English[edit]
Etymology[edit]
From Middle English lady, laddy, lafdi, lavedi, from Old English hlǣfdīġe (“mistress of a household, wife of a lord, lady”, literally “bread-kneader”), from hlāf (“bread, loaf”) + dīġe (“kneader”), related to Old English dǣġe (“maker of dough”) (whence dey (“dairymaid”)). Compare also lord. More at loaf, dairy, dough. Unrelated to lad.
Pronunciation[edit]
- IPA(key): /ˈleɪdi/
- (General American) IPA(key): /ˈleɪ.ɾi/
- Rhymes: -eɪdi
- Hyphenation: la‧dy
Noun[edit]
lady (plural ladies)
- (historical) The mistress of a household.
- A woman of breeding or higher class, a woman of authority.
-
«I would like the dining room to be fully set by tonight; would you do so?» «Yes, my lady«.
-
1963, Margery Allingham, chapter 6, in The China Governess[1]:
-
‘[…] I remember a lady coming to inspect St. Mary’s Home where I was brought up and seeing us all in our lovely Elizabethan uniforms we were so proud of, and bursting into tears all over us because “it was wicked to dress us like charity children”. […]’.
-
-
- The feminine of lord.
-
c. 1603–1606, William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of King Lear”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene i], page 283, column 2:
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Of all theſe bounds euen from this Line, to this, / With ſhadowie Forreſts, and with Champains rich’d / With plenteous Riuers, and wide-ſkirted Meades / We make thee Lady.
-
-
1848, James Russell Lowell, The Vision of Sir Launfaul, 6th edition, Boston: Ticknor and Fields, published 1858:
-
’T was the proudest hall in the North Countree,
And never its gates might opened be,
Save to lord or lady of high decree […]
-
-
- A title for someone married to a lord or gentleman.
- A title that can be used instead of the formal terms of marchioness, countess, viscountess, or baroness.
- (polite or used by children) A woman: an adult female human.
-
Please direct this lady to the soft furnishings department.
-
- (in the plural) A polite reference or form of address to women.
-
Ladies and gentlemen, it is a pleasure to be here today. Follow me, ladies!
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1897 December (indicated as 1898), Winston Churchill, chapter IV, in The Celebrity: An Episode, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company; London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC, page 58:
-
The Celebrity, by arts unknown, induced Mrs. Judge Short and two other ladies to call at Mohair on a certain afternoon when Mr. Cooke was trying a trotter on the track. The three returned wondering and charmed with Mrs. Cooke; they were sure she had had no hand in the furnishing of that atrocious house.
-
-
- (slang) Used to address a female.
-
Hey, lady, move your car!
-
Hey, ladies, how are you doing?
-
- (ladies’ or ladies) Toilets intended for use by women.
- (informal) A wife or girlfriend; a sweetheart.
-
c. 1591–1595 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Romeo and Ivliet”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene ii], page 59, column 2:
-
It is my Lady, O it is my Loue, O that ſhe knew ſhe were,
She ſpeakes, yet ſhe ſayes nothing, what of that?
-
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1766, [Oliver Goldsmith], The Vicar of Wakefield: […], volume (please specify |volume=I or II), Salisbury, Wiltshire: […] B. Collins, for F[rancis] Newbery, […], →OCLC; reprinted London: Elliot Stock, 1885, →OCLC:
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But nothing could now exceed my confusion upon seeing the gentleman and his lady enter
-
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- A woman to whom the particular homage of a knight was paid; a woman to whom one is devoted or bound.
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1666, Edmund Waller, “Instructions to a Painter”, in The Works of Edmund Walker[2], Dublin: W. G. Jones, published 1768, page 154:
-
The ſoldier here his waſted ſtore ſupplies,
And takes new valor from the Ladies’ eyes.
-
-
- (slang) A queen (the playing card).
- (attributive, with a professional title) Who is a woman.
-
A lady doctor.
-
- (Wicca) Alternative form of Lady.
- (archaic) gastric mill, the triturating apparatus in the stomach of a lobster, consisting of calcareous plates; so called from a fancied resemblance to a seated female figure.
- (UK, slang) A five-pound note. (Rhyming slang, Lady Godiva for fiver.)
- (slang, chiefly in the plural) A woman’s breast.
- (chess, slang, rare) A queen.
Derived terms[edit]
- American painted lady
- bag lady
- Bankside lady
- bearded lady
- black lady
- cat lady
- charlady
- cleaning lady
- dinner lady
- dragon lady
- faint heart never won fair lady
- find the lady
- first lady
- forelady
- garbage lady
- gay lady
- gray lady
- iron lady
- it ain’t over ’til the fat lady sings
- it ain’t over till the fat lady sings
- it ain’t over until the fat lady sings
- it isn’t over ’til the fat lady sings
- it isn’t over till the fat lady sings
- it isn’t over until the fat lady sings
- Joan’s as good as my lady in the dark
- ladies and gentlemen
- ladies’ fingers
- lady abbess
- lady beetle
- lady bird/lady-bird/ladybird
- lady boner
- Lady Bountifel
- lady boy
- lady bug/lady-bug/ladybug
- Lady Campbell
- lady chapel
- lady crab
- Lady Day
- lady fern/lady-fern
- lady friend
- lady garden
- Lady Godiva
- lady in waiting
- lady killer, lady-killer, ladykiller
- lady luck
- lady lumps
- Lady Macbeth strategy
- Lady McLeod
- lady of leisure
- lady of light virtue
- lady of pleasure
- lady of the evening
- lady of the house
- lady of the night
- lady or tiger
- lady palm
- lady paramount
- lady parts
- lady slipper
- lady smock
- lady who lunches
- lady-boner
- lady-fly
- lady-in-waiting
- ladyclock
- ladyfinger
- ladylike
- ladylove
- lady’s bedstraw
- lady’s eardrop
- lady’s finger
- lady’s laces
- lady’s maid
- lady’s man
- lady’s mantle
- lady’s slipper
- lady’s thistle
- lady’s thumb
- ladyship
- landlady
- leading lady
- little lady
- lollipop lady
- lunch lady/lunch-lady/lunchlady
- mail lady
- May-lady
- methinks the lady doth protest too much
- m’lady/malady/milady
- naked lady
- no way to treat a lady
- northern lady fern
- old lady
- one fat lady
- Our Lady
- painted lady
- Pink Lady/pink lady
- pizza lady
- post lady
- ragged lady
- saleslady
- school dinner lady
- second lady
- snowlady
- tea lady
- the First Lady
- the lady doth protest too much
- Tupperware lady
- two fat ladies
- walking lady
- white lady
- young lady
[edit]
- fakaleitī
- Lady
Descendants[edit]
- ⇒ Afrikaans: haar ladyskap
- → Arabic: لِيدِي (līdī)
- Egyptian Arabic: ليدي (lēdī)
- → Belarusian: лэ́дзі (lédzi)
- → Bulgarian: ле́йди (léjdi)
- → French: lady
- → German: Lady
- → Greek: λαίδη (laídi), λέδη (lédi)
- → Italian: lady
- → Japanese: レディ (redi), レディー (redī)
- → Korean: 레이디 (reidi)
- → Latvian: lēdija
- → Macedonian: леди (ledi)
- → Polish: lady
- → Romanian: lady
- → Russian: ле́ди (lédi)
- → Spanish: lady
- → Tongan: leitī
- → Ukrainian: ле́ді (lédi)
- → Volapük: läd
Translations[edit]
mistress of a household
- Albanian: zonjë (sq) f
- Arabic: رَبَّة f (rabba), رَبَّةْ اَلْبَيْت (rabbat al-bayt), رَبَّةْ اَلْمَنْزِل f (rabbat al-manzil)
- Egyptian Arabic: ست البيت f (set il-bēt), (formally) ربة منزل f (rabet manzel)
- Armenian: տանտիկին (hy) (tantikin)
- Basque: andre (eu)
- Bulgarian: стопа́нка (bg) f (stopánka)
- Chinese:
- Mandarin: 女主人 (nǚzhǔrén)
- Egyptian: (ḥnwt f)
- Esperanto: domestrino
- Finnish: emäntä (fi), rouva (fi)
- Galician: dona f, señora f
- German: Herrin des Hauses f, Hausherrin (de) f, Ehefrau des Hausherrn f, Frau des Hauses f
- Greek: νοικοκυρά (el) f (noikokyrá)
- Irish: bantiarna f
- Latin: domina (la) f
- Latvian: saimniece f
- Macedonian: стопанка f (stopanka), газдарица f (gazdarica)
