The word jack o lantern

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A jack-o’-lantern (or jack o’lantern) is a carved lantern, most commonly made from a pumpkin or a root vegetable such as a rutabaga or turnip.^[1] Jack-o’-lanterns are associated with the Halloween holiday. Its name comes from the reported phenomenon of strange lights flickering over peat bogs, called will-o’-the-wisps or jack-o’-lanterns. The name is also tied to the Irish legend of Stingy Jack, a drunkard who bargains with Satan and is doomed to roam the Earth with only a hollowed turnip to light his way.

Jack-o’-lanterns carved from pumpkins are a yearly Halloween tradition that developed in the United States when Celtic Americans brought their root vegetable carving tradition with them.^[2] It is common to see jack-o’-lanterns used as external and internal decorations prior to and on Halloween.

To make a jack-o’-lantern, the top of a pumpkin or turnip is cut off to form a lid, the inside flesh is scooped out, and an image—usually a «scary» or «funny» face—is carved out of the rind to expose the hollow interior. A light source, traditionally a flames from a candle or tealight, is placed within before the lid is closed. Artificial jack-o’-lanterns with electric lights are also marketed.

Etymology[edit]

The term jack-o’-lantern was originally used to describe the visual phenomenon ignis fatuus (lit., «foolish fire») known as a will-o’-the-wisp in English folklore.^[3] Used especially in East England, its earliest known use dates to the 1660s.^[4]

History[edit]

Origin[edit]

The carving of vegetables has been a common practice in many parts of the world. It is believed that the custom of making jack-o’-lanterns at Halloween time began in the British Isles.
^[5][6][7] In the 19th century, «turnips or mangel wurzels, hollowed out to act as lanterns and often carved with grotesque faces,» were used on Halloween in parts of Ireland and the Scottish Highlands.^[8] In these Gaelic-speaking regions, Halloween was also the festival of Samhain and was seen as a time when supernatural beings (the Aos Sí), and the souls of the dead, walked the earth. Jack-o’-lanterns were also made at Halloween time in Somerset, England (see Punkie Night) during the 19th century.^[8]

By those who made them, the lanterns were said to represent either spirits or supernatural beings,^[8] or were used to ward off evil spirits.^[9] For example, sometimes they were used by Halloween participants to frighten people,^[9][10][11] and sometimes they were set on windowsills to keep harmful spirits out of one’s home.^[10] It has also been suggested that the jack-o’-lanterns originally represented Christian souls in purgatory, as Halloween is the eve of All Saints’ Day (1 November)/All Souls’ Day (2 November).^[12]

On January 16 in 1836, the Dublin Penny Journal published a long story on the legend of «Jack-o’-the-Lantern», although this does not mention the lantern being carved from a vegetable.^[13] In 1837, the Limerick Chronicle refers to a local pub holding a carved gourd competition and presenting a prize to «the best crown of Jack McLantern». The term «McLantern» also appears in an 1841 publication of the same paper.^{[citation needed]}

There is also evidence that turnips were used to carve what was called a «Hoberdy’s Lantern» in Worcestershire, England, at the end of the 18th century. The folklorist Jabez Allies outlines other derivations of the name, «Hobany’s», which is most likely derived from «Hob and his», with other variations including «Hob-o’-Lantern», «Hobbedy’s Lantern» and «Hobbady-lantern».^[14]

In North America[edit]

Adaptations of Washington Irving’s short story «The Legend of Sleepy Hollow» (1820) often show the Headless Horseman with a pumpkin or jack-o’-lantern in place of his severed head. (In the original story, a shattered pumpkin is discovered next to Ichabod Crane’s abandoned hat on the morning after Crane’s supposed encounter with the Horseman.)

The application of the term to carved pumpkins in American English is first seen in 1834.^[15] The carved pumpkin lantern’s association with Halloween is recorded in the 1 November 1866 edition of the Daily News (Kingston, Ontario):

The old time custom of keeping up Hallowe’en was not forgotten last night by the youngsters of the city. They had their maskings and their merry-makings, and perambulated the streets after dark in a way which was no doubt amusing to themselves. There was a great sacrifice of pumpkins from which to make transparent heads and face, lighted up by the unfailing two inches of tallow candle.^[16]

James Fenimore Cooper wrote a nautical novel titled The Jack O’lantern (le Feu-Follet), Or the Privateer (1842). The Jack O’lantern was the name of the ship.^[17]

The poet John Greenleaf Whittier, who was born in Massachusetts in 1807, wrote the poem «The Pumpkin» (1850):^[18]

Oh!—fruit loved of boyhood!—the old days recalling,
When wood-grapes were purpling and brown nuts were falling!
When wild, ugly faces we carved in its skin,
Glaring out through the dark with a candle within!

