The word for killing animals

The killing of animals is animal euthanasia (for pain relief), animal sacrifice (for a deity), animal slaughter (for food), hunting (for food, for sport, for fur and other animal products, etc.), blood sports, or roadkill (by accident).

How do you spell queue?

— here’s a simple reminder. Despite there being so many options of spelling the word, a “queue” still should be spelt as “queue”.

What does Quee mean?

A queue is a line of things, usually people. If you go to the store on a big sale day, there will probably be a long queue at the check-out. Queue comes from the Latin cauda, for tail.

What does it mean to cue a song?

To cue audio is to determine the desired initial playback point in a piece of recorded music. It is a technique often used in radio broadcasting and DJing. One dictionary definition is to “Set a piece of audio or video equipment in readiness to play (a particular part of the recorded material).”

Can one person be a queue?

1) A queue is formed when the first person positions themselves at ‘The Start of the Queue’: yes, one person can be a queue – if they are standing at the Start of the Queue.

Is cutting in line illegal?

Drivers who bypass traffic by waiting until the last possible moment before merging are sometimes considered to be “cutters,” and are frequent instigators of road rage. This behavior is not usually illegal in the US, unless the driver crosses a solid white line or uses dangerous merging techniques.

What would leaving a queue be called?

reneging (customers leave the queue if they have waited too long for service) jockeying (customers switch between queues if they think they will get served faster by so doing)

Why should we stand in a queue?

But queuing also increases a person’s vigilance. “If there are parallel queues, people tend to think the other queues are moving faster,” Professor Haslam adds. “We’re very, very alert. When you queue, the whole issue of fairness is so salient in your mind that you compare yourself implicitly to the people next to you.

How do you manage queues?

5 ways to manage your customer service queues

1. Reduce response times. Good communication is vital and customers hate waiting.
2. Have all information at your fingertips.
3. Prioritize customer requests.
4. Make sure the request ends up in the right hands.
5. Help your customers help themselves.

Who invented waiting?

No shopper left behind. Queuing theory, or the mathematical study of waiting lines, was inaugurated over 100 years ago by Danish engineer A.K. Erlang, who came up with formulas to calculate how many lines and operators telephone companies needed for a smooth service.

What do the British call a line?

Such a group of people is known as a queue (British usage) or line (American usage), and the people are said to be waiting or standing in a queue or in line, respectively. Occasionally, both the British and American terms are combined to form the term “queue line”.

What do Americans call queues?

The president of the United States had used the word “queue,” typically used by Brits, rather than “line,” considered the proper term in American English.

Why is the UK so good?

The Better Life Index has described the UK as one of the best among developed countries for quality of life. It concluded that the UK’s high environmental quality, our social engagement, personal security and the chance for engagement with civic society was where it really excelled among developed countries.

When was Queueing invented?

19th Century

What is Tandem queue?

Networks of queues are systems in which a number of queues are connected by what’s known as customer routing. When a customer is serviced at one node it can join another node and queue for service, or leave the network. The simplest non-trivial network of queues is called tandem queues.

What is a queuing problem?

Defining the queuing problem As the perceived service level are strongly correlated to the waiting experience, my definition of the queuing problem is: A queuing problem occurs when the number of dissatisfied customers is. higher than the number of satisfied customers. due to the perceived waiting experience.

What are the elements of queuing system?

Components of a Queuing System: A queuing system is characterised by three components: – Arrival process – Service mechanism – Queue discipline. Arrivals may originate from one or several sources referred to as the calling population. The calling population can be limited or ‘unlimited’.

What is arrival pattern?

In the context of customer service, Arrival Pattern is a volume analysis used in workforce management to identify when the peak hours of tickets, call or chat session influx on a particular day or week to plot resource accordingly. This is done to maximize utilization and to minimize response time.

What are the different types of queuing discipline?

The queuing discipline also affects the latency experienced by a packet, by determining how long a packet waits to be transmitted. Examples of the common queuing disciplines are first-in- first-out (FIFO) queuing, priority queuing (PQ), and weighted-fair queuing (WFQ).

What is single server queuing system?

The customers arrive randomly over time and wait in a queue (line), and upon beginning service, each customer spends a random amount of time in service before departing. 1.1 FIFO single-server model. There is one server (clerk, machine), behind which forms a queue (line) for arriving customers. to wait in.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The killing of animals is animal euthanasia (for pain relief), animal sacrifice (for a deity), animal slaughter (for food), hunting (for food, for sport, for fur and other animal products, etc.), blood sports, roadkill (by accident) or self-defense.

Animal euthanasia[edit]

Animal euthanasia (euthanasia from Greek: εὐθανασία; «good death») is the act of putting an animal to death or allowing it to die by withholding extreme medical measures. This is often done for domesticated livestock and house pets.

Animal sacrifice[edit]

Hinduism[edit]

In Assam and West Bengal states of India and Nepal some Hindu temples sacrifice goats and chickens. Occasionally water buffalos are also sacrificed. Temples following Shakti school of Hinduism are the ones where sacrifice usually takes place. There are many village temples in Tamil Nadu where this kind of sacrifice takes place.^[1][2] Many animals are sacrificed during the three-day-long Gadhimai festival in Nepal. In 2009 it was speculated that more than 250,000 animals were killed^[3] In 2014, 100,000 animals were sacrificed which was a decrease from previous numbers.^[4] Animals range from buffalo to rats have been sacrificed. The temple authorities enacted a ban on animal sacrifice in 2015.^[5]

Indo-European[edit]

Horse sacrifice[edit]

Many Indo-European religious branches show evidence for horse sacrifice, and comparative mythology suggests that they derive from a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) ritual.