- Middle English: lady, dame
- Old English: hlæfdige f
- Ottoman Turkish: قادین (kadın)
- Persian: کدبانو (fa) (kadbânu)
- Portuguese: ama (pt) f
- Romanian: doamnă (ro) f
- Russian: хозя́йка (ru) f (xozjájka)
- Scottish Gaelic: baintighearna (gd) f
- Serbo-Croatian:
- Roman: gospodarica (sh) f, gazdarica (sh) f
- Sorbian:
- Lower Sorbian: kněni f
- Spanish: ama (es) f
- Swahili: msichana (sw)
- Swedish: fru (sv) c
- Zulu: inkosikazi (zu) class 9/6
woman of breeding and authority
- Afrikaans: dame (af)
- Albanian: zonjë (sq) f
- Arabic: خَاتُون f (ḵātūn), سَيِّدَة f (sayyida), هَانِم f (hānim)
- Egyptian Arabic: هانم f (hānem)
- Aromanian: chirã f
- Azerbaijani: xanım
- Belarusian: спада́рыня f (spadárynja), па́ні f (páni), лэ́дзі f (lédzi), да́ма f (dáma)
- Breton: itron (br) f
- Bulgarian: да́ма (bg) f (dáma)
- Cherokee: ᎠᎨᏴ (ageyv)
- Chinese:
- Mandarin: 女士 (zh) (nǚshì), 貴婦/贵妇 (zh) (guìfù)
- Cornish: arloedhes f
- Czech: dáma (cs) f
- Danish: dame (da) c
- Dutch: dame (nl) f
- Esperanto: sinjorino (eo)
- Finnish: rouva (fi)
- French: dame (fr) f, madame (fr) f, lady (fr) f
- Friulian: signore f, done f, dame f
- Galician: dona f, señora f
- Georgian: ქალბატონი (kalbaṭoni)
- German: Dame (de) f
- Greek: κυρία (el) f (kyría)
- Irish: bean uasal f, bantiarna f
- Italian: signora (it) f, dama (it) f, lady (it) f
- Japanese: 婦人 (ja) (ふじん, fujin), レディ (redi), 淑女 (ja) (しゅくじょ, shukujo)
- Korean: 레이디 (reidi), 부인 (ko) (bu’in), 숙녀 (ko) (sungnyeo)
- Latin: domina (la) f
- Latvian: dāma f
- Lithuanian: ponia f
- Macedonian: дама f (dama)
- Manx: benchiarn f
- Middle English: lady, dame
- Norwegian: dame (no)
- Occitan: dòna (oc) f
- Old English: drihtlice f, ides f, freo f, hlæfdige f
- Ottoman Turkish: قادین (kadın)
- Pashto: مېرمنه f (mermᶕna)
- Persian: بانو (fa) (bânu), ستی (fa) (sati), مادام (fa) (mâdâm), خانم (fa) (xânom), خاتون (fa) (xâtun)
- Polish: pani (pl) f, dama (pl) f
- Portuguese: senhora (pt) f, dona (pt) f, dama (pt) f
- Romani: rani f
- Romanian: doamnă (ro)
- Russian: (indecl) ле́ди (ru) f (lédi), да́ма (ru) f (dáma), суда́рыня (ru) f (sudárynja), госпожа́ (ru) f (gospožá)
- Scottish Gaelic: bean-uasal (gd) f, baintighearna (gd) f, bana-mhorair f
- Slovak: dáma (sk) f
- Sorbian:
- Lower Sorbian: kněni f
- Spanish: señora (es) f, dama (es) f
- Tagalog: gining
- Tajik: хонум (xonum), бону (bonu)
- Turkish: hanım (tr)
- Ukrainian: па́ні (uk) f (páni), ле́ді f (lédi), да́ма f (dáma)
- Urdu: خاتون f (xātūn)
- Uzbek: xonim (uz)
- Welsh: arglwyddes f, boneddiges f
- Zulu: inkosikazi (zu) class 9/6
title for the wife a lord
- Afrikaans: (please verify) haar ladyskap edele
- Albanian: zonjë (sq) f
- Arabic: لِيدِي f (lēdī)
- Egyptian Arabic: ليدي f (lēdī)
- Belarusian: лэ́дзі f (lédzi)
- Breton: itron (br) f
- Bulgarian: ле́йди f (léjdi)
- Cornish: arloedhes f
- Czech: dáma (cs) f
- Dutch: dame (nl) f
- Egyptian: (ḥnwt f)
- Esperanto: lordedzino
- Finnish: lady
- French: dame (fr) f, madame (fr) f, lady (fr) f
- Galician: dama f, señora f, dona f
- German: Frau (de) f, Herrin (de) f, Dame (de) f
- Greek: λαίδη (el) f (laídi)
- Hungarian: úrnő (hu)
- Irish: bantiarna f
- Italian: signora (it) f, lady (it) f
- Japanese: 夫人 (ja) (ふじん, fujin), レディ (redi)
- Korean: 레이디 (reidi), 부인 (ko) (bu’in)
- Latin: domina (la) f
- Latvian: lēdija f
- Macedonian: дама f (dama), леди f (ledi)
- Manx: benchiarn f
- Maori: rēri
- Middle English: lady
- Old English: drihtlice f, ides f, freo f, hlæfdige f
- Ottoman Turkish: قادین (kadın)
- Polish: pani (pl) f, lady (pl) f
- Portuguese: senhora (pt) f
- Romanian: lady (ro) f, doamnă (ro) f
- Russian: ле́ди (ru) f (lédi), да́ма (ru) f (dáma), госпожа́ (ru) f (gospožá), ба́рыня (ru) f (bárynja)
- Scottish Gaelic: baintighearna (gd) f
- Spanish: señora (es) f
- Swedish: fru (sv)
- Ukrainian: ле́ді f (lédi)
- Welsh: arglwyddes f
- Zulu: inkosikazi (zu) class 9/6
title that can be used instead of the formal terms of marchioness]], countess, viscountess or baroness
- Finnish: rouva
polite: woman
- Finnish: rouva
polite term referring to a woman
- Afrikaans: dame (af)
- Albanian: zonjë (sq) f
- Arabic: سَيِّدَة f (sayyida), (my lady) سَيِّدَتِي (sayyidatī), أُسْتَاذَة f (ʔustāḏa), هَانُم f (hānum)
- Egyptian Arabic: أستاذة f (ʾostaza), مدام f (madām)
- Armenian: տիկին (hy) (tikin)
- Aromanian: chirã f
- Azerbaijani: xanım
- Basque: andre (eu)
- Belarusian: спада́рыня f (spadárynja), па́ні f (páni)
- Breton: itron (br) f
- Bulgarian: госпожа́ (bg) f (gospožá)
- Catalan: senyora (ca)
- Cherokee: ᎠᎨᏴ (ageyv)
- Chinese:
- Dungan: тэтэ (tete)
- Mandarin: 太太 (zh) (tàitai), 夫人 (zh) (fūren)
- Czech: dáma (cs) f, paní (cs) f
- Danish: dame (da) c
- Dutch: dame (nl) f
- Esperanto: sinjorino (eo)
- Estonian: proua (et)
- Finnish: rouva (fi)
- French: dame (fr) f, madame (fr) f
- Friulian: signore f, done f, dame f
- Galician: dona f, señora f
- Georgian: ქალბატონი (kalbaṭoni)
- German: Dame (de) f, meine Dame f, Madam f, verehrte Frau f
- Greek: κυρία (el) f (kyría)
- Hebrew: גברת גְבֶרֶת (he) f (gvéret)
- Hindi: महिला (hi) f (mahilā), महोदया (hi) f (mahodyā), श्रीमती (hi) f (śrīmtī), साहिबा f (sāhibā), बानू f (bānū)
- Hungarian: hölgy (hu)
- Irish: bean uasal f
- Istriot: duona f
- Italian: signora (it) f, dama (it) f
- Japanese: 奥様 (おくさま, okusama), 貴婦人 (ja) (きふじん, kifujin)
- Kazakh: ханым (kk) (xanym)
- Korean: 아줌마 (ko) (ajumma), 아가씨 (ko) (agassi) (young lady)
- Kurdish:
- Northern Kurdish: xanim (ku)
- Kyrgyz: айым (ky) (ayım)
- Latin: domina (la) f
- Latvian: kundze f, dāma f
- Lithuanian: ponia f
- Louisiana Creole French: fenm
- Macedonian: госпоѓа f (gospoǵa)
- Malay: puan
- Middle English: lady, dame
- Mongolian:
- Cyrillic: хатагтай (mn) (xatagtaj)
- Mongolian: ᠬᠠᠲᠤᠭᠲᠠᠢ (qatuɣtai̯)
- Norwegian: dame (no)
- Occitan: dòna (oc) f
- Ossetian: ӕхсин (æxsin)
- Persian: خانم (fa) (xânom), مادام (fa) (mâdâm), بانو (bânu)
- Polish: pani (pl) f
- Portuguese: dama (pt) f, moça (pt) f
- Romanian: doamnă (ro) f
- Romansch: dunna f
- Russian: госпожа́ (ru) f (gospožá), да́ма (ru) f (dáma), мада́м (ru) f (madám), суда́рыня (ru) f (sudárynja) (dated)
- Scottish Gaelic: bean-uasal (gd) f
- Serbo-Croatian:
- Cyrillic: го̏спођа f
- Roman: gȍspođa (sh) f
- Slovak: pani f
- Slovene: gospa (sl) f
- Spanish: señora (es) f, dama (es) f
- Swedish: dam (sv) c
- Tajik: хонум (xonum), бону (bonu)
- Talysh: خنم (xanəm)
- Telugu: మహిళ (te) (mahiḷa)
- Turkish: hanımefendi (tr), hanım (tr), bayan (tr)
- Turkmen: hanym
- Ukrainian: па́ні (uk) f (páni)
- Urdu: صاحبہ f (sāhiba), بانو f (bānū), مہیلا f (mahilā)
- Uyghur: خېنىم (xënim), خانىم (xanim)
- Uzbek: xonim (uz)
- Volapük: läd (vo)
- Zulu: inkosikazi (zu) class 9/6
toilets intended for use by women
- Chinese:
- Mandarin: 女廁所/女厕所
- Dutch: damestoilet (nl) n
- Finnish: naiset (fi) (label on the door); naistenhuone (room)
- German: Damentoilette (de) f
- Hungarian: hölgyek (hu), női mosdó, női WC
- Japanese: 女性用トイレ (josei yō toire)
- Latvian: sieviešu tualete f
- Macedonian: женски тоале́т m (ženski toalét)
- Persian: بانوان (fa) (bânovân)
- Portuguese: damas (pt) f pl, elas (pt) f pl
- Romanian: dame (ro) f pl, femei (ro) f pl
- Russian: же́нский туале́т m (žénskij tualét)
- Spanish: baño de damas m
- Swedish: damtoalett (sv) c
informal: wife or girlfriend — See also translations at sweetheart
woman to whom one is devoted or bound
queen of playing cards
- Finnish: rouva
with a professional title: who is a woman
- Finnish: nais-
Wicca: alternative form of Lady — see Lady
triturating apparatus in the stomach of a lobster — see gastric mill
five-pound note — See also translations at fiver
slang: queen in chess
- Finnish: rouva
References[edit]
- Weisenberg, Michael (2000) The Official Dictionary of Poker. MGI/Mike Caro University. →ISBN
Verb[edit]
lady (third-person singular simple present ladies, present participle ladying, simple past and past participle ladied)
- To address as “lady”.
