The word japan means

Japan 日本国 (Japanese) Nippon-koku or Nihon-koku
Flag Imperial Seal
Anthem:  君が代 Kimigayo «His Imperial Majesty’s Reign»
Government Seal
Territory controlled by Japan in dark green; territory claimed but not controlled shown in light green
Capital and largest city	Tokyo 35°41′N 139°46′E / 35.683°N 139.767°E
Official languages	Japanese (de facto)
Demonym(s)	Japanese
Government	Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy
• Emperor	Naruhito
• Prime Minister	Fumio Kishida
Legislature	National Diet
• Upper house	House of Councillors
• Lower house	House of Representatives
Formation
• Imperial Dynasty established	February 11, 660 BC
• Meiji Constitution	November 29, 1890
• Current constitution	May 3, 1947
Area
• Total	377,975 km2 (145,937 sq mi)[1] (62nd)
• Water (%)	1.4 (2015)[2]
Population
• 2022 estimate	124,840,000[3] (11th)
• 2020 census	126,226,568[4]
• Density	330/km2 (854.7/sq mi) (44th)
GDP (PPP)	2022 estimate
• Total	$6.139 trillion[5] (4th)
• Per capita	$49,044[5] (36th)
GDP (nominal)	2022 estimate
• Total	$4.234 trillion[5] (3rd)
• Per capita	$33,822[5] (28th)
Gini (2018)	33.4[6] medium
HDI (2021)	0.925[7] very high · 19th
Currency	Japanese yen (¥)
Time zone	UTC+09:00 (JST)
Driving side	left
Calling code	+81
ISO 3166 code	JP
Internet TLD	.jp

Japan (Japanese: 日本, Nippon or Nihon,^{[nb 1]} and formally 日本国, Nihonkoku)^{[nb 2]} is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north toward the East China Sea, Philippine Sea, and Taiwan in the south. Japan is a part of the Ring of Fire, and spans an archipelago of 14,125 islands, with the five main islands being Hokkaido, Honshu (the «mainland»), Shikoku, Kyushu, and Okinawa. Tokyo is the nation’s capital and largest city, followed by Yokohama, Osaka, Nagoya, Sapporo, Fukuoka, Kobe, and Kyoto.

Japan is the eleventh most populous country in the world, as well as one of the most densely populated and urbanized. About three-fourths of the country’s terrain is mountainous, concentrating its population of almost 125 million on narrow coastal plains. Japan is divided into 47 administrative prefectures and eight traditional regions. The Greater Tokyo Area is the most populous metropolitan area in the world, with more than 37.2 million residents.

Japan has been inhabited since the Upper Paleolithic period (30,000 BC). Between the 4th and 9th centuries, the kingdoms of Japan became unified under an emperor and the imperial court based in Heian-kyō. Beginning in the 12th century, political power was held by a series of military dictators (shōgun) and feudal lords (daimyō) and enforced by a class of warrior nobility (samurai). After a century-long period of civil war, the country was reunified in 1603 under the Tokugawa shogunate, which enacted an isolationist foreign policy. In 1854, a United States fleet forced Japan to open trade to the West, which led to the end of the shogunate and the restoration of imperial power in 1868. In the Meiji period, the Empire of Japan adopted a Western-modeled constitution and pursued a program of industrialization and modernization. Amidst a rise in militarism and overseas colonization, Japan invaded China in 1937 and entered World War II as an Axis power in 1941. After suffering defeat in the Pacific War and two atomic bombings, Japan surrendered in 1945 and came under a seven-year Allied occupation, during which it adopted a new constitution.

Under the 1947 constitution, Japan has maintained a unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy with a bicameral legislature, the National Diet. Japan is a developed country and a great power. It is a member of numerous international organizations, including the United Nations, G20, OECD, and the Group of Seven. Its economy is the world’s third-largest by nominal GDP and the fourth-largest by PPP, with its per capita income ranking at 36th highest in the world. Although Japan has renounced its right to declare war, the country maintains Self-Defense Forces that rank as one of the world’s strongest militaries. Japan has the world’s highest life expectancy, though it is experiencing a population decline. A global leader in the automotive, robotics and electronics industries, the country has made significant contributions to science and technology. Japan is also considered a cultural superpower as the culture of Japan is well known around the world, including its art, cuisine, film, music, and popular culture, which encompasses prominent manga, anime and video game industries.

Etymology

The name for Japan in Japanese is written using the kanji 日本 and is pronounced Nippon or Nihon.^[9] Before 日本 was adopted in the early 8th century, the country was known in China as Wa (倭, changed in Japan around 757 to 和) and in Japan by the endonym Yamato.^[10] Nippon, the original Sino-Japanese reading of the characters, is favored for official uses, including on banknotes and postage stamps.^[9] Nihon is typically used in everyday speech and reflects shifts in Japanese phonology during the Edo period.^[10] The characters 日本 mean «sun origin»,^[9] which is the source of the popular Western epithet «Land of the Rising Sun».^[11]

The name «Japan» is based on Chinese pronunciations of 日本 and was introduced to European languages through early trade. In the 13th century, Marco Polo recorded the early Mandarin or Wu Chinese pronunciation of the characters 日本國 as Cipangu.^[12] The old Malay name for Japan, Japang or Japun, was borrowed from a southern coastal Chinese dialect and encountered by Portuguese traders in Southeast Asia, who brought the word to Europe in the early 16th century.^[13] The first version of the name in English appears in a book published in 1577, which spelled the name as Giapan in a translation of a 1565 Portuguese letter.^[14][15]

History

Prehistoric to classical history

A Paleolithic culture from around 30,000 BC constitutes the first known habitation of the islands of Japan.^[16] This was followed from around 14,500 BC (the start of the Jōmon period) by a Mesolithic to Neolithic semi-sedentary hunter-gatherer culture characterized by pit dwelling and rudimentary agriculture.^[17] Clay vessels from the period are among the oldest surviving examples of pottery.^[18] From around 700 BC, the Japonic-speaking Yayoi people began to enter the archipelago from the Korean Peninsula,^[19][20][21] intermingling with the Jōmon;^[21] the Yayoi period saw the introduction of practices including wet-rice farming,^[22] a new style of pottery,^[23] and metallurgy from China and Korea.^[24] According to legend, Emperor Jimmu (grandson of Amaterasu) founded a kingdom in central Japan in 660 BC, beginning a continuous imperial line.^[25]

Japan first appears in written history in the Chinese Book of Han, completed in 111 AD. Buddhism was introduced to Japan from Baekje (a Korean kingdom) in 552, but the development of Japanese Buddhism was primarily influenced by China.^[26] Despite early resistance, Buddhism was promoted by the ruling class, including figures like Prince Shōtoku, and gained widespread acceptance beginning in the Asuka period (592–710).^[27]

The far-reaching Taika Reforms in 645 nationalized all land in Japan, to be distributed equally among cultivators, and ordered the compilation of a household registry as the basis for a new system of taxation.^[28] The Jinshin War of 672, a bloody conflict between Prince Ōama and his nephew Prince Ōtomo, became a major catalyst for further administrative reforms.^[29] These reforms culminated with the promulgation of the Taihō Code, which consolidated existing statutes and established the structure of the central and subordinate local governments.^[28] These legal reforms created the ritsuryō state, a system of Chinese-style centralized government that remained in place for half a millennium.^[29]

The Nara period (710–784) marked the emergence of a Japanese state centered on the Imperial Court in Heijō-kyō (modern Nara). The period is characterized by the appearance of a nascent literary culture with the completion of the Kojiki (712) and Nihon Shoki (720), as well as the development of Buddhist-inspired artwork and architecture.^[30][31] A smallpox epidemic in 735–737 is believed to have killed as much as one-third of Japan’s population.^[31][32] In 784, Emperor Kanmu moved the capital, settling on Heian-kyō (modern-day Kyoto) in 794.^[31] This marked the beginning of the Heian period (794–1185), during which a distinctly indigenous Japanese culture emerged. Murasaki Shikibu’s The Tale of Genji and the lyrics of Japan’s national anthem «Kimigayo» were written during this time.^[33]

Feudal era

Japan’s feudal era was characterized by the emergence and dominance of a ruling class of warriors, the samurai.^[34] In 1185, following the defeat of the Taira clan in the Genpei War, samurai Minamoto no Yoritomo established a military government at Kamakura.^[35] After Yoritomo’s death, the Hōjō clan came to power as regents for the shōgun.^[31] The Zen school of Buddhism was introduced from China in the Kamakura period (1185–1333) and became popular among the samurai class.^[36] The Kamakura shogunate repelled Mongol invasions in 1274 and 1281 but was eventually overthrown by Emperor Go-Daigo.^[31] Go-Daigo was defeated by Ashikaga Takauji in 1336, beginning the Muromachi period (1336–1573).^[37] The succeeding Ashikaga shogunate failed to control the feudal warlords (daimyō) and a civil war began in 1467, opening the century-long Sengoku period («Warring States»).^[38]

During the 16th century, Portuguese traders and Jesuit missionaries reached Japan for the first time, initiating direct commercial and cultural exchange between Japan and the West.^[31][39] Oda Nobunaga used European technology and firearms to conquer many other daimyō;^[40] his consolidation of power began what was known as the Azuchi–Momoyama period.^[41] After the death of Nobunaga in 1582, his successor, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, unified the nation in the early 1590s and launched two unsuccessful invasions of Korea in 1592 and 1597.^[31]

Tokugawa Ieyasu served as regent for Hideyoshi’s son Toyotomi Hideyori and used his position to gain political and military support.^[42] When open war broke out, Ieyasu defeated rival clans in the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600. He was appointed shōgun by Emperor Go-Yōzei in 1603 and established the Tokugawa shogunate at Edo (modern Tokyo).^[43] The shogunate enacted measures including buke shohatto, as a code of conduct to control the autonomous daimyō,^[44] and in 1639 the isolationist sakoku («closed country») policy that spanned the two and a half centuries of tenuous political unity known as the Edo period (1603–1868).^[43][45] Modern Japan’s economic growth began in this period, resulting in roads and water transportation routes, as well as financial instruments such as futures contracts, banking and insurance of the Osaka rice brokers.^[46] The study of Western sciences (rangaku) continued through contact with the Dutch enclave in Nagasaki.^[43] The Edo period gave rise to kokugaku («national studies»), the study of Japan by the Japanese.^[47]

Modern era

The United States Navy sent Commodore Matthew C. Perry to force the opening of Japan to the outside world. Arriving at Uraga with four «Black Ships» in July 1853, the Perry Expedition resulted in the March 1854 Convention of Kanagawa.^[43] Subsequent similar treaties with other Western countries brought economic and political crises.^[43] The resignation of the shōgun led to the Boshin War and the establishment of a centralized state nominally unified under the emperor (the Meiji Restoration).^[48] Adopting Western political, judicial, and military institutions, the Cabinet organized the Privy Council, introduced the Meiji Constitution (November 29, 1890), and assembled the Imperial Diet.^[49] During the Meiji period (1868–1912), the Empire of Japan emerged as the most developed nation in Asia and as an industrialized world power that pursued military conflict to expand its sphere of influence.^[50][51][52] After victories in the First Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895) and the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905), Japan gained control of Taiwan, Korea and the southern half of Sakhalin.^[53][49] The Japanese population doubled from 35 million in 1873 to 70 million by 1935, with a significant shift to urbanization.^[54][55]

The early 20th century saw a period of Taishō democracy (1912–1926) overshadowed by increasing expansionism and militarization.^[56][57] World War I allowed Japan, which joined the side of the victorious Allies, to capture German possessions in the Pacific and in China.^[57] The 1920s saw a political shift towards statism, a period of lawlessness following the 1923 Great Tokyo Earthquake, the passing of laws against political dissent, and a series of attempted coups.^[55][58][59] This process accelerated during the 1930s, spawning several radical nationalist groups that shared a hostility to liberal democracy and a dedication to expansion in Asia. In 1931, Japan invaded and occupied Manchuria; following international condemnation of the occupation, it resigned from the League of Nations two years later.^[60] In 1936, Japan signed the Anti-Comintern Pact with Nazi Germany; the 1940 Tripartite Pact made it one of the Axis Powers.^[55]

The Empire of Japan invaded other parts of China in 1937, precipitating the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945).^[61] In 1940, the Empire invaded French Indochina, after which the United States placed an oil embargo on Japan.^[55][62] On December 7–8, 1941, Japanese forces carried out surprise attacks on Pearl Harbor, as well as on British forces in Malaya, Singapore, and Hong Kong, among others, beginning World War II in the Pacific.^[63] Throughout areas occupied by Japan during the war, numerous abuses were committed against local inhabitants, with many forced into sexual slavery.^[64] After Allied victories during the next four years, which culminated in the Soviet invasion of Manchuria and the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945, Japan agreed to an unconditional surrender.^[65] The war cost Japan its colonies and millions of lives.^[55] The Allies (led by the United States) repatriated millions of Japanese settlers from their former colonies and military camps throughout Asia, largely eliminating the Japanese Empire and its influence over the territories it conquered.^[66][67] The Allies convened the International Military Tribunal for the Far East to prosecute Japanese leaders for war crimes.^[67]

In 1947, Japan adopted a new constitution emphasizing liberal democratic practices.^[67] The Allied occupation ended with the Treaty of San Francisco in 1952,^[68] and Japan was granted membership in the United Nations in 1956.^[67] A period of record growth propelled Japan to become the second-largest economy in the world;^[67] this ended in the mid-1990s after the popping of an asset price bubble, beginning the «Lost Decade».^[69] On March 11, 2011, Japan suffered one of the largest earthquakes in its recorded history, triggering the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster.^[70] On May 1, 2019, after the historic abdication of Emperor Akihito, his son Naruhito became Emperor, beginning the Reiwa era.^[71]

Geography

Japan comprises 14,125 islands extending along the Pacific coast of Asia.^[72] It stretches over 3000 km (1900 mi) northeast–southwest from the Sea of Okhotsk to the East China Sea.^[73][74] The country’s five main islands, from north to south, are Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu and Okinawa.^[75] The Ryukyu Islands, which include Okinawa, are a chain to the south of Kyushu. The Nanpō Islands are south and east of the main islands of Japan. Together they are often known as the Japanese archipelago.^[76] As of 2019, Japan’s territory is 377,975.24 km² (145,937.06 sq mi).^[1] Japan has the sixth-longest coastline in the world at 29,751 km (18,486 mi). Because of its far-flung outlying islands, Japan has the eighth-largest exclusive economic zone in the world, covering 4,470,000 km² (1,730,000 sq mi).^[77][78]

The Japanese archipelago is 67% forests and 14% agricultural.^[79] The primarily rugged and mountainous terrain is restricted for habitation.^[80] Thus the habitable zones, mainly in the coastal areas, have very high population densities: Japan is the 40th most densely populated country.^[81][82] Honshu has the highest population density at 450 persons/km² (1200/sq mi) as of 2010, while Hokkaido has the lowest density of 64.5 persons/km² as of 2016.^[83] As of 2014, approximately 0.5% of Japan’s total area is reclaimed land (umetatechi).^[84] Lake Biwa is an ancient lake and the country’s largest freshwater lake.^[85]