Islam[edit]

Muslims engaged in the Hajj (pilgrimage) are obliged to sacrifice a lamb or a goat or join others in sacrificing a cow or a camel during the celebration of the Eid al-Adha,^[8][9] an Arabic term that means «Feast of Sacrifice», also known as al-Id al-Kabir (Great Feast), or Qurban Bayrami (Sacrifice Feast) in Turkic influenced cultures, Bakar Id (Goat Feast) in Indian subcontinent and Reraya Qurben in Indonesia.^[7] Other Muslims not on the Hajj to Mecca also participate in this sacrifice wherever they are, on the 10th day of the 12th lunar month in the Islamic calendar.^[7] It is understood as a symbolic re-enactment of Ibrahim’s sacrifice of a ram in place of his son. Meat from this occasion is divided into three parts, one part is kept by the sacrificing family for food, the other gifted to friends and family, and the third given to the poor Muslims. The sacrificed animal is a sheep, goat, cow or camel.^[7][10] The animal sacrifice, states Philip Stewart, is not required by the Quran, but is based on interpretations of other Islamic texts.^[11]

The Eid al-Adha is major annual festival of animal sacrifice in Islam. In Indonesia alone, for example, some 800,000 animals were sacrificed in 2014 by its Muslims on the festival, but the number can be a bit lower or higher depending on the economic conditions.^[12] According to Lesley Hazleton, in Turkey about 2,500,000 sheep, cows and goats are sacrificed each year to observe the Islamic festival of animal sacrifice, with a part of the sacrificed animal given to the needy who didn’t sacrifice an animal.^[13] According to The Independent, nearly 10,000,000 animals are sacrificed in Pakistan every year on Eid.^[14][15] Millions of animal are brought into the Middle East from north Africa and parts of Asia and slaughter every year on Eid al-Adha.^[16]

Other occasions when Muslims perform animal sacrifice include the ‘aqiqa, when a child is seven days old, is shaved and given a name. It is believed that the animal sacrifice binds the child to Islam and offers protection to the child from evil.^[17]

Animal slaughter[edit]

Animal slaughter is the killing of nonhuman animals, and often refers to the slaughter of livestock. Animals may be slaughtered for humans to obtain food, and also if they are diseased and unable to be consumed as food.

Cultural and religious aspects[edit]

Halal meat[edit]

Halāl (Arabic: حلال ḥalāl, ‘permissible’), also spelled «hallal» or «halaal», is any object or an action which is permissible to use or engage in, according to Islamic law. The term covers and designates not only food and drink but also all matters of daily life.^[18] There are three ways of halal killing: slitting of the throat (dabh), plunging the knife into the dimple over the breast bone (nahr), and killing in some other way (‘aqr). The name of God (bismillah) must be said before killing the animal. The killing must be swift and with no prior stunning of the animal being killed.^[19] Blood must be drained out of the carcass.^[20]

Ikejime[edit]

Ikejime is a method of paralyzing fish to maintain the quality of its meat.^[21] The technique originated in Japan, but is now in widespread use. It involves the insertion of a spike quickly and directly into the hind brain, usually located slightly behind and above the eye, thereby causing immediate brain death.

Kashrut (Kosher)[edit]

Kashrut (also kashruth or kashrus, כַּשְׁרוּת‎) is the set of Jewish religious dietary laws. Food that may be consumed according to halakha (Jewish law) is termed kosher in English, from the Ashkenazi pronunciation of the Hebrew term kashér (כָּשֵׁר‎), meaning «fit» (in this context, fit for consumption). Shechita is the process of slaughtering prescribed by Jewish dietary laws.

Qurban[edit]

Qurbān usually denotes the sacrifice of a livestock animal during Eid al-Adha, a Muslim holiday.

Shechita[edit]

In Shechita the killing must be performed by a shochet (Hebrew: שוחט). The process involves severing the trachea, esophagus, carotid arteries, jugular veins and vagus nerve swiftly with a special knife which is extremely sharp. This is done with the intention of causing a rapid drop in blood pressure in the brain and loss of consciousness, to reduce the pain felt by the animal and exsanguinate it at the same time.^[22][23]

Tza’ar ba’alei chayim[edit]

Tza’ar ba’alei chayim (literally means: «the suffering of living creatures»^[24]) is the Jewish principle which bans inflicting unnecessary pain on animals. This concept is not clearly enunciated in the written Torah, but was accepted by the Talmud (Bava Metzia 32b) as being a Biblical mandate.

Laboratory testing[edit]

In 2014 nearly 25 million animals were killed in the United States for laboratory testing, with most being «designer» mice.^[25]

Legal aspects[edit]

Humane Slaughter Act[edit]

The Humane Slaughter Act is a United States federal law formulated to decrease livestock suffering during slaughter. The act was approved on August 27, 1958.^[26]

Animals killing each other[edit]

The smallest animal that can kill a human is the Naegleria fowleri amoeba. N. fowleri does this by crawling up the target’s nose and eating the targets’ brain. Most attacks happen in moist areas like ponds or lakes.^[27][28]

In the middle is the blowfish (fugu) that can kill animals with its toxic organs that contain tetrodotoxin.^[29]

The largest animal killer is the blue whale, which is the largest animal on Earth. The blue whale mostly feeds on krill (euphausiacea) which is a small, abundant crustacean. Blue whales are almost entirely killed by killer whales and by humans.^[30][31]

Chimpanzees wage war against rival groups, killing rival males and eating the baby chimps.^[32] Ants also wage warfare on other ants, even engaging in cannibalism.^[33]

Killer plants[edit]

Deadly if consumed[edit]

Many plant based items if eaten in sufficient quantities can cause seizures, spasms, tremors, gastroenteritis, cardiovascular collapse, coma, and then death.^[34][29]

Ornamental plants[edit]

• Foxglove (Digitalis purpurea)
• Hydrangea (Hydrangea macrophylla)
• Larkspur (Delphinium consolida)
• Lily-of-the-Valley (Convallaria majalis)
• Mistletoe (Phoradendron flavescens)
• Mountain Laurel (Kalmia latifolia)
• Oleander (Nerium oleander)
• Poet’s Narcissus (Narcissus poeticus)
• Poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima)
• Purple Nightshade (Atropa belladonna)
• Rhododendron (Rhododendron ponticum)
• Water Hemlock/Spotted Parsley (Cicuta maculata)

In the wild[edit]

• Elderberry
• Poison mushroom

Products[edit]

• Castor oil (from the Castor bean)

Foods[edit]

• Ackee
• Apple seeds
• Bitter almonds
• Cherry pits
• Green potatoes or potato leaf tea
• Nutmeg
• Raw lima beans
• Red kidney beans

Kills by consuming[edit]

Many plants kill animals by trapping or poisoning them, then digesting them for nourishment. Some plants can kill a rodent with various methods.^[35][36]

• Albany or Western Australian Pitcher Plant (Cephalotus)
• Pitcher plant (Nepenthes northiana) – kills and then digests frogs and rats
• Venus Flytrap (Dionaea)
• Waterwheel Plant (Aldrovanda)

Hunting[edit]

In North America, animals such as bear, wolf, caribou, moose, elk, boar, sheep and bison are hunted. In South America, deer and other species are hunted. In Europe, sheep, boar, goats, elk, deer, and other species are hunted. In Asia, several species of deer, bear, sheep and other species are hunted. In Australia, several species of deer and wild boar are hunted.

