The word government has the following meanings in russian ответы

MAGNA
CARTA

HABEAS
CORPUS ACT

CRIMINOLOGY

1.
THE FOUNDATION OF THE BRITISH LAW: MAGNA CARTA

TASK
1. Read the text and write down the equivalents for the words and
expressions in bold type.

Magna
Carta

At the heart of the English system are two principles of government
— limited government and representative government. The idea that
government was not all-powerful first appeared in the Magna Carta*,
or Great Charter, that King John** signed in 1215 under the threat of
civil war.

Earlier kings of England had issued charters, making promises to
their barons. But these were granted by, not exacted from the king
and were very generally phrased. Later the tension between the Kings
and the nobility increased. In 1199, 1201, and 1205 John’s barons had
to be promised their rights. It is, therefore, not surprising that
Stephen Langton, archbishop of Canterbury, directed baronial unrest
into a demand for a solemn grant of liberties by the king. The
document known as the Articles of the Barons was at last agreed upon
and became the text from which the final version of the charter was
drafted and sealed by John on June 15, 1215.

The Magna Carta established the principle of limited government, in
which the power of the monarch, or government, was limited, not
absolute. This document provided for protection against unjust
punishment and the loss of life, liberty, and property except
according to law. It stipulated that no citizen could be punished or
kept in prison without a fair trial. Under the Magna Carta, the king
agreed that certain taxes could not be levied without popular
consent.

Although the Magna Carta was originally intended to protect
aristocracy and not the ordinary citizens, it came in time to be
regarded as a cornerstone of British liberties, and is one of the
oldest written constitutional papers.

*Magna Carta — Великая Хартия Вольностей

**King John — Иоанн Безземельный, английский
король (1199-1216)

TASK
2. The word GOVERNMENT has the following meanings in Russian:

1. государственная власть

executive government — исполнительная власть

judicial government — судебная
власть

legislative government — законодательная
власть

2. управление, руководство

the government of a state — управление государством

a system of government — система
правления

3. форма правления, государственное
устройство, политический строй

democratic /republican / federal / parliamentary government —
демократическая /республиканская /
федеральная / парламентская форма
правления

constitutional government — конституционная форма
правления

4. правительство, правительственный
аппарат

Liberal /Labour / Conservative Government — либеральное
/лейбористское /консервативное]
правительство

to form the government — сформировать
правительство

Match
the following English expressions to their Russian
equivalents:arbitrary government

authoritarian government colonial form of government government investigation government of the day government offices government official government party government(al) department government(al) regulation government’s term of office Her Majesty’s Government local government military government mixed government organs of government parliamentary government presidential government provisional government representative government to dissolve the government

действующее правительство местное самоуправление военная администрация смешанная форма правления парламентское правление правительство Её Величества правящая партия правительственные учреждения представительная форма правления временное правительство распустить /расформировать/ правительство органы государственного управления автократия президентская власть авторитарная форма правления правительственное ведомство правительственное расследование колониальная форма государственного устройства постановление правительства правительственный чиновник срок правомочий правительства

Use
the expressions above to make sentences of your own.

TASK.
Answer the questions:

What
were the two basic principles of the English system of government at
the beginning of the 13th century? How do you understand these
principles?

What
political situation necessitated the granting of the Magna Carta?

What
provisions did the Magna Carta contain?

Who
enjoyed the rights granted by the Magna Carta?

THE
FOUNDATION OF THE BRITISH LAW: HABEAS CORPUS ACT

“Let
the Body Be Brought…”

In the United States, Britain, and many other English-speaking
countries, the law of Habeas Corpus guarantees that nobody can be
held in prison without trial. Habeas Corpus became a law because of a
wild party held in 1621 at the London home of a notoriously rowdy
lady, Alice Robinson. When a constable appeared and asked her and her
guests to quiet down, Mrs. Robinson allegedly swore at him so
violently that he arrested her, and a local justice of the peace
committed her to jail.

When she was finally brought to trial, Mrs. Robinson’s story of
her treatment in prison caused an outcry. She had been put on a
punishment diet of bread and water, forced to sleep on the bare
earth, stripped, and given 50 lashes. Such treatment was barbaric
even by the harsh standards of the time; what made it worse was that
Mrs. Robinson was pregnant.

Public anger was so great that she was acquitted, the constable who
had arrested her without a warrant was himself sent to prison, and
the justice of the peace was severely reprimanded. And the case,
along with other similar cases, led to the passing of the Habeas
Corpus Act in Britain in 1679. The law is still on the British
statute books, and a version of it is used in the United States,
where the law was regarded as such an important guarantee of liberty
that Article 1 of the Constitution declares that “Habeas Corpus
shall not be suspended except in cases of rebellion or invasion”.

Habeas Corpus is part of a Latin phrase — Habeas corpus ad
subjiciendum — that means “Let the body be brought before the
judge.” In effect, a writ of Habeas Corpus is an order in the name
of the people (or, in Britain, of the sovereign) to produce an
imprisoned person in court at once.

TASK.
Find in the text the English equivalents for the following words and
expressions:

мировой судья

ордер на арест

варварское отношение

восстание; мятеж, бунт

вторжение, нападение, нашествие

недовольство общественности

печально известный

заключить в тюрьму

вызвать гневный протест

привести к принятию закона

получить строгий выговор

предстать перед судом

быть оправданным

быть приостановленным

от имени народа / монарха

TASK
1. Match the following headings with the sections of the text below:

History

Application

Techniques

Subject

Objectives

CRIMINOLOGY

(1)

Criminology is a social science dealing with the nature, extent, and
causes of crime; the characteristics of criminals and their
organizations; the problems of apprehending and convicting offenders;
the operation of prisons and other correctional institutions; the
rehabilitation of convicts both in and out of prison; and the
prevention of crime.