Japan is substantially prone to earthquakes, tsunami and volcanic eruptions because of its location along the Pacific Ring of Fire.^[86] It has the 17th highest natural disaster risk as measured in the 2016 World Risk Index.^[87] Japan has 111 active volcanoes.^[88] Destructive earthquakes, often resulting in tsunami, occur several times each century;^[89] the 1923 Tokyo earthquake killed over 140,000 people.^[90] More recent major quakes are the 1995 Great Hanshin earthquake and the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake, which triggered a large tsunami.^[70]

Climate

The climate of Japan is predominantly temperate but varies greatly from north to south. The northernmost region, Hokkaido, has a humid continental climate with long, cold winters and very warm to cool summers. Precipitation is not heavy, but the islands usually develop deep snowbanks in the winter.^[91]

In the Sea of Japan region on Honshu’s west coast, northwest winter winds bring heavy snowfall during winter. In the summer, the region sometimes experiences extremely hot temperatures because of the foehn.^[92] The Central Highland has a typical inland humid continental climate, with large temperature differences between summer and winter. The mountains of the Chūgoku and Shikoku regions shelter the Seto Inland Sea from seasonal winds, bringing mild weather year-round.^[91]

The Pacific coast features a humid subtropical climate that experiences milder winters with occasional snowfall and hot, humid summers because of the southeast seasonal wind. The Ryukyu and Nanpō Islands have a subtropical climate, with warm winters and hot summers. Precipitation is very heavy, especially during the rainy season.^[91] The main rainy season begins in early May in Okinawa, and the rain front gradually moves north. In late summer and early autumn, typhoons often bring heavy rain.^[93] According to the Environment Ministry, heavy rainfall and increasing temperatures have caused problems in the agricultural industry and elsewhere.^[94] The highest temperature ever measured in Japan, 41.1 °C (106.0 °F), was recorded on July 23, 2018,^[95] and repeated on August 17, 2020.^[96]

Biodiversity

Japan has nine forest ecoregions which reflect the climate and geography of the islands. They range from subtropical moist broadleaf forests in the Ryūkyū and Bonin Islands, to temperate broadleaf and mixed forests in the mild climate regions of the main islands, to temperate coniferous forests in the cold, winter portions of the northern islands.^[97] Japan has over 90,000 species of wildlife as of 2019,^[98] including the brown bear, the Japanese macaque, the Japanese raccoon dog, the small Japanese field mouse, and the Japanese giant salamander.^[99]

A large network of national parks has been established to protect important areas of flora and fauna as well as 52 Ramsar wetland sites.^[100][101] Four sites have been inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List for their outstanding natural value.^[102]

Environment

In the period of rapid economic growth after World War II, environmental policies were downplayed by the government and industrial corporations; as a result, environmental pollution was widespread in the 1950s and 1960s. Responding to rising concerns, the government introduced environmental protection laws in 1970.^[103] The oil crisis in 1973 also encouraged the efficient use of energy because of Japan’s lack of natural resources.^[104]

Japan ranks 20th in the 2018 Environmental Performance Index, which measures a nation’s commitment to environmental sustainability.^[105] Japan is the world’s fifth-largest emitter of carbon dioxide.^[94] As the host and signatory of the 1997 Kyoto Protocol, Japan is under treaty obligation to reduce its carbon dioxide emissions and to take other steps to curb climate change.^[106] In 2020 the government of Japan announced a target of carbon-neutrality by 2050.^[107] Environmental issues include urban air pollution (NOx, suspended particulate matter, and toxics), waste management, water eutrophication, nature conservation, climate change, chemical management and international co-operation for conservation.^[108]

Government and politics

Japan is a unitary state and constitutional monarchy in which the power of the Emperor is limited to a ceremonial role.^[109] Executive power is instead wielded by the Prime Minister of Japan and his Cabinet, whose sovereignty is vested in the Japanese people.^[110] Naruhito is the Emperor of Japan, having succeeded his father Akihito upon his accession to the Chrysanthemum Throne in 2019.^[109]

Japan’s legislative organ is the National Diet, a bicameral parliament.^[109] It consists of a lower House of Representatives with 465 seats, elected by popular vote every four years or when dissolved, and an upper House of Councillors with 245 seats, whose popularly-elected members serve six-year terms.^[111] There is universal suffrage for adults over 18 years of age,^[112] with a secret ballot for all elected offices.^[110] The prime minister as the head of government has the power to appoint and dismiss Ministers of State, and is appointed by the emperor after being designated from among the members of the Diet.^[111] Fumio Kishida is Japan’s prime minister; he took office after winning the 2021 Liberal Democratic Party leadership election.^[113] The right-wing big tent Liberal Democratic Party has been the dominant party in the country since the 1950s, often called the 1955 System.^[114]

Historically influenced by Chinese law, the Japanese legal system developed independently during the Edo period through texts such as Kujikata Osadamegaki.^[115] Since the late 19th century, the judicial system has been largely based on the civil law of Europe, notably Germany. In 1896, Japan established a civil code based on the German Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch, which remains in effect with post–World War II modifications.^[116] The Constitution of Japan, adopted in 1947, is the oldest unamended constitution in the world.^[117] Statutory law originates in the legislature, and the constitution requires that the emperor promulgate legislation passed by the Diet without giving him the power to oppose legislation. The main body of Japanese statutory law is called the Six Codes.^[115] Japan’s court system is divided into four basic tiers: the Supreme Court and three levels of lower courts.^[118]

Administrative divisions

Japan is divided into 47 prefectures, each overseen by an elected governor and legislature.^[109] In the following table, the prefectures are grouped by region:^[119]

Prefectures of Japan with colored regions	Hokkaido 1. Hokkaido	Tōhoku 2. Aomori 3. Iwate 4. Miyagi 5. Akita 6. Yamagata 7. Fukushima	Kantō 8. Ibaraki 9. Tochigi 10. Gunma 11. Saitama 12. Chiba 13. Tokyo 14. Kanagawa	Chūbu 15. Niigata 16. Toyama 17. Ishikawa 18. Fukui 19. Yamanashi 20. Nagano 21. Gifu 22. Shizuoka 23. Aichi
Kansai 24. Mie 25. Shiga 26. Kyoto 27. Osaka 28. Hyōgo 29. Nara 30. Wakayama	Chūgoku 31. Tottori 32. Shimane 33. Okayama 34. Hiroshima 35. Yamaguchi	Shikoku 36. Tokushima 37. Kagawa 38. Ehime 39. Kōchi	Kyūshū 40. Fukuoka 41. Saga 42. Nagasaki 43. Kumamoto 44. Ōita 45. Miyazaki 46. Kagoshima 47. Okinawa

Foreign relations

A member state of the United Nations since 1956, Japan is one of the G4 nations seeking reform of the Security Council.^[120] Japan is a member of the G7, APEC, and «ASEAN Plus Three», and is a participant in the East Asia Summit.^[121] It is the world’s fifth-largest donor of official development assistance, donating US$9.2 billion in 2014.^[122] In 2019, Japan had the fourth-largest diplomatic network in the world.^[123]

Japan has close economic and military relations with the United States, with which it maintains a security alliance.^[124] The United States is a major market for Japanese exports and a major source of Japanese imports, and is committed to defending the country, with military bases in Japan.^[124] Japan is also a member of the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (more commonly «the Quad»), a multilateral security dialogue reformed in 2017 aiming to limit Chinese influence in the Indo-Pacific region, along with the United States, Australia, and India, reflecting existing relations and patterns of cooperation.^[125][126]

Japan’s relationship with South Korea had historically been strained because of Japan’s treatment of Koreans during Japanese colonial rule, particularly over the issue of comfort women. In 2015, Japan agreed to settle the comfort women dispute with South Korea by issuing a formal apology and paying money to the surviving comfort women.^[127] As of 2019 Japan is a major importer of Korean music (K-pop), television (K-dramas), and other cultural products.^[128][129]

Japan is engaged in several territorial disputes with its neighbors. Japan contests Russia’s control of the Southern Kuril Islands, which were occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945.^[130] South Korea’s control of the Liancourt Rocks is acknowledged but not accepted as they are claimed by Japan.^[131] Japan has strained relations with China and Taiwan over the Senkaku Islands and the status of Okinotorishima.^[132]

Military

Japan is the second-highest-ranked Asian country in the 2022 Global Peace Index, after Singapore.^[133] It spent 1% of its total GDP on its defence budget in 2020,^[134] and maintains the ninth-largest military budget in the world.^[135] The country’s military (the Japan Self-Defense Forces) is restricted by Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution, which renounces Japan’s right to declare war or use military force in international disputes.^[136] The military is governed by the Ministry of Defense, and primarily consists of the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force, the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force, and the Japan Air Self-Defense Force. The deployment of troops to Iraq and Afghanistan marked the first overseas use of Japan’s military since World War II.^[137]

The Government of Japan has been making changes to its security policy which include the establishment of the National Security Council, the adoption of the National Security Strategy, and the development of the National Defense Program Guidelines.^[138] In May 2014, Prime Minister Shinzō Abe said Japan wanted to shed the passiveness it has maintained since the end of World War II and take more responsibility for regional security.^[139] Recent tensions, particularly with North Korea and China, have reignited the debate over the status of the JSDF and its relation to Japanese society.^[140][141]

Domestic law enforcement

Domestic security in Japan is provided mainly by the prefectural police departments, under the oversight of the National Police Agency.^[142] As the central coordinating body for the Prefectural Police Departments, the National Police Agency is administered by the National Public Safety Commission.^[143] The Special Assault Team comprises national-level counter-terrorism tactical units that cooperate with territorial-level Anti-Firearms Squads and Counter-NBC Terrorism Squads.^[144] The Japan Coast Guard guards territorial waters surrounding Japan and uses surveillance and control countermeasures against smuggling, marine environmental crime, poaching, piracy, spy ships, unauthorized foreign fishing vessels, and illegal immigration.^[145]

The Firearm and Sword Possession Control Law strictly regulates the civilian ownership of guns, swords, and other weaponry.^[146][147] According to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, among the member states of the UN that report statistics as of 2018, the incidence rates of violent crimes such as murder, abduction, sexual violence, and robbery are very low in Japan.^{[148][149][150][151]}

Economy

Japan has the world’s third-largest economy by nominal GDP, after that of the United States and China; and the fourth-largest economy by PPP. As of 2020, Japan’s labor force is the world’s eighth-largest, and consists of 66.5 million workers.^[77] As of 2021, Japan has a low unemployment rate of around 2.8%.^[152] Its poverty rate is the second highest among the G7 nations,^[153] and exceeds 15.7% of the population.^[154] Japan has the highest ratio of public debt to GDP among advanced economies,^[155] with national debt estimated at 248% relative to GDP as of 2022.^[156] The Japanese yen is the world’s third-largest reserve currency after the US dollar and the euro.^[157]

Japan was the world’s fourth-largest exporter and importer in 2021.^[158][159] Its exports amounted to 15.6% of its total GDP in 2020.^[160] As of 2019, Japan’s main export markets were the United States (19.8 percent) and China (19.1 percent).^[111] Its main exports are motor vehicles, iron and steel products, semiconductors, and auto parts.^[77] Japan’s main import markets as of 2019 were China (23.5 percent), the United States (11 percent), and Australia (6.3 percent).^[111] Japan’s main imports are machinery and equipment, fossil fuels, foodstuffs, chemicals, and raw materials for its industries.^[111]

The Japanese variant of capitalism has many distinct features: keiretsu enterprises are influential, and lifetime employment and seniority-based career advancement are common in the Japanese work environment.^[161][162] Japan has a large cooperative sector, with three of the world’s ten largest cooperatives, including the largest consumer cooperative and the largest agricultural cooperative as of 2018.^[163] It ranks highly for competitiveness and economic freedom. Japan ranked sixth in the Global Competitiveness Report in 2019.^[164] It attracted 31.9 million international tourists in 2019,^[165] and was ranked eleventh in the world in 2019 for inbound tourism.^[166] The 2021 Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report ranked Japan first in the world out of 117 countries.^[167] Its international tourism receipts in 2019 amounted to $46.1 billion.^[166]

Agriculture and fishery

The Japanese agricultural sector accounts for about 1.2% of the total country’s GDP as of 2018.^[111] Only 11.5% of Japan’s land is suitable for cultivation.^[168] Because of this lack of arable land, a system of terraces is used to farm in small areas.^[169] This results in one of the world’s highest levels of crop yields per unit area, with an agricultural self-sufficiency rate of about 50% as of 2018.^[170] Japan’s small agricultural sector is highly subsidized and protected.^[171] There has been a growing concern about farming as farmers are aging with a difficult time finding successors.^[172]

Japan ranked seventh in the world in tonnage of fish caught and captured 3,167,610 metric tons of fish in 2016, down from an annual average of 4,000,000 tons over the previous decade.^[173] Japan maintains one of the world’s largest fishing fleets and accounts for nearly 15% of the global catch,^[77] prompting critiques that Japan’s fishing is leading to depletion in fish stocks such as tuna.^[174] Japan has sparked controversy by supporting commercial whaling.^[175]

Industry and services

Japan has a large industrial capacity and is home to some of the «largest and most technologically advanced producers of motor vehicles, machine tools, steel and nonferrous metals, ships, chemical substances, textiles, and processed foods».^[77] Japan’s industrial sector makes up approximately 27.5% of its GDP.^[77] The country’s manufacturing output is the third highest in the world as of 2019.^[177]

Japan is the third-largest automobile producer in the world as of 2017 and is home to Toyota, the world’s largest automobile company by vehicle production.^[176][178] The Japanese shipbuilding industry faces competition from South Korea and China; a 2020 government initiative identified this sector as a target for increasing exports.^[179]

Japan’s service sector accounts for about 70% of its total economic output as of 2019.^[180] Banking, retail, transportation, and telecommunications are all major industries, with companies such as Toyota, Mitsubishi UFJ, -NTT, ÆON, Softbank, Hitachi, and Itochu listed as among the largest in the world.^[181][182]

Science and technology

Japan is a leading nation in scientific research, particularly in the natural sciences and engineering. The country ranks twelfth among the most innovative countries in the 2020 Bloomberg Innovation Index and 13th in the Global Innovation Index in 2022, up from 15th in 2019.^[183][184] Relative to gross domestic product, Japan’s research and development budget is the second highest in the world,^[185] with 867,000 researchers sharing a 19-trillion-yen research and development budget as of 2017.^[186] The country has produced twenty-two Nobel laureates in either physics, chemistry or medicine,^[187] and three Fields medalists.^[188]

Japan leads the world in robotics production and use, supplying 55% of the world’s 2017 total.^[189] Japan has the second highest number of researchers in science and technology per capita in the world with 14 per 1000 employees.^[190]

Once considered the strongest in the world, the Japanese consumer electronics industry is in a state of decline as competition arises in countries like South Korea and China.^[191] However, video gaming in Japan remains a major industry. In 2014, Japan’s consumer video game market grossed $9.6 billion, with $5.8 billion coming from mobile gaming.^[192] By 2015, Japan had become the world’s fourth-largest PC game market, behind only China, the United States, and South Korea.^[193]

