adj |
| Note: hyphens used when term is an adj before a noun | ||
| Clothes that are made to order ought to fit better than off-the-rack clothes. | ||
| Service is slow because each dish is made to order. | ||
| (plat) | à la demande, sur commande loc adv | |
| made up, made-up adj |
(invented, imaginary) | inventé adj |
| Note: A hyphen is used when the term precedes the noun. | ||
| Don’t give me a made-up story. I want to know the truth. | ||
| Ne me sors pas une histoire inventée. Je veux connaître la vérité. | ||
| made-up adj | (wearing cosmetics) | maquillé adj |
| (souvent péjoratif) | fardé adj | |
| She’s so heavily made-up, you can’t tell what she really looks like. | ||
| Elle est tellement maquillée qu’on ne sait même pas à quoi elle ressemble vraiment. | ||
| made-up adj | (mind: decided) (idée) | arrêté adj |
| (personne) | qui a déjà fait son choix, qui a déjà pris sa décision loc adj | |
| A meeting was held to discuss the plans, but most people arrived with already made-up minds. | ||
| Une réunion a eu lieu pour parler des projets, mais la plupart des gens sont venus avec des idées arrêtées. | ||
| made up of [sth] expr | (comprising) | composé de adj + prép |
| constitué de adj + prép | ||
| fait de, fait en adj + prép | ||
| A computer is made up of many high-tech components. | ||
| Un ordinateur est composé de nombreux composants high-tech. | ||
| made up adj | UK, regional, slang (pleased) | content, ravi adj |
| It’s great that you could come. I’m made up! | ||
| C’est super que tu aies pu venir. Je suis content ! | ||
| made up about [sth], made up with [sth] expr |
UK, regional, slang (pleased) | content de [qch] adj + prép |
| I’m made up about my new car! | ||
| Je suis contente de ma nouvelle voiture. | ||
| man-made, also US: manmade adj |
(artificial or synthetic) | artificiel, artificielle adj |
| (Textile) | synthétique adj | |
| créé par l’homme loc adj | ||
| Nylon is a man-made fibre used in the clothing industry. | ||
| Le nylon est une fibre synthétique utilisée dans l’industrie textile. | ||
| pre-made adj | (ready-prepared) | préfabriqué, prédéfini, préparé adj |
| ready-made adj | (already made for sale) | tout fait, tout prêt adj |
| (plat) | préparé adj | |
| (vêtement) | de confection loc adj | |
| We eat ready-made meals almost every day for supper during the week. | ||
| ready-made adj | figurative (excuse, etc.: existing, available) (réponse) | tout prêt, tout fait loc adj |
| self-made adj | (independently successful) | qui a réussi (tout) seul loc adj |
| qui s’est fait tout seul loc adj | ||
| (anglicisme) | self-made-man nm | |
| autodidacte adj | ||
| Ross is a self-made businessman who started his life in poverty. | ||
| self-made man n | (male: successful through own hard work) (anglicisme) | self-made-man nm |
| (soutenu) | fils de ses œuvres nm | |
| autodidacte nm | ||
| tailor-made adj | (custom produced, bespoke) | fait sur mesure loc adj |
| sur mesure loc adj | ||
| (cours,…) | personnalisé adj | |
| Savile Row in London is the best place to get a tailor-made suit. | ||
| Savile Row à Londres est le meilleur endroit pour obtenir un costume fait sur mesure. | ||
| Savile Row à Londres est le meilleur endroit pour obtenir un costume sur mesure. | ||
| tailor-made for [sth/sb] adj | figurative (perfectly suited) | fait pour [qch/qqn] adj + prép |
| Jim has always loved trains, so his new job as a train driver is tailor-made for him. | ||
| Jim a toujours aimé les trains, donc son nouveau travail de pilote de train était fait pour lui. | ||
| well made, well-made adj |
(sturdy, built to last) | bien fait adv + adj |
| Note: A hyphen is used when the adjective precedes the noun | ||
| He was a very well-made young man indeed. | ||
| ⓘCette phrase n’est pas une traduction de la phrase originale. Cette chaise solide, elle est bien faite. | ||
| de bonne facture loc adj | ||
| ⓘCette phrase n’est pas une traduction de la phrase originale. Ce piano est de bonne facture. | ||
| well made, well-made adj |
(finely crafted) | bien fait, bien fini adv + adj |
| (un peu soutenu) | de bonne facture loc adj | |
| Only master craftsmen can produce well-made furniture. | ||
| Seuls les maîtres artisans peuvent créer des meubles bien finis. | ||
| Seuls les maîtres artisans peuvent créer des meubles de bonne facture. | ||
| work for hire, work made for hire n |
US ([sth] created for job) (Droit américain) | travail à la commande (qui reste la propriété du client) nm |
| The piece is a work for hire, so the artist cannot collect royalties. | ||
| You’ve made your bed, You’ve made your bed — now lie in it interj |
figurative, informal (face the consequences of your actions) | Comme on fait son lit on se couche expr |
The percentage of modern English words derived from each language group are as follows:
Anglo-Norman French then French: ~29%
Latin (including words used only in scientific, medical or legal contexts): ~29%
Germanic: ~26%
Others: ~16%
A great number of words of French origin have entered the English language to the extent that many Latin words have come to the English language. 45% of all English words have a French origin.[1][verification needed][better source needed] This suggests that 80,000 words should appear in this list; this list, however, only includes words imported directly from French, such as both joy and joyous, and does not include derivatives formed in English of words borrowed from French, including joyful, joyfulness, partisanship, and parenthood. It also excludes both combinations of words of French origin with words whose origin is a language other than French — e.g., ice cream, sunray, jellyfish, killjoy, lifeguard, and passageway— and English-made combinations of words of French origin — e.g., grapefruit (grape + fruit), layperson (lay + person), mailorder, magpie, marketplace, surrender, petticoat, and straitjacket. This list also excludes words that come from French but were introduced into the English language via a language other than French, which include commodore, domineer, filibuster, ketone, loggia, lotto, mariachi, monsignor, oboe, paella, panzer, picayune, ranch, vendue, and veneer.