Big-game[edit]

Big-game hunting is the hunting of large game, almost always large terrestrial mammals, for meat, other animal by-products (such as horn or bone), trophy or sport. The term is historically associated with the hunting of Africa’s «big five» game (lion, African elephant, Cape buffalo, leopard and rhinoceros), and with tigers and rhinoceroses on the Indian subcontinent. Along with the big five animals, many other species are hunted including but not limited to kudu, antelope, and hartebeest. Moose, elk, bear, mountain lion, caribou, bison and deer are the largest game hunted in North America, which is where most big-game hunting is conducted today.

Big-game hunting is conducted in Africa, North America, South America, Europe, Asia and Australia. In Africa, lion, Cape buffalo, elephant, giraffe and other large game animals are hunted.

Roadkill[edit]

Animals are often killed by moving vehicles. This is known as roadkill. In one case in North Carolina in early 2016 a deer was road killed and butchered outside a restaurant. A concerned citizen took cell phone images and called the police. The restaurant owner was contacted by the police and stated that he had no intention of selling roadkill meals to his customers. Because the deer was butchered outside the restaurant the authorities decided to drop the matter. The restaurant owner also stated he was not aware of any prohibition against eating roadkill; he merely wanted to try something new.^[37] In many areas in the United States it is illegal to consume roadkill. However, as of November 2014 it is estimated that 34 percent of U.S. states have passed laws allowing the gleaning of roadkill.^[38]

Alternatives and reactions[edit]

Cecil the lion[edit]

When Cecil the lion was killed in Africa in summer 2015 by Minnesota dentist Walter Palmer it caused a worldwide commotion. As of July 2015 Palmer went into hiding when it was alleged that his guides and he had lured Cecil out of a Zimbabwe animal preserve at which point Palmer admittedly shot Cecil with an arrow. Cecil ran off wounded for 40 hours before Palmer’s guides found Cecil, admittedly shot him, and decapitated him, leaving Cecil’s head and tracking collar behind. Palmer later broke silence to say he was heartbroken over the pain he had caused his dental staff.^[39]

People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals[edit]

People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) is an animal rights group founded in America and is based in Norfolk, Virginia. It is led by Ingrid Newkirk. It claims to have 3 million members and supporters, which would make it the largest animal rights group in the world. Its slogan is «animals are not ours to eat, wear, experiment on, use for entertainment, or abuse in any other way.»^[40]

Veganism and vegetarianism[edit]

Veganism is the practice of abstaining from the use of all animal products, particularly in diet. Vegetarianism is the practice of abstaining from the consumption of meat (red meat, poultry, seafood, insects and the flesh of any other animal and may also include abstention from by-products of animal slaughter). Vegetarians, however, may consume eggs, dairy products and honey.

Ahimsa[edit]

Ahimsa is an important tenet of three Indian-origin religions (Jainism, Hinduism, and Buddhism). Ahimsa is a multidimensional concept, inspired by the premise that all living beings have the spark of the divine spiritual energy; therefore, to hurt another being is to hurt oneself. Ahimsa has also been related to the notion that any violence has karmic consequences.^[41][42]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

Further reading[edit]

• «Can we justify killing animals for food?». BBC News. October 26, 2015. Retrieved February 1, 2016.
• King, Barbara J. (October 14, 2015). «Why Do European Zoos Kill Healthy Animals?». NPR. Retrieved February 1, 2016.
• AFP (July 28, 2015). «Nepal temple bans mass animal slaughter at festival». The Guardian. Retrieved February 1, 2016.
• McWilliams, James (March 12, 2012). «PETA’s Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad History of Killing Animals». The Atlantic. Retrieved February 1, 2016.

External links[edit]

• Slaughter & Stunning. European Commission.
• Welfare of Animals at the Time of Killing. Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs. Government of the United Kingdom.

Cruelty to animals, also called animal abuse or animal neglect, is the infliction of suffering or harm upon non-human animals, for purposes other than self-defense. More narrowly, it can be harm for specific gain, such as killing animals for food or for their fur, although opinions differ with respect to the method of slaughter. Diverging viewpoints are held by jurisdictions throughout the world.

Broadly speaking, there are two approaches to the issue. The animal welfare position holds that there is nothing inherently wrong with using animals for human purposes, such as food, clothing, entertainment, and research, but that it should be done in a humane way that minimizes unnecessary pain and suffering. Animal rights theorists criticize this position, arguing that the words «unnecessary» and «humane» are subject to widely differing interpretations, and that the only way to ensure protection for animals is to end their status as property, and to ensure that they are never used as commodities. Laws concerning animal cruelty are designed to prevent needless cruelty to animals, rather than killing for other aims such as food, or they concern species not eaten as food in the country involved, such as those regarded as pets.

In law

Many jurisdictions around the world have enacted statutes which forbid cruelty to some animals but these vary by country and in some cases by the use or practice.

Australia

In Australia, many states have enacted legislation outlawing cruelty to animals, however, it is argued that welfare laws do not adequately extend to production animals.^[1] Whilst police maintain an overall jurisdiction in prosecution of criminal matters, in many states officers of the RSPCA and other animal welfare charities are accorded authority to investigate and prosecute animal cruelty offenses.

Asia

Japan

In Japan, the 1973 Welfare and Management of Animals Act (amended in 1999 and 2005)^[2]　stipulates that «no person shall kill, injure, or inflict cruelty to animals without due course», and in particular, criminalises cruelty to all mammals, birds, and reptiles possessed by persons; as well as cattle, horses, goats, sheep, pigs, dogs, cats, pigeons, domestic rabbits, chickens, and domestic ducks regardless of whether they are in captivity.