The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency is Japan’s national space agency; it conducts space, planetary, and aviation research, and leads development of rockets and satellites.^[194] It is a participant in the International Space Station: the Japanese Experiment Module (Kibō) was added to the station during Space Shuttle assembly flights in 2008.^[195] The space probe Akatsuki was launched in 2010 and achieved orbit around Venus in 2015.^[196] Japan’s plans in space exploration include building a moon base and landing astronauts by 2030.^[197] In 2007, it launched lunar explorer SELENE (Selenological and Engineering Explorer) from Tanegashima Space Center. The largest lunar mission since the Apollo program, its purpose was to gather data on the moon’s origin and evolution. The explorer entered a lunar orbit on October 4, 2007,^[198][199] and was deliberately crashed into the Moon on June 11, 2009.^[200]

Infrastructure

Transportation

Japan has invested heavily in transportation infrastructure.^[201] The country has approximately 1,200,000 kilometers (750,000 miles) of roads made up of 1,000,000 kilometers (620,000 miles) of city, town and village roads, 130,000 kilometers (81,000 miles) of prefectural roads, 54,736 kilometers (34,011 miles) of general national highways and 7641 kilometers (4748 miles) of national expressways as of 2017.^[202]

Since privatization in 1987,^[203] dozens of Japanese railway companies compete in regional and local passenger transportation markets; major companies include seven JR enterprises, Kintetsu, Seibu Railway and Keio Corporation. The high-speed Shinkansen (bullet trains) that connect major cities are known for their safety and punctuality.^[204]

There are 175 airports in Japan as of 2013.^[77] The largest domestic airport, Haneda Airport in Tokyo, was Asia’s second-busiest airport in 2019.^[205] The Keihin and Hanshin superport hubs are among the largest in the world, at 7.98 and 5.22 million TEU respectively as of 2017.^[206]

Energy

As of 2019, 37.1% of energy in Japan was produced from petroleum, 25.1% from coal, 22.4% from natural gas, 3.5% from hydropower and 2.8% from nuclear power, among other sources. Nuclear power was down from 11.2 percent in 2010.^[207] By May 2012 all of the country’s nuclear power plants had been taken offline because of ongoing public opposition following the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in March 2011, though government officials continued to try to sway public opinion in favor of returning at least some to service.^[208] The Sendai Nuclear Power Plant restarted in 2015,^[209] and since then several other nuclear power plants have been restarted.^[210] Japan lacks significant domestic reserves and has a heavy dependence on imported energy.^[211] The country has therefore aimed to diversify its sources and maintain high levels of energy efficiency.^[212]

Water supply and sanitation

Responsibility for the water and sanitation sector is shared between the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, in charge of water supply for domestic use; the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport, and Tourism, in charge of water resources development as well as sanitation; the Ministry of the Environment, in charge of ambient water quality and environmental preservation; and the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, in charge of performance benchmarking of utilities.^[213] Access to an improved water source is universal in Japan. About 98% of the population receives piped water supply from public utilities.^[214]

Demographics

Japan has a population of 125.4 million, of which 122.8 million are Japanese nationals (2021 estimates).^[215] A small population of foreign residents makes up the remainder.^[216] In 2019, 92% of the total Japanese population lived in cities.^[217] The capital city Tokyo has a population of 13.9 million (2022).^[218] It is part of the Greater Tokyo Area, the biggest metropolitan area in the world with 38,140,000 people (2016).^[219] Japan is an ethnically and culturally homogeneous society,^[220] the Japanese people form 98.1% of the country’s population.^[221] Minority ethnic groups in the country include the indigenous Ainu and Ryukyuan people.^[222] Zainichi Koreans,^[223] Chinese,^[224] Filipinos,^[225] Brazilians mostly of Japanese descent,^[226] and Peruvians mostly of Japanese descent are also among Japan’s small minority groups.^[227] Burakumin make up a social minority group.^[228]

Japan is the world’s fastest aging country and has the highest proportion of elderly citizens of any country, comprising one-third of its total population;^[229] this is the result of a post–World War II baby boom, which was followed by an increase in life expectancy and a decrease in birth rates.^[230] Japan has a total fertility rate of 1.4, which is below the replacement rate of 2.1, and is among the world’s lowest;^[231] it has a median age of 48.4, the highest in the world.^[232] As of 2020, over 28.7 percent of the population is over 65, or one in four out of the Japanese population.^[229] As a growing number of younger Japanese are not marrying or remaining childless,^[233][234] Japan’s population is expected to drop to around 88 million by 2065.^[229]

The changes in demographic structure have created several social issues, particularly a decline in the workforce population and an increase in the cost of social security benefits.^[233] The government of Japan projects that there will be almost one elderly person for each person of working age by 2060.^[232] Immigration and birth incentives are sometimes suggested as a solution to provide younger workers to support the nation’s aging population.^[235][236] On April 1, 2019, Japan’s revised immigration law was enacted, protecting the rights of foreign workers to help reduce labor shortages in certain sectors.^[237]

Religion

Japan’s constitution guarantees full religious freedom.^[238] Upper estimates suggest that 84–96 percent of the Japanese population subscribe to Shinto as its indigenous religion.^[239] However, these estimates are based on people affiliated with a temple, rather than the number of true believers. Many Japanese people practice both Shinto and Buddhism; they can either identify with both religions or describe themselves as non-religious or spiritual.^[240] The level of participation in religious ceremonies as a cultural tradition remains high, especially during festivals and occasions such as the first shrine visit of the New Year.^[241] Taoism and Confucianism from China have also influenced Japanese beliefs and customs.^[242]

Christianity was first introduced into Japan by Jesuit missions starting in 1549. Today, 1%^[243] to 1.5% of the population are Christians.^[244] Throughout the latest century, Western customs originally related to Christianity (including Western style weddings, Valentine’s Day and Christmas) have become popular as secular customs among many Japanese.^[245]

About 90% of those practicing Islam in Japan are foreign-born migrants as of 2016.^[246] As of 2018 there were an estimated 105 mosques and 200,000 Muslims in Japan, 43,000 of which were Japanese nationals.^[247] Other minority religions include Hinduism, Judaism, and Baháʼí Faith, as well as the animist beliefs of the Ainu.^[248]

Languages

The Japanese language is Japan’s de facto national language and the primary written and spoken language of most people in the country.^[249] Japanese writing uses kanji (Chinese characters) and two sets of kana (syllabaries based on cursive script and radicals used by kanji), as well as the Latin alphabet and Arabic numerals.^[250] English has taken a major role in Japan as a business and international link language. As a result, the prevalence of English in the educational system has increased, with English classes becoming mandatory at all levels of the Japanese school system by 2020.^[249] Japanese Sign Language is the primary sign language used in Japan and has gained some official recognition, but its usage has been historically hindered by discriminatory policies and a lack of educational support.^[249]

Besides Japanese, the Ryukyuan languages (Amami, Kunigami, Okinawan, Miyako, Yaeyama, Yonaguni), part of the Japonic language family, are spoken in the Ryukyu Islands chain.^[251] Few children learn these languages,^[252] but local governments have sought to increase awareness of the traditional languages.^[253] The Ainu language, which is a language isolate, is moribund, with only a few native speakers remaining as of 2014.^[254] Additionally, a number of other languages are taught and used by ethnic minorities, immigrant communities, and a growing number of foreign-language students, such as Korean (including a distinct Zainichi Korean dialect), Chinese and Portuguese.^[249]

Education

Since the 1947 Fundamental Law of Education, compulsory education in Japan comprises elementary and junior high school, which together last for nine years.^[255] Almost all children continue their education at a three-year senior high school.^[256] The two top-ranking universities in Japan are the University of Tokyo and Kyoto University.^[257] Starting in April 2016, various schools began the academic year with elementary school and junior high school integrated into one nine-year compulsory schooling program; MEXT plans for this approach to be adopted nationwide.^[258]

The Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) coordinated by the OECD ranks the knowledge and skills of Japanese 15-year-olds as the third best in the world.^[259] Japan is one of the top-performing OECD countries in reading literacy, math and sciences with the average student scoring 520 and has one of the world’s highest-educated labor forces among OECD countries.^{[260][259][261]} It spent roughly 3.1% of its total GDP on education as of 2018,^[262] below the OECD average of 4.9%.^[263] In 2021, the country ranked third for the percentage of 25 to 64-year-olds that have attained tertiary education with 55.6%.^[264] Approximately 65% of Japanese aged 25 to 34 have some form of tertiary education qualification, and bachelor’s degrees are held by 34.2% of Japanese aged 25 to 64, the second most in the OECD after South Korea.^[264] In 2020, the share of women among tertiary programmes graduates was 51,8%.^[264]

Health

Health care in Japan is provided by national and local governments. Payment for personal medical services is offered through a universal health insurance system that provides relative equality of access, with fees set by a government committee. People without insurance through employers can participate in a national health insurance program administered by local governments.^[265] Since 1973, all elderly persons have been covered by government-sponsored insurance.^[266]

Japan spent 10.74% of its total GDP on healthcare in 2019.^[267] In 2020, the overall life expectancy in Japan at birth was 84.62 years (81.64 years for males and 87.74 years for females), the highest in the world;^[268] while it had a very low infant mortality rate (2 per 1,000 live births).^[269] Since 1981, the principal cause of death in Japan is cancer, which accounted for 27% of the total deaths in 2018—followed by cardiovascular diseases, which led to 15% of the deaths.^[270] Japan has one of the world’s highest suicide rates, which is considered a major social issue.^[271] Another significant public health issue is smoking among Japanese men.^[272] However, Japan has the lowest rate of heart disease in the OECD, and the lowest level of dementia among developed countries.^[273]

Culture

Contemporary Japanese culture combines influences from Asia, Europe, and North America.^[274] Traditional Japanese arts include crafts such as ceramics, textiles, lacquerware, swords and dolls; performances of bunraku, kabuki, noh, dance, and rakugo; and other practices, the tea ceremony, ikebana, martial arts, calligraphy, origami, onsen, Geisha and games. Japan has a developed system for the protection and promotion of both tangible and intangible Cultural Properties and National Treasures.^[275] Twenty-two sites have been inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List, eighteen of which are of cultural significance.^[102] Japan is considered a cultural superpower.^[276][277] The culture of Japan has left a lasting impact within global cultural flows, across numerous arts and media industries;^{[278][279][280]} in genres and lifestyles as diverse as abstract art,^[281] Christian media,^[282] electronic dance music,^[283] science fiction,^[284] and Westerns.^[285]

Art and architecture

The history of Japanese painting exhibits synthesis and competition between native Japanese esthetics and imported ideas.^[286] The interaction between Japanese and European art has been significant: for example ukiyo-e prints, which began to be exported in the 19th century in the movement known as Japonism, had a significant influence on the development of modern art in the West, most notably on post-Impressionism.^[286]

Japanese architecture is a combination of local and other influences. It has traditionally been typified by wooden or mud plaster structures, elevated slightly off the ground, with tiled or thatched roofs.^[287] The Shrines of Ise have been celebrated as the prototype of Japanese architecture.^[288] Traditional housing and many temple buildings see the use of tatami mats and sliding doors that break down the distinction between rooms and indoor and outdoor space.^[289] Since the 19th century, Japan has incorporated much of Western modern architecture into construction and design.^[290] It was not until after World War II that Japanese architects made an impression on the international scene, firstly with the work of architects like Kenzō Tange and then with movements like Metabolism.^[291]

Literature and philosophy

The earliest works of Japanese literature include the Kojiki and Nihon Shoki chronicles and the Man’yōshū poetry anthology, all from the 8th century and written in Chinese characters.^[292][293] In the early Heian period, the system of phonograms known as kana (hiragana and katakana) was developed.^[294] The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter is considered the oldest extant Japanese narrative.^[295] An account of court life is given in The Pillow Book by Sei Shōnagon, while The Tale of Genji by Murasaki Shikibu is often described as the world’s first novel.^[296][297]

During the Edo period, the chōnin («townspeople») overtook the samurai aristocracy as producers and consumers of literature. The popularity of the works of Saikaku, for example, reveals this change in readership and authorship, while Bashō revivified the poetic tradition of the Kokinshū with his haikai (haiku) and wrote the poetic travelogue Oku no Hosomichi.^[298] The Meiji era saw the decline of traditional literary forms as Japanese literature integrated Western influences. Natsume Sōseki and Mori Ōgai were significant novelists in the early 20th century, followed by Ryūnosuke Akutagawa, Jun’ichirō Tanizaki, Kafū Nagai and, more recently, Haruki Murakami and Kenji Nakagami. Japan has two Nobel Prize-winning authors – Yasunari Kawabata (1968) and Kenzaburō Ōe (1994).^[299]

Japanese philosophy has historically been a fusion of both foreign, particularly Chinese and Western, and uniquely Japanese elements. In its literary forms, Japanese philosophy began about fourteen centuries ago. Confucian ideals remain evident in the Japanese concept of society and the self, and in the organization of the government and the structure of society.^[300] Buddhism has profoundly impacted Japanese psychology, metaphysics, and esthetics.^[301]

Performing arts

Japanese music is eclectic and diverse. Many instruments, such as the koto, were introduced in the 9th and 10th centuries. The popular folk music, with the guitar-like shamisen, dates from the 16th century.^[302] Western classical music, introduced in the late 19th century, forms an integral part of Japanese culture.^[303] Kumi-daiko (ensemble drumming) was developed in postwar Japan and became very popular in North America.^[304] Popular music in post-war Japan has been heavily influenced by American and European trends, which has led to the evolution of J-pop.^[305] Karaoke is a significant cultural activity.^[306]

The four traditional theaters from Japan are noh, kyōgen, kabuki, and bunraku.^[307] Noh is one of the oldest continuous theater traditions in the world.^[308]

Holidays

Officially, Japan has 16 national, government-recognized holidays. Public holidays in Japan are regulated by the Public Holiday Law (国民の祝日に関する法律, Kokumin no Shukujitsu ni Kansuru Hōritsu) of 1948.^[309] Beginning in 2000, Japan implemented the Happy Monday System, which moved a number of national holidays to Monday in order to obtain a long weekend.^[310] The national holidays in Japan are New Year’s Day on January 1, Coming of Age Day on the second Monday of January, National Foundation Day on February 11, The Emperor’s Birthday on February 23, Vernal Equinox Day on March 20 or 21, Shōwa Day on April 29, Constitution Memorial Day on May 3, Greenery Day on May 4, Children’s Day on May 5, Marine Day on the third Monday of July, Mountain Day on August 11, Respect for the Aged Day on the third Monday of September, Autumnal Equinox on September 23 or 24, Health and Sports Day on the second Monday of October, Culture Day on November 3, and Labor Thanksgiving Day on November 23.^[311]

Cuisine

Japanese cuisine offers a vast array of regional specialties that use traditional recipes and local ingredients.^[312] Seafood and Japanese rice or noodles are traditional staples.^[313] Japanese curry, since its introduction to Japan from British India, is so widely consumed that it can be termed a national dish, alongside ramen and sushi.^[314][315] Traditional Japanese sweets are known as wagashi.^[316] Ingredients such as red bean paste and mochi are used. More modern-day tastes include green tea ice cream.^[317]

Popular Japanese beverages include sake, which is a brewed rice beverage that typically contains 14–17% alcohol and is made by multiple fermentation of rice.^[318] Beer has been brewed in Japan since the late 17th century.^[319] Green tea is produced in Japan and prepared in forms such as matcha, used in the Japanese tea ceremony.^[320]