In 1879’s Funny Nursery Rhymes, a poem admonishes children to avoid being similar to untrustworthy «Master Jack o’ Lantern,» described as a «wicked, deceiving boy» similar to a will-o’-the-wisp who «dances, and jumps, and gambols.» He is humorously illustrated as a personification of a lantern.^[19]

Agnes Carr Sage, in the article, «Halloween Sports and Customs» (Harper’s Young People (1885):^[20]

It is an ancient British custom to light great bonfires (Bone-fire to clear before Winter froze the ground) on Hallowe’en, and carry blazing fagots about on long poles; but in place of this, American boys delight in the funny grinning jack-o’-lanterns made of huge yellow pumpkins with a candle inside.

In the United States, the carved pumpkin was first associated with the harvest season in general, long before it became a symbol of Halloween.^[21] In 1895, an article on Thanksgiving entertaining recommended a lit jack-o’-lantern as part of the festivities.^[21][22]

Folklore[edit]

The story of the jack-o’-lantern comes in many forms and is similar to the story of Will-o’-the-wisp^[23] retold in different forms across Western Europe,^[24] including, Italy, Norway, Spain and Sweden.^[25] In Switzerland, children will leave bowls of milk or cream out for mythical house spirits called Jack o’ the bowl.^[26]
An old Irish folk tale from the mid-18th century tells of Stingy Jack, a lazy yet shrewd blacksmith who uses a cross to trap Satan.
One story says that Jack tricked Satan into climbing an apple tree, and once he was up there, Jack quickly placed crosses around the trunk or carved a cross into the bark, so that Satan couldn’t get down.^[27]

Another version^{[citation needed]} of the story says that Jack was getting chased by some villagers from whom he had stolen. He then met Satan, who claimed it was time for him to die. However, the thief stalled his death by tempting Satan with a chance to bedevil the church-going villagers chasing him. Jack told Satan to turn into a coin with which he would pay for the stolen goods (Satan could take on any shape he wanted); later, when the coin (Satan) disappeared, the Christian villagers would fight over who had stolen it. The Devil agreed to this plan. He turned himself into a silver coin and jumped into Jack’s wallet, only to find himself next to a cross Jack had also picked up in the village. Jack closed the wallet tight, and the cross stripped the Devil of his powers; and so he was trapped.

In both folktales, Jack lets Satan go only after he agrees to never take his soul. Many years later, the thief died, as all living things do. Of course, Jack’s life had been too sinful for him to go to Heaven; however, Satan had promised not to take his soul, and so he was barred from Hell as well.^[28] Jack now had nowhere to go. He asked how he would see where to go, as he had no light, and Satan mockingly tossed him a burning coal, to light his way. Jack carved out one of his turnips (which were his favorite food), put the coal inside it, and began endlessly wandering the Earth for a resting place.^[28] He became known as «Jack of the Lantern», or jack o’lantern.

Cornish folklorist Dr. Thomas Quiller Couch (d. 1884) recorded the use of the term in a rhyme used in Polperro, Cornwall, in conjunction with Joan the Wad, the Cornish version of Will-o’-the-wisp. The people of Polperro regarded them both as pixies. The rhyme goes:^[29]

Jack o’ the lantern! Joan the wad,
Who tickled the maid and made her mad
Light me home, the weather’s bad.

Jack-o-lanterns were also a way of protecting one’s home against the undead. Superstitious people^[30] used them specifically to ward off vampires. They thought this because it was said that the jack-o-lantern’s light was a way of identifying vampires who, once their identity was known, would give up their hunt for you.