(2)

The
science of criminology has two basic objectives: to determine the
causes, whether personal or social, of criminal behavior and to
evolve valid principles for the social control of crime. In pursuing
these objectives, criminology draws on the findings of biology,
psychology, psychiatry, sociology, anthropology, and related fields.

(3)

Criminology originated in the late 18th century when various
movements began to question the humanity and efficiency of using
punishment for retribution rather than deterrence and reform. There
arose as a consequence what is called the classical school of
criminology, which aimed to mitigate legal penalties and humanize
penal institutions. During the 19th century the positivist school
attempted to extend scientific neutrality to the understanding of
crime. Because they held that criminals were shaped by their
environment, positivists emphasized case studies and rehabilitative
measures. A later school, the «social defense» movement,
stressed the importance of balance between the rights of criminals
and the rights of society.

(4)

Criminologists commonly use several research techniques. The
collection and interpretation of statistics is generally the initial
step in research. The case study, often used by psychologists,
concentrates on an individual or a group. The typological method
involves classifying offenses, criminals, or criminal areas according
to various criteria. Sociological research, which may involve many
different techniques, is used in criminology to study groups,
subcultures, and gangs as well as rates and kinds of crime within
geographic areas.

(5)

Criminology has many practical applications. Its findings can give
lawyers, judges, and prison officials a better understanding of
criminals, which may lead to more effective treatment. Criminological
research can be used by legislators and in the reform of laws and of
penal institutions.

Find
in the text the English equivalents for the following:

криминология рассматривает природу и
причины преступлений

изучение обстоятельств правонарушения
по материалам дела

криминология опирается на открытия
других наук

проблемы задержания преступников

проблемы предотвращения преступлений

применение на практике

исправительные учреждения

установить корни преступного поведения

установить причины преступности

выработать действующие принципы

смягчить наказание

подвергнуть сомнению

TASK 3. Replace the words and expressions in bold
type with words and expressions that mean the same.

The
objectives of criminology and criminalistics are rather different.

The
system of penal institutions is to be reformed.

The
scientific study of criminals originated in the late 18th century.

Modern
criminologists hold that criminals are shaped by a multiplicity of
factors.

Criminology
studies the factors that lead to violent behaviour.

TASK
4. Match the legal terms on the left with their definitions on the
right. Use them in sentences of your own. 1) Deterrence a)
guidance and instruction given to offenders, their beneficial
treatment aimed at restitution of positive skills and attitudes

2)
case study b) measures taken to prevent hostile action

3)
legislator c) a person serving a prison sentence

4)
retribution d) a detailed analysis of a criminal person or group

5)
convict e) a member of a body which gives or makes laws

6)
rehabilitation f) something given or demanded in repayment,
especially punishment

What
steps can society take to cope with crime?

What
trends can be observed in the development of criminology?

What
methods and techniques are applied in criminology?

In
what other spheres of life can criminology find a useful application?

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Id rather say nevertheless i learn russian or anyway. But its just my opinion) and for me its the same meaning (or really similar) with doesnt matter. The responses from governments have been organized around the four clusters of information referred to in paragraph 2 above. The owner of it will not be notified. The one learning a language! With hinative, you can have your writing corrected by native speakers for free. View ответы зпияс-31-15.

Docx from eng 101 at brooklyn institute for liberal arts — brooklyn, newyork. Ll members of the nato-russia council agree that the treaty has been crucial to euro-atlantic security. Today, allies urged russia once again to return to full and verifiable compliance with the treaty. Translations in context of ответы на мои in russian-english from reverso context анна, спасибо вам за подробные ответы на мои вопросы. Ote that maximum is a common word in everyday speech, while maximal is a bit more technical. The chinese side are paying close attention to this large-scale project.

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• The word government has the following meanings in russian ответы

Министерство образования и науки Российской Федерации

Федеральное государственное образовательное учреждение среднего профессионального образования

«Уфимский колледж статистики, информатики и вычислительной техники»

Учебно- методическое  пособие  по английскому языку  для  студентов  специальности: 030912

« Право и правовое и социальное обеспечение».  

( ТЕКСТЫ  И УПРАЖНЕНИЯ  ДЛЯ ДОМАШНЕГО  ЧТЕНИЯ).

Согласовано:  ____                                                                   Составлено: ___

Председатель ПЦК                                                                Преподаватель УКСИВТ

Каримова Р.Ф.                                                                           Розова И.Г.

«  »_______2012                                                                          «  »______2012

                                                                                                                                                                                                 Методист УКСИВТ

____________

Байсакова Р.Р.

«  »______2012

                                                              УФА 2012

Пояснительная  записка.

   Учебно- методическое  пособие  содержит  материал, с помощью  которого  ведется целенаправленная  работа по домашнему  чтению .  Данный  вид  деятельности  студентов   предполагает чтение  с пониманием  основного  содержания прочитанного.     Для  чтения  предлагаются   научно – популярные  тексты  с большим  содержанием  специальной  лексики.

     Работа  над текстами  заключается  в самостоятельном  прочтении  дома  с последующей  проверкой понимания  прочитанного  на  занятии.

      Каждый  текст  снабжен  серией  проверочных  заданий.  Ознакомительный вид  чтения  мы  используем  при  чтении  научно- популярных  текстов.  Для  чтения  с пониманием основного  содержания необязательно  знание  всех  лексических  единиц и  грамматических  явлений. Здесь  важно  уловить  основную  мысль и  уметь  догадываться о  значении  незнакомых  слов  по контексту.

     Пособие  состоит  из 10 юнитов, содержащих  основной  текст  и  задания  по прочитанному: ответить  на  вопросы, написать эссе по  предложенной  теме, составить  диаграмму  и т.д.  