-
1897, Macmillan’s Magazine, page 13, column 1:
-
“ […] When I am dead ye’ll mind I said it, my leddy.” “Ah, Elspeth, but do not lady me; say Christine, just wee Christine. […] ”
-
-
1928, The Letters of Mary Nisbet of Dirleton, Countess of Elgin, New York, N.Y.: D Appleton and Company, page 276:
-
I see Bey still continues jealous of poor Mou; does she still go by that name? In Greek it means “my” and her Paramanas always called her Lady Mary Mou, so we called her Mou. I hope you admire my teaching you Greek. I beg you will break Bruce of ladying her, if it should grow up with him it would be detestable.
-
-
2006, Jim Butcher, Cursor’s Fury: Book Three of the Codex Alera, New York, N.Y.: Ace Books, page 658:
-
‘Then, Lady Placida, there is something I wish to ask of you.’ ‘Only,’ she said sternly, ‘if you stop Ladying me. I have a name, dear.’
-
-
2018, Skye MacKinnon, Winter Princess (Daughter of Winter, Book Two), Peryton Press:
-
“How can I help, my lady?” “Stop the ladying. […]”
-
-
See also[edit]
- lord
- gentleman
- ladies’ room
- broad
Anagrams[edit]
- DALY, Daly, Dyal, Lyda, layd, yald
French[edit]
Etymology[edit]
Borrowed from English lady, from Middle English lady, from Old English hlǣfdīġe.
Pronunciation[edit]
- IPA(key): /lɛ.di/, /le.di/
Noun[edit]
lady f (plural ladies or ladys)
- lady (wife of a British lord; important woman, usually British)
- Synonyms: dame, madame
Further reading[edit]
- “lady”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.
Italian[edit]
Etymology[edit]
Unadapted borrowing from English lady.
Pronunciation[edit]
- IPA(key): /ˈlɛ.di/, /ˈle.di/[1]
- Rhymes: -ɛdi, -edi
Noun[edit]
lady f (invariable)
- lady (wife of a lord; important woman)
Synonyms[edit]
- dama, donna (archaic), signora
References[edit]
- ^ lady in Luciano Canepari, Dizionario di Pronuncia Italiana (DiPI)
Middle English[edit]
Alternative forms[edit]
- laddy, ladi, ladie, ladij, ladye, lavedi, lefdi, lefdy, levedi, levedy, lhevedi
- (early ME) lafdi, laffdiȝ, læfdi, lævedi, leafdi
Etymology[edit]
From Old English hlǣfdīġe, in turn from hlāf (“bread, loaf”) + *dīġe (“maid”).
Pronunciation[edit]
- IPA(key): /ˈlaːdiː(ə)/, /ˈladiː(ə)/
- (mainly Early ME) IPA(key): /ˈlavdiː(ə)/
Noun[edit]
lady (plural ladies, genitive ladies or lady)
- A woman with authority or leadership:
- A lady (mistress of a household)
-
- And whanne the aungel of the Lord hadde foundun hir biside the welle of water in wildirnes, the which is in the / weye of Sur in desert, he seide to hir, Agar, the hand mayden of Saray, whens comyst thow, and whithir gost thow? / The which answeride, Fro the face of Saray my ladi I flee.
- And when the angel of the Lord had found her in the wilderness beside the spring of water, which is in the desert on the way to Shur, he said to her, «Hagar, handmaiden of Sarai, where have you come from, and where are you going?» She answered, «I am fleeing from the face of Sarai, my lady«.
- And whanne the aungel of the Lord hadde foundun hir biside the welle of water in wildirnes, the which is in the / weye of Sur in desert, he seide to hir, Agar, the hand mayden of Saray, whens comyst thow, and whithir gost thow? / The which answeride, Fro the face of Saray my ladi I flee.
-
- A lady (noblewoman or female monarch).
- A woman who manages an abbey or inn.
- A lady (mistress of a household)
- The wife of a noble or monarch.
- A polite way to address a noble or honoured woman.
- (by extension) Any woman.
- A female deity (or the Virgin Mary).
Descendants[edit]
- English: lady (see there for further descendants)
- Scots: lady, leddy
- Yola: laady
References[edit]
- “lādī(e, n.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
Polish[edit]
Etymology 1[edit]
Unadapted borrowing from English lady, from Middle English lady, laddy, lafdi, lavedi, from Old English hlǣfdīġe.
Pronunciation[edit]
- IPA(key): /ˈlɛj.di/
- Rhymes: -ɛjdi
- Syllabification: la‧dy
Noun[edit]
lady f (indeclinable)
- Lady (aristocratic title for a woman)
- lady (wife of a lord)
- lady (woman of breeding and authority)
Etymology 2[edit]
See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
Pronunciation[edit]
- IPA(key): /ˈla.dɨ/
- Rhymes: -adɨ
- Syllabification: la‧dy
- Homophone: Lady
Noun[edit]
lady f
- inflection of lada:
- genitive singular
- nominative/accusative/vocative plural
Further reading[edit]
- lady in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
- lady in Polish dictionaries at PWN
Romanian[edit]
Etymology[edit]
Unadapted borrowing from English lady.
Noun[edit]
lady f (plural lady)
- lady
Spanish[edit]
Etymology[edit]
Unadapted borrowing from English lady.
Pronunciation[edit]
- IPA(key): /ˈleidi/ [ˈlei̯.ð̞i]
- Rhymes: -eidi
Noun[edit]
lady f (plural ladies)
- lady (wife of a lord; important woman)
Usage notes[edit]
According to Royal Spanish Academy (RAE) prescriptions, unadapted foreign words should be written in italics in a text printed in roman type, and vice versa, and in quotation marks in a manuscript text or when italics are not available. In practice, this RAE prescription is not always followed.
Further reading[edit]
- “lady”, in Diccionario de la lengua española, Vigésima tercera edición, Real Academia Española, 2014
English word lady comes from Proto-Germanic *daigijǭ (Kneader of bread; dairy-maid.), Old English hlāf
Detailed word origin of lady
Dictionary entry | Language | Definition |
---|---|---|
*daigijǭ | Proto-Germanic (gem-pro) | Kneader of bread; dairy-maid. |
hlāf | Old English (ang) | |
hlǣfdīġe | Old English (ang) | |
hlæfdige | Old English (ang) | A form of courteous address; lady. A lady, the mistress of a household.. Noblewoman; queen. The Virgin Mary. |
lavedi | Middle English (enm) | |
lady | English (eng) | (UK, slang) A five-pound note. (Rhyming slang, Lady Godiva for fiver.). (Wicca) .. (attributive, with a professional title) Who is a woman.. (familiar) A wife or girlfriend; a sweetheart.. (historical) The mistress of a household.. (in the plural) A polite reference or form of address to women.. (ladies’ or ladies) Toilets intended for use by women.. (polite, or, used by children) A woman: […] |
Words with the same origin as lady
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
«Gentlelady» redirects here. Not to be confused with Gentlewoman.
The word lady is a term for a girl or woman, with various connotations. Once used to describe only women of a high social class or status, the equivalent of lord, now it may refer to any adult woman, as gentleman can be used for men. Informal use is sometimes euphemistic («lady of the night» for prostitute) or, in American slang, condescending in direct address (equivalent to «mister» or «man»).
«Lady» is also a formal title in the United Kingdom. «Lady» is used before the family name of a woman with a title of nobility or honorary title suo jure (in her own right), or the wife of a lord, a baronet, Scottish feudal baron, laird, or a knight, and also before the first name of the daughter of a duke, marquess, or earl.
