The word library is derived from

(a) Liber

English[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Middle English librarie, from Anglo-Norman librarie, from Old French librairie, from Latin librarium (“bookcase, chest for books”), from librarius (“concerning books”), from liber (“the inner bark of trees; paper, parchment, book”), probably derived from a Proto-Indo-European base *leub(ʰ)- (“to strip, to peel”). Displaced native Middle English bochous, bokhus (literally “book house”), from Old English bōchūs.

Romance cognates often mean “bookshop” instead: French librairie, Italian libreria, Spanish librería, Romanian librărie and Portuguese livraria. This is a relatively recent innovation (16th century in French), which ended up displacing the earlier sense.

Pronunciation[edit]

• (UK) IPA^(key): /ˈlaɪbɹi/
  • (Received Pronunciation) IPA^(key): /ˈlaɪbɹəɹi/
• (US)
  • (General American) IPA^(key): /ˈlaɪˌbɹɛɹi/, /ˈlaɪbɹəɹi/
  • (non-standard) IPA^(key): /ˈlaɪˌbɛɹi/
• Rhymes: -aɪbɹi, -aɪbɹəɹi, -aɪbɛɹi

The non-RP UK pronunciation /ˈlaɪbɹi/ (whence the eye dialect spelling libry) exhibits haplology.

Noun[edit]

library (plural libraries)

1. An institution which holds books and/or other forms of media for use by the public or qualified people often lending them out, as well as providing various other services for its users.

   Synonym: (nonstandard) bookhouse

   Coordinate terms: bookshop, bookstore

   • 1981, William Irwin Thompson, The Time Falling Bodies Take to Light:Mythology, Sexuality and the Origins of Culture, page 11:

     Libraries have been burnt and whole religious movements wiped out because their belief and myths have been considered to be of dubious origin by the upholders of orthodoxy[.]

   • 2012, Stephen King, 11/22/63, p. 133:

     When all else fails, give up and go to the library.

2. (by extension) Any institution that lends out its goods for use by the public or a community.
3. A collection of books or other forms of stored information.

   • 1896, Alfred Newton, A Dictionary of Birds, page 71:

     A small library of books has been written on the subject.

   • 2008 May 15, Alberto Manguel, “A 30,000-Volume Window on the World”, in New York Times‎^[1]:

     My library is not a single beast but a composite of many others, a fantastic animal made up of the several libraries built and then abandoned, over and over again, throughout my life. I can’t remember a time in which I didn’t have a library of some sort. The present one is a sort of multilayered autobiography, each book holding the moment in which I opened it for the first time.

4. An equivalent collection of analogous information in a non-printed form, e.g. record library.
5. A room dedicated to storing books.
6. (programming) A collection of software routines that provide functionality to be incorporated into or used by a computer program.

   Coordinate term: framework

   • 2014, John Paul Mueller; Jeff Cogswell, C++ All-in-One For Dummies, John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN, page 307:

     A static library is much like any other library in that it contains a bunch of code for your application to use.

7. (genetics) A collection of DNA material from a single organism or relative to a single disease.
8. (card games) The deck or draw pile.

   • 1994, The Magic, the Gathering: Pocket Players’ Guide, →ISBN, page 167:

     At the conclusion of every duel, each player must show the remaining cards in his or her hand to the opponent to verify that no Restricted List duplicate cards appear there (e.g., to prove that a second Time Walk wasn’t drawn from his library).

   • 2006, Michael J. Flores, Deckade: 10 Years of Decks, Thoughts, and Theory!, →ISBN, page 228:

     But why did very good players shy away from cards that are so obviously good from our perspectives? One very real possibility is that library manipulation/increased selection and redundancy tech had not yet been established — after all, many players were amazed at Lestree’s use of the Sylvan Library to draw extra cards!

   • 2006, John Kaufeld & Jeremy Smith, Trading Card Games For Dummies, →ISBN, page 50:

     To win a game of Magic, you must achieve one of two chief goals: either be the first to reduce your opponent’s life total from 20 to 0, or force him or her to attempt to draw a card from his or her library when there are no cards left in it.

   • 2010, Shirley R. Steinberg, Michael Kehler, & Lindsay Cornish, Boy Culture: An Encyclopedia, →ISBN, page 418:

     The deck becomes the draw pile, also called the library, from which each player repeatedly draws cards for his or her own hand, cards that are gradually included into the game.