Рецензия  на  учебно- методическое  пособие  по английскому  языку  по  домашнему  чтению, составленное  преподавателем  английского языка ГОУ  СПО  УКСИВТ  Розовой И. Г.

    Данное  пособие предназначено  для  студентов  специальности «». Оно  содержит  тексты  скорее  информативной , чем  коммуникативной  направленности. При этом  они  наполнены  новой  лексикой,  расширяющей  словарный  запас  студентов.

    Для  чтения  с пониманием основного  содержания необязательно  знание  всех  лексических  единиц и  грамматических  явлений. Здесь  важно  уловить  основную  мысль и  уметь  догадываться о  значении  незнакомых  слов  по контексту.

    Пособие  имеет  четкую , понятную  структуру. Задания  после   текстов  направлены  на  проверку  понимания  прочитанного.   Данное  пособие  формирует навыки  самостоятельного  чтения  с общим  пониманием содержания  и  извлечением  основной  информации.

Преподаватель   англ. языка  УГАЭС______(Еленская Л. С.)

Рецензия  на  учебно- методическое  пособие  по английскому  языку  по  домашнему  чтению, составленное  преподавателем  английского языка ГОУ  СПО  УКСИВТ  Розовой И. Г.

      Формируя  навыки  чтения  преподаватель  использует различные  приемы  и  методы  обучения.  При обучении  чтению как  виду  речевой  деятельности  предлагается  чтение  с  полным  пониманием и  извлечением  подробной  информации  из  текста  и   чтение  с  общим  пониманием  содержания  и извлечением  основной  информации (  ознакомительное  чтение). Содержание  данного  материала  направлено  на  развитие второго  вида  чтения.

     Тексты  научно- популярной  литературы  частично  адаптированы,  при  этом  преподаватель  старался  сохранить  аутентичность материала. Каждый  юнит  сопровождается  проверочными  заданиями,  студенты выполняют  их самостоятельно и  затем  сверяют  правильность  их  выполнения  на занятиях.

Преподаватель  ГОУ  СПО УКСИВТ ______(  Ящук  О. И.)

Unit 1        

LAWS OF BABYLON .

    One of the most detailed ancient legal codes was drawn up in about 1758 В.с. bу Hammurabi, а king of Babylonia. The entire code, consisting of 282 paragraphs, was carved into а great stone pillar, which was set up in а temple to the Babylonian god Marduk so that it could bе read bу every citizen.

   The pillar, lost for centuries after the fall of Babylon in the 16th century В.с., was rediscovered by а French archaeologist  in 1901 amid the ruins of the Persian city of Susa. Hammurabi’s words were still legible. The pillar is now in the Louvre museum in Paris.

   The laws laid down by Hammurabi were more extensive than any that had gone before. They covered crime, divorce and marriage, the rights of slave owners and slaves, the settlement of debts, inheritance and property contracts; there were eyen regulations about taxes and the prices of goods.

   Punishments under the code were often harsh. The cruel principle of revenge was observed: аn eye for an eye and а tooth for а tooth, which meant that criminals had to receive as punishment precisely those injuries and damages they had inflicted upon their victims. Not опlу murderers but also thieves and false accusers faced the death penalty. And а child who hit his father could expect to lose the hand that struck the blow.

   The code outlawed private blood feuds and banned the tradition by which а тап could kidnap and keep the woman he wanted for his bride. In addition, the new laws took account of the circumstances of the offender as well as of the offence. So а lower-ranking citizen who lost а civil case would be fined less than an aristocrat in the same position — though he would also be awarded less if be won.

   Nevertheless, Hammurabi’s laws represented an advance оп earlier tribal customs, because the penalty could not be harder than the crime.

Task 1. Find in the text the English equivalents for the following law-related words and expressions. What concepts bring these groups оf words together?

вор	смертная казнь	брак
клеветник	наказание	развод
правонарушитель	штрафовать	налоги
правонарушение	получать компенсацию	наследство
преступление		долги
кровная месть		цены на товары
наносить ущерб		гражданское дело
наносить увечья		права рабов
похищать		имущественные
		контракты

Task2. Answer the following questions:

1. Why do you think Hammurabi decided to have his laws carved into а pillar?

2. Why was the pillar set up in а temple?

3. What spheres of human life were covered by Hammurabi’s code?

Explain the choice.

4. How do you understand the principle «an eye for an eye and а tooth for а tooth»?

5. In your opinion, were punishments always fair?

6. Why do you think people of different ranks were treated differently by Hammurabi’s code?

Unit 2.

Тhe  FIRST LAW:

ANCIENT GREECE AND ROME.

Task 1. Read the text and write down Russian equivalents for the words and expressions in bold type:

                                   The Legal Heritage of Greece and Rome

   The ancient Greeks were among the first to develop а concept of law that separated everyday law from religious beliefs. Before the Greeks most civilizations attributed their laws to their gods or goddesses. Instead, the Greeks believed that laws were made by the people for the people.

   In the seventh century В.С., Draco* drew up Greece’s first comprehensive written code of laws. Under Draco’s code death was the punishment for most offences. Thus, the term draconian usually applies to extremely harsh measures. 

   Several decades passed before So10n poet, military hero, and ultimately Athens’ lawgiver — devised а new code of laws. Trial by jury, an ancient Greek tradition was retained, but enslaving debtors was prohibited as were most of the harsh punishments of Draco’s code. Under Solon’s law citizens of Athens were eligible to serve in the assembly and courts were established in which they could appeal government decisions.