Etymology[edit]
The word comes from Old English hlǣfdige; the first part of the word is a mutated form of hlāf, «loaf, bread», also seen in the corresponding hlāford, «lord». The second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, «to knead», seen also in dough; the sense development from bread-kneader, or bread-maker, or bread-shaper, to the ordinary meaning, though not clearly to be traced historically, may be illustrated by that of «lord».[1]
Usage[edit]
The primary meaning of «mistress of a household» is now mostly obsolete,[1] save for the term «landlady» and in set phrases such as «the lady of the house». This meaning is retained in the southern states of the United States. In some contexts «lady» is synonymous with the old-fashioned word «gentlewoman», meaning someone of high social status by birth and upbringing, but not necessarily titled. The term is also used in titles such as first lady and lady mayoress, the wives of elected or appointed officials.
In many European languages the equivalent term serves as a general form of address equivalent to the English Mrs (French Madame, Spanish Señora, Italian Signora, German Frau, Polish Pani, etc.). In those languages it is correct to address a woman whose name is unknown as Madame, Señora, etc., but in polite English usage «lady» has for centuries only normally been a term of address in the plural,[2] which is also the case for «gentleman». The singular vocative use (i.e. to address someone directly) was once common but has become mostly confined to poetry.[2] In some dialects it may still be used to address an unknown woman in a brusque manner, often in an imperative or interrogatory context, analogous to «mister» for an unknown male: e.g., «Hey, lady, you aren’t allowed in here!»[3] In this usage, the word «lady» is very seldom capitalized when written. The usual English term for politely addressing a woman is madam or its abbreviation ma’am.
In English, relatively few job titles are un-gendered.[citation needed] Some names for jobs are gender-neutral, e.g. mail carrier (postal worker), but where there is a common word with a -man suffix, sometimes -lady may be used as an equivalent, e.g. postman and (sometimes) postlady. Using «lady» in professional job titles which had previously been male preserves fell out of favour with second-wave feminism (lady doctor, lady engineer, lady judge), though lady doctor is sometimes used by a healthcare receptionist when booking an appointment at a group practice health centre so that the situation is clear to the patient.[citation needed] It is still used in some other occupations, to give dignity and express respect to less skilled work such as tea ladies in offices and hospitals, lunch ladies (or dinner ladies) in school canteens, cleaning ladies in private homes and in business premises, and healthcare ladies for female healthcare assistants.
Both British and American commentators noted the shifting uses of «lady» in the mid-twentieth century. The American journalist William Allen White noted one of the difficulties in his 1946 autobiography. He relates that a woman who had paid a fine for prostitution came to his newspaper to protest, not against the fact that her conviction had been reported, but that the newspaper had referred to her as a «woman» rather than a «lady». After the incident, White assured his readers, his papers referred to human females as «women», with the exception of police court characters, who were all «ladies». The British historian Nancy Mitford wrote an influential essay in 1954, «U vs. non-U», in which she noted the class distinctions: lower class women strongly preferred to be called «ladies», while those from higher social backgrounds were content to be identified as «women». Commenting on the word in 1953, C. S. Lewis wrote that «the guard at Holloway said it was a ladies’ prison!» The term «a bag lady» (vagabond) is a euphemism for a woman who has fallen on hard times; a «lady of the night» is a polite term for a prostitute.
In British English, «lady» is often, but not always, simply a courteous synonym for «woman». Public toilets are often distinguished by signs showing simply «Ladies» or «Gentlemen». «Lady» can have a formal and respectful quality, being used to describe an elderly woman as «an old lady» or when speaking about a woman to a child (e.g. «Give the money to the lady.») It remains in use as a counterpart to «gentleman», in the plural phrase «ladies and gentlemen», and is generally interchangeable (in a strictly informal sense) with «woman» (as in, «The lady at the store said I could return this item within thirty days»). However, some women, since the rise of second-wave feminism, have objected to the term used in contexts such as the last example, arguing that the term sounds patronising and outdated when used in this way; a man in the same context would not necessarily be referred to as a «gentleman». One feminist proponent of language reform, Robin Lakoff, in her book Language and Woman’s Place (1975), notably raised the issue of the ways in which «lady» is not used as the counterpart of «gentleman». It is suggested by academic Elizabeth Reid Boyd that feminist usage of the word «lady» has been reclaimed in the 21st century.[4]
British titles[edit]
Formally, «Lady» is the female counterpart to higher ranks in society, from gentlemen, through knights, to peers of the realm. During the Middle Ages, princesses or daughters of the blood royal were usually known by their first names with «Lady» prefixed, e.g. The Lady Elizabeth;[1] since Old English and Middle English did not have a female equivalent to princes or earls or other royals or nobles. Aside from the queen, women of royal and noble status simply carried the title of «Lady».
As a title of nobility, the uses of «lady» in Britain are parallel to those of «lord». It is thus a less formal alternative to the full title giving the specific rank, of marchioness, countess, viscountess or baroness, whether as the title of the husband’s rank by right or courtesy, or as the lady’s title in her own right.[1] A peeress’s title is used with the definite article: Lord Morris’s wife is «the Lady Morris». A widow’s title derived from her husband becomes the dowager, e.g. The Dowager Lady Smith.
The title «Lady» is also used for a woman who is the wife of a Scottish feudal baron or laird, the title «Lady» preceding the name of the barony or lairdship.[5] In the case of younger sons of a duke or marquess, who have the courtesy title «Lord» prefixed to their given and family name, the wife is known by the husband’s given and family name with «Lady» prefixed, e.g. Lady John Smith.[1] The daughters of dukes, marquesses and earls are by courtesy «ladies»; here, that title is prefixed to the given and family name of the lady, e.g. Lady Jane Smith, and this is preserved if the lady marries a commoner, e.g. Mr John and Lady Jane Smith. «Lady» is also the customary title of the wife of a baronet or knight, but in this case without Christian name: «Lady» with the surname of the husband only,[1] Sir John and Lady Smith. When a woman divorces a knight and he marries again, the new wife will be Lady Smith while the ex-wife becomes Jane, Lady Smith.
Female members of the Order of the Garter and Order of the Thistle also receive the prefix of «Lady»; here that title is prefixed to the given and family name of the lady, e.g. Lady Marion Fraser, LT, with the post nominal LG or LT respectively, and this is preserved if the lady marries.[citation needed]
Other meanings[edit]
The special use of the word as a title of the Virgin Mary, usually Our Lady, represents the Latin Domina Nostra. In Lady Day and Lady Chapel, the word is properly a genitive, representing hlǣfdigan[1] «of the Lady».
The word is also used as a title of the Wiccan Goddess, The Lady.
Margaret Thatcher was informally referred to in the same way by many of her political colleagues when Prime Minister of Great Britain. Her husband was later created a baronet, thus making her «Lady Thatcher» as of right. After she retired, she was given a barony as Baroness Thatcher, of Kesteven in the County of Lincolnshire, and was thereafter known as «The Lady Thatcher».
Elsewhere in the Commonwealth, the word is used in a similar fashion to aristocratic usage in Britain. In Ghana, for example, the consort of the Asantehene of the Ashanti people is known as Lady Julia Osei Tutu. In Nigeria, the Yoruba aristocrats Kofoworola, Lady Ademola and Oyinkansola, Lady Abayomi made use of the title due to their being the wives of British knights.
See also[edit]
- Girl
- Dame, a title parallel to Sir
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d e f g One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). «Lady». Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 61–62.
- ^ a b Oxford English Dictionary
- ^ Ruth, Walker (2 February 2007). «Hey, lady: Call her ‘madam’«. Christian Science Monitor.
- ^ Reid Boyd, Elizabeth (2012). «Lady: A Feminist Four Letter Word?». Women and Language. 35 (2): 35–52.
- ^ Titles and Forms of Address. Bloomsbury Publishing. 31 January 2007. ISBN 9781408148129. Retrieved 26 January 2016.
The widow of a chief or laird continues to use the territorial style and the prefix Dowager may be used in the same circumstances … In rural Scotland (laird’s) wives are often styled Lady, though not legally except in the case of the wives of chiefs.
- Merriam Webster’s Dictionary of English Usage (Merriam-Webster, 1989), ISBN 0-87779-132-5.
- Lakoff, Robin. Language and Woman’s Place (New York, Harper & Row, 1975). ISBN 0-19-516757-0.
Этимологический словарь английского языка утверждает, что первоначально термин «леди» (lady) в 1200 году встречается в форме lafdi, lavede (ла+ВЕДЕ), происходит из древнеанглийского ‘hlæfdige’, обозначающего — «меситель хлеба» («bread-kneader»- буквально «тот, кто месит хлеб», хлебомес). В Нортумбрийском: hlafdia – ‘хлаф-ДИЯ’; Мерсия-Mercian: hlafdie –’хлаф-ДИЕ’).