English words of French origin can also be distinguished from French words and expressions used by English speakers.
Although French is derived mainly from Latin (which accounts for about 60% of English vocabulary either directly or via a Romance language), it also includes words from Gaulish and Germanic languages (especially Old Frankish). Since English is of Germanic origin, words that have entered English from the Germanic elements in French might not strike the eye as distinctively from French. Conversely, as Latin gave many derivatives to both the English and the French languages, ascertaining that a given Latinate derivative did not come to the English language via French can be difficult in a few cases.
Historical context[edit]
Most of the French vocabulary now appearing in English was imported over the centuries following the Norman Conquest of 1066, when England came under the administration of Norman-speaking peoples. William the Conqueror invaded the British Isles, distributing lands and property to Norman, Breton, Flemish, and French soldiers. As a result, Old French became the language of culture and the administration, evolving into Anglo-Norman French. The majority of the population of England continued to use their Anglo-Saxon language, but it was influenced by the language of the ruling elite, resulting in doublets. Consider for example the words for the meats eaten by the Anglo-Norman nobility and the corresponding animals raised by the Anglo-Saxon peasants: beef/ox, mutton/sheep, veal/calf, pork/pig, or pairs of words pertaining to different registers of language: commence/start, commerce/trade, continue/go on, depart/leave, disengage/withdraw, encounter/meet, maintain/uphold, marry/wed, menace/threat, purchase/buy, revenue/income, vend/sell. Words of French origin often refer to more abstract or elaborate notions than their Anglo-Saxon equivalents (e.g. liberty/freedom, justice/fairness), and are therefore of less frequent use in everyday language. This may not, however, be the case for all English words of French origin. Consider, for example, some of the most common words in English: able, car, chair, city, country, different, fine, fruit, journey, juice, just, part, people, person, place, real, stay, table, travel, use, very, and wait.
After the rise of Henry Plantagenet to the throne of England, other forms of dialectal French may have gained in influence to the detriment of Anglo-Norman French (notably the variants of Anjou where the House of Plantagenet came from, and possibly Poitevin, the tongue of Eleanor of Aquitaine). With the English claim to the throne of France, the influence of the language in use at the royal court of France in Paris increased. The cultural influence of France remained strong in the following centuries and from the Renaissance onward borrowings were mainly made from Parisian French, which became the de facto standard language of France.
Notable fields of French influence[edit]
Feudalism[edit]
Norman rule of England had a lasting impact on British society. Words from Anglo-Norman or Old French include terms related to chivalry (homage, liege, peasant, seigniorage, suzerain, vassal, villain) and other institutions (bailiff, chancellor, council, government, mayor, minister, parliament), the organisation of religion (abbey, clergy, cloister, diocese, friar, mass, parish, prayer, preach, priest, sacristy, vestment, vestry, vicar), the nobility (baron, count, dame, duke, marquis, prince, sir), and the art of war (armour, baldric, dungeon, hauberk, mail, portcullis, rampart, surcoat). Many of these words related to the feudal system or medieval warfare have a Germanic origin (mainly through Old Frankish) (see also French words of Germanic origin).
The Norman origin of the British monarchy is still visible in expressions like Prince Regent, heir apparent, Princess Royal where the adjective is placed after the noun, like in French.
Heraldry[edit]
The vocabulary of heraldry has been heavily influenced by French (blazon, or, argent, sable, gules, passant), for more details see tinctures, attitudes, and charges of heraldry.