   What the Greeks mау have contributed to the Romans was the concept of «natural law.» In essence, natural law was based оп the belief that certain basic principles are above the laws of а nation. These principles arise from the nature of people. The concept of natural law and the development of the first true legal system had а profound effect оп the modern world.

Task 2. Complete the following table with the appropriate verb or noun forms:

Verb	Noun
to attribute
	belief
	punislunent
to develop
	offence
to separate
	decision
to аррlу
	govemment
to prohibit
to serve
to cstablish
to арреаl
to refer to

Task3. Answer the following questions:

1. What does the ancient Greek concept of  law comprise?

2. Why were the first laws mainly attributed to divine powers?

3. What is the origin and the meaning of the word «draconian»?

4. How do you understand the concept of «natural law»?

5. What was Solon’s contribution to ancient law?

Unit 3.

Task 1. Read the text and write down Russian equivalents for the words and expressions in bold type:

                                      SOLON (b. 630 — d. 560 B.с.)

   Solon, the Athenian statesman, is known as one of the Seven Wise Men of Greece. Не ended exclusive aristocratic control of the government, substituted а system of control bу the wealthy, and introduced а new and more humane law code. Не was also а noted poet.

   Unfortunately it was not until the 5th  century В.С. that accounts of his life and works began to bе put together, mostly on the evidence of his poems and his law code. Although certain details have а legendary ring, the main features of his story seem to bе reliable. Solon was of  nоblе  descent but moderate means. Не first became prominent in about 600 В.С. The early 6th century was а troubled time for the Athenians.

     Society was dominated bу an aristocracy of  birth, who owned the best land, monopolized the government, and were themselves split into rival factions. Тhе social, economic, and political evils might well have culminated in а revolution and subsequent tyranny (dictatorship), as they had in other Greek states, had it not been for Solon, to whom Athenians of all classes turned in the bоре of а generally satisfactory solution of their problems. Because he believed in moderation and in an ordered society in which each class had its proper place and function, his solution was not revolution but reform.

     Solon’s great contribution to the future good of Athens was his new code of laws. The first written code at Athens that of  Draco was sti11 in force. Draco’s laws were shockingly severe (hence the term draconian) — so severe that they were said to have been written not in ink bиt in blood. Оп the civil side they permitted enslavement for debt, and death seems to have been the penalty for almost all criminal offenses. Solon revised every statute except  homicide and made Athenian law altogether more bоmane.

Task 2. Answer the following questions:

1. What   did  Solon  introduce?
2. Was   he  a noted  artist?
3. Why   was   the 6th century  dangerous  and  troubled  for  the Athenians?
4. Who  owned  the best land  in the Athens?
5. Were   Solon   solutions  revolutionary  ones ?
6. Why are Dragon laws so   severe?
7. What penalty  was  the  most   common?

Unit 4.

 Task 1. Read the text and write down Russian equivalents for the words and expressions in bold type:

                                   The MAGNA CARTA.

   At the heart of the English system are two principles of government-  limited government and representative government. Тhе idea that government was not all-powerful first appeared in the Magna Carta*, or Great Charter, that King John** signed in 1215 under the threat of civil war. Earlier kings of England had issued charters, making promises to their barons. But these were granted bу, not exacted from the king and were very generally phrased. Later the tension between the Kings and the nobility increased. Since 1199 John’s barons had to bе promised their rights. It is, therefore, not surprising that Stephen Langton, archbishop of Canterbury, directed baronial unrest into a demand for а solemn grant of liberties bу the king. Тhе document known as the Articles of the Barons was at last agreed upon and became the text from which the final version of the charter was drafted and sealed bу June on June 15, 1215.

   The Magna Carta established the principle of limited government, in which the power of the monarch, or government, was limited, not absolute. This document provided for protection against unjust punishment and the loss of life, liberty, and property except according to law. It stipulated that nо citizen could bе punished or kept in prison without а fair trial. Under the Magna Carta, the king agreed that certain taxes could not bе levied without popular consent.

   Although the Magna Carta was originally intended to protect aristocracy and not the ordinary citizens, it came in time to bе regarded as а cornerstone of British liberties. It is one of the oldest written constitutional papers.

Task 2. Answer the following questions:

1. What were the two basic principles of the English system of government at the beginning of the 13th century? How do you understand these principles?

2. What provisions did the Magna Carta contain?

3. Who enjoyed the rights granted bу the Magna Carta?

Task 3.Are these  statements true or false:

1) The idea of Government   firstly appeared  in  England  in13 th century.

2) The  threat of the Civil War  influenced  the idea of  Government in early centuries.

3) Barons in England had all the liberties that  the King  promised.

4) The Magna Carta established the principle of  representative  government.

5)According  the Magna Carta  the power  of the King and  barons  were limited.

Task 3. The word « GOVERNMENT»   has the following meanings in Russian:

1) государственная власть

executive government — исполнительная власть

judicial government — судебная власть

legislative government — законодательная власть

2) управление, руководство

To carry out  the  government  of  а  state — осуществлять управление государством

3) форма правления, государственное устройство, политический строй

democratic /republican / federal / parliarnentary government — де мократическая /республиканская / федеральная / парламентская форма правления

constitutional  government — конституционная форма правления

а system of government — система правления

4) правительство, правительственный аппарат

Llberal / Labour / Conservative  Government — либеральное /лей бористское /консервативное правительство

Match the following English expressions with their Russian equivalents:

 1) arbitrary government                                          

2) authoritarian government

3) colonial form of government

4) government investigation

5) government of the day

6) government offices

7) government official

government party

9) government(a1) department

10) government(a1) regu1ation

11) government’s term of office

12) Her Majesty’s Government

13) local government

14) military government

15) mixed government

16) organs of government

17) parliamentary government

19) provisiona1 government

20) representative government

18) presidential government

21) to disso1ve the government

а) действующее правительство

 b) местное самоуправление

 с) военная администрация

 d) смешанная форма правления

  е) парламентское правление

   f) правительство Её Величества

   g) правящая партия

    h) правительственные учреждения

    i) представительная форма правления

     j) временное правительство

     k) распустить /расформировать правительство

     1) органы государственного управления

      m) автократия

      n) президентская власть

      о) авторитарная форма правления

       p) правительственное ведомство

       q)правительственное расследование

        r) колониальная форма государственного устройства

        s) постановление правительства

        t) правительственный чиновник

         u) срок полномочий правитель

Unit 5.