• Killing or injuring without due reason: up to one year’s imprisonment with labour or a fine of up to one million yen
• Cruelty such as causing debilitation by discontinuing feeding or watering without due reason: a fine of up to five hundred thousand yen
• Abandonment: a fine of up to five hundred thousand yen　

Separate national and local ordinances exist with regards to ensuring health and safety of animals handled by pet shops and other businesses.

Animal experiments are regulated by the 2000 Law for the Humane Treatment and Management of Animals, which was amended in 2006.^[3] This law requires those using animals to follow the principles outlined in the 3Rs and use as few animals as possible, and cause minimal distress and suffering. Regulation is at a local level based on national guidelines, but there are no governmental inspections of institutions and no reporting requirement for the numbers of animals used.^[4]

China

As of 2006 there were no laws in China governing acts of cruelty to animals.^[5] In certain jurisdictions such as Fuzhou, dog control officers may kill any unaccompanied dogs on sight. However, the People’s Republic of China is currently in the process of making changes to its stray-dog population laws in the capital city, Beijing. Mr. Zheng Gang who is the director of the Internal and Judicial Committee which comes under the Beijing Municipal People’s Congress (BMPC), supports the new draft of the Beijing Municipal Regulation on Dogs from the local government. This new law is due to replace the current Beijing Municipal Regulation on Dog Ownership, introduced in 1889. The current regulation talks of «strictly» limiting dog ownership and controlling the number of dogs in the city. The new draft focuses instead on «strict management and combining restrictions with management.»^[6] There are no government supported charitable organizations like the RSPCA, which monitors the cases on animal cruelty, so that all kinds of animal abuses, such as to fish, tigers, and bears, are to be reported for law enforcement and animal welfare.^{[7][8][9][10][11][12]}

In September 2009, legislation was drafted to address deliberate cruelty to animals in China. If passed, the legislation would offer some protection to pets, captive wildlife and animals used in laboratories, as well as regulating how farm animals are raised, transported and slaughtered.^[13]

Hong Kong

As of 2010, Hong Kong has supplemented or replaced the laws against cruelty with a positive approach using laws that specify how animals should be treated.^[14] The government department primarily responsible for animal welfare in Hong Kong is the Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department (AFCD).

Laws enforced by the AFCD include these:

• the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Ordinance (also enforced by the police)
• the Public Health (Animals and Birds) Ordinance (including regulations for licences imposed on livestock keepers and animal traders and a Code of Standards for Licensed Animal Traders)
• the Dogs and Cats Ordinance
• the Pounds Ordinance
• the Rabies Ordinance
• the Wild Animals Protection Ordinance

In addition, the Food and Environmental Hygiene Department (FEHD) does the following:

• enforces the Public Health and Municipal Services Ordinance, which includes regulations for slaughterhouses and wet markets
• publishes a Code of Practice for the Welfare of Food Animals (which describes their transport)
• publishes Operational Guidelines for the Welfare of Food Animals at Slaughterhouses

The Department of Health does the following:

• enforces the Animals (Control of Experiments) Ordinance.
• publishes a Code of Practice for the Care and Use of Animals for Experimental Purposes

As of 2006, Hong Kong has a law titled «Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Ordinance», with a maximum 3 year imprisonment and fines of HKD$200,000.^[15]

Taiwan

The Taiwanese Animal Protection Act was passed in 1998, imposing fines up to NT$250,000 for cruelty. Criminal penalties for animal cruelty were enacted in 2007, including a maximum of 1 year imprisonment.^[16]

Middle East

Egypt

Egyptian law states that anyone who inhumanely beats or intentionally kills any domesticated animal may be jailed or fined.^[17] The Egyptian Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals was established by the British over a hundred years ago, and is currently administered by the Egyptians. The SPCA was instrumental in promoting a 1997 ban on bullfighting in Egypt.^[18]

In the ancient Egyptian law, the killers of cats or dogs were executed.^[19][20]

Saudi Arabia

Veterinarian Lana Dunn and several Saudi nationals report that there are no laws to protect animals from cruelty since the term is not well-defined within the Saudi legal system. They point to a lack of a governing body to supervise conditions for animals, particularly in pet stores and in the exotic animal trade with East Africa.^[21]

Europe

Germany, Switzerland, Sweden, and Austria have all banned battery cages for egg-laying hens. The entire European Union is phasing out battery cages by 2012.^[22] It is also illegal in many parts of Europe to declaw a cat.^[23]

Germany

In Germany, killing animals or causing significant pain (or prolonged or repeated pain) to them is punishable by imprisonment of up to three years or a financial penalty.^[24] If the animal is of foreign origin, the act may also be punishable as criminal damage.^[25]

Italy

Acts of cruelty against animals can be punished with imprisonment, for a minimum of three months up to a maximum of three years, and with a fine ranging from a minimum of 3.000,00 Euro to a maximum of 160.000,00 Euro, as for the law n°189/2004.^[26] The law was passed mainly to crush the phenomenon of dog fighting, which in Italy is a clandestine blood sport fully controlled by organized crime.

United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, cruelty to animals is a criminal offence for which one may be jailed for up to 51 weeks and may be fined up to £20,000.^[27]

On August 18, 1911, the House of Commons introduced the Protection of Animals Act 1911 (c.27) following lobbying by the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA). The maximum punishment was 6 months of «hard labour» with a fine of 25 pounds.^[28]

In the London Police Act 1839, «fighting or baiting Lions, Bears, Badgers, Cocks, Dogs, or other Animals» was prohibited in London, with a penalty of up to one month imprisonment, with possible hard labour, or up to five pounds. The law laid numerous restrictions on how, when, and where animals could be driven, wagons unloaded, etc.. It also prohibited owners from letting mad dogs run loose and gave police the right to destroy any dog suspected of being rabid or any dog bitten by a suspected rabid dog. The same law prohibited the use of dogs for drawing carts.^[29] Up until then, dogs were used for delivering milk, bread, fish, meat, fruit, vegetables, animal food (the cat’s-meat man), and other items for sale and for collecting refuse (the rag-and-bone man).^[30][31] As Nigel Rothfels notes, the prohibition against dogs pulling carts in or near London caused most of the dogs to be killed by their owners^[32] as they went from being contributors to the family income to unaffordable expenses. Cart dogs were replaced by people with handcarts.^[33] About 150,000 dogs were killed or abandoned. Erica Fudge quotes Hilda Kean:^[32]

At the heart of nineteenth-century animal welfare campaigns is the middle-class desire not to be able to see cruelty.