Sometimes used in heraldry, some mythological beasts (cockatrice, dragon, griffin, hippogriff, phoenix) or exotic animals (lion, leopard, antelope, gazelle, giraffe, camel, zebu, elephant, baboon, macaque, mouflon, dolphin, ocelot, ostrich, chameleon) draw their name from French. It is also the case of some animals native of Europe (via Anglo-Norman: eagle, buzzard, falcon, squirrel, coney, rabbit, leveret, lizard, marten, ferret, salmon, viper).
Military[edit]
The vocabulary of warfare and the military include many words and expressions of French origin (accoutrements, aide-de-camp, army, artillery, battalion, bivouac, brigade, camouflage, carabineer, cavalry, cordon sanitaire, corps, corvette, dragoon, espionage, esprit de corps, état major, fusilier, grenadier, guard, hors-de-combat, infantry, latrine, legionnaire, logistics, matériel, marine, morale, musketeer, officer, pistol, platoon, reconnaissance/reconnoitre, regiment, rendezvous, siege, soldier, sortie, squad, squadron, surrender, surveillance, terrain, troop, volley). This includes military ranks: admiral, captain, colonel, corporal, general, lieutenant, sergeant. Many fencing terms are also from French.
Politics and economics[edit]
The political/economic lexicon include many words of French origin like money, treasury, exchequer, commerce, finance, tax, liberalism, capitalism, materialism, nationalism, plebiscite, coup d’état, regime, sovereignty, state, administration, federal, bureaucracy, constitution, jurisdiction, district.
Law[edit]
The judicial lexicon has also been heavily influenced by French (justice, judge, jury, attorney, court, case).
Diplomacy[edit]
attaché, chargé d’affaires, envoy, embassy, chancery, diplomacy, démarche, communiqué, aide-mémoire, détente, entente, rapprochement, accord, treaty, alliance, passport, protocol.
Arts[edit]
art, music, dance, theatre, author, stage, paint, canvas, perform, harmony, melody, rhythm, trumpet, note, director, gallery, portrait, brush, pallet, montage, surrealism, impressionism, fauvism, cubism, symbolism, art nouveau, gouache, aquarelle, collage, render, frieze, grisaille.
Architecture[edit]
aisle, arcade, arch, vault, voussoir, belfry, arc-boutant, buttress, bay, lintel, estrade, facade, balustrade, terrace, lunette, niche, pavilion, pilaster, porte cochère.
Aviation and automobile engineering[edit]
France played a pioneering role in the fields of aviation (nacelle, empennage, fuselage, aileron, altimeter, canard, decalage, monocoque, turbine) and automobile engineering or design (chassis, piston, arbor, grille, tonneau, berline, sedan, limousine, cabriolet, coupé, convertible).
Cuisine[edit]
baba au rhum, beef, beef bourguignon, boudin, caramel, casserole, cassoulet, clafoutis, confit, consommé, cream, croissant, custard, filet mignon, fillet, foie gras, flognarde, fondant, fondue, gateau, gratin, madeleine, marmalade, mayonnaise, meringue, mille-feuille, mustard, mutton, navarin, pâté, pastry, petit four, pork, porridge, potage, pudding, puree, ragout, ratatouille, roux, salad, sauce, sausage, soufflé, soup, stew, terrine, trifle, veal, vol-au-vent.
Colours and Other Influences[edit]
Other influences include the names of colours (ecru, mauve, beige, carmine, maroon, blue, orange, violet, vermilion, turquoise, lilac, perse, scarlet, cerise), vegetables or fruits (courgette, aubergine, cabbage, carrot, cherry, chestnut, cucumber, nutmeg, quince, spinach, lemon, orange, apricot), and months of the year (January, March, May, July, November, December).
Terms coined by French people[edit]
Some of the French words that made their way into the English language were coined by French speaking inventors, discoverers or pioneers, or scientists: cinema, television, helicopter, parachute, harmonium, bathyscaphe, lactose, lecithin, bacteriophage, chlorophyll, mastodon, pterodactyl, oxide, oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, photography, stethoscope, thermometer, stratosphere, troposphere.
Named after French people[edit]
Some French words were named after French people (from their family name), especially in the fields of science (ampere, appertisation, baud, becquerel, braille, coulomb, curie, daguerreotype, pascal, pasteurise, vernier), botany and mineralogy (begonia, bougainvillea, clementine, magnolia, dolomite, nicotine), fashion and style or any other cultural aspect (lavalier, leotard, recamier, mansard, chauvinism, kir, praline, saxophone, silhouette, guillotine).
Proper names[edit]
The names of certain cities in non-francophone regions/countries entered English with French spelling (Louisville, Constance, Ypres, Bruges, Louvain, Turin, Milan, Plaisance, Florence, Rome, Naples, Syracuse, Vienna, Prague, Munich, Cologne, Aix-la-Chapelle, Seville, Constantinople).