Media

According to the 2015 NHK survey on television viewing in Japan, 79 percent of Japanese watch television daily.^[321] Japanese television dramas are viewed both within Japan and internationally;^[322] other popular shows are in the genres of variety shows, comedy, and news programs.^[323] Many Japanese media franchises such as Dragon Ball, One Piece, and Naruto have gained considerable global popularity and are among the world’s highest-grossing media franchises. Pokémon in particular is estimated to be the highest-grossing media franchise of all time. Japanese newspapers are among the most circulated in the world as of 2016.^[324]

Japan has one of the oldest and largest film industries globally.^[325] Ishirō Honda’s Godzilla became an international icon of Japan and spawned an entire subgenre of kaiju films, as well as the longest-running film franchise in history.^[326][327] Japanese comics, known as manga, developed in the mid-20th century and have become popular worldwide.^[328][329] A large number of manga series have become some of the best-selling comics series of all time, rivalling the American comics industry.^[330] Japanese animated films and television series, known as anime, were largely influenced by Japanese manga and have become highly popular internationally.^[331][332]

Sports

Traditionally, sumo is considered Japan’s national sport.^[333] Japanese martial arts such as judo and kendo are taught as part of the compulsory junior high school curriculum.^[334] Baseball is the most popular spectator sport in the country.^[335] Japan’s top professional league, Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB), was established in 1936.^[336] Since the establishment of the Japan Professional Football League (J.League) in 1992, association football gained a wide following.^[337] The country co-hosted the 2002 FIFA World Cup with South Korea.^[338] Japan has one of the most successful football teams in Asia, winning the Asian Cup four times,^[339] and the FIFA Women’s World Cup in 2011.^[340] Golf is also popular in Japan.^[341]

In motorsport, Japanese automotive manufacturers have been successful in multiple different categories, with titles and victories in series such as Formula One, MotoGP, and the World Rally Championship.^{[342][343][344]} Drivers from Japan have victories at the Indianapolis 500 and the 24 Hours of Le Mans as well as podium finishes in Formula One, in addition to success in domestic championships.^[345][346] Super GT is the most popular national racing series in Japan, while Super Formula is the top-level domestic open-wheel series.^[347] The country hosts major races such as the Japanese Grand Prix.^[348]

Japan hosted the Summer Olympics in Tokyo in 1964 and the Winter Olympics in Sapporo in 1972 and Nagano in 1998.^[349] The country hosted the official 2006 Basketball World Championship^[350] and will co-host the 2023 Basketball World Championship.^[351] Tokyo hosted the 2020 Summer Olympics in 2021, making Tokyo the first Asian city to host the Olympics twice.^[352] The country gained the hosting rights for the official Women’s Volleyball World Championship on five occasions, more than any other nation.^[353] Japan is the most successful Asian Rugby Union country^[354] and hosted the 2019 IRB Rugby World Cup.^[355]

See also

• Index of Japan-related articles
• Outline of Japan

Notes

References

External links

Government

• JapanGov – The Government of Japan (in English)
• Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet Official website (in English)
• The Imperial Household Agency – Official site of the Imperial House of Japan
• National Diet Library

General information

• Japan from UCB Libraries GovPubs
• Japan from BBC News
• Japan from the OECD
• Geographic data related to Japan at OpenStreetMap

Coordinates: 36°N 138°E / 36°N 138°E

Asked by: Luciano Lockman II

Score: 4.5/5
(59 votes)

Japan in Japanese is “Nippon” or “Nihon” while in English it is called “Japan”. … If you are at all familiar with the Japanese language, you perhaps know that the Japanese use a few types of letters — hiragana, katakana, and kanji (Chinese characters).

What is Japan also known as in English?

In English, the modern official title of the country is simply «Japan», one of the few countries to have no «long form» name. The official Japanese-language name is Nippon-koku or Nihon-koku (日本国), literally «State of Japan».

Why isn’t Japan called Nihon?

Around the 7th or 8th century, Japan’s name changed from ‘Wakoku’ (倭国) to ‘Nihon’ (日本). Some records say that the Japanese envoy to China requested to change the name because he disliked it; other records say that the Chinese Empress Wu Zetian ordered Japan to change its name.

Why is Japan not Nippon?

The origin of the name Japan is not certain, but researchers say it probably came from the Malayan ″Japung″ or the Chinese ″Riben,″ meaning roughly land of the rising sun. Historians say the Japanese called their country Yamato in its early history, and they began using Nippon around the seventh century.

Why is Japan called land of the rising sun?

Japan’s national flag is called “the rising sun flag” in English. … The words, Japan, Nippon, Nihon all means “the origin of the sun” i.e. where sun rises and that it the reason why the country is often called the land of the rising sun. To the eyes of the Chinese people, Japan is in the direction where the sun rises.

21 related questions found

 

Japan 日本国 Nippon-koku or Nihon-koku
Flag Government Seal of Japan 五七桐 Go-Shichi no Kiri
Anthem: 緑の山河 (Midori no Sanga)
Location of Japan (controlled territory in green, claimed territory in light green)
Capital and largest city	Tokyo (de facto) 35°41′N 139°46′E
Official languages	Japanese (de facto)
Demonym(s)	Japanese
Government	Unitary semi-presidential parliamentary democracy
• President	TBD
• Prime Minister	Kazuma Amamiya
Legislature	National Diet
• Upper house	House of Councilors
• Lower house	House of Representatives
Formation
• National Foundation Day	February 11, 660 BC
• Meiji Constitution	November 29, 1890
• Post-war Constitution	May 3, 1959
Population
• January 2019 census	126,317,000 (9th)
GDP (PPP)	2019 estimate estimate
• Total	$5.747 trillion
• Per capita	$45,546
Currency	Japanese yen (¥) / En 円 (JPY)
Time zone	UTC+9 (JST)
Date format	yyyy-mm-dd yyyy年m月d日
Driving side	left
Internet TLD	.jp

Japan (Japanese: 日本 Hepburn: Nippon or Nihon^?, formally 日本国,  Nippon-koku or Nihon-koku, lit. ‘State of Japan’) is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies off the eastern coast of the Asian continent and stretches from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and the Philippine Sea in the south.

The kanji that make up Japan’s name mean ‘sun origin’, and it is often called the «Land of the Rising Sun». Japan is the world’s 4th largest island country and encompasses about 6,852 islands. The stratovolcanic archipelago has five main islands: Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu, Shikoku and Okinawa which make up about 97% percent of Japan’s land area. The country is divided into 46 prefectures and unofficially into eight regions, with Hokkaido being the northernmost prefecture and Okinawa being the southernmost prefecture. Japan is the 2nd most populous island country. The population of approximately 126 million is the world’s eleventh largest, of which 98.5% are ethnic Japanese. 90.7% of people live in cities, while 9.3% live in the countryside. About 13.8 million people live in Tokyo, the capital of Japan. The Greater Tokyo Area is the most populous metropolitan area in the world with over 38 million people.

Archaeological research indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period. The first written mention of Japan is in Chinese history texts from the 1st century AD. Influence from other regions, mainly China, followed by periods of isolation, particularly from Western Europe, has characterized Japan’s history.

From the 12th century until 1868, Japan was ruled in the name of the Emperor by successive feudal military shōguns. Japan entered into a long period of isolation in the early 17th century, which was ended in 1853 when a United States fleet pressured Japan to open to the West. After nearly two decades of internal conflict and insurrection, the Imperial Court regained its political power in 1868 through the help of several clans from Chōshū and Satsuma – and the Empire of Japan was established. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, victories in the First Sino-Japanese War, the Russo-Japanese War and Great War I allowed Japan to expand its empire during a period of increasing militarism. The Second Sino-Japanese War of 1927 expanded into part of Great War I in 1932, which came to an end with the recognition of many of Japan’s gains and a favorable treaty with China. Many of these gains were reversed by Japan’s military defeat in Great War II, the Imperial Family was removed from power as a condition of peace with the Allied powers, with Emperor Hirohito abdicating the throne. A unitary parliamentary democracy was established with the adoption of a revised post-war constitution on May 3, 1959, during the occupation led by SCAP, with an elected legislature called the National Diet.

Japan is a member of the ASEAN Plus mechanism, League of Nations (LN), the OECD, the G8, the G20, and is considered a great power. Its economy is the world’s fourth-largest by nominal GDP and the fifth-largest by purchasing power parity. It is also the world’s fourth-largest exporter and fourth-largest importer.

Japan benefits from a highly skilled and educated workforce; it has among the world’s largest proportion of citizens holding a tertiary education degree. Japan maintains a modern military with the world’s fifth-largest military budget, used for self-defense and peacekeeping roles; it ranked as the world’s fourth-most powerful military in 2015. Japan is a highly developed country with a very high standard of living and Human Development Index. Its population enjoys one of the highest life expectancy and the third lowest infant mortality rate in the world, but is experiencing issues due to an aging population and low birthrate. As of 2019, Japanese citizens had visa-free or visa-on-arrival access to 189 countries and territories, ranking the Japanese passport 1st in the world, tied with Singapore.

Etymology

Main article: Names of Japan

The Japanese word for Japan is 日本, which is pronounced Nihon (にほん^?) or Nippon (にっぽん^?) and literally means «the origin of the sun». The character nichi (日 (にち^?)) means «sun» or «day»; hon (本 (ほん^?)) means «base» or «origin». The compound therefore means «origin of the sun» and is the source of the popular Western epithet «Land of the Rising Sun».

The earliest record of the name Nihon appears in the Chinese historical records of the Tang dynasty, the Old Book of Tang. At the end of the seventh century, a delegation from Japan requested that Nihon be used as the name of their country. This name may have its origin in a letter sent in 607 and recorded in the official history of the Sui dynasty. Prince Shōtoku, the Regent of Japan, sent a mission to China with a letter in which he called himself «the Emperor of the Land where the Sun rises» (日出處天子). The message said: «Here, I, the emperor of the country where the sun rises, send a letter to the emperor of the country where the sunsets. How are you[?]».

Prior to the adoption of Nihon, other terms such as Yamato (大和^?) and Wakoku (倭国^?) were used. The term Wa (和^?) is a homophone of Wo (倭^?) (pronounced «Wa» by the Japanese), which has been used by the Chinese as a designation for the Japanese as early as the third century Three Kingdoms period. Another form of Wa (委, Wei in Chinese) was used for an early state in Japan called Nakoku during the Han dynasty. However, the Japanese disliked some connotation of Wa (倭^?) (which has been associated in China with concepts like «dwarf» or «pygmy»), and it was therefore replaced with the substitute character 和, meaning «togetherness, harmony».

The English word Japan possibly derives from the historical Chinese pronunciation of 日本. Japan was recorded by Marco Polo as Cipangu. In modern Shanghainese, a Wu dialect, the pronunciation of characters 日本 Japan is Zeppen. The old Malay word for Japan, Japun or Japang, was borrowed from a southern coastal Chinese dialect, probably Fukienese or Ningpo – and this Malay word was encountered by Portuguese traders in Southeast Asia in the 16th century. These Early Portuguese traders then brought the word to Europe. The first record of this name in English is in a book published in 1577 and spelled Giapan, in a translation of a 1565 letter written by a Portuguese Jesuit Luís Fróis.

From the Meiji Restoration until the end of World War II, the full title of Japan was Dai Nippon Teikoku (大日本帝國^?), meaning «the Empire of Great Japan». Today, the name Nihon-koku/Nippon-koku (日本国^?) is used as a formal modern-day equivalent with the meaning of «the State of Japan». Countries like Japan whose long form does not contain a descriptive designation are generally given a name appended by the character koku (国^?), meaning «country», «nation» or «state».

History

Prehistoric and ancient history

A Paleolithic culture around 30,000 BC constitutes the first known habitation of the Japanese archipelago. This was followed from around 14,000 BC (the start of the Jōmon period) by a Mesolithic to Neolithic semi-sedentary hunter-gatherer culture characterized by pit dwelling and rudimentary agriculture, including by ancestors of contemporary Ainu people and Yamato people. The Jōmon pottery and decorated clay vessels from this period are some of the oldest surviving examples of pottery in the world. Around 300 BC, the Yayoi people began to enter the Japanese islands, intermingling with the Jōmon. The Yayoi period, starting around 500 BC, saw the introduction of practices like wet-rice farming, a new style of pottery and metallurgy, introduced from China and Korea.

Japan first appears in written history in the Chinese Book of Han. According to the Records of the Three Kingdoms, the most powerful kingdom on the archipelago during the third century was called Yamataikoku.

Classical era

Buddhism was introduced to Japan from Baekje, Korea and was promoted by Prince Shōtoku, but the subsequent development of Japanese Buddhism was primarily influenced by China. Despite early resistance, Buddhism was promoted by the ruling class and gained widespread acceptance beginning in the Asuka period (592–710). Due to the defeat in Battle of Baekgang by Chinese Tang empire, the Japanese government devised and implemented the far-reaching Taika Reforms. The Reform began with land reform, based on Confucian ideas and philosophies from China. It nationalized all land in Japan, to be distributed equally among cultivators, and ordered the compilation of a household registry as the basis for a new system of taxation. The true aim of the reforms was to bring about greater centralization and to enhance the power of the imperial court, which was also based on the governmental structure of China. Envoys and students were dispatched to China to learn seemingly everything from the Chinese writing system, literature, religion, and architecture, to even dietary habits at this time. Even today, the impact of the reforms can still be seen in Japanese cultural life. After the reforms, the Jinshin War of 672, a bloody conflict between Prince Ōama and his nephew Prince Ōtomo, two rivals to the throne, became a major catalyst for further administrative reforms. These reforms culminated with the promulgation of the Taihō Code, which consolidated existing statutes and established the structure of the central government and its subordinate local governments. These legal reforms created the ritsuryō state, a system of Chinese-style centralized government that remained in place for half a millennium.

The Nara period (710–784) marked an emergence of the centralized Japanese state centered on the Imperial Court in Heijō-kyō (modern Nara). The Nara period is characterized by the appearance of a nascent literature as well as the development of Buddhist-inspired art and architecture. The smallpox epidemic of 735–737 is believed to have killed as much as one-third of Japan’s population. In 784, Emperor Kanmu moved the capital from Nara to Nagaoka-kyō, then to Heian-kyō (modern Kyoto) in 794.

This marked the beginning of the Heian period (794–1185), during which a distinctly indigenous Japanese culture emerged, noted for its art, poetry and prose. Murasaki Shikibu’s The Tale of Genji and the lyrics of Japan’s pre-war national anthem «Kimigayo» were written during this time.

Buddhism began to spread during the Heian era chiefly through two major sects, Tendai by Saichō and Shingon by Kūkai. Pure Land Buddhism (Jōdo-shū, Jōdo Shinshū) became greatly popular in the latter half of the 11th century.

Feudal era

Japan’s feudal era was characterized by the emergence and dominance of a ruling class of warriors, the samurai. In 1185, following the defeat of the Taira clan in the Genpei War, sung in the epic Tale of Heike, samurai Minamoto no Yoritomo was appointed shōgun by Emperor Go-Toba. In 1192, the shōgun Yoritomo and the Minamoto clan established a feudal military government in Kamakura. What distinguishes Japan from other countries is that Japan was near continuously ruled by the military class with the shōgun and the samurai in the top of the Japanese social structure for 676 years (from 1192 till 1868 CE). The Emperor was above the shōgun and revered as the sovereign, but merely a figurehead. The Imperial Court nobility was a nominal ruling court with little influence. The actual ruling class were Japanese military figures: the shōgun (military dictator), daimyo (feudal lords) and the samurai (military nobility and officers). After Yoritomo’s death, the Hōjō clan came to power as regents for the shōguns.