—Hilda Kean, Animal Rights, 1998^[34]

The Protection of Animals Act 1911^[35] extended the ban on draft dogs to the rest of the kingdom. As many as 600,000 dogs were killed or abandoned.

The Act of 1911 has now been replaced by Animal Welfare Act of 2006.^{[citation needed]}

Switzerland

The Swiss animal protection laws are among the strictest in the world, comprehensively regulating the treatment of animals including the size of rabbit cages, and the amount of exercise that must be provided to dogs.^[36]

In the canton of Zurich an animal lawyer, Antoine Goetschel, is employed by the canton government to represent the interests of animals in animal cruelty cases.^[37]

Americas

Mexico

In Mexico, there are little to no animal cruelty laws, however, it has been suggested that animal cruelty laws are slowly being implemented. The country’s current policy usually condemns physical harm to animals as property damage to the owners of the abused animal. The Law of Animal Protection of the Federal District is wide-ranging, based on banning ‘unnecessary suffering’. Similar laws now exist in most states. However, this is disregarded by much of the public and authorities.

United States

The primary federal law relating to animal care and conditions in the US is the Animal Welfare Act of 1966, amended in 1970, 1976, 1985, 1990, 2002 and 2007. It is the only Federal law in the United States that regulates the treatment of animals in research, exhibition, transport, and by dealers. Other laws, policies, and guidelines may include additional species coverage or specifications for animal care and use, but all refer to the Animal Welfare Act as the minimum acceptable standard.^[38]

The AWA has been criticized by animal rights groups for excluding birds, rats and mice bred for research, and animals raised for food or fiber as well as all cold-blooded animals.^[39]

The Animal Legal Defense Fund releases an annual report ranking the animal protection laws of every state based on their relative strength and general comprehensiveness. In 2010’s report, the top five states for their strong anti-cruelty laws were Illinois, Maine, Michigan, Oregon, and California. The five states with the weakest animal cruelty laws were Kentucky, North Dakota, Idaho, Mississippi, and Iowa.^[40]

In Massachusetts and New York, agents of humane societies and associations may be appointed as special officers to enforce statutes outlawing animal cruelty.^[41]

In 2004, a Florida legislator proposed a ban on «cruelty to bovines,» stating: «A person who, for the purpose of practice, entertainment, or sport, intentionally fells, trips, or otherwise causes a cow to fall or lose its balance by means of roping, lassoing, dragging, or otherwise touching the tail of the cow commits a misdemeanor of the first degree.»^[42] The proposal did not become law.^[42]

In the United States, ear cropping, tail docking, the Geier Hitch, rodeo sports, and other acts are legal and sometimes condoned. Penalties for cruelty can be minimal, if pursued. Currently, 46 of the 50 states have enacted felony penalties for certain forms of animal abuse.^[43] However, in most jurisdictions, animal cruelty is most commonly charged as a misdemeanor offense. In one recent California case, a felony conviction for animal cruelty could theoretically net a 25 year to life sentence due to their three-strikes law, which increases sentences based on prior felony convictions.^[44]

In 2003, West Hollywood, California passed an ordinance banning declawing of house cats.^[45] In 2007, Norfolk, Virginia passed legislation only allowing the procedure for medical reasons.^[46] However, most jurisdictions allow the procedure.

State welfare laws

Several states have enacted or considered laws in support of humane farming.

• On November 5, 2002, Florida voters passed Amendment 10 by a margin of 55% for, amending the Florida Constitution to ban the confinement of pregnant pigs in gestation crates.^[47]
• On January 14, 2004, the bill AB-732 died in the California Assembly’s Agriculture Committee.^[48] The bill would have banned gestation and veal crates, eventually being amended to include only veal crates.^[49] On May 9, 2007, the bill AB-594 was withdrawn from the California State Assembly. The bill had been effectively killed in the Assembly Agriculture Committee, by replacing the contents of the bill with language concerning tobacco cessation coverage under Medi-Cal.^[50] AB-594 was very similar to the current language of Proposition 2.^[51]
• On November 7, 2006, Arizona voters passed Proposition 204 with 62% support. The measure prohibits the confinement of calves in veal crates and breeding sows in gestation crates.^[52]
• On June 28, 2007, Oregon Governor Ted Kulongoski signed a measure into law prohibiting the confinement of pigs in gestation crates (SB 694, 74th Leg. Assembly, Regular Session).^[53]
• In January 2008, Nebraska State Senate bill LB 1148, to ban the use of gestation crates for pig farmers, was withdrawn within 5 days amidst controversy.^[54]
• On May 14, 2008, Colorado Governor Bill Ritter signed into law a bill, SB 201, that phases out gestation crates and veal crates.^[55][56]

Canada

The Animal Legal Defense Fund releases an annual report ranking the animal protection laws of every province and territory based on their relative strength and general comprehensiveness. In 2011 the top four, for their strong anti-cruelty laws, were Ontario, Manitoba, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. The worst four were Alberta, Northwest Territories, Quebec, and Nunavut.^[57]

In theory and practice

There are many reasons why individuals abuse animals. Animal cruelty covers a wide range of actions (or lack of action). Learning about animal abuse has revealed patterns of behavior employed by abusers.^[58]

Animal cruelty is often broken down into two main categories: active and passive, also referred to as commission and omission, respectively.

Passive cruelty is typified by cases of neglect, in which the cruelty is a lack of action rather than the action itself. Examples of neglect are starvation, dehydration, parasite infestations, allowing a collar to grow into an animal’s skin, inadequate shelter in extreme weather conditions, and failure to seek veterinary care when necessary.

In many cases of neglect in which an investigator believes that the cruelty occurred out of ignorance, the investigator may attempt to educate the pet owner, then revisit the situation. In more severe cases, exigent circumstances may require that the animal be removed for veterinary care.