   • 2010, Zhigeng Pan, Maiga Chang, & Adrian David Cheok, Transactions on Edutainment III, →ISBN, page 119:

     At this phase, most of TCGs only allow players drawing card(s) from a pack which is also called library or deck.

Synonyms[edit]

• bibliotheca (obsolete)
• bibliotheke (obsolete)

Derived terms[edit]

Descendants[edit]

• → Hindustani:
  • Hindi: लाइब्रेरी f (lāibrerī)
  • Urdu: لائبریری‎ f (lāibrerī)
• → Japanese: ライブラリー (raiburarī)
• → Yoruba: láíbìrì

Translations[edit]

Further reading[edit]

Anagrams[edit]

• biraryl

library, traditionally, collection of books used for reading or study, or the building or room in which such a collection is kept. The word derives from the Latin liber, “book,” whereas a Latinized Greek word, bibliotheca, is the origin of the word for library in German, Russian, and the Romance languages.

From their historical beginnings as places to keep the business, legal, historical, and religious records of a civilization, libraries have emerged since the middle of the 20th century as a far-reaching body of information resources and services that do not even require a building. Rapid developments in computers, telecommunications, and other technologies have made it possible to store and retrieve information in many different forms and from any place with a computer and a telephone connection. The terms digital library and virtual library have begun to be used to refer to the vast collections of information to which people gain access over the Internet, cable television, or some other type of remote electronic connection.

This article provides a history of libraries from their founding in the ancient world through the latter half of the 20th century, when both technological and political forces radically reshaped library development. It offers an overview of several types of traditional libraries and explains how libraries collect, organize, and make accessible their collections. Further discussion of the application of the theory and technology of information science in libraries and related fields is included in the article information processing.

The changing role of libraries

Libraries are collections of books, manuscripts, journals, and other sources of recorded information. They commonly include reference works, such as encyclopaedias that provide factual information and indexes that help users find information in other sources; creative works, including poetry, novels, short stories, music scores, and photographs; nonfiction, such as biographies, histories, and other factual reports; and periodical publications, including magazines, scholarly journals, and books published as part of a series. As home use of records, CD-ROMs, and audiotapes and videotapes has increased, library collections have begun to include these and other forms of media, too.

Britannica Quiz

Ancient Libraries and Archives Quiz

Libraries were involved early in exploiting information technologies. For many years libraries have participated in cooperative ventures with other libraries. Different institutions have shared cataloging and information about what each has in its collection. They have used this shared information to facilitate the borrowing and lending of materials among libraries. Librarians have also become expert in finding information from on-line and CD-ROM databases.

As society has begun to value information more highly, the so-called information industry has developed. This industry encompasses publishers, software developers, on-line information services, and other businesses that package and sell information products for a profit. It provides both an opportunity and a challenge to libraries. On the one hand, as more information becomes available in electronic form, libraries no longer have to own an article or a certain piece of statistical information, for example, to obtain it quickly for a user. On the other hand, members of the information industry seem to be offering alternatives to libraries. A student with her own computer can now go directly to an on-line service to locate, order, and receive a copy of an article without ever leaving her home.

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Although the development of digital libraries means that people do not have to go to a building for some kinds of information, users still need help to locate the information they want. In a traditional library building, a user has access to a catalog that will help locate a book. In a digital library, a user has access to catalogs to find traditional library materials, but much of the information on, for example, the Internet can not be found through one commonly accepted form of identification. This problem necessitates agreement on standard ways to identify pieces of electronic information (sometimes called meta-data) and the development of codes (such as HTML [Hypertext Markup Language] and SGML [Standard Generalized Markup Language]) that can be inserted into electronic texts.

For many years libraries have bought books and periodicals that people can borrow or photocopy for personal use. Publishers of electronic databases, however, do not usually sell their product, but instead they license it to libraries (or sites) for specific uses. They usually charge libraries a per-user fee or a per-unit fee for the specific amount of information the library uses. When libraries do not own these resources, they have less control over whether older information is saved for future use—another important cultural function of libraries. In the electronic age, questions of copyright, intellectual property rights, and the economics of information have become increasingly important to the future of library service.