The Zen school of Buddhism was introduced from China in the Kamakura period (1185–1333) and became popular among the samurai class. The Kamakura shogunate repelled Mongol invasions in 1274 and 1281, but was eventually overthrown by Emperor Go-Daigo. Emperor Go-Daigo was himself defeated by Ashikaga Takauji in 1336.

Ashikaga Takauji established the shogunate in Muromachi, Kyoto. This was the start of the Muromachi period (1336–1573). The Ashikaga shogunate achieved glory at the age of Ashikaga Yoshimitsu, and the culture based on Zen Buddhism (the art of Miyabi) prospered. This evolved to Higashiyama Culture, and prospered until the 16th century. On the other hand, the succeeding Ashikaga shogunate failed to control the feudal warlords (daimyōs) and a civil war (the Ōnin War) began in 1467, opening the century-long Sengoku period («Warring States»).

During the 16th century, Portuguese traders and Jesuit missionaries like the Spaniard Francis Xavier reached Japan for the first time, initiating direct commercial and cultural exchange between Japan and the West. This allowed Oda Nobunaga to obtain European technology and firearms, which he used to conquer many other daimyōs. His consolidation of power began what was known as the Azuchi–Momoyama period (1573–1603). After Nobunaga was assassinated in 1582 by Akechi Mitsuhide, his successor Toyotomi Hideyoshi unified the nation in 1590 and launched two unsuccessful invasions of Korea in 1592 and 1597.

Tokugawa Ieyasu served as regent for Hideyoshi’s son and used his position to gain political and military support. When open war broke out, Ieyasu defeated rival clans in the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600. Tokugawa Ieyasu was appointed shōgun by Emperor Go-Yōzei in 1603 and established the Tokugawa shogunate in Edo (modern Tokyo). The shogunate enacted measures including buke shohatto, as a code of conduct to control the autonomous daimyōs; and in 1639 the isolationist sakoku («closed country») policy that spanned the two and a half centuries of tenuous political unity known as the Edo period (1603–1868). The study of Western sciences, known as rangaku, continued through contact with the Dutch enclave at Dejima in Nagasaki. The Edo period also gave rise to kokugaku («national studies»), the study of Japan by the Japanese.

Modern era

On March 31, 1854, Commodore Matthew Perry and the «Black Ships» of the United States Navy forced the opening of Japan to the outside world with the Convention of Kanagawa. Subsequent similar treaties with Western countries in the Bakumatsu period brought economic and political crises. The resignation of the shōgun led to the Boshin War and the establishment of a centralized state nominally unified under the Emperor (the Meiji Restoration).

Plunging itself through an active process of Westernization during the Meiji Restoration in 1868, Japan adopted Western political, judicial and military institutions and Western cultural influences integrated with its traditional culture for modern industrialization. The Cabinet organized the Privy Council, introduced the Meiji Constitution, and assembled the Imperial Diet. The Meiji Restoration transformed the Empire of Japan into an industrialized world power that pursued military conflict to expand its sphere of influence. Although France and Britain showed some interest, the European powers largely ignored Japan and instead concentrated on the much greater attractions of China. France was also set back by its failures in Mexico and defeat by the Germans. After victories in the First Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895) and the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905), Japan gained control of Taiwan, Korea and the southern half of Sakhalin. In addition to imperialistic success, Japan also invested much more heavily in its own economic growth, leading to a period of economic flourishing in the country which lasted until the Great Depression. Japan’s population grew from 35 million in 1873 to 70 million by 1935.

In World War I, Japan joined the Allies and captured German possessions, and made advances into China. The early 20th century saw a period of Taishō democracy (1912–1926), but the 1920s saw a fragile democracy buckle under a political shift towards statism, the passing of laws against political dissent and a series of attempted coups. This process accelerated during the late 1920s, spawning a number of new Radical Nationalist groups that shared a hostility to liberal democracy and a dedication to expansion in Asia. Japanese expansionism and militarization along with totalitarianism and ultranationalism reshaped the country. Hostilities with China increased as Japan backed the independence of Manchuria in 1917, and began increasingly meddling in Chinese politics.

An incident in northern China in 1927 escalated into outright war between Japan and the Republic of China led by Chiang Kai-shek. With the end of the war, and the greater Pacific theatre of Great War I, Japan would became the dominant power in the Asia-Pacific region. Dozens of pacific islands, including Guam, the Marianna Islands, the Carolines, the Gilbert and Ellice, the Soloman, the Marshall Islands, and north New Guinea, were annexed, while Thailand, Myanmar, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Tondo and Indonesia become Japanese protectorates, and the signing of the China–Japan Basic Treaty essentially made China a Japanese satellite state as well.

Geography

Main articles: Geography of Japan and Geology of Japan

Japan has a total of 6,648 islands extending along the Pacific coast. It is over 2,250 km (1,400 mi) long from the Sea of Okhotsk to the East China Sea in the Pacific Ocean. The country, including all of the islands it controls, lies between latitudes 30° and 46°N, and longitudes 128° and 146°E. The four main islands, from north to south, are Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu. The Nanpō Islands are south and east of the main islands of Japan. Together with the Ryukyu Islands, they are often known as the Japanese archipelago. As of 2019, Japan’s territory is 374,505.38 km² (144,597.34 sq mi). Japan is the 4th largest island country in the world and the largest island country in East Asia. Japan has the sixth longest coastline in the world (29,751 km (18,486 mi)). It does not have land borders. Due to its many far-flung outlying islands, Japan has the eighth largest Exclusive Economic Zone in the world covering 4,470,000 km² (1,730,000 sq mi).

About 73 percent of Japan is forested, mountainous and unsuitable for agricultural, industrial or residential use. As a result, the habitable zones, mainly located in coastal areas, have extremely high population densities. Japan is one of the most densely populated countries in the world.

Approximately 0.5% of Japan’s total area is reclaimed land (umetatechi). It began in the 12th century. Late 20th and early 21st century projects include artificial islands such as Chubu Centrair International Airport in Ise Bay, Kansai International Airport in the middle of Osaka Bay, Yokohama Hakkeijima Sea Paradise and Wakayama Marina City. The village of Ogata in Akita, Japan, was established on land reclaimed from Lake Hachirōgata starting in 1957. By 1977, the amount of land reclaimed totaled 172.03 km² (66.42 sq mi). The Isahaya Bay reclamation project (諫早湾干拓事業) in Isahaya, Nagasaki started in 1989 and a total of 35 km² (14 sq mi) has been reclaimed as of 2018.

The islands of Japan are located in a volcanic zone on the Pacific Ring of Fire. They are primarily the result of large oceanic movements occurring over hundreds of millions of years from the mid-Silurian to the Pleistocene as a result of the subduction of the Tondolese Sea Plate beneath the continental Amurian Plate and Okinawa Plate to the south, and subduction of the Pacific Plate under the Okhotsk Plate to the north. The Boso Triple Junction off the coast of Japan is a triple junction where the North American Plate, the Pacific Plate and the Tondolese Sea Plate meet. Japan was originally attached to the eastern coast of the Eurasian continent. The subducting plates pulled Japan eastward, opening the Sea of Japan around 15 million years ago.

Japan has 108 active volcanoes. During the twentieth century several new volcanoes emerged, including Shōwa-shinzan on Hokkaido and Myōjin-shō off the Bayonnaise Rocks in the Pacific. Destructive earthquakes, often resulting in tsunami, occur several times each century. The 1923 Tokyo earthquake killed over 140,000 people. More recent major quakes are the 1995 Great Hanshin earthquake and the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake, a 9.1-magnitude quake which hit Japan on March 11, 2011, and triggered a large tsunami. Japan is substantially prone to earthquakes, tsunami and volcanoes due to its location along the Pacific Ring of Fire. It has the 15th highest natural disaster risk as measured in the 2013 World Risk Index.

	Sea of Japan  Ussuria •  Manchuria	Ussuria (Disputed)	Ussuria (Disputed)
Sea of Japan •  Korea		Pacific Ocean
Japan
China	Tondo	Pacific Ocean

Climate

Main article: Geography of Japan#Climate

The climate of Japan is predominantly temperate, but varies greatly from north to south. Japan’s geographical features divide it into five principal climatic zones: Hokkaido, Sea of Japan, Central Highland, Seto Inland Sea, and Pacific Ocean. The northernmost zone, Hokkaido, has a humid continental climate with long, cold winters and very warm to cool summers. Precipitation is not heavy, but the islands usually develop deep snowbanks in the winter.

In the Sea of Japan zone on Honshu’s west coast, northwest winter winds bring heavy snowfall. In the summer, the region is cooler than the Pacific area, though it sometimes experiences extremely hot temperatures because of the foehn. The Central Highland has a typical inland humid continental climate, with large temperature differences between summer and winter seasons, as well as large diurnal variation; precipitation is light, though winters are usually snowy. The mountains of the Chūgoku and Shikoku regions shelter the Seto Inland Sea from seasonal winds, bringing mild weather year-round. The Pacific coast features a humid subtropical climate that experiences milder winters with occasional snowfall and hot, humid summers because of the southeast seasonal wind.

The average winter temperature in Japan is 5.1 °C (41.2 °F) and the average summer temperature is 25.2 °C (77.4 °F). The highest temperature ever measured in Japan 41.1 °C (106.0 °F) was recorded on July 23, 2018. The main rainy season begins in May in Yakushima, and the rain front gradually moves north until reaching Hokkaido in late July. In most of Honshu, the rainy season begins before the middle of June and lasts about six weeks. In late summer and early autumn, typhoons often bring heavy rain.

Biodiversity

Main article: Wildlife of Japan

Japan has nine forest ecoregions which reflect the climate and geography of the islands. They range from subtropical moist broadleaf forests in the Ryūkyū and Bonin Islands, to temperate broadleaf and mixed forests in the mild climate regions of the main islands, to temperate coniferous forests in the cold, winter portions of the northern islands. Japan has over 90,000 species of wildlife, including the brown bear, the Japanese macaque, the Japanese raccoon dog, the large Japanese field mouse, and the Japanese giant salamander. A large network of national parks has been established to protect important areas of flora and fauna as well as thirty-seven Ramsar wetland sites. Four sites have been inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List for their outstanding natural value.

Environment

Main article: Environmental issues in Japan
In the period of rapid economic growth after World War II, environmental policies were downplayed by the government and industrial corporations; as a result, environmental pollution was widespread in the 1950s and 1960s. Responding to rising concern about the problem, the government introduced several environmental protection laws in 1970. The oil crisis in 1973 also encouraged the efficient use of energy because of Japan’s lack of natural resources.

Japan ranks 20th in the 2018 Environmental Performance Index, which measures a nation’s commitment to environmental sustainability. As the host and signatory of the 1997 Kyoto Protocol, Japan is under treaty obligation to reduce its carbon dioxide emissions and to take other steps to curb climate change. Current environmental issues include urban air pollution (NOx, suspended particulate matter, and toxics), waste management, water eutrophication, nature conservation, climate change, chemical management and international co-operation for conservation.

Government and politics

Japan is nominally governed as a parliamentary democracy, with a bicameral legislature established by its constitution. Japan’s national legislature, the National Diet is seated in Chiyoda, Tokyo. The Diet is a bicameral body, comprising the lower House of Representatives with 500 seats elected by popular vote every four years or when dissolved; and the upper House of Councillors with 245 seats, whose popularly elected members serve six-year terms.

There is universal suffrage for adults over 18 years of age, with a secret ballot for all elected offices. The Diet is currently controlled by a conservative coalition, led by the Restoration Conference (IK) and the Liberal Party of Japan (LPJ), with the largest opposition bloc being the Alliance for Democracy, led by the social-liberal Democratic Party (CDP) and the socialist Social Democratic Party of Japan (SDP).

The President of Japan is the head of state. The Prime Minister of Japan is the head of government and is appointed by the President after being elected by the Diet from among its members. The Prime Minister is the head of the Cabinet, and appoints and dismisses its members. Kazuma Amamiya has served as Prime Minister and Chairman since 2018. The Cabinet is comprised of the Prime Minister and several Ministers of State, each of whom leads a government ministry or has purview to coordinate government policy on a specific portfolio. Government ministries typically have deputy ministers to assist the ministers in coordinating and executing government policy.

There are dozens of officially registered and recognized political parties in Japan, with the largest being the Restoration Conference, the Liberal Party of Japan, and the Democratic Party of Japan. The conservative Restoration Conference has dominated Japanese politics in the post-war era. Smaller parties, such as the New Wind Party, seek a restoration of the Imperial Family to power.

Administrative regions

Main Article: Administrative divisions of Japan

See Also: Prefectures of Japan

Japan is divided into 47 prefectures, each overseen by an elected governor, legislature and administrative bureaucracy. Each prefecture is further divided into cities, towns and villages.

Labeled map for listing Prefectures of Japan

Foreign relations

Japan has diplomatic relations with nearly all independent nations and has been an active member of the League of Nations since its founding. The Ministry for Foreign Affairs is the government ministry responsible for managing Japan’s relations with other countries and international entities. Japan is a member of the G7, APEC, and «ASEAN Plus Three», and is a participant in the East Asia Summit. It is the world’s fifth largest donor of official development assistance, donating US$9.2 billion in 2014. In 2017, Japan had the fifth largest diplomatic network in the world.

Korea’s control of the Liancourt Rocks (Japanese: Takeshima, Korean: Dokdo) are acknowledged, but not accepted and are claimed by Japan. Japan also controls the Senkaku Islands that are claimed by China.

Japan’s relationship with Korea has been strained due to Japan’s treatment of Koreans during Japanese colonial rule, particularly over the issue of comfort women. These women were essentially sex slaves, and although there is no exact number on how many women were subjected to this treatment, experts believe it could be in the tens or hundreds of thousands. Between 1910 and 1945, the Japanese government rebuilt Korean infrastructure. Despite this, modernization in Korea was always linked to Japanese interests and therefore did not imply a «revolutionization» of social structures. For instance, Japan kept Korea’s primitive feudalistic agriculture because it served Japanese interests. Further developments on Japan’s imperialism in Korea included establishing a slew of police stations all over the country, replacing taxes in kind with taxes in fixed money, and taking much of the communal land which had belonged to villages to give them to private companies in Japan (causing many peasants to lose their land.) Japan also introduced over 800,000 Japanese immigrants onto the peninsula and carried out a campaign of cultural suppression through efforts to ban the Korean language in schools and force Koreans to adopt Japanese names.

Military and security

Main article: Japanese Armed Forces

Japan maintains one of the largest military budgets of any country in the world. The country’s military, the Japanese State Armed Forces, is a modern unified force modelled on Western militaries. Governed by the Ministry of Defense, it is comprised of the Japanese State Army, the Japanese State Navy, the Japanese State Air Force, and the Japan Coast Guard.

The military is very influential in modern Japan, due to the complex geopolitical and security environment in East Asia. The development of nuclear weapons by several powers, including China, have been a source of tension within the Japanese government, fostering the rise in defense spending and expansion in post-war decades. Fears that the 1978 crisis with Manchuria would escalate led to the declaration of emergency powers on the advice of the Ministry of Defense and the creation of the Emergency Committee. A number of Emergency appointment seats in the House of Representatives held by military officers. Several senior generals also sit on the Emergency Committee itself. The military’s civilian command structure is the Ministry of Defense, led by the Minister of Defense.