Древнеанглийское ‘hlæfdige’ происходит от слова ‘hloefdige’, образованного из двух слов: ХЛЕФ = hlǣf — «ХЛЕБ» (предок современного английского ‘Loaf’- буханка) и элемента * dig- (‘dough’ — тесто) означающее «knead» — ‘месить’. Есть ещё одно значение слова + -dige — «горничная«, которая связана с dæge — «создатель теста -dough», «служанка, женщина, которая готовит пищу в домашнем хозяйстве, домохозяйка». Английское слово ‘dey’ образовано из протогерманского * daigjon, древнескандинавского: deigja — «служанка, служанка», Swedish: ДЕЯ — deja — «dairymaid», происходящих из PIE корня: * dheigh – (ДЕЯТЬ) -«ДЕЛать, строить». В настоящее время слово ‘dey’ устарело, хотя Старо-английский словарь (OED) утверждает, что он «все ещё существующий в некоторых частях Шотландии», PIE корень: * dheigh – (ДЕЯТЬ) образует первый элемент молочной и второй леди.
В староанглийском (Old English): hlafæta = ХЛАФ+ЕТА = «хлебоед», » «служанка по дому» (household servant). Греч. Άλοχος (álochos) άκοιτις (ákoitis), άκοίτης (ákoítis)— названия законной супруги, ср. Древнерусский: веденица ‘жена законная или главная’, ‘наложница’, ведовица ‘γυνή άρχοσα’ (gyní árchosa’ — «Женщина, которую я начал» ), въводьница -‘женщина ВВЕДённая в дом, принятая в дом’ от глагола vesti ‘вести’, староангл: lavede (ла+ВЕДЕ).
Связь термина «леди» — lady — это символическое и фактическое свидетельство важности хлеба в средневековых домохозяйствах, когда дама — «леди» — lady является создателем хлеба, кормилицей, и занимает авторитетное положение в доме, подобно лорду, также производному от (ХЛЕФ) hlǣf – ‘Loaf’ (ЛОУФ) – буханка.
Самый большой энциклопедический словарь в Англии «The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia» считает этимологическую связь термина «леди» — lady с Лордом «невероятной». «The Oxford English Dictionary» (OED) оценивает эту версию, как «не очень правдоподобную в отношении смысла», но, похоже, НИ У КОГО НЕТ лучшего объяснения. Однако русское ЛАДА британцы отвергают.
Из принятой в 12 веке формы ‘lafdi, lavede’, означавшего «женщина высшего положения в обществе» затем исчезла медиальная буква -f-, например, в имени Ælfflæd дочери короля Нортумбрии; в имени принцессы Rhianfellt из Нортумбрии; замена буквы -l на -r в имени Uhtred из Бамбурга (Bamburgh); Wilfrid, жена короля Нортумбрии; Margaret, Osthryth, королева Cynethryth, чей профиль был изображён на монете.
В 13 веке праздник Благовещения Девы Марии (25 марта) назывался ‘Lady Day’ – «Blessed Virgin Mary» — «Благословенная Дева Мария».
В 1400 году слово «ЛАДИЛИ» — ladily – «женщина, избранная, как объект рыцарской любви»; с 1580-х годов зафиксировано слово «ЛАДИлайк» — ladylike; с 1861 г. Lady – «женщина, чьи манеры и чувственность подходят ей для высокого ранга в обществе». С 1890-х годов слово ‘lady’ адресуется любой женщине.
Этимологический словарь английского языка считает, что слово ‘lady’ не встречается за пределами английского языка, за исключением случаев, когда оно позаимствовано у него.
В этимологическом словаре слово Lord — господин (сущ.), зафиксировано в середине 13 века -‘laverd, loverd’, из древнеанглийского hlaford — «хозяин дома, правитель, феодал, начальник; муж».
Древнеанглийский hlaford (ХЛАФорд) — это сокращение от более раннего слова: hlafweard – (ХЛАФ+ВЕРД), буквально «ХЛЕБО+ВЕД, тот, кто охраняет хлеб» от ХЛЕФ = hlǣf — «ХЛЕБ» (предок современного английского ‘Loaf’- буханка). + Weard «ВЕДАТЬ, смотреть за…, хранитель» (от корня PIE * wer- (3 )- «ведать, наблюдать за…; беречь, охранять). «хранитель хлеба, буханки».
В примитивном древнеанглийском: * khlaibward (КЛАЙБ+вард), образованному из * khlaib (КЛАЙБ = ‘колобок’) – ХЛЕБ, «буханка» (‘loaf’) и *ward — «хранитель».
Old English ‘weard’ от Latin: Vereri — «наблюдать, почитать, уважать, бояться;» Греческий: ouros -«охранник, сторож», ХОРАН — horan «хранить, смотреть за…,»
Из древнеанглийского слова 12 века слово ‘hlāfweard’ сократилось до ‘hlāford’, и в 14-м веке это слово утратило свою середину / v /, чтобы стать односложным словом ‘lord’, которое мы знаем сегодня.
В 13 веке слово ‘lord’ – выступает в значении ‘landlord’ — «владелец земли, домов…; господин».
В конце 13 века из древнеанглийского слова ‘hlaf’ (ХЛАФ)- «порция хлеба, испеченная в определенной форме», возникшая от протогерманского *khlaibuz – КЛАЙБУЗ (КОЛОБОК), произошедшего из церковно-слав.: ХЛЕБ, ХЛЕБЫ (chlebu), др. скандинавское: hleifr (ХЛЕЙФр), швед.: lev, др.фриз.: hlef (ХЛЕФ), др.верх-нем.: hleib (ХЛЕБ), нем.: Laib, готск.: hlaifs (ХЛАЙФС), литов.: klepas (КЛЕПАС), фин.: leipä (ЛЕИПА), эстон: leip (ЛЕИП) – ХЛЕБ («bread, буханка — loaf»)
Этимологический словарь английского языка утверждает, что протогерманский корень *khlaibuz – КЛАЙБУЗ (КОЛОБОК; ХЛЕБУС), имеет неопределенное происхождение, но в нём замаскированы слова Леди и Лорд
В 14 веке возникла современная односложная форма lord. С 1540-х годов слово ‘lord’ употребляется как «обычная вежливая или почтительная форма обращения к дворянину в звании герцога и к епископу».
Lad (n.) — парень (сущ.)
В этимологическом словаре английского языка с. 1300 г., слово ladde — «пехотинец», также «молодой слуга мужского пола», также засвидетельствовано как фамилия с конца 12 века. Возможно происхождение из скандинавского языка (сравните норвежский —ladd — «молодой человек», ЛАДНЫЙ), но в английском этимологическом словаре записано, что это слово «неясного происхождения».
«The Oxford English Dictionary» (OED) с некоторым сомнением связывает среднеанглийское слово ladde (ладд), во множественном числе происходящее от причастия прошедшего времени lead (v.) — «вести», Таким образом, ladde (ладд) — «тот, кто ведом» лордом («one who is led» by a lord).
Либерман (Liberman) считает, что ladde происходит от древнескандинавского -ladd «чулок; шерстяной чулок». «Развитие значения слова должно быть от «глупая молодежь» до «подростка низкого статуса» и до «молодого человека». Он добавляет: «Слова носок, чулок или название обуви кажутся были обычными словами оскорбления и прозвища дураков, и глупой молодёжи».
lad — лодырь, вялый, ленивый. Значение слова ladde (ладд) — «мальчик, молодежь, молодой человек» с середины 15 века.
ЛОДЫРЬ по-английски loafer «бездельник, лодырь» в английском этимологическом словаре записано, как «слово неизвестного происхождения», хотя понятно, что его корни в русском. В немецком Landläufer «бродяга» от Land «земля» + Läufer «бегун», от laufen «бегать» — опять же наше «лодыря гонять»
Laddish (прил.) записано в 1841 г., происходит от ladde (парень) + —ish = моложавый, мальчишеский. В русском ледащий. 1. прост. тщедушный, слабый. 2. диал. плохой, негодный.
Ladhood — мальчишество
lad + -ette — молодая женщина, которая ведёт себя, как мальчишка, шумна и громка, дерзка.
В самом раннем произведении прозаической литературы «Мабиногион», написанным на валлийском языке в Среднем Уэльсе в XII-XIII веках, составленном из более ранних устных традиций использовалось слово dyledogyon, в значении «дворяне», также упомянуты имена валлийских королей «King Cilydd son of Celyddon loses his wife Goleuddydd » (Силидд, сын Селиддона, потерял свою жену Голеуддидд)
Надпись на надгробие конца 10 — начала 11 века найденном при раскопках Старого собора, предшественника Винчестерского собора:
HER LIÐ GUNNI EORLES FEOLAGA (или FEOLADA) — Здесь лежит Гунни, сподвижник графа.
Учитывая скандинавское имя покойного GUNNI, можно предположить, что он был FEOLAGA или FEOLADA сподвижником, товарищем, братом по оружию графа Беорна (Earl Beorn), племянника короля Канута (King Canute), который был убит в 1049 году двоюродным братом Свейном Годвинсоном (Swein Godwineson) и похоронен в Старом соборе Винчестера другим Гарольд Годвинсон, будущим королём (Harold Godwineson).
Из скандинавского слово ‘FEOLAGA’ или FEOLADA перешло в ирландский, и в староанглийский (Old English), а в современном английском превратилось в ‘fellow’ — парень, собрат, малый, человек, сверстник.
Праславянский бог любви и согласия Лад и Лада.
О.Н.Трубачёв трактует праславянское слово *lada в книге «Славянские термины родства»: прасл. *lada восходит к IE слову *aldh- «выросший, зрелый» от праиндоевропеского PIE * al- «расти», питать.