Increased availability of electronic information has led libraries, particularly in schools, colleges, and universities, to develop important relationships to their institutions’ computer centres. In some places the computer centre is the place responsible for electronic information and the library is responsible for print information. In some educational institutions librarians have assumed responsibility for both the library collection and computer services.

As technology has changed and allowed ever new ways of creating, storing, organizing, and providing information, public expectation of the role of libraries has increased. Libraries have responded by developing more sophisticated on-line catalogs that allow users to find out whether or not a book has been checked out and what other libraries have it. Libraries have also found that users want information faster, they want the full text of a document instead of a citation to it, and they want information that clearly answers their questions. In response, libraries have provided Selective Dissemination of Information (SDI) services, in which librarians choose information that may be of interest to their users and forward it to them before the users request it.

The changes in libraries outlined above originated in the United States and other English-speaking countries. But electronic networks do not have geographic boundaries, and their influence has spread rapidly. With Internet connections in Peking (Beijing), Moscow, and across the globe, people who did not have access to traditional library services now have the opportunity to get information about all types of subjects, free of political censorship.

As libraries have changed, so, too, has the role of the librarian. Increasingly librarians have assumed the role of educator to teach their users how to find information both in the library and over electronic networks. Public librarians have expanded their roles by providing local community information through publicly accessible computing systems. Some librarians are experts about computers and computer software. Others are concerned with how computer technologies can preserve the human cultural records of the past or assure that library collections on crumbling paper or in old computer files can still be used by people many centuries in the future.

The work of librarians has also moved outside library walls. Librarians have begun to work in the information industry as salespeople, designers of new information systems, researchers, and information analysts. They also are found in such fields as marketing and public relations and in such organizations as law firms, where staffs need rapid access to information.

Although libraries have changed significantly over the course of history, as the following section demonstrates, their cultural role has not. Libraries remain responsible for acquiring or providing access to books, periodicals, and other media that meet the educational, recreational, and informational needs of their users. They continue to keep the business, legal, historical, and religious records of a civilization. They are the place where a toddler can hear his first story and a scholar can carry out her research.

Leigh S. Estabrook

The word ‘library’ is
derived from Latin ‘liber’, which means «book».

A
primary function of a library is to be an organized storehouse of
information published throughout time. As well as finding very
current information, you can also find books that are no longer
published and older issues of magazines.

Items
are organized so you can find all the sources on a topic. For
example, when you search for a book in the library catalogue you will
get a call number. The books shelved near the same call number will
cover a similar topic. Librarians select books, magazines, journals,
databases, and Web sites. The library collects sources considered
reliable, historically relevant, and valuable.

Libraries have large
collections of information on a variety of carefully

selected
and organized topics. The key idea when using the library is that you
are

getting quality over quantity. Print or
electronic library resources are the best sources to use when
starting your research. The type of information you need will change
depending on the question you are trying to answer.

Magazines publish articles on
topics of popular interest and

current
events. The articles are written by journalists and are for

the general public. You can
find print magazines at newsstands and in libraries.

		Journal articles are written by scholars in an academic or professional field. An editorial board reviews articles to decide whether they should be published. Journal articles may cover very specific topics or narrow fields of research.

Newspapers provide articles each day about
current events and are a good source for local information.
Newspapers, like journals and magazines, are called «periodicals»
because they are published regularly, or periodically.

Books cover virtually any topic, fact or
fiction. For research purposes, you will probably be looking for
books that synthesize all the information on one topic.

Encyclopedias contain factual articles on many
subjects. There are two types of encyclopedias — general and subject.
General encyclopedias provide overviews on a wide variety of topics.
Subject encyclopedias contain entries focusing on one field of study.

The Web allows you to access information on
the Internet through a browser. One of the main features of the Web
is the ability to link quickly to other related information. Every
day more and more electronic books, encyclopedias and periodicals are
available on the Web.