Active cruelty implies malicious intent, as when a person has deliberately and intentionally caused harm to an animal, and is sometimes referred to as NAI (Non-Accidental Injury). Acts of intentional animal cruelty may be indicators of serious psychological problems.^[59] There is an intrinsic link between battered pets and battered women and children. The likelihood that women’s shelter personnel will encounter women and children who have been threatened by batterers using animal abuse as a weapon is high. This is because more families in America have pets than have children. Secondly, the majority of pet owners are themselves parents with children. Thirdly, 64.1% of households with children under age 6, and 74.8% of households with children over age 6, also have pets. Lastly, as many as 71% of pet-owning women seeking shelter at safe houses have reported that their partner had threatened and/or actually hurt or killed one or more of their pets; 32% of these women reported that one or more of their children had also hurt or killed pets. Battered women report that they are prevented from leaving their abusers because they fear what will happen to the animals in their absence. Animal abuse sometimes is used as a form of intimidation in domestic disputes.^[60]

Medicine

Animal testing, Traditional medicine

Psychological disorders

One of the known warning signs of certain psychopathologies, including antisocial personality disorder, also known as psychopathic personality disorder, is a history of torturing pets and small animals, a behavior known as zoosadism. According to the New York Times, «[t]he FBI has found that a history of cruelty to animals is one of the traits that regularly appears in its computer records of serial rapists and murderers, and the standard diagnostic and treatment manual for psychiatric and emotional disorders lists cruelty to animals a diagnostic criterion for conduct disorders.^[61] «A survey of psychiatric patients who had repeatedly tortured dogs and cats found all of them had high levels of aggression toward people as well, including one patient who had murdered a young boy.»^[61] Robert K. Ressler, an agent with the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s behavioral sciences unit, studied serial killers and noted,»Murderers like this (Jeffrey Dahmer) very often start out by killing and torturing animals as kids.»^[62]

Cruelty to animals is one of the three components of the Macdonald triad, indicators of violent antisocial behavior in children and adolescents. According to the studies used to form this model, cruelty to animals is a common (but not universal) behavior in children and adolescents who grow up to become serial killers and other violent criminals.

It has also been found that children who are cruel to animals have often witnessed or been victims of abuse themselves.^[63] In two separate studies cited by the Humane Society of the United States roughly one-third of families suffering from domestic abuse indicated that at least one child had hurt or killed a pet.^[64]

TV & film making

Animal cruelty has long been an issue with the art form of filmmaking, with even some big-budget Hollywood films receiving criticism for allegedly harmful—and sometimes lethal—treatment of animals during production. One of the most infamous examples of animal cruelty in film was Michael Cimino’s legendary flop Heaven’s Gate, in which numerous animals were brutalized and even killed during production. Cimino allegedly killed chickens and bled horses from the neck to gather samples of their blood to smear on actors for Heaven’s Gate, and also allegedly had a horse blown up with dynamite while shooting a battle sequence, the shot of which made it into the film. After the release of the film Reds, the star and director of the picture, Warren Beatty apologized for his Spanish film crew’s use of tripwires on horses while filming a battle scene, when Beatty wasn’t present. Tripwires were used against horses when Rambo III and The Thirteenth Warrior were being filmed. An ox was sliced nearly in half during production of Apocalypse Now, while a donkey was bled to death for dramatic effect for the film Manderlay, in a scene later cut from the film.

Cruelty in film exists in movies outside the United States. There is a case of cruelty to animals in the South Korean film The Isle, according to its director Kim Ki-Duk.^[65] In the film, a real frog is skinned alive while fish are mutilated. Several animals were killed for the camera in the controversial Italian film Cannibal Holocaust.^[66] The images in the film include the slow and graphic beheading and ripping apart of a turtle, a monkey being beheaded and its brains being consumed by natives and a spider being chopped apart. In fact, Cannibal Holocaust was only one film in a collective of similarly themed movies (cannibal films) that featured unstaged animal cruelty. Their influences were rooted in the films of Mondo filmmakers, which sometimes contained similar content. In several countries, such as the UK, Cannibal Holocaust was only allowed for release with most of the animal cruelty edited out.

More recently, the video sharing site YouTube has been criticized for hosting thousands of videos of real life animal cruelty, especially the feeding of one animal to another for the purposes of entertainment and spectacle. Although some of these videos have been flagged as inappropriate by users, YouTube has generally declined to remove them, unlike videos which include copyright infringement.^[67][68]

The Screen Actors Guild (SAG) has contracted with the American Humane Association (AHA) for monitoring of animal use during filming or while on the set.^[69] Compliance with this arrangement is voluntary and only applies to films made in the United States. Films monitored by the American Humane Association may bear one of their end-credit messages. Many productions, including those made in the US, do not advise AHA or SAG of animal use in films, so there is no oversight.^[70]

Simulations of animal cruelty exist on television, too. On the September 23, 1999 edition of WWE Smackdown!, a plot line had professional wrestler Big Boss Man trick fellow wrestler Al Snow into appearing to eat his pet chihuahua Pepper.^[71][72]

Circuses

The use of animals in the circus has been controversial since animal welfare groups have documented instances of animal cruelty during the training of performing animals. The Humane Society of the United States has documented multiple cases of abuse and neglect,^[73] and cite several reasons for opposing the use of animals in circuses, including confining enclosures, lack of regular veterinary care, abusive training methods and lack of oversight by regulating bodies.^[74] Animal trainers have argued that some criticism is not based in fact, including beliefs that animals are ‘hurt’ by being shouted at, that caging is cruel and common, and the harm caused by the use of whips, chains or training implements.^[75]

In 2009, Bolivia passed legislation banning the use of any animals, wild or domestic, in circuses. The law states that circuses «constitute an act of cruelty.» Circus operators had one year from the bill’s passage on July 1, 2009 to comply.^[76]

In 2010, Lebanese animal rights groups became enraged when it was learned that wild performing animals belonging to the Monte Carlo Circus were transported from Egypt to Lebanon without being provided with food and water.^[77]

Restrictions

Following the campaign, new regulations were enacted that prohibit the use of animals in circuses in Israel. Finland and Singapore have restricted the use of animals in entertainment. The UK and Scottish Parliaments have committed to ban certain wild animals in travelling circuses and approximately 200 local authorities in the UK have banned all animal acts on council land.^{[citation needed]} Animal acts are still very popular throughout much of Europe, the Americas and Asia. In the United States animal welfare standards are overseen by the United States Department of Agriculture under provisions of the Animal Welfare Act. Efforts to ban circus animals in cities like Denver, Colorado have been rejected by voters. Some circuses now present animal-free acts.^[78]

