The word family in all languages

• аҭаацәаAbkhaz
• familieAfrikaans
• ቤተሰብ, ዘመድ አዝማድ, ቤተሰቦችAmharic
• familhaAragonese
• أَقَارِب, عَائِلَة, أَهْل, أُسْرَة, أسرةArabic
• পৰিয়ালAssamese
• fəsilə, ailəAzerbaijani
• ғаиләBashkir
• радзі́на, сям’я́Belarusian
• рода, семейство, семеен, семе́йство, групаBulgarian
• পরিবারBengali
• familh, kerentiezh, kerentiad, tiegezhBreton
• família, marieta, familiarCatalan, Valencian
• доьзалChechen
• famigliaCorsican
• rodinný, čeleď, rodinaCzech
• teuluWelsh
• familie, æt, familie-Danish
• Familie, vom anderen Ufer seinGerman
• އާއިލާDivehi
• ƒomeEwe
• οικογένειαGreek
• familia, familioEsperanto
• familia, familiarSpanish
• perekond, pereEstonian
• عائله, خاندان, نزدیکان, همنوا, فامیل, گونه, شاخه, خانوادَه, خویشان, خانوادهPersian
• perhe, suku, heimoFinnish
• ættFaroese
• familleFrench
• teaghlach, dream, fineIrish
• teaghlachScottish Gaelic
• familia, familiarGalician
• પરિવારGujarati
• lught thie, mooinjerManx
• IyaliHausa
• משפחה, משפחתיHebrew
• परिवार, ख़ानदान, बाल-बच्चेHindi
• fanmiHaitian Creole
• család, családi, háziHungarian
• ընտանիքArmenian
• familia, familiarInterlingua
• keluarga, famili, kerabatIndonesian
• ꏤNuosu
• familioIdo
• ættingjar, fjölskylda, skyldmenni, ætt, afkvæmi, ættingiIcelandic
• famigliaItalian
• משפחהHebrew
• 親類, 家庭, 科, 親戚, 家族, 親族Japanese
• brayatJavanese
• ოჯახიGeorgian
• семья, от басы, әулетKazakh
• គ្រួសារ, អំបូរKhmer
• ಆವಳಿ, ಕುಟುಂಬKannada
• 가정, 가족, 家族, 家庭, 친척Korean
• malbatîKurdish
• үй-бүлө, бүлөKyrgyz
• familiaLatin
• amakaGanda
• ຄອບຄົວLao
• šeimyna, šeima, giminėLithuanian
• saime, ģimene, dzimtaLatvian
• род, фамилија, се́мејство, семејство, фами́лија, фамилија́рен, семеенMacedonian
• തറവാട്Malayalam
• овог, гэр бүл, айлMongolian
• परिवारMarathi
• keluarga, famili, rumpunMalay
• familja, familjiMaltese
• မိသားစုBurmese
• परिबारNepali
• familie, gezinDutch
• skeiv, familieNorwegian
• hakʼéí, bił kééhashtʼíinii, hooghan hazʼą́Navajo, Navaho
• familhaOccitan
• ପରିବାରOriya
• бинонтӕOssetian, Ossetic
• ਪਰਿਵਾਰPanjabi, Punjabi
• rodzinny, rodzinaPolish
• کورنۍPashto, Pushto
• família, familiarPortuguese
• famigliaRomansh
• familie, familiarRomanian
• семе́йный, семе́йство, семья́, род, фами́лия, семьяRussian
• कुल, कुलःSanskrit
• خاندانSindhi
• породица, pòrodica, обитељ, obiteljSerbo-Croatian
• පවුලSinhala, Sinhalese
• rodinný, rodinaSlovak
• družina, družinskiSlovene
• familjeAlbanian
• familj, börd, bög, hushållSwedish
• குடும்பம், குடும்பTamil
• వంశ పరంపర, కుటుంబము, కుటుంబంTelugu
• оила, хонавода, хонадонTajik
• ครอบครัวThai
• maşgalaTurkmen
• pamilya, kamag-anakanTagalog
• familya, aile, ocakTurkish
• гаилә, семьяTatar
• ئائىلەUyghur, Uighur
• сім’я́, роди́на, familyUkrainian
• خاندان, پروارUrdu
• oila, xonadonUzbek
• gia tộc, 家庭, gia đinhVietnamese
• famül, familiaVolapük
• famileWalloon
• משפּחה, מישפּאָכעYiddish