                              THE FOUNDATION OF BRITISH LAW:

                                             HABEAS  CORPUS  ACT

“Let the body be brought …”

        In Britain, the United States and many other English- speaking countries, the law of Habeas Corpus guarantees that nobody can be held in prison without trial. Habeas Corpus became a law because of a wild party held in 1621 at the London home of a notoriously rowdy lady, Alice Robinson. When a constable appeared and asked her and her guests to quiet down, Mrs. Robinson allegedly swore at him so violently that he arrested her, and a local justice of the peace committed her to jail.

      When she was finally brought to trial, Mrs. Robinson’s story of her treatment in prison caused an outcry. She had been put on a punishment diet of bread and caused an outcry. She had been put on a punishment diet of bread and water, forced to sleep on the bare earth, stripped, and given fifty lashes. Such treatment was barbaric even by the harsh standards of the time; what made it worse was that Mrs. Robinson was pregnant.

         Public anger was so great she was acquitted, the constable who had arrested her without a warrant was himself sent to prison, and the justice of the peace, was severely reprimanded. And the case, along with other similar cases, led to the passing of the Habeas Corpus Act in Britain in 1679. The law is still on the British statute books, and a version of it is used in the United States, where the law is regarded as such an important guarantee of liberty that Article 1 of the U.S.

Constitution declares that “Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended except in cases of rebellion or invasion”.

        Habeas Corpus is part of a Latin phrase- Habeas corpus ad subjiciendum- that means “Let the body be brought before the judge.” In effect, a writ of Habeas Corpus is an order in the name of the people (or, in Britain, of the sovereign) to produce an imprisoned person in court at once.

Task1. Find in the text the English equivalents for the following words and expressions:

1. Мировой судья
2. Ордер на арест
3. Варварское отношение
4. Восстание, мятеж, бунт
5. Вторжение, нападение, нашествие
6. Недовольство общественности
7. Печально известный, пользующийся дурной славой
8. Заключить в тюрьму
9. Вызвать гневный протест
10. Привести к принятию закона
11. Получить строгий выговор
12. Предстать перед судом
13. Быть оправданным
14. Быть приостановленным
15. От имени народа/ монарха

Unit 5.

THE FOUNDATION OF BRITISH LAW:

THE PETITION OF RIGHT AND THE BILL OF RIGHTS.

The BILL OF RIGHTS.

    The Bill of Rights (1689) is one of the basic instruments of the British constitution, the result of the long 17th— century struggle between the Stuart kings and the English people and Parliament. The Bill of Rights provided the foundation on which the government rested after the Revolution of 1688. The Revolution settlement made monarchy clearly conditional on the will of Parliament and provided a freedom from arbitrary government of which most Englishmen were notably proud during the 18th century.

    The main purpose of the act was to declare illegal various practices of James II. Among such practices proscribed were the royal prerogative of dispensing with the law in serpentine cases, the complete suspension of laws without the  consent of Parliament, and the levying of taxes and the maintenance of a standing army in peacetime without specific parliamentary authorization.

A number of clauses eliminated royal interference in parliamentary mattes, stressing that lections must be free and that members of parliament must have complete freedom of speech. The act also dealt with the proximate succession to the throne, provided the heirs were Protestants. It is the constitutional paper of great importance, which prevented the sovereign from abusing his authority.

Task1. The word « AUTHORITY»   has the following meanings in Russian:

1)власть

Supreme authority- верховная власть

2)полномочие, право, права, компетенция

To act on smb.’s authority- действовать на основании полученных полномочий

3)pl. власти, начальство, администрация

Local authorities- местные власти; органы местного самоуправления

4)авторитет, вес, влияние

To have authority with  smb. – пользоваться авторитетом у кого-либо

5)авторитет, крупный специалист

He is an authority on law- он является авторитетом в области права

6)авторитетный источник

To quote one’s authorities- ссылаться на авторитетные источники

Unit 7.

                           THE   MADAME TUSSAUD.

Vocabulary:

Horror                                                                                                   ужас

Waxwork                                                                           восковая фигура

Rogues                                                                                              злой

Evil                                                                                               вредный

To stalk smb                                                 подкрадываться к кому- либо

Prey                                                                                                    добыча

To mutilate                                                                                        калечить

Villain                                                                                            злодей

Guillotine                                                                                     гильотина

Gallows                                                                                      виселица

Garrote                                                                                         гаррота

Gruesome                                                                                      ужасный

Means of execution                                                      средство исполнения

Means of communication                                                          средство связи

Means of transport                                                   транспортные средства

Means of payment                                                                платежные средства

Means of employment                                                     средства обеспечения

Means of instruments                                        орудие и средства производства

By all means                                                                любыми средствами

Bullet                                                                                              пуля

Acid                                                                                                 кислота

To bequeath                                                                                      завещать

Bride                                                                                                  невеста

Bridegroom                                                                                         жених

Notorious                                                          пользующийся дурной славой

Replica                                                                                  точная копия

To conceal                                                                                        скрывать

Contemporary                                                                         современный

Cell                                                                                                  камера

Row upon row                                                                   бесконечный ряд

Sinister                                                                                       зловещий

Smirk                                                                    самодовольная улыбка

Cruelty                                                                                    жестокость

Cunning                                                                                          хитрый

To give forth                                                                              объявлять

Emanation                                                                                    излучение

Woe                                                                                             несчастье

Desolation                                                                                               горе

     Madame Tussaud’s is the best known and most visited waxwork exhibition in the world. In the Chamber of Horrors which is a part of Madame Tussaud’s every exhibit deals with the subject it crime and punishment- it is a rogues gallery of dangerous and evil criminals.