Латинское: alō — «кормлю», старое причастие от глагола — altus * «вскормленный» > *«взрослый» > «высокий», в общегерманском *alanan «кормить», (готск. alan), причастие там тоже получило особое значение: *alþaz *«вскормленный» > *«взрослый» > «старый».
Old English: ald (Anglian), West Saxon: eald, англ. old — «старый, взрослый, опытный; первобытный» от Proto-Germanic: *althaz — взрослый; Old Frisian: ald, Gothic: alþeis, Dutch: oud, German: alt означающего «расти, питать», чтобы расти, от корня PIE * al- (2) «расти», питать. «
В 1655 г. англ.: adult — «взрослый, зрелый», alere — питать, расти, питать «.
Первичным значением славянского слова *lada — «старший, муж, мужчина». Ладо — звательная форма, обращение к возлюбленному в русском фольклоре, упоминание Ладо — «возлюбленный муж» в «Слове о полку Игореве». Позднее произошло перенесение мужского имени Лад, Ладо на женщину — Лада — это вторично.
В качестве сравнения О.Н. Трубачёв привлекает литовское имя Aldona, которое может восходить к термину родства *alda(s), *Aldhos в др.-рус. Лада при помощи суффикса -ona. (Ладона; Ладушка)
Можно с уверенностью сказать, что имена Лада и Лад родственны словам «лад», «ладить».
Санскрит: ЛАД, лада, ладо — Lad, lāda, lādo — любимый, дорогой, ладный. (Родственные слова в др.рус. яз.:— Лад — бог семейного счастья, ЛАДА–любимая, ЛАДО — любимый). Ахлада — Ahlada – услада, радость.
Лад, ладити, ладати, Ладьяти — lad, lādity, laḍati, lāḍayati – ладить, жить мирно, в согласии. (Родственные слова в др.рус. яз.: Ладиться — мириться, вести переговоры)
Ладен, ладна — lāden, lādna — хорошо, отличный. Связано с санскрит. словами: рад, радха — rāḍ, rāḍhā – красота, великолепие
Ладаха — laḍaha — красивый, приятный.(Родственные слова в рус. яз.: лад, ладный)
ЛАДЬЯТИ — Ladiati — играть, желать.
Лада — по мнению исследователей фольклора А. С. Фаминцына, Б. А. Рыбакова и их последователей, божество в славянской мифологии; богиня весны, весенней пахоты и сева, покровительница брака, любви, и веселья, славянская Bona dea, связанная с весенними и свадебными обрядами.
Бога Ладо — молодой пастушеский бог отождествляется со славянским богом весеннего солнца Ярилой, или с Аполлоном Соранским.
Фаминцын Александр Сергеевич в книге «Божества древних славян» пишет, что Аполлон (Apollo Soranus), как покровитель и пастырь волков, назывался λόκιος, и волк (λόκος) — символ Аполлона, и был посвящён древне-италийскому Марсу: lupus Martius. Св. Георгий (Св. Юрий) принял на себя вышеуказанную черту Аполлона и Марса: он у славян представляется волчьим пастырем, и повелителем над зверями. Разъезжая по лесам, св. Юрий раздаёт зверям наказы. «Сам Бог назначает волкам, что им есть», в русской поговорке говорится: «что у волка в зубах, то Егорий дал». Такой взгляд народа на волчью пищу, как на «благословенное» свыше, был известен и в древней Италии. По словам Сервия, однажды на горе Соракте пастухи приносили жертву подземному богу Диту (Dis); внезапно появились волки и похитили жертвенное мясо из огня. Пастухи бросились преследовать волков, но на пути они попали к пещере с ядовитыми испарениями и умерли.
По словам Плиния в честь Аполлона Соранского возжигались костры, и скакали через огни костров — это ещё более сближает культ бога Аполлона с культом божества солнца — славянского Сварожича, в честь которого во время высшего солнцестояния почти повсеместно в Европе, и в большинстве славянских земель, возжигали и возжигают огни костров и скачут через них, и проводят через них скот, с целью предохранения и людей, и скота от болезней и вообще вредного влияния злых демонов.. «Соранские волки»= Hirpi Sorani совершали обряды хождения по углям защищающие страну от недугов.
Песенный рефрен дед-ладо/дид-ладо характерен для общеславянского как *děd lada, то есть это название старшего родича — деда по имени Лада. Возможно также сопоставление дид с балтийский корнем did- «большой, великий» (лит. didelis «большой», didus «величественный»). Песенный рефрен «дид-ладо» некоторыми исследователями фольклора воспринимается как прославление Лада вместе с её третьим сыном по имени Дид, бога супружеской любви.
Кстати, для определения «англичане» летописец использует «Engla þeode» — «энгла ДЕДИ» или «Angelcynnes þeode» — «англиканнс ДЕДЫ», где þeod – ДЕДЫ, в значении «нация». ‘ealle Engla þeode’ — все англичане,
‘ealle þeodæ Angelcynnes’ — весь народ англичан,
‘eall seo duguð of Angelcynnes þeode’ — все лучшие англичане, нация.
Нация существует, если помнит своих предков «дедов» — þeod — по-русски ДЕД — предок, прародитель (умерший).
deað, deaþ существительное: смерть — death (формы: deaðe, deaþe dat sing; deaðes gen sing) — умерший предок.
История народа / нации в своем развитии основана на истории предков. Нация существует, если помнит своих предков, þeod (ДЕД).
Лад и Лада. Художник Михаил Нестеров
К самым старым письменным источникам, упоминающим Лада, относятся польские церковные поучения против язычества, относящиеся к первой четверти XV века, опубликованные Станиславом Урбанчиком.
Начало XV века:
Поляки ещё и посейчас около зелёных святок чествуют своих божков: Alado, Gardzyna, lesse… Этим божкам плохие христиане оказывают большую честь, чем Богу: девушки целый год не ходят в костёл молиться истинному Богу, тогда как на чествование этих своих божков они привыкли приходить.
1423 год (Ченстоховская рукопись Яна из Михочина):
…наши старики, старухи и девушки не молятся о том, чтобы стать достойными восприятия Святого Духа, но в эти три дня, когда надлежало бы предаваться размышлениям (Троицын день, Духов день…), сходятся старухи, женщины и девушки, но не в храм, не на молитву, а на пляски; не к богу взывать, но к дьяволу: Issaya, Lado, Hely, laya. Если таковые не покаются, то пойдут вместе с lassa, Lado на вечные муки.
1420-е годы:
Запрещаем также пляски и песни, в которых называются имена идолов: Lado, Ileli, lassa, Tya, проводимые во время зелёных святок, когда истинно познавшие Христа должны усердно просить Бога, чтобы им по примеру апостолов воспринять Дух Святой.
В конце XV века краковский каноник Ян Длугош (ум. в 1480 году) в первой книге своей хроники оставил описание языческого периода в Польше, и включил в пантеон богов польского Марса под именем бога Ляда (Lyada). Ян Длугош не выдумал это имя – оно было как в польской народной вере XV века, так и до этого, но он возвёл Ляда из духов в ранг богов, которым он не был. Дополняя их ещё Лелем и Полелем, которые, так же как и Лада и Иеша, появляются уже в XV веке в непонятных рефренах и припевах обрядовых песен.
Хронист Матвей Меховский упомянул, что в честь богов поют «старинные песни Lada — Lada, Ileli — Ileli, Poleli, сопровождая их танцами». Меховский считал, что Лада — это античная Леда, мать Кастора и Полидевка. Хронист Меховский идентифицировал Леля и Полеля с античными Кастором и Поллуксом. В Mater Verborum Лада соотносится с Венерой.
В XVII веке Иннокентий Гизель в своем «Синопсисе» в дополнение к рассказу «Повести временных лет» об идолах князя Владимира записал:
Четвёртый идол — Ладо. Сего имяху бога веселия и всякого благополучия. Жертвы ему приношаху готовящийся ко браку, помощию Лада мнящи себе добро веселие и любезно житие стяжати. Сия же прелесть от древнейших идолослужителей произыде, иже неких богов Леля и Полеля почитаху, их же богомерское имя и доныне по неким странам на сонмищах игралищных пением Лелюм-Полелем возглашают. Такожде и матерь лелеву и полелеву — Ладо, поюще: Ладо, Ладо! И того идола ветхую прелесть дияволю на брачных веселях, руками плещуще и о стол бьюще, воспевают.
Здесь Лада выступает сначала в мужском роде, а затем как мать Леля и Полеля.
Б. А. Рыбаков выдвинул гипотезу, что культ Лады имеет индоевропейские корни, сопоставляя её с древнегреческой богиней Лето и древнеримской Латоной.
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October 27 2020, 22:36
- Лингвистика
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леди (ленгвиздика)
ЛЕДИ. В английском языке есть интересное слово, известное всему миру, и в то – же время, не имеющее однокоренных слов ни в одном из европейских языков. Это слово есть только в английском языке, и получило распространение по всему миру именно как заимствование из английского языка. Это слово ЛЕДИ. Ему нет аналогов ни в во французском, ни в латинском, ни в германском языках. Оно не похоже и на какое – либо русское. Тем не менее, английский язык обладает одним похвальным свойством: несмотря на то, что фонетическое значение почти всех гласных, и некоторых согласных изменилось, до неузнаваемости, исказив индоевропейские корни английских слов, на письме сохраняется завидное постоянство. Как бы не звучало в современном английском языке слово, на бумаге оно законсервировано так, как его произносили несколько столетий тому назад. Прочитав его, как слово, написанное обычной, не английской, латиницей, с удивлением видим в нем вполне славянское слово ЛАДА, однокоренное словам ЛАДНАЯ (стройная, пропорциональная, красивая), ЛАД (мир, гармония), ЛАДИТЬ (делать, изготовлять). В английском языке, кстати, слово LADY стоит особняком, что явно указывает на то, что слово это для англичан – заимствованное.