Pumpkin craft[edit]

Sections of the pumpkin or turnip are cut out to make holes, often depicting a face, which may be either cheerful, scary, or comical.^[31]

World records[edit]

For a long time, Keene, New Hampshire, held the world record for most jack-o’-lanterns carved and lit in one place. The Life is Good Company teamed up with Camp Sunshine,^[32] a camp for children with life-threatening illnesses and their families, to break the record. A record was set on October 21, 2006, when 30,128 jack-o’-lanterns were simultaneously lit on Boston Common in downtown Boston, Massachusetts.^[33] Highwood, Illinois, tried to set the record on October 31, 2011, with an unofficial count of 30,919 but did not follow the Guinness regulations, so the achievement did not count.^[34]

On October 19, 2013, Keene broke the Boston record and reclaimed the world record for most lit jack-o’-lanterns on display (30,581). The town has now broken the record eight times since the original attempt.^[35]

See also[edit]

• Apotropaic magic
• Cuco
• The Great Pumpkin

References[edit]

External links[edit]

• https://www.history.com/topics/halloween/jack-olantern-history
• https://www.boston.com/news/history/2014/10/29/the-history-of-the-jack-o-lantern-how-it-all-began-with-a-turnip
• http://mentalfloss.com/article/12865/whats-origin-jack-o-lanterns

Asked by: Shawn Conroy

Score: 5/5
(69 votes)

In fact, the name, jack-o’-lantern, comes from an Irish folktale about a man named Stingy Jack. Irish immigrants brought the tradition to America, home of the pumpkin, and it became an integral part of Halloween festivities.

What do British people call Jack O Lanterns?

We always just called them «pumpkin lanterns«.

Why were turnips not used in the US as jack o lantern?

The children’s book The Story of Halloween by Carol Greene tells the story of Jack-o-the-lantern as well and explains how colonial Americans used pumpkins to carve instead of turnips, because they were more plentiful and easier to carve. Halloween began as Samhain which means ‘summer’s end.

What do pumpkins have to do with Halloween?

Over time, the practice of carving spooky faces on a pumpkin evolved into other forms of pumpkin-carving. The original idea of the jack-o’-lantern was to scare away evil spirits. The Irish would set the carved pumpkins or turnips by their doors and windows in hopes that they would protect them.

What were jack o lanterns originally carved on?

On all Hallow’s Eve, the Irish hollowed out Turnips, rutabagas, gourds, potatoes and beets. They placed a light in them to ward off evil spirits and keep Stingy Jack away. These were the original Jack O’Lanterns.

32 related questions found

Every October, thousands of Americans scoop out the flesh of a gourd, carefully carve a haunting face into its rind, and stick a candle inside. In fact, pumpkins are so popular near Halloween, that October 26 is National Pumpkin Day.

But Halloween pumpkins aren’t just any pumpkins. These creations are called jack-o’-lanterns, and they are proudly displayed on porches and stoops across the country. These pumpkins have their own emoji too, the Jack-O’-Lantern emoji 🎃.

Which leads us to ask the question: who, or what, is the namesake of this autumn tradition?

Who are jack-o’-lanterns named for?

Both the tradition of carving a pumpkin and the name jack-o’-lantern are rooted in Irish lore and date back hundreds of years.

In the mid-1800s, young boys used hollowed-out and lit-up root vegetables to spook people. Irish legend has it that this use of jack-o’-lantern was named after a fellow named Stingy Jack.

Stingy Jack thought he had tricked the devil, but the devil had the last laugh, condemning Jack to an eternity of wandering the planet with only an ember of hellfire for light. Jack’s lanterns were carved out of potatoes, turnips, and the vegetables, in Scotland and Ireland, while beets were used in England. When immigrants brought this custom to North America, pumpkins eventually became the vegetable of choice.

But the name jack has been a general term for a boy since the 1500s and for this reason, it found its way into many childhood songs and rhymes. For this reason, the British can also claim ownership to one of the original uses of the phrase jack-o’-lantern. In the 17th century, the term referred to a night watchman, a man who literally carried a lantern.

Why is there an o’ in jack-o’-lantern?

The o’ in jack-o’-lantern is short for the word of. So the whole term is “Jack (of or with) the lantern.”

The o’ is also used in the term o’clock. O’clock is actually an abbreviation of “of the clock.” Interestingly, jack-o’-lantern is also a nickname for strange, flickering lights seen at night over wetlands or peat bogs and mistaken to be fairies or ghosts. This natural phenomenon is also called ignis fatuus, or “foolish fire,” friar’s lantern, and will-o’-the-wisp—or will (of or with) the wisp.

How else is the term jack-o’-lantern used?

There’s also a dangerous version of a jack-o’-lantern. A poisonous luminescent orange fungus, Omphalotus olearius, is commonly known as the jack-o’-lantern mushroom! Found in woodland areas of Europe, this glowing growth clusters at the base of decomposing hardwood tree stumps. While the mushroom won’t produce a strong enough glow to power your next hollowed-out gourd, it is a great conversation starter at your next jack-o’-lantern carving party.