Crush films

Animal snuff films, known as crush films can be found on the Internet. These films depict instances of animal cruelty, and/or pornographic acts with animals, usually involving the death of an animal, including insects, mice, rats, guinea pigs, hamsters, monkeys, birds, cats, and dogs. In 1999, the U.S. government banned the depiction of animal cruelty, however the law was overturned by the 3rd U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals which ruled that the category «depiction of animal cruelty» contained in the law was not an exception to First Amendment protections.^[79] In an 8–1 decision handed down in April 2010, the U.S. Supreme Court agreed with the lower court’s ruling, but on the grounds that the law was unconstitutionally broad. The case itself did not involve crush films, but rather, a video that in part depicted dogfighting.^[80]

Warfare

Military animals are creatures that have been employed by humankind for use in warfare. They are a specific application of working animals. Examples include horses, dogs and dolphins. Only recently has the involvement of animals in war been questioned, and practices such as using animals for fighting, as living bombs (as in the use of exploding donkeys) or for military testing purposes (such as during the Bikini atomic experiments) may now be criticised for being cruel.^[81][82] Princess Anne, the Princess Royal, the patron of the British Animals in War Memorial, stated that animals adapt to what humans want them to do, but that they will not do things that they don’t want to, despite training.^[83] Animal participation in human conflict was commemorated in the United Kingdom in 2004 with the erection of the Animals in War Memorial in Hyde Park, London.^[84]

In 2008 a video of a US Marine throwing a puppy over a cliff during the Iraq conflict was popularised as an internet phenomenon and attracted widespread criticism of the soldier’s actions for being an act of cruelty.^[85]

Notes

Further reading

• Arluke, Arnold. Brute Force: Animal Police and the Challenge of Cruelty, Purdue University Press (August 15, 2004), hardcover, 175 pages, ISBN 1-55753-350-4. An ethnographic study of humane law enforcement officers.
• Lea, Suzanne Goodney (2007). Delinquency and Animal Cruelty: Myths and Realities about Social Pathology, hardcover, 168 pages, ISBN 978-1-59332-197-0. Lea challenges the argument made by animal rights activists that animal cruelty enacted during childhood is a precursor to human-directed violence.
• Munro H. (The battered pet (1999) In F. Ascione & P. Arkow (Eds.) Child Abuse, Domestic Violence, and Animal Abuse. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press, 199–208.

External links

• Illustration of 3-dog milk cart in Flanders, 1906
• Goldfish used in art, to highlight morality, court finds no basis of cruelty (2003) From BBC News
• Pet-Abuse.Com – Database of Criminal Animal Cruelty Cases

Предложения с «killing of animals»