    In a dark, dank Victorian street, Jack the Ripper stalked his prey, the torn and twisted body of one of his victims, Catherine  Eddowes, lies mutilated in a pool of blood. Jack the Ripper was never brought to justice but other were, villains and murderers who met their ends by guillotine, gallows or garrote.

    Madame Tussaud  first arrived in England in 1802 from Germany, where she was born in 1761. She brought with her gruesome souvenirs of the French Revolution, the instruments of death and death masks of their victims. The death masks of Louis 16 and Marie Antoinette are still on display next to the very guillotine blade that beheaded the French queen.

    More recent means of execution include the firing squad and the electric chair American murderer Gary Gilmore is seen facing a hail of bullets. Bruno Hauptman electrocuted in New Jersry, USA in 1936 can be seen here too.

    Acid- bath murderer John George Haigh who killed at least nine people and disposed of the bodies in an acid bath, stands in the clothes he wore before his execution. Many prisoners or their relatives bequeathed or sold the clothes or some items which belonged to the murderers to dress their portraits at Madame Tussaud.

And the “Brides in the Bath” George Joseph Smith Leans over a victim in the actual bathtub in which he drowned his well- insured brides. Notorious mass- murderer John Christie is at work in a replica of the tiny West London kitchen were he concealed the bodies of three of the seven women he killed.

    Contemporary criminals in Britain no longer face the death penalty- instead they must spend years behind  bars. The exhibition shows a bleak modern prison block with contemporary murderers which are standing before their cells.

    Guy Thorne’s 1912 description of the murderers in the Chamber of Horrors is still true today: “Row upon row of faces which differ in very way one from another and yet are dreadfully alike. For these great sinister dolls, so unreal and so real, have all a likeness. The smirk of cruelty and cunning seems toile upon their waxen masks. Colder than life, far colder than death they will give forth emanations which will strike the heart with woe and desolation”.

Task1. Answer the following questions:

1) What is the names of the exhibition described?

2) How  did  Madam Tussaud start her career?

3) What are the crimes of:

Jack the Ripper,

Gary Gilmore

John George Heigh

John Christy?

4) Is the death penalty still in law in the UK ?

5)How are the contemporary Criminals shown  at the exibinion?

Unit 9.

ТHE EUROPEAN LAW IN ТHE 19ТП CENTURY:

NAPOLEON’S СОDE

Napoleon’s Law

      Тhе laws of much of continental Europe (particularly France), of Quebec in Canada, and of much of Latin America — along with the civil laws of Louisiana — owe their modern form largely to the work of а man who never even studied law. Napoleon Bonaparte, the Corsican soldier who became emperor of France after the French Revolution, established in 1800 five commissions to refine and organize the diverse legal systems of France. The result, enacted in 1804, was Napoleon’s Code.

     Some of its original 2,281 articles were drafted bу Napoleon himself, and all were affected bу his thinking, even though he was completely self-taught in legal matters. The code was а triumphant attempt to create а legal system that treated all citizens as equals without regard to their rank or previous privileges. It was also so clearly written that it could bee read and understood by ordinary people at а time when on1y Latin scholars cou1d make sense of the earlier laws handed down since Roman times. The code was adopted intact in most of the areas of Europe that Napoleon dominated and spread from there across the At1antic, taking root particularly in French -speaking American communities. Many of its principles are still in force today.

Task 1. Find in the text the English equivalents for the following words and expressions:

1. вопросы права

2. изучать право

3. различные, несхожие правовые системы

4. создать правовую систему

5. император

6. гражданское право

7. первоначальный вариант статей

8. подвергаться влиянию чьих-либо идей

9. передавать (из поколения в поколение)

10. господствовать, властвовать

11. обращаться как с равными

12. разобраться в чем-то

13. приживаться, укореняться

14. быть в силе

15. без учета привилегий

Task 2.  Answer the following questions:

1. What efforts did Napoleon make to reorganize the diverse 1ega1 systems of France?

2. Did Napoleon draw uр the whole code himse1f ?

3. What was so remarkable about Napoleon’s new code?

4. What were the benefits of  Nаpoleon’s code for the ordinary people?

5. Which countries throughout the wor1d still use the e1ements of  Napoleon’s code?

Task 3. Render the following text into English paying special attention to the words and expressions in bold type:

     Одним из важнейших событий в истории мирового права ста ло принятие кодекса Наполеона. Специальная комиссия, состоя щая из крупнейших юристов, под руководством Наполеона в тече ние короткого времени усовершенствовала и привела в соответ ствие все действующие законы, постановления и местные обычаи Франции. В 1804 г. этот грандиозный свод законов, состоящий из 2281 статьи, был утвержден под названием Гражданского кодек са. Главное в этом кодексе то, что он утверждал равенство всех перед законом, свободу совести, неприкосновенность личности и соб ственности.

Task 4. Choose оnе оf the following topics and prepare а presentation:

1. The main points of   Napoleon’s   biography.

2. The great victories of   Napoleon Bonaparte.

3. Оnе hundred days of   Napoleon Bonaparte.

Unit 9.

ТHЕ ОRGANISАTIОN ОF POLICE FORСES

The  British   Poliсе.