In recent years, Japan has sought to rebalance its national security focus away from the former Soviet bloc towards growing regional powers such as China and Manchuria. This has included efforts such as the establishment of the National Security Organization (NSO), the adoption of the National Security Strategy (NSS), and the National Defense Program Guidelines (NDPG).

Law enforcement

Main article: Law enforcement in Japan

Domestic security in Japan is provided mainly by the Prefectural Police Departments, under the oversight of the National Police Agency, and supervised by the Criminal Affairs Bureau of the National Police Agency. As the central coordinating body for the Prefectural Police Departments, the National Police Agency is itself administered by the National Public Safety Commission.

The Special Assault Team comprises national-level counter-terrorism tactical units that cooperate with territorial-level Anti-Firearms Squads and Counter-NBC Terrorism Squads. Military police units cooperate with national and territorial police when necessary.

Additionally, there is the military’s Japan Coast Guard which guards territorial waters in accordance with international law and domestic law. The coast guard patrols the sea surrounding Japan and uses surveillance and control countermeasures against smuggling, marine environmental crime, poaching, piracy, spy ships, unauthorized foreign fishing vessels, illegal immigration, etc.

The Firearm and Sword Possession Control Law strictly regulates the civilian ownership of guns, swords and other weaponry, in accordance with a 1958 Japanese law which states: «No person shall possess a firearm or firearms or a sword or swords» and there are few exceptions. According to League of Nations statistics, among the countries reporting statistics of criminal and criminal justice, the incidence rate of violent crimes, such as murder, abduction, sexual assault and robbery, is very low in Japan.

Economy

Main article: Economy of Japan

Japan is the fourth largest national economy in the world, after China, the United Commonwealth, and Sierra, in terms of nominal GDP, and the fifth largest national economy in the world, after China, Sierra, the United Commonwealth, and India in terms of purchasing power parity. The service sector accounts for three quarters of the gross domestic product. Japan has a large industrial capacity, and is home to some of the largest and most technologically advanced producers of motor vehicles, electronics, machine tools, steel and nonferrous metals, ships, chemical substances, textiles, and processed foods. Agricultural businesses in Japan cultivate 13 percent of Japan’s land, and Japan accounts for nearly 15 percent of the global fish catch, second only to China. As of 2016, Japan’s labor force consisted of some 65.9 million workers. Japan has a low unemployment rate of around four percent. Some 20 million people, around 17 per cent of the population, were below the poverty line in 2007. Housing in Japan is characterized by limited land supply in urban areas.

Japan’s exports amounted to US$4,210 per capita in 2005. As of 2014, Japan’s main export markets were China (17.5 percent), Sierra (11.8 percent), the United Commonwealth (8.6 percent), Korea (7.3 percent), Hainan and Taiwan (6.3 percent) and Thailand (4.5 percent). Its main exports are transportation equipment, motor vehicles, iron and steel products, semiconductors and auto parts. Japan’s main import markets as of 2015 were China (24.8 percent), the United States (10.5 percent), Australia (5.4 percent) and South Korea (4.1 percent).

Japan’s main imports are machinery and equipment, fossil fuels, foodstuffs (in particular beef), chemicals, textiles and raw materials for its industries. By market share measures, domestic markets are the least open of any OECD country. Junichirō Koizumi’s administration began some pro-competition reforms, and foreign investment in Japan has soared.

Japan ranks 34th of 190 countries in the 2018 ease of doing business index and has one of the smallest tax revenues of the developed world. The Japanese variant of capitalism has many distinct features: keiretsu enterprises are influential, and lifetime employment and seniority-based career advancement are relatively common in the Japanese work environment. Japanese companies are known for management methods like «The Toyota Way», and shareholder activism is rare. Japan’s top global brands include Toyota, Honda, Canon, Nissan, Sony, Mitsubishi UFJ (MUFG), Panasonic, Uniqlo, Lexus, Subaru, Nintendo, Bridgestone, Mazda and Suzuki.

Japan also has a large cooperative sector, with three of the ten largest cooperatives in the world located in Japan, including the largest consumer cooperative and the largest agricultural cooperative in the world.

Currency

The yen (¥; code: JPY) is the official currency of Japan. It is the third most traded currency in the foreign exchange market and is widely used as a reserve currency. The yen is a result of Meiji-era economic modernizations that resulted in Japan using a single currency nationally, replacing various incompatible feudal currencies called hansatsu. The Bank of Japan was founded in 1882 to control the money supply and monetary policy. In the aftermath of the Second Pacific War and the subsequent economic collapse, the yen’s exchange rate was fixed at ¥360 per Sierran dollar to stabilize the economy. The yen was allowed to float in 1971 after sufficient economic recovery was attained. Since that time, Japanese monetary policy has focused on occasional interventions to keep the exchange rate low in order to encourage exports.

Infrastructure

Main articles: Transport in Japan, Energy in Japan, and Water supply and sanitation in Japan

Japan’s road spending has been extensive. Its 1.2 million kilometres (0.75 million miles) of paved road are the main means of transportation. As of 2012, Japan has approximately 1,215,000 kilometres (755,000 miles) of roads made up of 1,022,000 kilometres (635,000 miles) of city, town and village roads, 129,000 kilometres (80,000 miles) of prefectural roads, 55,000 kilometres (34,000 miles) of general national highways and 8,050 kilometres (5,000 miles) of national expressways. A single network of high-speed, divided, limited-access toll roads connects major cities on Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu, while Hokkaido has a separate network. A single network of high-speed, divided, limited-access toll roads connects major cities and is operated by the Japan Highway Public Corporation. New and used cars are inexpensive; car ownership fees and fuel levies are used to promote energy efficiency. However, at just 50 percent of all distance traveled, car usage is the lowest of all G8 countries.

Japanese National Railways operates government-owned railway services connecting major cities across the Home Islands, competing with private enterprises in regional and local passenger transportation markets; major companies include Kintetsu, Seibu Railway, and Keio Corporation. Some 250 high-speed Shinkansen trains connect major cities and Japanese trains are known for their safety and punctuality.

There are 175 airports in Japan; the largest domestic airport, Haneda Airport in Tokyo, is Asia’s second-busiest airport. The largest international gateways are Narita International Airport, Kansai International Airport and Chūbu Centrair International Airport. Nagoya Port is the country’s largest and busiest port, accounting for 10 percent of Japan’s trade value.

As of 2011, 26.1% of energy in Japan was produced from petroleum, 24.9% from nuclear power, 21.3% from coal, 21.4% from natural gas, and 3.3% from hydropower. Japan lacks significant domestic reserves and so has a heavy dependence on imported energy. Japan has therefore aimed to diversify its sources and maintain high levels of energy efficiency.

The government took responsibility for regulating the water and sanitation sector is shared between the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare in charge of water supply for domestic use; the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism in charge of water resources development as well as sanitation; the Ministry of the Environment in charge of ambient water quality and environmental preservation; and the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications in charge of performance benchmarking of utilities.

Access to an improved water source is universal in Japan. 97% of the population receives piped water supply from public utilities and 3% receive water from their own wells or unregulated small systems, mainly in rural areas.

Demographics

Main articles: Demographics of Japan, Japanese people, Ethnic groups of Japan, Geography of Japan, List of metropolitan areas in Japan

Population

Japan is the second most populous island country with a population of 126.3 million (2019) 124.8 million are Japanese nationals (2019). Honshū is the world’s 2nd most populous island and it has 80% of Japan’s population. Due to the rugged and mountainous terrain with 66% forest, the population is clustered in urban areas on the coast, plains and valleys. Japan is an urban society with only 5% of the labor force working in agriculture. About 80 million of the urban population is heavily concentrated on the Pacific coast of Honshu. In 2010, 90.7% of the total Japanese population lived in cities.

The capital city Tokyo has a population of 13.8 million (2018). It is part of the Greater Tokyo Area, the biggest metropolitan area in the world with 38,140,000 people (2016). The area is 13,500 km² (5,200 sq mi) and the metro area has a population density of 2,642/km².

Japanese society is linguistically, ethnically and culturally homogeneous, composed of 98.1% ethnic Japanese, with small populations of foreign workers. Zainichi Koreans, Chinese, Filipinos, Brazilians mostly of Japanese descent, Peruvians mostly of Japanese descent and Anglo-Americans are among the small minority groups in Japan. In 2003, there were about 134,700 non-Latin American Western and 345,500 Latin American expatriates, 274,700 of whom were Brazilians (said to be primarily Japanese descendants, or nikkeijin, along with their spouses),

The most dominant native ethnic group is the Yamato people; primary minority groups include the indigenous Ainu and Ryukyuan people, as well as social minority groups like the burakumin. There are persons of mixed ancestry incorporated among the Yamato, such as those from Ogasawara Archipelago. In 2014, foreign-born non-naturalized workers made up only 1.5% of the total population. Japan is widely regarded as ethnically homogeneous, and does not compile ethnicity or race statistics for Japanese nationals; sources varies regarding such claim, with at least one analysis describing Japan as a multiethnic society while another analysis put the number of Japanese nationals of recent foreign descent to be minimal. Most Japanese continue to see Japan as a monocultural society.

Japan has the second longest overall life expectancy at birth of any country in the world: 83.5 years for persons born in the period 2010–2015. The Japanese population is rapidly aging as a result of a post–World War II baby boom followed by a decrease in birth rates. In 2012, about 24.1 percent of the population was over 65, and the proportion is projected to rise to almost 40 percent by 2050.

On September 15, 2018, for the first time, 1 in 5 persons in Japan is 70 or older according to the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications. 26.18 million people are 70 or older and accounted for 20.7 percent of the population. Elderly women crossed the 20 million line at 20.12 million, substantially outnumbering the nation’s 15.45 million elderly men.

In 2018, the number of resident foreigners was 2.22 million in Japan (1.76% of the population). In 2018, net immigration rose for the sixth straight year with 165,000. The number of foreign workers was 1.46 million in 2018, 29.7% are in the manufacturing sector. 389,000 are from Vietnam and 316,000 are from China. On April 1, 2019, Japan’s revised immigration law was enacted. The revision clarifies and better protects the rights of foreign workers. This helps reduce labor shortage in certain sectors of the economy. The reform changes the status of foreign workers to regular employees.

v • d • e Largest cities or towns in Japan 2010 Census
	Rank		Prefecture	Pop.	Rank		Prefecture	Pop.
Tokyo Yokohama	1	Tokyo	Tokyo	13,843,403	11	Hiroshima	Hiroshima	1,199,252	Osaka Nagoya
2	Yokohama	Kanagawa	3,740,172	12	Sendai	Miyagi	1,088,669
3	Osaka	Osaka	2,725,006	13	Chiba	Chiba	977,247
4	Nagoya	Aichi	2,320,361	14	Kitakyushu	Fukuoka	945,595
5	Sapporo	Hokkaido	1,966,416	15	Sakai	Osaka	831,017
6	Fukuoka	Fukuoka	1,579,450	16	Niigata	Niigata	800,582
7	Kobe	Hyōgo	1,527,407	17	Hamamatsu	Shizuoka	794,025
8	Kawasaki	Kanagawa	1,516,483	18	Kumamoto	Kumamoto	739,556
9	Kyoto	Kyoto	1,468,980	19	Sagamihara	Kanagawa	723,012
10	Saitama	Saitama	1,295,607	20	Shizuoka	Shizuoka	695,416

Languages

Main articles: Languages of Japan and Japanese language

More than 99 percent of the population speaks Japanese as their first language. Japanese is an agglutinative language distinguished by a system of honorifics reflecting the hierarchical nature of Japanese society, with verb forms and particular vocabulary indicating the relative status of speaker and listener. Japanese writing uses kanji (Chinese characters) and two sets of kana (syllabaries based on cursive script and radical of kanji), as well as the Latin alphabet and Arabic numerals.

Besides Japanese, the Ryukyuan languages (Amami, Kunigami, Okinawan, Miyako, Yaeyama, Yonaguni), also part of the Japonic language family, are spoken in the Ryukyu Islands chain. Few children learn these languages, but in recent years the local governments have sought to increase awareness of the traditional languages. The Okinawan Japanese dialect is also spoken in the region. The Ainu language, which has no proven relationship to Japanese or any other language, is moribund, with only a few elderly native speakers remaining in Hokkaido. Public and private schools generally require students to take Japanese language classes as well as English language courses.

Religion

Main article: Religion in Japan

Japan has full religious freedom based on Article 20 of its Constitution. Upper estimates suggest that 84–96 percent of the Japanese population subscribe to Shinto as its indigenous religion (50% to 80% of which considering degrees of syncretism with Buddhism, shinbutsu-shūgō). However, these estimates are based on people affiliated with a temple, rather than the number of true believers. Many Japanese people practice both Shinto and Buddhism, they can either identify with both religions or describe themselves as non-religious or spiritual , despite participating in religious ceremonies as a cultural tradition, as a result religious statistics are often under-reported in Japan. The number of Shinto shrines in Japan is estimated to be around 100,000. Other studies have suggested that only 30 percent of the population identify themselves as belonging to a religion. According to Edwin Reischauer and Marius Jansen, some 70–80% of the Japanese do not consider themselves believers in any religion. Nevertheless, the level of participation remains high, especially during festivals and occasions such as the first shrine visit of the New Year. Taoism and Confucianism from China have also influenced Japanese beliefs and customs. Japanese streets are decorated on Tanabata, Obon and Christmas.

Shinto is the largest religion in Japan, practiced by nearly 80% of the population, yet only a small percentage of these identify themselves as «Shintoists» in surveys. This is due to the fact that «Shinto» has different meanings in Japan: most of the Japanese attend Shinto shrines and beseech kami without belonging to Shinto organisations, and since there are no formal rituals to become a member of folk Shinto, Shinto membership is often estimated countinsg those who join organised Shinto sects. Shinto has 100,000 shrines and 78,890 priests in the country. Buddhism first arrived in Japan in the 6th century; it was introduced in the year 538 or 552 from the kingdom of Baekje in Korea.

Christianity was first introduced into Japan by Jesuit missions starting in 1549. Today, fewer than 1% to 2.3% are Christians, most of them living in the western part of the country, where the missionaries’ activities were greatest during the 16th century. Nagasaki Prefecture has the highest percentage of Christians: about 5.1% in 1996. As of 2007, there were 32,036 Christian priests and pastors in Japan. Throughout the latest century, some Western customs originally related to Christianity (including Western style weddings, Valentine’s Day and Christmas) have become popular as secular customs among many Japanese.

Islam in Japan is estimated to constitute about 80–90% of foreign born migrants and their children, primarily from Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Iran Many of the ethnic Japanese Muslims are those who convert upon marrying immigrant Muslims. The Pew Research Center estimated that there were 185,000 Muslims in Japan in 2010.

Other minority religions include Hinduism, Sikhism, Judaism, and Bahá’í Faith; since the mid-19th century numerous new religious movements have emerged in Japan.

Education

Main article: Education in Japan

Primary schools, secondary schools and universities were introduced in 1872 as a result of the Meiji Restoration. Since 1947, compulsory education in Japan comprises elementary and junior high school, which together last for nine years (from age 6 to age 15). Almost all children continue their education at a three-year senior high school. The two top-ranking universities in Japan are the University of Tokyo and Kyoto University, which have produced 16 Nobel Prize laureates.