Лексическое значение английского слова ЛЕДИ вполне соответствует как раз значению русского слова ЛАДА – благородная, стройная, умная, гармоничная. То есть именно ЛАДНАЯ!
Славянская ЛАДА осталась и в других языках: в «древнегреческом» как имена богинь Латоны (Ладной) и Леты (Лады), в латинском как Латиния (Ладная)
The word lady is a polite term for a woman, specifically the female equivalent to, or spouse of, a lord or gentleman, and in many contexts a term for any adult woman. Once relating specifically to women of high social class or status, over the last 300 years it has spread to embrace all adult women, though in some contexts may still be used to evoke a concept of «lady-like» standards of behaviour.
Contents
- 1 Etymology and usage
- 1.1 British and Irish usage
- 1.2 General usage: social class
- 2 References
Etymology and usage
The word comes from Old English hlǣfdige; the first part of the word is a mutated form of hlāf, «loaf, bread», also seen in the corresponding hlāford, «lord». The second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, «to knead», seen also in dough; the sense development from bread-kneader, or bread-maker, or bread-shaper, to the ordinary meaning, though not clearly to be traced historically, may be illustrated by that of «lord».
The primary meaning of «mistress of a household» is now mostly obsolete, save for the term landlady and in set phrases such as «the lady of the house.» This meaning is retained in the southern states of the USA, however, in the title First Lady for the wife of an elected official. In many European languages the equivalent term serves as a general form of address equivalent to the English Missus usually written Mrs (French Madame, Spanish Señora, Italian Signora, German Frau, Polish Pani, etc.). In those languages it is correct to address a woman whose name is unknown as Madame, Señora, etc., but in English «lady» has for centuries only normally been a «term of address» in the plural,[1] which is also the case for «gentleman». The singular vocative use was once common but became confined to poetry.[1] The equivalent English term for politely addressing a woman is Madam, or in the United States the shortened form Ma’am.
The special use of the word as a title of the Virgin Mary, usually Our Lady, represents the Latin Domina Nostra. In Lady Day and Lady Chapel the word is properly a genitive, representing hlǣfdigan «of the Lady».
The word is also used as a title of the Wiccan Goddess, The Lady; Margaret Thatcher was informally referred to in the same way by many of her political colleagues when Prime Minister of Great Britain.
British and Irish usage
Especially in both Britain and Ireland, ‘lady’ is often, but not always, simply a courteous synonym for ‘woman’. It has a formal and respectful quality, being used to describe an older woman such as ‘an old lady’ or when speaking about a woman to a child (e.g. «Give the money to the lady.») It may be used, however incongruously, in descriptions such as «the cleaning lady» or even «a bag lady» (tramp). Public lavatories are often distinguished by signs showing simply ‘Ladies’ or ‘Gentlemen’.
However, formally «lady» is the female counterpart to higher ranks in society, from gentlemen, through knights, to lords, and so on. During the Middle Ages, princesses or daughters of the blood royal were usually known by their first names with «The Lady» prefixed, e.g. The Lady Elizabeth; since Old English and Middle English did not have a female equivalent to princes or earls or other royals or nobles, aside from the queen, women of royal and noble status simply carried the title of «Lady».
As a title of nobility, the uses of «lady» in Britain are parallel to those of «lord». It is thus a less formal alternative to the full title giving the specific rank, of marchioness, countess, viscountess or baroness, whether as the title of the husband’s rank by right or courtesy, or as the lady’s title in her own right. A peeress’s title is used with the definite article: Lord Morris’s wife is «The Lady Morris». A widow’s title derived from her husband becomes the dowager, e.g. The Dowager Lady Smith. The title «Lady» is also used for a woman who is the wife of a Scottish feudal baron, the title «Lady» preceding the name of the barony.
In the case of younger sons of a duke or marquess, who by courtesy have «Lord» prefixed to their given and family name, the wife is known by the husband’s given and family name with «The Lady» prefixed, e.g. The Lady John Smith. The daughters of dukes, marquesses and earls are by courtesy ladies; here that title is prefixed to the given and family name of the lady, e.g. The Lady Jane Smith, and this is preserved if the lady marries a commoner, e.g. Mr John and The Lady Jane Smith. The article ‘The’ should be used prior to «Lady» or «Lord» in all cases, except after a divorce for women who do not hold the courtesy title of «Lady» in their own right, e.g. or Jane, Lady Smith (the ex-wife of Lord John Smith).
«Lady» is also the customary title of the wife of a baronet or knight, but in this case with neither the article nor Christian name: «Lady» with the surname of the husband only, Sir John and Lady Smith. When a woman divorces a knight and he marries again, the new wife will be Lady Smith while the ex-wife becomes Jane, Lady Smith.
Female recipients of the Order of the Garter and Order of the Thistle also receive the prefix of Lady; here that title is prefixed to the given and family name of the lady, e.g. The Lady Marion Fraser LT, with the post nominal LG or LT respectively, and this is preserved if the lady marries.
In more recent years, use of the word lady is even more complicated. The American journalist William Allen White noted one of the difficulties in his 1946 autobiography. He relates that a woman who had paid a fine for prostitution came to his newspaper to protest, not that the fact of her conviction was reported, but that the newspaper had referred to her as a «woman» rather than a «lady.» After the incident, White assured his readers, his papers referred to human females as «women,» with the exception of police court characters, who were all «ladies.»
White’s anecdote touches on a phenomenon that others have remarked on as well. In the late 19th and early twentieth century, in a difference reflected in the British novelist Nancy Mitford’s essay «U vs. non-U», lower class women strongly preferred to be called «ladies» while women from higher social backgrounds were content to be identified as «women.» Alfred Ayer remarked in 1881 that upper middle class female store clerks were content to be «saleswomen,» while lower class female store clerks, for whom their job represented a social advancement, insisted on being called «salesladies.» These social class issues, while no longer as prominent in this century, have imbued the formal use of «lady» with something of irony (e.g.: «my cleaning lady,» or «ladies of the night» for prostitutes). Commenting on the word in 1953, C.S. Lewis wrote that «the guard at Holloway said it was a ladies’ prison!»
It remains in use, for example, as a counterpart to «gentleman,» in the phrase «ladies and gentlemen,» and is generally interchangeable (in a strictly informal sense) with «woman» (as in, «The lady at the store said I could return this item within thirty days.»). A sign in the gardens of Hunters Hotel reads «Ladies and Gentlemen will not pick the flowers; others must not»
References
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- ^ a b Oxford English Dictionary
- Merriam Webster’s Dictionary of English Usage (Merriam-Webster, 1989), ISBN 0-87779-132-5.
v · d · ePrimary social titles in English | |
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Feminine |
Miss · Mrs. · Ms. · Madam · Dame · Lady |
Masculine |
Mr. (Mister) · Mstr. (Master) · Esq. (Esquire) · Sir · Lord |
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December 25 2021, 22:55
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Леди
Этимология от ахинейщиков народно-«научной» лингвистики: Ле́ди — англ. lady «госпожа, хозяйка» от др.-англ. hlǣfdige «та, кто месит хлеб», аналогично лорд «хранитель хлеба».
Настоящая этимология:
[ləda; лэда] לֵידָה (ивр.) – роды, рождение;
Лада, Леда — Богородица, Роженица;
Lady, Леди (англ.) — вежливое обращение к женщине.
См. ЙОЛЬ, YALDA, КОЛЯДА — Рождество Солнца — https://anti-fasmer.livejournal.com/134040.html
И Lord, Лорд — Господь, господин — хранитель, защитник, да не хлеба, а людей.
См. ЛАВР и ЛАРЬ — https://anti-fasmer.livejournal.com/550624.html
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Six feet three in her stocking feet, L’Wren Scott was every inch a great lady.
Hamish Bowles
ETYMOLOGY OF THE WORD LADY
Old English hlǣfdīge, from hlāf bread + dīge kneader, related to dāh dough.
Etymology is the study of the origin of words and their changes in structure and significance.
PRONUNCIATION OF LADY
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY OF LADY
Lady is a noun.
A noun is a type of word the meaning of which determines reality. Nouns provide the names for all things: people, objects, sensations, feelings, etc.
WHAT DOES LADY MEAN IN ENGLISH?
Lady
The word lady is a civil term of respect for a woman, specifically the female equivalent to gentleman or lord, and in many contexts a term for any adult woman. Once confined to usage when specifically addressing women of high social class or status; over the last 300 years, the term can now be used to refer to any respectable adult woman. Portrait of Augusta, Lady Gregory, who some thought embodied the classical attributes of a lady…
Definition of lady in the English dictionary
The definition of lady in the dictionary is a woman regarded as having the characteristics of a good family and high social position. Other definition of lady is a polite name for a woman.