    Тhе British police officer is а well-known figure to anyone who has visited Britain or who has seen British firms. Policemen are to bе seen in towns and cities keeping law and order, either walking in pairs down the streets («walking the beat») or driving specially marked police ears. One known as ‘panda ears’ because of their distinctive markings, these are now often jokingly rеfеnеd to as ‘jam sandwiches’ because of the pink fluorescent stripe running horizontally around the bodywork. In the past, policemen were often known as ‘bobbies’ after Sir Robert Peel, the founder of the police force. Nowadays, common nicknames include ‘the cops’, ‘the fuzz’, ‘the pigs’, and ‘the Old Вill’ (particularly in London). Few people realize, however, that the police in Britain are organized very differently from тапу other countries.

    Most countries, for example, hаvе а national police force which is controlled bу central Government. Britain has по national police force, although police policy is gaveled bу the central Government’s Ноmе Office. Instead, there is а separate police force for each of 52 areas into which the country is dividend .Eаch has а police authority — а committee of loyal countries and magistrates.

    Тhе forces co-operate with eachЬ other, but it is иnиsиal for members of оnе force to operate in another’s area unless they are asked to give assistance. This sometimes happens when there has bееn а very serious crime. А Chief Constable (the most senior police officer of а force) mау sometimes ask for the assistance of London’s police force, based at New Scotland Yard — known simply as «the Yard».

     In most countries the police carry guns. In Britain, however, this is extremely unusual. Policemen do not, as а rule, carry firearms in their day -to-day work, though certain specialist units are trained to do so and can bе called uроn to hеlр the regular police force in situations where firearms are involved, e.g. tеrrоrist incidents, armed robberies, etc. Тhе only policemen who routinely carry weapons are those assigned to guard politicians and diplomats, or special officers who patrol airports.

     1n certain circumstances specially trained police officers can bе armed, but оnlу with the signed permission of а magistrate.

   All members of the po1iee must hаvе gained а certain lеvеl of academic qualifications at school and undergone а period of intensive training. Like in the army, there are а number of ranks: after the Chief Constable comes the Assistant Chief Constable, Chief Superintendent, Chief 1nspeetor, Inspector, Sergeant and Constable. Women make uр about 1 О per cent of the police force. Тhе po1iee are helped bу а number of Special Constables — members of the public who work for the po1iee voluntarily for а few hours а week.

    Еаch police force has its own Criminal 1nvestigation Department (СШ). Members of C1Ds are detectives, and they do not wear uniforms. Тhе other uniformed реорlе уоu see in British towns are traffic wardens. Their job is to make sure that drivers оbеу the parking regulations. Тhеу hаvе по other powers — it is the po1iee who are responsible for controlling offenses like speeding, careless driving and drunken driving.

    Тhе duties of the po1iee are varied, ranging from assisting at accidents to safeguarding public order and dealing with lost property. Оnе of their main functions is, of course, apprehending criminals and would-be criminals.

Task1. Answer the following questions:

1. Who was the founder of the British police?

2. What does ‘walking the beat’ mеаn?

3. Why are British police ears called ‘jam-sandwich’ ears in colloquial speech?

4. Is there а single po1iee force, organized bу central government?

5. What is the major difference in po1iee organization between Britain and some other countries?

6. When do British police forces co-operate with cash other?

7. What is the пате of London’s police headquarters?

8. In what situations can policemen саrrу аrms?

9. What are the ranks of policemen?

10. What is the job of CID officers?

11. What are the duties of traffic wardens?

12. What is Scotland Yard and what does it do?

Task2. Read the text and fill in the gaps with the appropriate words aпd expressions from the previous text:

    In Britain different areas hаvе different _______________. For instance, the Metropolitan police operate in London, but there are different police forces in the counties outside London.

    Тhе top man in each police force is ______    . Не is appointed bу the local Watch Committee which is а__________ of the local government. Тhе Watch Committee сап dismiss him, too, if the central government agrees. Тhе Chief Constable appoints аll the _________ below him in his force. Things are slightly different in London. Тhе top man  is known as the Metropolitan Роliсе Commissioner and his appointment is arranged through the central government.

    British police are normally no_______.In special cases, when their work becomes dangerous, they can bе given  __________however.

     As is well known, the_________ of the British policeman is blue, with а tall helmet. These days, though, you can see а different uniform in the streets. This is the uniform with the yellow hatband worn __________ .Their job is simply to control traffic and___________.                                                  

     Тhе most famous name connected with the British police is_______.                                          It is the headquarters of the London police force. Besides dealing with local police matters, the London police also help аll over England and Wales with difficult crimes. Тhey do this at the request of the local police.

Task 3. Render the following text into English using the information and vocabulary froт the texts аbоvе:

     В Великобритании существует 52 полицейских подразделения: 43 в Англии и Уэльсе, 8 в Шотландии и 1 в Северной Ирландии. Сто личная полиция и полиция лондонского Сити отвечают за охрану общественного порядка в Лондоне. Кроме того, специальное подраз деление транспортной полиции патрулирует железнодорожную сеть, а также метро Лондона.

     Полицейские подразделения Англии и Уэльса подведомствен ны органам местной полиции. Столичная полиция находится в под чинении у Министра внутренних дел. Подразделения в областях воз главляют главные констебли. Они несут ответственность за свою работу перед центральными полицейскими органами, которые назна чают начальника полиции и его помощника. Комиссар Столичной полиции и его непосредственные подчиненные назначаются по ре комендации министра внутренних дел.