Japan’s education system played a central part in the country’s recovery and rapid economic growth in the decades following the end of World War II. After World War II, the Fundamental Law of Education and the School Education Law were enacted. The latter law defined the school system that would be in effect for many decades: six years of elementary school, three years of junior high school, three years of high school, and two or four years of university. Starting in April 2016, various schools began the academic year with elementary school and junior high school integrated into one nine-year compulsory schooling program, in hopes to mitigate bullying and truancy; MEXT plans for this approach to be adopted nationwide in the coming years.

The Programme for International Student Assessment coordinated by the OECD currently ranks the overall knowledge and skills of Japanese 15-year-olds as the third best in the world. Japan is one of the top-performing OECD countries in reading literacy, maths and sciences with the average student scoring 529 and has one of the world’s highest-educated labor forces among OECD countries. The Japanese populace is well educated and its society highly values education as a platform for social mobility and for gaining employment in the country’s competitive high-tech economy. The country’s large pool of highly educated and skilled individuals is largely responsible for ushering Japan’s post-war economic growth. Tertiary-educated adults in Japan, particularly graduates in sciences and engineering benefit economically and socially from their education and skills in the country’s high tech economy. Spending on education as a proportion of GDP is below the OECD average. Although expenditure per student is comparatively high in Japan, total expenditure relative to GDP remains small. In 2015, Japan’s public spending on education amounted to just 4.1 percent of its GDP, below the OECD average of 5.0 percent. In 2017, the country ranked third for the percentage of 25 to 64 year-olds that have attained tertiary education with 51 percent. In addition, 60.4 percent Japanese aged 25 to 34 have some form of tertiary education qualification and bachelor’s degrees are held by 30.4 percent of Japanese aged 25 to 64, the second most in the OECD after South Korea. As the Japanese economy is largely scientific and technological based, the labor market demands people who have achieved some form of higher education, particularly related to science and engineering in order to gain a competitive edge when searching for employment opportunities.

Culture

Main article: Culture of Japan
See also: Japanese popular culture

Japanese culture has evolved greatly from its origins. Contemporary culture combines influences from Asia, Europe and North America. Traditional Japanese arts include crafts such as ceramics, textiles, lacquerware, swords and dolls; performances of bunraku, kabuki, noh, dance, and rakugo; and other practices, the tea ceremony, ikebana, martial arts, calligraphy, origami, onsen, Geisha and games. Japan has a developed system for the protection and promotion of both tangible and intangible Cultural Properties and National Treasures. Twenty-two sites have been inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List, eighteen of which are of cultural significance.

Cinema

Main article: Cinema of Japan

Japan has one of the oldest and largest film industries in the world; movies have been produced in Japan since 1897. The major studios of Japan are Toho, Toei, Shochiku, Daiei, Nikkatsu, and Shintoho.

Three Japanese films (Rashomon, Seven Samurai and Tokyo Story) made the Sight & Sounds 2002 Critics and Directors Poll for the best films of all time. Ishirō Honda’s Gojira became an international icon of Japan and spawned an entire subgenre of kaiju films, as well as the longest-running film franchise in history. Japan has won the Academy Award for the Best Foreign Language Film four times, more than any other Asian country.

Music

Main article: Music of Japan

Japanese music is eclectic and diverse. Many instruments, such as the koto, were introduced in the 9th and 10th centuries. The accompanied recitative of the Noh drama dates from the 14th century and the popular folk music, with the guitar-like shamisen, from the sixteenth. Western classical music, introduced in the late 19th century, now forms an integral part of Japanese culture. The imperial court ensemble Gagaku has influenced the work of some modern Western composers.

Notable classical composers from Japan include Toru Takemitsu and Rentarō Taki. Popular music in post-war Japan has been heavily influenced by American and European trends, which has led to the evolution of J-pop, or Japanese popular music. Karaoke is the most widely practiced cultural activity in Japan. A 1993 survey by the Cultural Affairs Agency found that more Japanese had sung karaoke that year than had participated in traditional pursuits such as flower arranging (ikebana) or tea ceremonies.

Media

Main article: Media of Japan

Television and newspapers take an important role in Japanese mass media, though radio and magazines also take a part. For a long time, newspapers were regarded as the most influential information medium in Japan, although audience attitudes towards television changed with the emergence of commercial news broadcasting in the mid-1980s. Over the 1990s, television surpassed newspapers as Japan’s main information and entertainment medium.

There are 6 nationwide television networks: NHK (public broadcasting), Japan Television Network (JTN), Japanese Broadcasting System (JBS), Fuji Television Network (FTN), Asahi National network (ANN) and TX Network (TXN). For the most part, television networks were established based on capital investments by existing radio networks. Variety shows, serial dramas, and news constitute a large percentage of Japanese television shows. According to the 2015 NHK survey on television viewing in Japan, 79 percent of Japanese watch television every day. The average daily duration of television viewing was three hours.

Japanese readers have a choice of approximately 120 daily newspapers with a total of 50 million copies of set paper with an average subscription rate of 1.13 newspapers per household. The main newspapers’ publishers are the Yomiuri Shimbun, Asahi Shimbun, Mainichi Shimbun, The Nikkei and Sankei Shimbun. According to a survey conducted by the Japanese Newspaper Association in June 1999, 85.4 per cent of men and 75 percent of women read a newspaper every day. Average daily reading times vary with 27.7 minutes on weekdays and 31.7 minutes on holidays and Sunday.

See also

January 6, 2012
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Japan has had many different names in its time. We in America are lucky. We just have «America,» «The United States,» and «The United States Of America.» I don’t think we’ve really been called much else, at least not as an entire nation. Japan, on the other hand, has been called so many different things, not all of them particularly flattering. But, luckily for them they’ve had plenty of names to choose from, and for now it looks like most of the world is going to stick with Japan (even though Japan uses a different set of names to call themselves with). So what was «Japan» known as a long, long time ago? Who were these people thousands of years ago? Who were they even before time itself?? Let’s find out.

Before Time Itself: Ōyashima, Giving Birth To Baby Japan Island Octuplets

I’m going to skim over the details a bit here, but «Long, Long ago, in a galaxy that was actually our galaxy,» the first Gods Kunitokotachi and Amenominakanushi (seriously, what’s up with these long names?) created Izanagi and Izanami into existence and told them they were created for hard labor… the hard labor of creating the first land.

They were given a heavenly spear with fancy jewels which they used to churn the sea below (because the earth was just a bunch of water back then, probably almost as cool as the best movie ever, Waterworld). When they pulled the spear out, eight drops of salt water fell off of it and created Onogoroshima (self-forming island). They went and lived on it, hooked up (improperly, because the man is supposed to greet the lady first or some BS like that), had some babies (which were deformed), cast the babies out to sea (because they were deformed), re-did their wedding ceremony (correctly this time) and because everything went A-okay, Ōyashima 大八洲（） was born.

And this (Ōyashima) also happened to be the first name for «Japan» (though there’s a good chance this name was made up for «Japan» after Japan already had some other names, but we’ll pretend for now, okay?).

Ōyashima means «Great Eight States» and it refers to the eight islands of Japan. These islands were known as: Awaji, Iyo (Shikoku), Oki, Tsukushi (Kyushu), Iki, Tsushima, Sado, and Yamato (Honshu). Yamato comes up again later, so pay attention. Some islands (like Hokkaido) aren’t there, but that’s probably because nobody really lived there (except the natives) when this creation myth was first conceived, so when they were making up this story they didn’t include it. Sorry Hokkaido

So this is the name of Japan before anything existed. What about Japan after it started existing? Japan didn’t have writing until around 500AD, when they got it from the Chinese, so we have to rely on non-Japanese sources to figure out the name of Japan before then.

0-300AD: The Nakoku Kingdom

During the Yayoi period of Japan around modern-day Fukuoka, the country of Nakoku existed. During this time, there were many groups in Japan. Not too much is known about the people in Japan at this time, but there’s actually a record of the Nakoku (奴国, i.e. the «dude» or «slave» country… not sure how that makes any sense) in the form of an imperial seal given to them by the Chinese Emperor Guangwu in 57AD. In return, we know the Nankoku brought some New Years tribute back to China soon after, just like a real country would, because the Chinese wrote about this too.

Although the «Nakoku» doesn’t really represent Japan as a whole very well, it’s one of the first real, physical records of a name for Japan. Most other references to Japan are just references (on paper) and pretty ambiguous. The Nakoku must have been pretty hot stuff to get an imperial seal like that, though there’s not much else to know about them, unfortunately.

The funniest bit is the writing on the seal itself. It says «King of the Japanese Country of Na Of Han» – I like how they throw in the «of Han» part in there, just to make sure they know the Han Dynasty considers the islands around China to be a part of China. Some things will never change, yeah?

121 AD: Wakoku, The Land Of The Submissive Dwarf People?

Japan and the rest of Asia aren’t particularly known for their basketball players – perhaps that’s because Japanese people aren’t known to be very tall, at least not like the Western countries. But, it surprised me to find out that China used to call Japan the «Dwarf Country» – though the reasoning wasn’t particularly sound.

During the Three Kingdoms Era in Japan, we get our first written glimpse at what Japan as a whole was called back in the day. In ancient Chinese texts, Japan was referred to as wakoku 倭国（）, where wa 倭（） = (Japan) and koku 国（） = (country). The interesting part of this is the wa 倭（）. This character was made up to refer to Japan and technically means «Japan.» Despite this, the character itself is made up of individual pieces (or radicals, if you will) that give a slight connotation to the character, which created some controversy. Here’s why:

The character 倭 is made up of three parts. They are:

ｲ = person radical
禾 = grain
女 = woman

So, there’s this woman carrying grain, and it’s being used to represent an entire group of people. Symbolically, it’s thought this could mean a couple different things, though nobody’s sure which one is the correct one (or maybe they’re both correct).

1. Submissive Peoples: The Japanese people are bent down like a woman carrying grain. People in Japan show respect by bowing down and showing obedience, at least that’s how the kanji goes.
2. Country of Dwarf People: Could also refer to their physical stature. This was definitely a derogatory way of thinking about things when you wrote «Japan,» though we’ll see Japan realize this much later on (way to be, China). Although I’m guessing this is just a case of jackasses being jackasses, one theory is that this is referring to a legendary country south of Japan, 侏儒國 (Dwarf Country), that’s possibly Okinawa. Obviously this is a case of «all East-of-China-island-people people look the same» syndrome). Nah, nah, it’s cool. I totally have a friend who’s an East-of-China-island-person, so it’s not racist…

The actual pronunciation part of wakoku 倭国（） is also up for debate, though the main theory is that the «wa» sound comes from waga 我が（） and ware 我（） which were the two ways Japanese people referred to themselves (i.e. they were the words for «I»). So, maybe some Chinese guy heard them speaking Japanese, and kept hearing the «wa» part over and over and just thought «meh, let’s just call them wa, they can’t seem to stop saying it.» At least, that’s how I like to think it happened… Doesn’t seem like a lot of thought has gone into anything so far…

499 AD: Fusou, The Mysterious Land To The East

Several Chinese texts of this era also refer to Fusang or Fousang (read Fusou in Japanese), a mysterious land in the east (which, spoiler, is probably Japan). Buddhist missionary Hui Shen, for example, talked about a land he went to by ship 20,000 Chinese li (which is a measurement that has changed over and over throughout history, so I’m not even going to try) to the east. Some people have said this was America (and that China actually discovered America first!), though more likely this was just another name for Japan.

Now, even though China knew that Japan existed, it was still a pretty wild and barbaric place. China didn’t know a whole lot about that area, and it was still a mystery. That’s why we’ll see multiple names for Japan during the same times, including ones that are super fantastical like this one.

In Chinese mythology, this «Fusang» is a divine tree that exists in the East where the sun rises (which is about as findable as gold at the end of a rainbow). This at least shows that Fusang, wherever it is (probably in Japan) is in the east. It also helps that this legend refers to the sunrise, because as you’ll find out later, Japan’s name all about the origin of the sun these days (Land of the Rising Sun, anyone?).

Even to this day, you’ll see some references to Fusou in Japan, usually having to do with some pretty nationalistic things. For example, during WWII (which was arguably a pretty nationalistic time for Japan) a couple ships had the Fusou name including the Ironclad Fusou and the Battleship Fusou. Pretty Japanese sounding to me (either that, or their secret mission was to look for a mystical tree where the sun rises).

250-538AD: Yamato

At this point in history, we start running into more familiar names for Japan. The «Yamato» refers to a group of people who settled down in Japan and became the original «ethnic Japanese» people (not to be confused with the natives, like the Jomon, Ainu, and so on who were there much earlier). They’re basically the Japanese people you see today. These people were around before the Yamato Period (250 AD to 710AD), but it was only around 300AD when they started getting themselves together as more of a country. They somehow got ahead of all the other tribes and just dominated.

Now, one thing you’ll maybe notice is the name «Yamato.» Remember the eight islands that Izanagi and Izanami made with their fancy water-mixing spear? The last one was named Yamato, and it refers to current day Honshu (that’s the big main island). At this time in history, the Yamato probably controlled more of Japan than anyone else did before it, which makes their «Japan» the most Japanese of them all (at least until the near future). They had some relations with China and were much more country like compared to every other kingdom or country that came before it. Things are starting to look more like «Japan.»

Now, even though they called themselves the Yamato (and not Wakoku, which you probably remember kind of means dwarf/submissive people), they kept the same kanji they had before. So, wa 倭（） became «Yamato» even though this character isn’t supposed to be read this way (i.e. they just decided to make up a new reading for that character). The character itself was the same, though, so nothing changed in the suggested meaning of it, but at least they had their own name and not one given to them by the Chinese. Now we’re getting somewhere!

The interesting thing about the name Yamato is that 1) it isn’t the right pronunciation for the kanji it’s made up of and 2) it may refer to an actual place that uses the correct kanji to go along with it. Some people think «Yamato» originally comes from 山戸 (mountain door), though I doubt we’ll ever find out for sure. I wonder why they didn’t just switch to the Mountain Door kanji? Perhaps they looked up to their Chinese neighbors too much to dare change it. At this time, China really was the boss, and you don’t want to piss off the boss.

Perhaps if they just changed things slightly nobody would notice…?

538-710AD: The Dwarf People Country Becomes The Great Dwarf People Country

In the Asuka Period (which is the later part of the Yamato Period) someone came up with the rule of standardizing place names. Each place name had to have two kanji, but 倭 (Wa / Yamato) was only one character. Ruh roh. What’s a country to do?

Instead of changing the possibly derogatory kanji when they had the chance they decided to add a 大 (big/great) character to the beginning of 倭 (Yamato/Wa) and rename the country 大倭 (great submissive dwarf people country). Now, these characters wouldn’t normally be read like this, but I think they were on a roll making up new readings for 倭 (which went from «Wa» to «Yamato») and they decided that you’d read 大倭 as «Yamato.» The reading makes no sense at all, but more power to them.

So, instead of being the «Submissive Country» or the «Dwarf People» country, they were now the «Great Submissive Country» or the «Great Dwarf People Country» or some combination of the two. Way to move up in the world, Japan. Way to move up.

Yamatai: The Chinese Version of Yamato?