In North America, the names of some of the Native American peoples or First Nations the French came in contact with first are from French (Sioux, Saulteaux, Iroquois, Nez Perce, Huron, Cheyenne, Algonquin). It is also the case of some place names such as Canada, Arkansas, Illinois, Maine, Michigan, Vermont, Baton Rouge, Boise, Chicago, Des Moines, Detroit.
Main patterns of influence[edit]
Some words from Old French have been imported again from Middle French or Modern French, but have generally taken a more restrictive or specialised meaning the second time. Consider for instance these doublets : chair/chaise, chief/chef, luminary/luminaire, liquor/liqueur, castle/château, hostel/hotel, mask/masque, necessary/nécessaire, petty/petit, ticket/etiquette, troop/troupe, vanguard/avant-garde. Note that the word in French has kept the general meaning: e.g. château in French means «castle» and chef means «chief». Even when not imported several times in different forms, loanwords from French generally have a more restrictive or specialised meaning than in French: e.g. legume (in Fr. légume means «vegetable»), gateau (in Fr. gâteau means «cake»).
In some cases, the English language has been more conservative than the French one with Old French words, at least in spelling if not in pronunciation: e.g. apostle (O.Fr. apostle / M.Fr. apôtre), castle (O.Fr. castel or chastel / M.Fr. château), forest (O.Fr. forest / M.Fr. forêt), vessel (O.Fr. vaissel / M.Fr. vaisseau). Other Old French words have even disappeared from Modern French: dandelion.
On the other hand, a move to restore the classical roots (Latin or Ancient Greek) occurred in the 16th and 17th centuries. Thus words from Old French saw their spelling re-Latinized. Although in most cases this did not affect their pronunciation (e.g. debt, doubt, indict, mayor), in some cases it did (e.g. abnormal, adventure, benefit). The ph transcription of words of Greek etymology was restored instead of the f. Thus fantosme became phantom, fesan became pheasant. This move occurred also in French, although less systematically: Old French farmacie became pharmacie («pharmacy»), fenix became phénix («phoenix»), but fantosme became fantôme («phantom, ghost») and fesan became faisan («pheasant»).
Beside re-Latinization that blurred the French origin of some words (e.g. peradventure), other modifications in spelling have included folk etymology alterations (e.g. andiron, belfry, crayfish, female, gillyflower, gingerbread, penthouse, pickaxe, pulley).
Furthermore, the spelling of some words was changed to keep the pronunciation as close to the original as possible (e.g. leaven), whereas in other cases the French spelling was kept and resulted in totally different pronunciation than French (e.g. leopard, levee).[2] Terms that most recently entered the English language have kept French pronunciation and spelling (ambiance, aplomb, arbitrage, armoire, atelier, barrage, bonhomie, bourgeoisie, brochure, bureau, café, camaraderie, catalogue, chandelier, chauffeur, coiffure, collage, cortège, crèche, critique, debris, décor, dénouement, depot, dossier, élite, entourage, ennui, entrepreneur, espionage, expertise, exposé, financier, garage, genre, glacier, intrigue, liaison, lingerie, machine, massage, millionaire, mirage, montage, panache, penchant, personnel, plaque, promenade, rapport, repertoire, reservoir, routine, sabotage, sachet, souvenir, tableau, terrain, tranche), though this may change with time (e.g. the initial h in hotel is not silent anymore, consider also the evolving pronunciation of herb, or garage). Expressions like femme fatale, faux pas, haute couture, bête noire and enfant terrible are still recognisably French.
Borrowings are not a one-way process (See Reborrowing), some words of French origin ultimately come from Old English (Anglo-Saxon words): e.g. bateau, chiffon, gourmet. While conversely English words of French origin made their way «back» into Modern French: budget, challenge, design, discount, establishment, express, fuel, gay, gin, humour, interview, jury, management, mess, pedigree, rave, record, reporter, spleen, sport, squat, standard, suspense, tennis, ticket, toast, toboggan, tunnel, vintage.
A–C[edit]
D–I[edit]
J–R[edit]
S–Z[edit]
See also[edit]
- Influence of French on English
- Glossary of French words and expressions in English
- Law French
- Glossary of fencing (predominantly from French)
- Glossary of ballet (predominantly from French)
- Lists of English loanwords by country or language of origin
- List of English words of Gaulish origin
- List of English words of Latin origin
- List of English Latinates of Germanic origin
- Latin influence in English
- List of French words of Germanic origin
- List of French words of Gaulish origin
- List of French words of Arabic origin
- List of French words of English origin
- List of German words of French origin
References[edit]
- ^ «Why Study French». Athabasca University.
- ^ Leading some to say that «English is just badly pronounced French».
External links[edit]
- Online Etymology Dictionary
- Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales (in French)