• Abkhaz: аҭаацәа (ataacʷa)
• Afrikaans: familie (af)
• Akkadian: 𒆜𒆳 (/illatu/), 𒅎𒊑𒀀 (/imrû/), 𒁶𒌈 (/kimtu/), 𒇷𒈬 (/līmu/), 𒊓𒆷𒌈 (/salātu/)
• Albanian: familje (sq) f, tym (sq) m (archaic)
• American Sign Language: FAMILY
• Amharic: ቤተሰብ (betäsäb), ቤተሰቦች (betäsäboč), ዘመድ አዝማድ (zämäd ʾäzmad)
• Arabic: عَائِلَة‎ (ar) f (ʕāʔila), أُسْرَة‎ (ar) f (ʔusra), أَهْل‎ m (ʔahl)

  Egyptian Arabic: عيلة‎ f (ʿēla)

  Hijazi Arabic: عيلة‎ f (ʿēla), أَهِل‎ m (ʾahil)

  South Levantine Arabic: عيلة‎ f (ʕēle)

• Aragonese: familha f, familia f
• Armenian: ընտանիք (hy) (əntanikʿ)
• Aromanian: fumealji f, fumealje f
• Assamese: পৰিয়াল (porial)
• Asturian: familia (ast) f
• Avar: хьизан (x̂izan)
• Azerbaijani: ailə (az), külfət, əyal (archaic)
• Bashkir: ғаилә (ğailä)
• Basque: familia (eu)
• Belarusian: сям’я́ f (sjamʺjá), радзі́на f (radzína), сяме́йства n (sjamjéjstva)
• Bengali: পরিবার (bn) (poribar), খানদান (bn) (khandan), গোষ্ঠী (bn) (gōśṭhi)
• Berber:

  Tashelhit: takat f

• Breton: familh (br) f, tiegezh (br) m
• Bulgarian: семе́йство (bg) n (seméjstvo)
• Burmese: မိသားစု (my) (mi.sa:cu.)
• Catalan: família (ca) f
• Chechen: доьзал (dözal)
• Cherokee: ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ (sidanelvhi), ᏥᏓᎾᎷ (tsidanalu)
• Chichewa: banja
• Chinese:

  Cantonese: 家 (yue) (gaa¹), 家庭 (gaa¹ ting⁴)

  Dungan: җящя (ži͡axi͡a), җя (ži͡a)

  Mandarin: 家 (zh) (jiā), 家庭 (zh) (jiātíng)

  Min Nan: 家族 (zh-min-nan) (ka-cho̍k), 家庭 (zh-min-nan) (ka-têng)

• Chuukese: famini
• Coptic: ⲙⲉⲧⲓⲱⲧ f (metiōt)
• Cornish: teylu m
• Corsican: famiglia f
• Czech: rodina (cs) f
• Dalmatian: famalja f
• Danish: familie (da) c
• Dhivehi: އާއިލާ‎ (āilā)
• Dutch: gezin (nl) n
• Elfdalian: familj m
• Esperanto: familio (eo)
• Estonian: pere (et), perekond (et)
• Ewe: ƒome
• Extremaduran: please add this translation if you can
• Faroese: familja f
• Finnish: perhe (fi)
• French: famille (fr) f
• Friulian: famee f
• Galician: familia (gl) f
• Georgian: ოჯახი (ka) (oǯaxi)
• German: Familie (de) f
• Gothic: 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌹 n (kuni)
• Greek: οικογένεια (el) f (oikogéneia)
• Greenlandic: ilaqutakka
• Gujarati: પરિવાર m (parivār)
• Haitian Creole: fanmi
• Hausa: Iyali (ha) m
• Hawaiian: ʻohana
• Hebrew: מִשְׁפָּחָה‎ (he) f (mishpakhá)
• Hindi: परिवार (hi) m (parivār), ख़ानदान m (xāndān), बाल-बच्चे m pl (bāl-bacce)
• Hittite: 𒉺𒀭𒆪𒍑 (pa-an-ku-uš)
• Hungarian: család (hu)
• Icelandic: fjölskylda (is) f
• Ido: familio (io)
• Indonesian: keluarga (id), famili (id)
• Ingush: дезал (dezal)
• Interlingua: familia
• Irish: teaghlach m, muirear m, muirín f
• Istriot: fameîa
• Italian: famiglia (it) f
• Japanese: 家族 (ja) (かぞく, kazoku), (honorific) ご家族 (ja) (ごかぞく, gokazoku), 家庭 (ja) (かてい, katei)
• Javanese: brayat (jv)
• Kaingang: kanhkã
• Kannada: ಆವಳಿ (kn) (āvaḷi)
• Kazakh: от басы (ot basy), әулет (äulet), семья (semä)
• Khmer: គ្រួសារ (km) (kruəsaa)
• Khoekhoe: ǀkhao-khoen
• Korean: 가족(家族) (ko) (gajok), 가정(家庭) (ko) (gajeong)
• Kurdish:

  Northern Kurdish: malbat (ku), ayle (ku)

• Kyrgyz: үй-бүлө (ky) (üy-bülö), бүлө (ky) (bülö), кодок (kodok)
• Laboya: ela, ole dadi
• Lao: ຄອບຄົວ (lo) (khǭp khūa)
• Latgalian: saime f
• Latin: familia (la) f, gens (la) f
• Latvian: ģimene (lv) f, saime f
• Lithuanian: šeima (lt) f, šeimyna f
• Low German: Familige, Familge f (Paderbornisch)
• Luganda: amaka
• Luxembourgish: Famill f
• Lü: ᦅᦳᧃᦵᦣᦲᧃ (kunhoen), ᦺᦑᦵᦣᦲᧃ (tayhoen)
• Macedonian: семејство n (semejstvo), фамилија f (familija)
• Malay: keluarga (ms), famili
• Malayalam:കുടുംബം (ml) (kuṭumbaṃ)
• Maltese: familja f
• Manx: lught thie m, mooinjer f
• Maore Comorian: wadjema class 6
• Maori: whānau (mi) (traditional extended), whāmere (modern nuclear)
• Marathi: परिवार m (parivār)
• Mari:

  Western Mari: йиш (jiš)

• Middle English: houshold, hird
• Mingrelian: თი (ti)
• Mirandese: família f
• Mongolian:

  Cyrillic: айл (mn) (ajl), овог (mn) (ovog), гэр бүл (mn) (ger bül)

• Mòcheno: familia f
• Navajo: hooghan hazʼą́, bił kééhashtʼíinii
• Nepali: परिबार (paribār)
• Northern Ohlone: suyyakma
• Northern Sami: bearaš
• Norwegian:

  Bokmål: familie (no) m

• Occitan: familha (oc) f
• Old East Slavic: сѣмиꙗ f (sěmija), родина f (rodina)
• Old English: hīred m
• Oriya: ପରିବାର (or) (pôribarô)
• Oromo: maatii
• Ossetian: бинонтӕ (binontæ)
• Pashto: کورنۍ‎ f (koranëy), عايله‎ (ps) f (‘āyela), خاندان‎ (ps) m (xānadān), فاميل‎ (ps) m (fāmil)
• Pennsylvania German: Familye f
• Persian: خانواده‎ (fa) (xânevâde), خاندان‎ (fa) (xândân), فامیل‎ (fa) (fâmil), عائله‎ (‘â’ele)
• Plautdietsch: Famielje f
• Polish: rodzina (pl) f
• Portuguese: família (pt) f
• Punjabi:

  Gurmukhi: ਟੱਬਰ (pa) m (ṭabbar), ਪਰਿਵਾਰ m (parivār), ਖ਼ਾਨਦਾਨ m (xāndān)

  Shahmukhi: ٹبر‎ m (ṭabbar), پروار‎ m (parivār), خاندان‎ m (xāndān)

• Rajasthani: please add this translation if you can
• Rapa Nui: hare
• Romani: famìlija f
• Romanian: familie (ro) f
• Romansch: famiglia f
• Russian: семья́ (ru) f (semʹjá), семе́йство (ru) n (seméjstvo), фами́лия (ru) f (famílija) (archaic or stilted, usually means «surname»)
• Rusyn: фами́лія f (famýlija), роди́на f (rodýna)
• Sanskrit: कुल (sa) n (kula)
• Scots: faimlie, faimily
• Scottish Gaelic: teaghlach m
• Serbo-Croatian:

  Cyrillic: по̀родица f, оби́тељ f

  Roman: pòrodica (sh) f, obítelj (sh) f

• Shan: ၼႃႈႁိူၼ်း (shn) (nāa hóen)
• Sichuan Yi: ꏤ (jiet)
• Sicilian: famigghia (scn) f
• Sindhi: خاندان‎ (sd) (xândân)
• Sinhalese: පවුල (pawula)
• Slovak: rodina (sk) f
• Slovene: družina (sl) f
• Somali: xaas (so)
• Sorbian:

  Lower Sorbian: familija f

• Southern Altai: биле (bile)
• Spanish: familia (es) f
• Swahili: familia (sw) class n
• Swedish: familj (sv) c, hushåll (sv) n
• Tabasaran: хизан (ꭓizan)
• Tagalog: pamilya, mag-anak
• Tajik: оила (tg) (oyila), хонавода (tg) (xonavoda), хонадон (xonadon)
• Tamil: குடும்பம் (ta) (kuṭumpam)
• Taos: ȕ’únemą
• Tarantino: famigghie f
• Tatar: гаилә (tt) (ğailä), семья (sem’ya)
• Telugu: కుటుంబము (te) (kuṭumbamu)
• Thai: ครอบครัว (th) (krɔ̂ɔp-kruua)
• Tibetan: ཁྱིམ་ཚང (khyim tshang), མི་ཚང (mi tshang)
• Turkish: aile (tr), ocak (tr), kodak
• Turkmen: maşgala
• Tuvan: өг-бүле (ög-büle), өг-ишти (ög-işti)
• Ugaritic: 𐎌𐎔𐎃 (špḫ)
• Ukrainian: сім’я́ f (simʺjá), роди́на (uk) f (rodýna), сіме́йство n (siméjstvo)
• Urdu: خاندان‎ m (xāndān), پروار‎ m (parivār)
• Uyghur: ئائىلە‎ (ug) (a’ile)
• Uzbek: oila (uz), xonadon (uz)
• Venetian: faméja f, fameja (vec)
• Vietnamese: gia đình (vi) (家庭 (vi))
• Volapük: famül (vo)
• Walloon: famile (wa) f
• Welsh: teulu (cy), teuluoedd (cy) m pl
• West Frisian: famylje (fy)
• White Hmong: tsev neeg
• Xhosa: umndeni class 3/4
• Yakut: кэргэн (kergen)
• Yapese: tabinaw
• Yiddish: משפּחה‎ (yi) f (mishpokhe), משפחה‎ f (mishpukha)
• Yucatec Maya: ch’i’ibalil
• Zhuang: ranz
• Zulu: umndeni class 3/4

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A word family is the base form of a word plus its inflected forms and derived forms made with suffixes and prefixes^[1] plus its cognates, i.e. all words that have a common etymological origin, some of which even native speakers don’t recognize as being related (e.g. «wrought (iron)» and «work(ed)»).^[2] In the English language, inflectional affixes include third person —s, verbal -ed and -ing, plural —s, possessive —s, comparative —er and superlative —est. Derivational affixes include —able, -er, -ish, -less, -ly, -ness, -th, -y, non-, un-, -al, -ation, -ess, -ful, -ism, -ist, -ity, -ize/-ise, -ment, in-.^[1] The idea is that a base word and its inflected forms support the same core meaning, and can be considered learned words if a learner knows both the base word and the affix.
Bauer and Nation proposed seven levels of affixes based on their frequency in English.^[3] It has been shown that word families can assist with deriving related words via affixes, along with decreasing the time needed to derive and recognize such words.^[4]

Effects on learning[edit]

There are several studies that suggest that knowledge of root words and their derivatives can assist with learning or even deducing the meaning of other members of a word family. A study from Carlisle and Katz (2006) comparing separate English word families varying in size, frequency, and affirmation and negation suggests that “accuracy of reading derived words by 4th and 6th graders is related to measures of familiarity, … base word frequencies, family size, average family frequency, and word length”.^[5] It was found that families that were either larger or more frequent (i.e. word families that had more words or were more common) were more quickly read.^[5] Nagy et al. (1989) found that morphologically related families had an increase of reaction time of up to 7 ms compared to those without a morphological relation.^[4] Nagy et al. (1993) summarizes how knowledge of the meanings of common English suffixes underwent significant development between fourth grade and high school.^[6]

Studies on non-native speakers[edit]

There have also been studies on non-native English speakers and learners on their knowledge and understanding of word families. A study of nonnative-English-speaking college students showed that non-native English speakers knew at least some of the four word forms studied (nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs).^[7] Out of these four, word families derived from nouns and verbs were found to be the most well-known.^[7] Results showed that in regards to these word forms, ESL students knew the least, MA-ELT (English Language Teaching) students knew more, and native speakers knew the most.^[7] In addition, a study of Japanese students learning English showed poor knowledge of the affixes studied, showing a division between their knowledge of a word’s meaning and a derivative form of a separate word (e.g. stimulate versus similar, disclose and far).^[8] To conclude their study, Schmitt and Zimmerman have provided the following for those teaching word families as a guideline:^[7]

• Introduce derivatives along with their roots.
• Teach more affixes.
• Emphasize adverbs, adjectives, and their derivatives.
• Suggest reading that includes these word families.

See also[edit]

• Headword (lemma)
• Lexeme

References[edit]