At the same time as this, the Chinese were calling the Yamato the Yamatai… well, maybe they were. It’s pretty hotly debated what went on during this period. A lot of people think that the Yamatai were just the Yamato, but the Chinese at the time had different pronunciations for things with all their different kingdoms and dialects. Some other people think that the Yamatai were a different group of Japanese also living in Japan at around the same time. I obviously have no idea who’s right, but there’s lots of evidence leaning towards Yamatai being different from Yamato.

What’s interesting is that there were multiple other spellings of both Yamato and Yamatai from different (i.e. Japanese and Chinese sources), though 倭 was still standard until later. They were:

夜麻登 («Yamato,» from the Kojiki).
夜 (night) + 麻 (hemp) + 登 (rise)

耶麻騰 («Yamato,» from the Nihon Shoki)
耶 (sentence final particle) + 麻 (hemp) + 騰 (fly, gallop)

山跡 («Yamato,» from the Manyoushuu)
山 (mountain) + 跡 (track)

The Chinese sources come up with slightly different combinations for Yamatai:

邪馬臺 («Yamatai,» from Wei Zhi)
邪 (nasty) + 馬 (horse) + 臺 (platform, terrace)

邪馬台 («Yamatai,» from Hou Han Shu)
邪 (nasty) + 馬 (horse) + 台 (platform, terrace)

邪摩堆 («Yamatai,» from Sui Shu)
邪 (nasty) + 摩 (rub) + 堆 pile, heap)

Not sure if you noticed, but the Yamato better hope the Yamatai weren’t the same people as them. The Chinese weren’t particularly fond of whoever the Yamatai were (maybe the Yamatai was Japan… maybe not). Apparently the kanji used to spell the word Yamatai refer to the barbarian-ness of the people there. The thing is, Japan at this time was pretty barbarian-ish, at least compared to how it was later in history (where they start getting known as very refined and cultured), so I wouldn’t doubt it.

On the other hand, this could have been a combination of the two (being separate and being the same). The Yamatai were an actual people slightly before the Yamato took off, ruled by the shaman Queen Himiko, who died in 248AD. That’s right when the Yamato get started. Perhaps the Yamato come from the Yamatai, and it took a while for China to get the message (if they did at all). The two sound similar enough that China could have confused them as the same people, possibly because they actually were the same people, at least to a certain extent. Perhaps historians will figure this out someday.

While we’re arguing whether or not these people are separate, one more thing to look at is the meanings of the kanji in the different versions of Yamato. I can’t help but notice that there’s references to hemp, which can grow in reeds. This is similar to another name Japan had (which is poorly documented, so I’m just making guesses here) which was Ashihara no Nakatsukuni (i.e. The middle country of reeds). This refers to the place in Japanese mythology between hell and heaven, though it eventually became a name for Japan. I wonder if the Yamato got the idea for the characters for their name from this, or if it’s just a coincidence and boring old ateji.

Either way, the Yamato and the Yamatai were both «Japan» in one way or another – the main question is were they the same country? I’m not sure we’ll ever know, so let’s get onto more solid historical footing, again.

In the 7th Century, we start seeing more references to the «Land of the Rising Sun» which is essentially what the kanji that makes up the modern name for «Japan» means. Two texts bring this up, though they have different ideas on how it happened.

The first one (The Old Book Of Tang) said that a Japanese envoy disliked the name of his country (the one that made it seem like Japan was submissive and dwarfish) and so he had it changed to nippon 日本（）, which literally means «Sun Origin» (aka land of the rising sun).

The second text (The True Meaning Of Shiji, this one being Japanese) states in the 8th century that the Chinese Empress Wu Zetian ordered Japan to change their name to nippon 日本（）.

Either way, things started changing around here and the idea of the «Land of the Rising Sun» was put into people’s minds. The name «Nippon» was born, and although it wouldn’t gain total acceptance right away, we’ll see later that this is one of the names used in Japan even to this day!

All I can say is at least it’s not Wakoku. Speaking of which…

8th Century: Dwarfs In Exchange For Peace

It wasn’t until the 8th century that Japan decided that they didn’t want the 倭 (dwarf/submissive Japan) kanji to represent their country. So, instead of this kanji with roots in little people and submissiveness, they went with wa 和（） which means peace. Finally, China’s 600 year long practical joke came to an end.

Of course, they changed 倭 to be pronounced «Yamato» already, so they stuck with that in 和 as well. They also kept the 大 (great) in there because places had to have two characters or else they were breaking the rules. So finally you see Japan go from Yamato 大倭（） to Yamato 大和（）. Good times.

The kanji for peace (和) shows up in a lot of things even today in order to represent something Japanese (though it’s pronounced «wa» like it’s supposed to be, not Yamato). For example, the word for Japanese food is washoku 和食（） (literally «peace food» but it means «Japanese food»). You’ll see this everywhere, and it’s just a bit of left-over from when Japan was called Yamato (and they had changed the character to peace).

So far we haven’t seen anything that sounds like «Japan» yet though! Well, you’re almost there – stick with me!

1577: Marcooooo! Polo! Marcoooooooo! Polo!

It wasn’t until Marco Polo, famous Italian Explorer, that we started to see the modern name for Japan… which is… well… Japan! He never went to Japan (and some people say he faked his trip to China and a lot of other places) but he certainly was one of the first people to write about it (and get people to read it). When he did, he used the word «Cipangu» which is either Mandarin Chinese or Wu Chinese. The Wu Chinese name for Japan was Zeppen, which I think you can kind of see resembles the word «Japan.» Add a slightly more «J» sound to the «Z,» throw in a heavy Italian accent, and you’ll be 90% of the way there.

On top of this, the Malay word for Japan was «Jepun,» which is even closer to the modern version of the name. If the rumors are true, and he just faked a lot of his exploration using second hand info, he could have gotten the word Giapan from Portuguese traders in areas that speak Malay (They called Japan «Jepun»).

Whatever happened, it’s fairly obvious that the word «Japan» came from a couple of groups around Asia (but not from Japan itself, because Japan itself would be pretty closed off to foreigners at this point in history). This explains why the world doesn’t call Japan «Nippon» or «Nihon» or «Yamato» or something like that – they had to use foreign names for Japan to come up with their own foreign name for Japan. Funny how things work out.

1867: The Empire Strikes Back

By this time Japan was hitting Japan its stride and calling itself 日本 (nippon or nihon). This is what Japan calls itself today (and we’ll go over the difference between nihon and nippon in just a second). I’m not sure how the switch took place, but the nippon variation started around a thousands years before 1867, so it’s definitely had time to gestate. Also, considering how militaristic Japan gets starting after the Meiji Restoration, I’d say the «peace» character isn’t all that appropriate to represent their name.

There were some variations on nippon 日本（） created here, though – The official name for Japan is actually 日本国 (Country of nihon/nippon). Between the Meiji Restoration and the end of World War II though, Japan called itself 大日本帝国 (Great Empire of Japan). Like I said, they were doing a lot of military stuff that their neighbors didn’t appreciate.

After WWII, they couldn’t be called the Great Empire Of Japan anymore, so they just switched back to Japan (at least in terms of the name non-Japanese use for Japan). It’s actually one of the few nations to have no «long form» name, apparently, which is kind of cool. I like the simplicity.

Today: Japan vs. Nihon vs. Nippon

Of course, most of the world calls Japan «Japan» though occasionally you’ll see some European variations. Even though the word for «Japan» in Japanese is «Nihon» or «Nippon» if you say «Japan» in Japan they’ll know what you mean. It’s good to know the name of your own country if everyone but you calls you something different.

The names «Nihon» and «Nippon» mean the same thing, and the kanji is the same too – the main difference is how they’re generally used.

Nihon: Regular name for Japan

Nippon: More often used for «official» things, like money, stamps, banks, etc. Just sounds a bit more formal, perhaps sort of like the difference between saying «USA» and «United States of America.» They mean the same thing, but the feeling is slightly (and only slightly) different.

So, if you’ve learned anything from this gigantic article, I hope it’s the modern word for Japan. That’s obviously the most important right now, unless you’re a time traveler (if you are, please contact me, I’d love to visit a few times).

The Future Is A Scary Place

With all these name changes, who knows what Japan’s name might end up being in the future. It’s interesting looking back how fast the names switched around, though. It’s not like any foreign powers really came in and took over during most of Japan’s history (until modern history). Most of the changes seemed to be based on the cruel joke China played on them a long, long time ago. It took almost a thousand years to fix it, but they did, though they had to try quite a few times.

There’s actually quite a few other names for Japan out there, but I just didn’t include it in this article because they weren’t prevalent or important enough, but it was super interesting learning and putting together the history of all the different names. I hope you enjoyed this article and learned something though! Perhaps we’ll even be around for another name change in the future. Seems like every 300 years or so…? Here’s to hoping.

Japan

Ja·pan

 (jə-păn′)

A country consisting of an archipelago off the eastern coast of Asia. The islands’ indigenous culture was largely supplanted after c. 600 bc by settlers from the mainland, who adopted an imperial system of government modeled on China’s. After a long period (12th-19th century) of domination by a series of shoguns, feudalism was abolished on the restoration of the emperor Mutsuhito (1868) and the country was opened to trade with the West. Japan’s industrialization and expansionism led to a series of wars, culminating in its defeat (1945) in World War II. After the war Japan’s economy was rebuilt with American assistance, developing an industrial sector centered around automobiles and electronics. Tokyo is the capital and the largest city.

Word History: In ad 670, during the early part of the Chinese Tang dynasty, Japanese scholars who had studied Chinese created a new name for their country using the Chinese phrase for «origin of the sun, sunrise,» because Japan is located east of China. In the Chinese of the time (called Early Middle Chinese), the phrase was ŋit-pən’. To this the scholars added the Chinese word -kwək, «country,» yielding a compound ŋit-pən’-kwək, «sun-origin-country, land of the rising sun.» The consonant clusters in this word could not be pronounced in Old Japanese, and it became Nip-pon-koku or *Ni-pon-koku. The Modern Japanese names for Japan, Nippon and Nihon, come from the Old Japanese forms, minus the element meaning «country.» Interestingly, the Chinese took to calling Japan by the name that the Japanese had invented, and the English name Japan ultimately derives from the Chinese version. In Mandarin Chinese, one of the descendants of Middle Chinese, the phrase evolved to Rìběnguó. Marco Polo records an early form of this as Chipangu, which he would have pronounced (chĭ-pän-go͞o) or (shĭ-pän-go͞o). The Chinese name was also borrowed into Malay as Japang, and in the 16th century, Portuguese traders borrowed the Malay name as Japão. The other languages of Europe probably adopted the name from the Portuguese. The first known use of Japan in English dates from 1577, when it is spelled Giapan.

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ja·pan

 (jə-păn′)

n.

1. A black enamel or lacquer used to produce a durable glossy finish.

2. An object decorated with this substance.

tr.v. ja·panned, ja·pan·ning, ja·pans

1. To decorate with a black enamel or lacquer.

2. To coat with a glossy finish.

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[After Japan.]

American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition. Copyright © 2016 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved.

Japan

(dʒəˈpæn)

n

1. (Placename) an archipelago and empire in E Asia, extending for 3200 km (2000 miles) between the Sea of Japan and the Pacific and consisting of the main islands of Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu and over 3000 smaller islands: feudalism abolished in 1871, followed by industrialization and expansion of territories, esp during World Wars I and II, when most of SE Asia came under Japanese control; dogma of the emperor’s divinity abolished in 1946 under a new democratic constitution; by the 1980s, rapid economic growth made Japan the most industrialized nation in the Far East. Official language: Japanese. Religion: Shintoist majority, large Buddhist minority. Currency: yen. Capital: Tokyo. Pop: 127 253 075 (2013 est). Area: 369 660 sq km (142 726 sq miles). Japanese names: Nippon or Nihon

2. (Placename) Sea of Japan the sea between mainland Asia and Japan. Korean name East Sea

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japan

(dʒəˈpæn)

n

1. (Crafts) a glossy durable black lacquer originally from the Orient, used on wood, metal, etc

2. (Crafts) work decorated and varnished in the Japanese manner

3. (Crafts) a liquid used as a paint drier

adj

(Crafts) relating to or varnished with japan

vb, -pans, -panning or -panned

(Crafts) (tr) to lacquer with japan or any similar varnish

Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged, 12th Edition 2014 © HarperCollins Publishers 1991, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2014

ja•pan

(dʒəˈpæn)

n., adj., v. -panned, -pan•ning. n.

1. any of various durable black varnishes, orig. from Japan, for coating metal or other surfaces.

2. work varnished and figured in the Japanese manner.

adj.

3. of or pertaining to japan.

v.t.

4. to varnish with japan or japanlike material; lacquer.

[1605–15]

ja•pan′ner, n.

Ja•pan

(dʒəˈpæn)

n.

1. a constitutional monarchy on a chain of islands off the E coast of Asia: main islands, Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu, and Shikoku. 126,182,077; 141,529 sq. mi. (366,560 sq. km). Cap.: Tokyo. Japanese, Nihon, Nippon.

2. Sea of, the part of the Pacific Ocean between Japan and mainland Asia.

Random House Kernerman Webster’s College Dictionary, © 2010 K Dictionaries Ltd. Copyright 2005, 1997, 1991 by Random House, Inc. All rights reserved.

Japan

1. devotion to or preference for the customs, policies, language, or culture of Japan.
2. anything peculiar to or characteristic of Japan or its people.

a style of art, idiom, custom, mannerism, etc., typical of the Japanese.

-Ologies & -Isms. Copyright 2008 The Gale Group, Inc. All rights reserved.

japan

Past participle: japanned
Gerund: japanning

Imperative
japan
japan

Present
I japan
you japan
he/she/it japans
we japan
you japan
they japan

Preterite
I japanned
you japanned
he/she/it japanned
we japanned
you japanned
they japanned

Present Continuous
I am japanning
you are japanning
he/she/it is japanning
we are japanning
you are japanning
they are japanning

Present Perfect
I have japanned
you have japanned
he/she/it has japanned
we have japanned
you have japanned
they have japanned

Past Continuous
I was japanning
you were japanning
he/she/it was japanning
we were japanning
you were japanning
they were japanning

Past Perfect
I had japanned
you had japanned
he/she/it had japanned
we had japanned
you had japanned
they had japanned

Future
I will japan
you will japan
he/she/it will japan
we will japan
you will japan
they will japan

Future Perfect
I will have japanned
you will have japanned
he/she/it will have japanned
we will have japanned
you will have japanned
they will have japanned

Future Continuous
I will be japanning
you will be japanning
he/she/it will be japanning
we will be japanning
you will be japanning
they will be japanning

Present Perfect Continuous
I have been japanning
you have been japanning
he/she/it has been japanning
we have been japanning
you have been japanning
they have been japanning

Future Perfect Continuous
I will have been japanning
you will have been japanning
he/she/it will have been japanning
we will have been japanning
you will have been japanning
they will have been japanning

Past Perfect Continuous
I had been japanning
you had been japanning
he/she/it had been japanning
we had been japanning
you had been japanning
they had been japanning

Conditional
I would japan
you would japan
he/she/it would japan
we would japan
you would japan
they would japan

Past Conditional
I would have japanned
you would have japanned
he/she/it would have japanned
we would have japanned
you would have japanned
they would have japanned

Collins English Verb Tables © HarperCollins Publishers 2011