No laws indicate the killing of animals on fur farms, therefore, the least expensive methods are the most appealing.	Никакие законы не указывают убийство животные на фермах меха, поэтому, наименее дорогие методы являются самыми привлекательными.
Animal slaughter is the killing of animals , usually referring to killing domestic livestock.	Убой животных — это убийство животных , обычно относящееся к убийству домашнего скота.
Other content includes sexualised torture and killing of animals and revenge porn.	Другой контент включает в себя сексуальные пытки и убийства животных , а также порнографию мести.
I witnessed killing , animals feeding on corpses in the streets, starvation all around me, wanton, horrific violence — senseless violence.	Я был свидетелем убийств, видел животных , поедающих трупы людей на улицах, повсюду был голод, насилие, ужасающая, бессмысленная жестокость.
What makes you think you have the moral right to go around maiming and killing innocent animals ?	Почему вы думаете, что у вас есть моральное право калечить и убивать невинных животных ?
So, somehow, for nearly two million years, we are killing animals without any weapons.	Т. е. около двух миллионов лет мы каким — то образом убивали животных без всякого оружия.
And by killing it, the West, including Europe, shows its hypocrisy; for the humane approach to animals has been proclaimed as one of the major Western virtues.	Убив его, Запад, в том числе, Европа, продемонстрировали свое лицемерие — ведь гуманное отношение к животным они провозглашали одной из главных добродетелей Запада.
My whole life, I had nightmares about what you locked up in here … slave girls… animal for killing … secrets, horror.	Всю жизнь меня мучали кошмары о том, что тут заперто. Рабыни, животные на убой, секреты, ужасы.
You people play games by killing animals and oppress women!	Ваш народ убивает зверей и угнетает женщин
It allows you to obtain six regular-sized hamburgers or 12 sliders from a horse without killing the animal .	Он позволяет получить 6 бургеров обычного размера, или 12 тонких из лошади, не убивая животное .
Trying to win Stacy back by killing an animal . Very caveman.	Пытаешься отвоевать Стейси, убив животное … очень по — неандертальски.
Wouldn’t killing the butcher behind the ceremonial slaughter of innocent animals be protest enough?	Не было бы убийство мясника на церемониальной бойне невинных животных уже достаточным выражением протеста?
(a communion with nature, some would say), can be secured without harming or killing animals .	(община с природой, некоторые сказали бы), может быть обеспечен без нанесение вреда или убийство животных .
Getting another animal to do the killing for you is clever, but making the kill yourself is an even bigger challenge.	Заставить другое животное убивать добычу для тебя — умная стратегия, но убить её самому — ещё более сложная задача.
It’s a common contract that precludes us from just killing each other, like wild animals .	это общий контракт, который предотвращает нас от убийства друг друга, как дикие звери.
Okay, so just to recap, other than you two killing your husband and your smuggling a stuffed animal filled with drugs into prison, you’re totally innocent, right?	Окей, просто подводя итоги, кроме того, что вы двое убиваете вашего мужа и провозите контрабандой животных , наполненных наркотиками в тюрьму, вы абсолютно невиновны, правильно?
A freak animal killing machine by moonlight.	Машина смерти, одержимая луной.
The inhabitants hadn’t found that Adam had been dispossessed, and were going right along naming the animals and killing snakes just as if they were in the Garden of Eden.	Жители еще ничего не слыхали о конфискации Адамовых угодий и блаженствовали, как в райском саду, давая имена скотам и птицам и убивая гадюк.
He was a bed wetter who was made to feel inferior… which he took out on the world by killing small animals .	Он мочился в кровать, что заставляло его чувствовать унижение,… которое он вымещал на мире убивая мелких животных .
To the law, killing an animal is a mere misdemeanor.	По закону убийство животного является лишь проступком.
And making sure there’s no opposition by killing off all the black and white animals that aren’t yours.	А теперь, чтобы заставить замолчать противников, вы готовы уничтожить всех черно — белых животных , хотя они вовсе не ваши,
Jake Ballard is a predator, an animal , a killing machine, and just because you’ve decided to turn a blind eye to that doesn’t make it any less true.	Джейк Баллард — хищник, животное , машина для убийств, и только из — за того, что ты решила это игнорировать, этот факт не перестает быть правдой.
Every so often, the mud at the top would come down in a slump, picking up the animals , bringing them down here, killing them and burying them and preserving them in the mud.	Время от времени ил наверху срывался вниз, к подножию, попутно захватывая животных . Оползень приносил их сюда, убивая и погребая под собой, а ил хорошо сохранял даже отпечатки мягких тканей.
The park’s watering holes were dosed with cyanide, killing 300 elephants and thousands of other animals .	Колодцы в парке отравили цианидом, Погибло 300 слонов и тысячи других животных .
You know what stops these animals from killing each other?	Ты знаешь, что останавливает этих зверей от убийства друг друга?
My earliest memory is killing animals .	В моих самых ранних воспоминаниях я убиваю животных .
Never cleaned an animal , which is about all a knife like that’s good for… except for killing , of course.	Никогда им не разделывал животных … для чего нож вроде этого хорош… исключая убийство, конечно.
Hitler was given films by a maharaja which displayed animals killing people.	Один Махараджа подарил Гитлеру фильмы, в которых животные убивали людей.
Another film showed humans killing animals .	В другом фильме люди убивали животных .
Ashoka renounced war and conquest by violence and forbade the killing of many animals .	Ашока отказался от войны и завоеваний путем насилия и запретил убивать многих животных .
On November 28th, 2019, a large fire erupted in a barn where some of the animals were kept, killing 10 animals .	28 ноября 2019 года в сарае, где содержались некоторые животные , вспыхнул сильный пожар, в результате которого погибло 10 животных .
In the 8th and 9th century, many emperors continued to prohibit killing many types of animals .	В VIII и IX веках многие императоры продолжали запрещать убивать множество видов животных .
If timber use continues and an increasing amount of farming occurs, it could lead to the mass killing of animal species.	Если лесозаготовки будут продолжаться, а сельское хозяйство будет расширяться, это может привести к массовому уничтожению видов животных .
Albertus Magnus in the De animalibus wrote about the killing gaze of the basilisk, but he denied other legends, such as the rooster hatching the egg.	Альберт Магнус в De animalibus писал об убийственном взгляде Василиска, но отрицал другие легенды, такие как петух, высиживающий яйцо.
There have been anecdotal reports of dogs, horses, and dolphins killing themselves, but little scientific study of animal suicide.	Есть анекдотические сообщения о самоубийствах собак, лошадей и дельфинов, но мало научных исследований самоубийств животных .
Many, including animal rights groups, strongly oppose killing animals to harvest their organs for human use.	Многие, включая группы по защите прав животных , решительно выступают против убийства животных для сбора их органов для использования человеком.
Meat is produced by killing an animal and cutting flesh out of it. These procedures are called slaughter and butchery, respectively.	Мясо получают, убивая животное и вырезая из него мясо. Эти процедуры называются соответственно забоем и разделкой скота.
The mud and the slushy ice of the two routes proved exhausting, killing or incapacitating the pack animals and creating chaos amongst the travellers.	Грязь и слякотный лед двух маршрутов оказались изнурительными, убивая или выводя из строя вьючных животных и создавая хаос среди путешественников.
The production is also notorious for the cruelty to animals that occurred both on screen and on site, including deliberately killing a horse with explosives.	Постановка также печально известна жестокостью по отношению к животным , которая происходила как на экране, так и на месте, в том числе умышленное убийство лошади взрывчаткой.
A gas chamber is an apparatus for killing humans or other animals with gas, consisting of a sealed chamber into which a poisonous or asphyxiant gas is introduced.	Газовая камера — это устройство для умерщвления людей или других животных газом, состоящее из герметичной камеры, в которую вводится ядовитый или удушливый газ.
Ethical issues regarding the consumption of meat include objecting to the act of killing animals or to the agricultural practices used in meat production.	Этические вопросы, касающиеся потребления мяса, включают возражение против акта убийства животных или против сельскохозяйственной практики, используемой в производстве мяса.
Cloth and food can be gathered by killing animals ; mining provides stone, metal ore, and sulfur ore; and chopping down trees provides wood.	Одежду и пищу можно добывать, убивая животных ; добыча дает камень, металлическую руду и серную руду; а рубка деревьев дает древесину.
A shelter does not achieve No Kill by calling animals ‘unadoptable’ before killing them; it achieves No Kill by actually saving their lives.	Приют не добивается никакого убийства, называя животных непригодными, прежде чем убить их; он не добивается никакого убийства, фактически спасая их жизни.
Here, too, killing the animal to check her ovaries was necessary.	Здесь тоже было необходимо убить животное , чтобы проверить ее яичники.
`Abdu’l-Bahá also stated that killing animals was contrary to compassion.	Абдул — Баха также заявил, что убийство животных противоречит состраданию.
He is also a strict vegetarian, due to what he feels are too cruel methods of killing the animals .	Он также является строгим вегетарианцем, из — за чего ему кажется, что это слишком жестокие методы убийства животных .
People also abstain from killing animals .	Люди также воздерживаются от убийства животных .
There are specified methods of humanely killing protected animals used in research, but boiling is not one of these.	Существуют определенные методы гуманного умерщвления охраняемых животных , используемые в исследованиях, но кипячение не является одним из них.
He was previously sought by animal rights groups for allegedly uploading videos of himself killing kittens.	Ранее он был разыскан группами по защите прав животных за то, что якобы загрузил видео, на котором он сам убивает котят.
The killing of these animals is not unique to modern-day society.	Убийство этих животных не является чем — то уникальным для современного общества.
Jainism prohibits the use of leather, since it is obtained by killing animals .	Джайнизм запрещает использовать кожу, так как она добывается путем убийства животных .
So Tommy and CinchBug if you work for PeTA you should be ashamed of yourself for killing so many animals .	Итак, Томми и Чинчбаг, если вы работаете на Пета, вам должно быть стыдно за то, что вы убили так много животных .