Task 4. Find in the text above the English equivalents for the following words and expressions:

• подозреваемый

• жертва

• вооруженное ограбление

• фоторобот

• денежное вознаграждение

• опознать преступника

• скрыться с места преступления

Task 5. Find in the text the description of the criminal and coтpose аn opposite оn е: e.g. «The suspect is described as black, very tall … » Use some оf the expressions given below:

FACE -long, round, оvаl, thin, plump, fleshy, puffy, wrinkled, pasty, pimpled, pock-marked, clean-shaven

FEATURES — clean-cиt, delicate, forceful, regular / irrеgulаr, large, small, stem

COMPLEXION — fair, pale, dark, sallow

HAIR-curly, wavy, straight, receding (scanty), rumpled, shoulder-length, medium-length, short-cиt, crew-cиt, bobbed, dyed, bald, fair /dark-  haired

FOREHEAD — high, low, nаrrоw, square, broad

EYES — hollowed, bulging, close-set, deep-set, sunken, wide-apart, crossed-eyed

EYEBROWS — thin, thick, bushy, arched, penciled, shaggy

EARS — small, big, jиg-eared

NOSE — prominent, straight, pointed, hooked, flat, aquiline, snub-nosed

LIPS — full, thin, painted, cleft lip

ТЕЕТН — еvеn / uneven, sparse, artificial

CHEEKS — plump, hollow, ruddy, stubby

CHIN — square, pointed, double, massive, protruding

BEARD — full, bushy, spade beard, grey-bearded, heavy-bearded

MOUSTACНE — thin, thick, tooth-brush, walrus

HEIGHT — tall, short, of medium height

BUILT — average, medium built, well-built, plump, skinny

Unit 10.

                            POLICE ТEСHNIQUES.

                                   Тhе UK Forensic Science Service.

    The Forensic Science Service (FSS) serves the administration of justice in England and Wales bу providing scientific support in the investigation of crime, and bу giving evidence to courts. Its customers include the police, the Crown Prosecution Service, coroners and defense solicitors.

    In February 1995 the UK government announced that the FSS would merge with the Metropolitan Police Forensic Science Laboratory to form а single agency serving аll police forces in England and Wales through seven regional operational laboratories.

    Scientific expertise is available оп а case-by-case basis to law enforcement agencies and attorneys. Тhе Service provides assistance to home and overseas police forces in the investigation of many crimes, particularly fires where arson is suspected, cases involving DNA profiling and offences involving the use of firearms. Тhе scientists hаvе а wide range of experience in fire-scene examination, including fatal fires in domestic premises, large industrial fires and vehicle fires.

     DNA profiling is а revolutionary scientific testing process which can positively identify an individual from а specimen of blood, semen, hair roots or tissue. Its application to crime specimens represents the greatest advance in forensic science in decades. Тhе vast potential of DNA profiling is recognized bу the police and the legal profession, and its use in criminal investigation has increased.

     Тhe Forensic Science Service provides advice оп firearms and related matters and assistance in the investigation of shooting incidents. When presented with а suspect weapon, the expert is able to establish whether or not it was the weapon used in а crime. Experts are particularly adept in the microscopic examination of spent bullets and cartridge cases. Тhey hаvе access to а world-famous computer-based information systems relating to thousands of firearms.

     Тhе Service offers training to overseas scientists which is of а general nature or is aimed at specific techniques such as DNA profiling or exanimation of firearms and documents. Training is provided оn note taking, searching, report writing and expert witness appearances in court. Contact is maintained with other institutions and universities in Britain and other countries.

Task1. Answer the following questions:

1. What functions does the Forensic Science Service exercise?

2. What are the FSS customers?

3. What assistance does the FSS provide to police forces in criminal investigation?

4. Why is DNA profiling а revolutionary testing process?

5. How does examination of firearms and related matters help investigate crime?

6. What does the course of scientists’ training consist or?

Task 2. Explain the meaning оf the following words and expressions and use them in sentences оf your own:

1. fatal fire in domestic premises

2. industrial fire

3. vehicle fire

4. fire-scene examination

5. Investigation of shooting incidents

6. Forensic science

7. оn а case-by-case basis

8. crime specimen

9. DNA profiling

10. Expert witness

Список  использованной  литературы:

1. Шевелева С.А. Английский для юристов:  Учебное пособие для вузов.-М.:         ЮНИТИ-ДАНА, 2001.-495 с.

2.The Best of  Just English. Английский для юристов. Базовый курс. Гуманова Ю. Л./ Под редакцией Т. Н. Шишкиной.- М.: Зерцало,2004.-512с.

УМК по специальности «правоведение»

3. Oxford  Students Dictionary./  A. S.  Hornby. – М.: Просвещение ,2004 769 c 4.УМК по специальности «правоведение»

Интернет ресурсы:

1. http://en.wikipedia.org – “Wikipedia”
2. http://edu.rin.ru – “Наука и образование”
3. http://translate.google.ru – “Google переводчик”

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Chapter I. Law Worldwide TASK 2. Answer the following questions:

1. Why is it difficult to judge about the earliest laws?

2. Where and why did the first laws appear?

3. What issues did the early laws emphasise? Why?

TASK 3. The word LEGAL has the following meanings in Russian:

1) legal

legal person — juristische Person

2) rechtliche

legal text — — — rechtlicher Text

3) Studie

legal action — rechtliche Schritte

4) legal, gesetzlich zulässig legal owner — — rechtmäßiger Eigentümer

5) legal

legal activities — legitime, legitime Aktivitäten

Match the following English expressions with their Russian equivalents:

1) legal activities

2) legal address

3) legal advice

4) legal age

5) legal costs

6) legal decisions

a) gesetzliche Rechte

b) rechtmäßiger Eigentümer

c) rechtskräftig

d) verwenden

sein Recht

e) Geschichte des rechts

Rechtsberatung