(Adapted
from http://ulibnet.mtsu.edu.html)

Comprehension
check

1. Answer the questions.

1. What
   is the main purpose of a library?

2. How
   can a call number help you find a book you need?

3. Why
   are library sources of information considered credible?

1. Match
   the sources of information with the appropriate tips. Discuss which
   key words helped you to do the task.

Sources:

1 a magazine	5 a journal
2.a book D	6 a newspaper
3 an encyclopedia	7 the Web
4 a catalogue	8 an article index

Tips:

(A)

to
find current information about international, national and local
events

to find editorials,
commentaries, expert or popular opinions

(B)

to
find information or opinions about popular culture

to
find up-to-date information about current events

to find general articles
written for people who are not necessarily specialists in the topic
area

(C)

when
doing scholarly research

to
find out what has been studied on your topic

to find bibliographies that
point to other relevant research

(D)

when
looking for a lot of information on a topic

to
put your topic in context with other important issues

to
find historical information

to find summaries of research
to support an argument

(E)

to
find current information

to
link to information provided by the library over the Internet

to
find information about companies

to
find information from all levels of government — federal to local

to find both expert and
popular opinions

(F)

when
looking for background information on a topic

when trying to find key ideas,
important dates or concepts

(G)

when you want to find articles
on your topic in magazines, journals or newspapers

(H)

to
find out sources of information the library owns on your topic

to
find where a specific item is located in the library

Writing

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Get Real

Go online. Subscribe to any
free magazine or journal. Report back the results of the
subscription. Give reasons for your choice of the periodical.

Listening

1. You are going to listen to a
   librarian explaining students the difference between various types
   of periodicals. Listen to the lecture and complete the chart.

Type of Source Popular Magazines Scholarly Journals Examples __________________, New York Times, _______________, Discover, ________________, _________________ ________________, ___________________ Journal of American Mathematical Society, ________________, Audience for ______________ and broad audience for, _____________, scholars, _____________ Language understood by _______________________ ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ Content research as __________, feature stories, ____________, ______________________ ______________________ _______________, experimentation, _________ and in-depth_____________, _____________, references, __________________ Appearance __________________, in a ______________ format, highly visual, a lot of __________________, colour, ______________, ___________ and drawings ____________, charts, a few ____________, _____________________ Authors a member of the editorial staff _______________, freelance _____________ ____________________ ____________________ Publishers and sponsors published by _____________ enterprises, _____________, sometimes _____________________ sponsored by ______________________ _____________________

Discuss

• What new information have you
  got from the lecture on periodicals?

• How can you apply this new
  information to your studies and life in general?

• Do you think you need any
  additional information about library sources?

Focus on language

1. Read
   these sentences. Do they have active or passive verbs?

• Magazines
  and journals are
  called
  periodicals because they are
  published on
  a regular or «periodic» basis.

• Libraries
  are able to purchase one copy which can
  be shared
  by many people.

• The
  articles in this type of periodicals may
  be written
  by a member of the editorial staff, a scholar or a freelance writer,
  not a subject expert.

Passive Structures Passive verbs are common when we are thinking about what is done to the person or thing that we are interested in, not about what he/she/it does. Passives are best in formal style. Actives are more informal. e.g.: English is widely-spoken all over the world. The Passive structures are formed with the verb to be, in the correct tense, and the past participle of the main verb. Use by … only if it is necessary to say who does/did the action.

1. Rewrite the sentences in the
   passive.

1. Librarians select books,
   magazines, journals, databases, and Web sites.

2. The library collects sources considered reliable, historically
   relevant, and

valuable.

1. Magazines publish articles on topics of popular interest and current
   events.

2. They
   are studying chemical and biochemical
   phenomena that occur in natural processes.

3. Who are they going to invite for the ceremony?

4. Scientists
   have studied a great number of harmful
   effects of modern civilization on the environment.

5. You can find a lot of useful information about our university and
   the degree

courses in this prospectus.

1. My tutor advised me to read this book from cover to cover.

Speaking

1. Look at the abstract of the
   article and answer the questions below.

“DESINING
A KNOWLEDGE LEARNING ENVIRONMENT FOR ARITHMETIC CONCEPTS”

Abstract
–
A knowledge-based learning environment, called ENIGMA, has been
developed. This system is centred on an arithmetic game and is
intended at being used in teaching arithmetic in primary /secondary
school level (pupils from 9 to 12). The underlying pedagogical
choices of the system are analysed and the corresponding technical
solutions which have been adopted are illustrated.

1. What
   kind of information about the article is presented?

2. How
   long is it?

3. Does
   it follow any pattern?

4. What
   grammar tenses and voice are used?

5. What is the purpose of an
   abstract?

1. Study help Abstract is a brief summary of a journal article or other library resource that classifies, evaluates, or describes the important points of the content Abstracts can save you time by helping you identify the best articles on your topic.