WORDS THAT RHYME WITH LADY
Synonyms and antonyms of lady in the English dictionary of synonyms
SYNONYMS OF «LADY»
The following words have a similar or identical meaning as «lady» and belong to the same grammatical category.
Translation of «lady» into 25 languages
TRANSLATION OF LADY
Find out the translation of lady to 25 languages with our English multilingual translator.
The translations of lady from English to other languages presented in this section have been obtained through automatic statistical translation; where the essential translation unit is the word «lady» in English.
Translator English — Chinese
女士
1,325 millions of speakers
Translator English — Spanish
dama
570 millions of speakers
English
lady
510 millions of speakers
Translator English — Hindi
महिला
380 millions of speakers
Translator English — Arabic
سَيِّدَةٌ
280 millions of speakers
Translator English — Russian
леди
278 millions of speakers
Translator English — Portuguese
senhora
270 millions of speakers
Translator English — Bengali
ভদ্রমহিলা
260 millions of speakers
Translator English — French
dame
220 millions of speakers
Translator English — Malay
wanita
190 millions of speakers
Translator English — German
Dame
180 millions of speakers
Translator English — Japanese
婦人
130 millions of speakers
Translator English — Korean
숙녀
85 millions of speakers
Translator English — Javanese
Lady
85 millions of speakers
Translator English — Vietnamese
quý bà
80 millions of speakers
Translator English — Tamil
பெண்
75 millions of speakers
Translator English — Marathi
महिला
75 millions of speakers
Translator English — Turkish
bayan
70 millions of speakers
Translator English — Italian
signora
65 millions of speakers
Translator English — Polish
dama
50 millions of speakers
Translator English — Ukrainian
леді
40 millions of speakers
Translator English — Romanian
doamnă
30 millions of speakers
Translator English — Greek
κυρία
15 millions of speakers
Translator English — Afrikaans
lady
14 millions of speakers
Translator English — Swedish
dam
10 millions of speakers
Translator English — Norwegian
dame
5 millions of speakers
Trends of use of lady
TENDENCIES OF USE OF THE TERM «LADY»
The term «lady» is very widely used and occupies the 1.910 position in our list of most widely used terms in the English dictionary.
FREQUENCY
Very widely used
The map shown above gives the frequency of use of the term «lady» in the different countries.
Principal search tendencies and common uses of lady
List of principal searches undertaken by users to access our English online dictionary and most widely used expressions with the word «lady».
FREQUENCY OF USE OF THE TERM «LADY» OVER TIME
The graph expresses the annual evolution of the frequency of use of the word «lady» during the past 500 years. Its implementation is based on analysing how often the term «lady» appears in digitalised printed sources in English between the year 1500 and the present day.
Examples of use in the English literature, quotes and news about lady
10 QUOTES WITH «LADY»
Famous quotes and sentences with the word lady.
In the world today, a young lady who does not have a college education just is not educated.
I’ve done so many Lifetime movies; at this point, I’ll be going through airport security, and the lady there will be like, ‘I took the weekend off and I saw four of your movies.’ And I say: ‘You’ve been watching Lifetime, right?’
Actors worry about bad breath, weight, receding hairlines and why their leading lady looks like their daughter.
My mother was a leading lady in a local theatre in Birmingham, Alabama, where I grew up.
I’m a lobbyist and had a career lobbying. The guy who gets elected or the lady who gets elected president of the United States will immediately be lobbying. They would be advocating to the Congress, they’ll be lobbying our allies and our adversaries overseas. They’ll be asking the business community and labor unions.
What could be more beautiful than a dear old lady growing wise with age? Every age can be enchanting, provided you live within it.
Whenever there’s heavy-duty emotional work to be done, they call me. As for playing the completely off-the-wall, sexy, gorgeous lady that I am — no, they don’t think of me.
Six feet three in her stocking feet, L’Wren Scott was every inch a great lady.
Any first lady can do whatever they want to do. In this country, people expect them to work on whatever they want or to have a career of their own.
No lady is ever a gentleman.
10 ENGLISH BOOKS RELATING TO «LADY»
Discover the use of lady in the following bibliographical selection. Books relating to lady and brief extracts from same to provide context of its use in English literature.
1
Inanna, Lady of Largest Heart: Poems of the Sumerian High …
This book provides the complete texts of Enheduanna’s hymns to Inanna, skillfully and beautifully rendered by Betty De Shong Meador, who also discusses how the poems reflect Enheduanna’s own spiritual and psychological liberation from being …
Enheduanna, Betty De Shong Meador, 2000
2
50 Things Every Young Lady Should Know: What to Do, What to …
While the formal rules of etiquette are not taught the way they once were, good manners are as critical today as they ever were. 50 Things Every Young Lady Should Know provides a modern update on the ageless idea that girls should know …
Hollywood celebrity Tracy Ellison’s personal assistant and cousin, Vanessa, oversees the trials and tribulations of a film production about Tracy’s life.
4
Lady Q: The Rise and Fall of a Latin Queen
Looks at the life of a member of Chicago’s Puerto Rican gang the Latin Queens, the female counterpoint of the Latin Kings, and details the years of sexual abuse that began at the age of five and the consequences of breaking the gang’s code …
Reymundo Sanchez, Sonia Rodriguez, 2010
5
Texas Bluebonnet: Lady Bird Johnson
She took a highly active part in her husband’s war-on-poverty program, especially the Head Start project for preschool children. This book traces Lady Bird’s life in a lively, informative and entertaining manner.
6
Lady Gaga: A Monster Romance
These unofficial celebrity books are the perfect must-have item for every fan and pop-culture connoisseur.
7
Margaret Thatcher: A Portrait of the Iron Lady
The book begins with contrasting scenes? the desolation of Britain in the 1978-9?Winter of Discontent? prior to Thatcher’s premiership, and.
8
The Grimoire of Lady Sheba: Includes The Book of Shadows
An indispensable guide for all students of witchcraft, magick, and the occultarts, his volume contains material especially added for contemporary witches.
9
The Psychological Analysis of Henry James in the Portrait of …
The author of over twenty novels, twelve plays, and one hundred and twelve short stories, Henry James (1843-1916) is the acknowledged
Claudine L. Maria Julia Boros, 2010
10
How to Be a Lady Revised & Updated: A Contemporary Guide to …
Of all the women you know, how many of them would you describe as “a lady”?
Can Bridges, Bryan Curtis, 2012
10 NEWS ITEMS WHICH INCLUDE THE TERM «LADY»
Find out what the national and international press are talking about and how the term lady is used in the context of the following news items.
Lady Gaga’s latest way to shock? Being mainstream and ‘normcore …
Lady Gaga sings live in Italy at Umbria Jazz Festival … Two years ago, Lady Gaga released an album of relentless Eurodisco titled Artpop. «The Guardian, Jul 15»
Lady Gaga wears a bra and Daisy Dukes after long day of travelling …
Not shy: Lady Gaga posted two semi-naked images to instagram on Saturday and under this one she captioned: ‘You know that means, hour … «Daily Mail, Jul 15»
3-year-old transplant survivor sings with Lady Antebellum | www …
Mallory Kate Hall and her sister always sing Lady Antebellum’s «Compass» to get them through hard times. There have been several of those … «WSB Atlanta, Jul 15»
Lady Eagles overwhelm Stags | Sports, News, The Philippine Star …
Valdez, who opted to take a rest in the Lady Eagles’ four-set victory over the UST Tigresses last week, came in only in the third set and fired five … «Philippine Star, Jul 15»
Suchet: Wilde’s Lady Bracknell is ‘nouveau riche’, 19/07/2015 … — BBC
“Lady Bracknell is nouveau riche… and I’d never seen that before.” The Importance of Being Earnest is on at the Vaudeville Theatre, London … «BBC News, Jul 15»
Taylor Swift Says Lady Gaga Tweet Helped Her Find Love : People …
Taylor Swift Says Lady Gaga’s ‘Magical’ Tweet Gave Her ‘Good Love Luck’. 0SHARES. Reprint. 0 Comments subscribe now. Taylor Swift Says … «People Magazine, Jul 15»
Lady Gaga’s Israeli Shoe Guy — Culture – Forward.com
It was from a studio executive working on Lady Gaga’s newest video — a raunchy, otherworldly clip to accompany her pop anthem “Born This … «Forward, Jul 15»
Women’s health: Everything you need to know about keeping your …
Trouble is, our lady bits aren’t usually water cooler chat, and many of us feel embarrassed discussing ‘down there’ with our doctor. According to … «Mirror.co.uk, Jul 15»
Defenceless Old Lady — Golf Monthly
The Grand Old Lady Credit: Getty Images. After the disappointments of yesterday’s weather and the news that this year’s Open will finish on … «Golf Monthly, Jul 15»
‘American Horror Story: Hotel’ news: Lady Gaga reveals premiere …
«American Horror Story: Hotel» has been providing a lot of teasers of late. Lead star Lady Gaga has been one of the ardent ones to serve up … «ChristianToday, Jul 15»
REFERENCE
« EDUCALINGO. Lady [online]. Available <https://educalingo.com/en/dic-en/lady>. Apr 2023 ».
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