   Who would be interested in this article?

2. How
   often do you read abstracts? Do you find them helpful?

3. In
   what other cases are abstracts often used?

4. How
   can readers benefit from reading an abstract?

Writing

Search the Internet or popular
science magazines to find an interesting article. Write an abstract
to the article using the clichés from the Functional language
box.

Functional language: Abstract writing
The article	was written by …
was presented at …
was published in …
comes from …
	reports on …
discusses …
The author	describes …
The article	informs on/about …
	considers the problem of …
The information presented in the …	is very interesting because …
The problem	is widely-discussed in the press because …
is the most up-to-date/urgent as it …
	is/can be recommended	to a wide range of readers.
The article
	to specialists in … .

With
a partner exchange and check each other’s abstracts.

In the Realm of Science

1. Some letters of the Greek
   alphabet are widely used in many natural sciences especially in
   mathematics. Learn how to read some of them.

Capital and small	Name	English equivalent	Russian
A α	a [′ælfə]	a	альфа
B β	beta [′bi:tə]/[′beitə]	b	бета
Γ γ	gamma [′gæmə]	g	гамма
Δ δ	delta [′deltə]	d	дельта
Λ λ	lambda [′læmbdə]	l	лямбда
Μ μ	mu [′mju]	m	ми/мю
Ξ ξ	xi [′ksai]	n	кси
Π π	pi [′pai]	p	пи
Σ σ	sigma [′sigmə]	s	сигма
Ώ ω	omega [′oυmigə]	o	омега

What
other letters from the Greek alphabet are used in your subject area?

1. Many English words and word
   parts can be traced back to the Greek language. The table below
   lists some common Greek roots.

Greek root	Basic meaning	Example words
-anthrop-	human	misanthrope, philanthropy, anthropomorphic
-chron-	time	anachronism, chronic, chronicle, synchronize, chronometer
-dem-	people	democracy, demography, demagogue, endemic, pandemic
-morph-	form	amorphous, metamorphic, morphology
-path-	feeling, suffering	empathy, sympathy, apathy, apathetic, psychopathic
-pedo-, -ped-	child, children	pediatrician, pedagogue
-philo-, -phil-	having a strong affinity or love for	philanthropy, philharmonic, philosophy
-phon-	sound	polyphonic, cacophony, phonetics

Unit 2 Progress Monitoring In this unit you have worked on the following vocabulary related to the topic “Information search” an issue of a magazine/journal to cite a source to publish an article/etc to update resources to collect reliable/historically relevant/valuable sources to contain audio-visual/multimedia materials/computer databases print or electronic magazines/books, etc. popular or scholarly sources or periodicals a large collection of periodicals to be available for the public to subscribe to a magazine/journal, etc. the contents of a book/magazine to cover specific topics/narrow fields of research to provide overviews on a wide variety of topics Tick (V) the points you are confident about and cross (X) the ones you need to revise.

Unit
3 Review

1. Put these instructions for
truncating back a URL in the correct sequence.

a) Stop when you reach the
first single / which is preceded by the domain name

portion.

b) This is the page’s server
or «publisher.»

c) In the top Location Box,
delete the end characters of the URL stopping just

before
each /.

d) Press enter to see if you
can see more about the author or the origins/nature

of the site providing the
page.

e)
Continue this process, one slash (/)
at a time.

2. Rewrite
the sentences
passive.

a) Wilhelm Schickard made the first known adding machine.

b) MIT’s laboratories carry out a great deal of research.

c) The fact that biological sciences are more popular with school
leavers than

computer science surprised me.

d) You should know the procedure of the experiment before you start
doing it.

e) The NASA specialists are planning to launch a space platform to
Jupiter.

f) The BBC Company has released a new documentary series about space

research.

1. Spot
   the odd one out.

1. library internet www database

2. journal magazine periodicals newspaper

1. Explain
   the difference between these pairs.

journal — magazine

biography — autobiography

author — publisher

paper — article

1. Divide
   into 5 teams. Each team completes word webs for the words
   information
   (adjectives), information
   (verbs),
   book (adjectives),
   knowledge (adjectives),
   knowledge
   (verbs) using its own colour marker. Mind maps are rotated every 1
   minute, then the results are checked in class. The team that
   works
   out the more phrases is the winner.

1. Read
   these sayings. Comment on the one you like most.

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