The word engineer comes from

Engineer

Mechanical engineer Joel Steinkraus and systems engineer Farah Alibay (right) from NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory hold a full-scale mockup of Mars Cube One
Occupation
Names	Engineer
Occupation type	Profession
Activity sectors	Applied science
Description
Competencies	Mathematics, science, design, analysis, critical thinking, engineering ethics, project management, engineering economics, creativity, problem solving, (See also: Glossary of engineering)
Education required	Engineering education
Fields of employment	Research and development, industry, business
Related jobs	Scientist, architect, project manager, inventor, astronaut

Engineers, as practitioners of engineering, are professionals who invent, design, analyze, build and test machines, complex systems, structures, gadgets and materials to fulfill functional objectives and requirements while considering the limitations imposed by practicality, regulation, safety and cost.^[1][2] The word engineer (Latin ingeniator^[3]) is derived from the Latin words ingeniare («to contrive, devise») and ingenium («cleverness»).^[4][5] The foundational qualifications of an engineer typically include a four-year bachelor’s degree in an engineering discipline, or in some jurisdictions, a master’s degree in an engineering discipline plus four to six years of peer-reviewed professional practice (culminating in a project report or thesis) and passage of engineering board examinations.

The work of engineers forms the link between scientific discoveries and their subsequent applications to human and business needs and quality of life.^[1]

Definition[edit]

In 1961, the Conference of Engineering Societies of Western Europe and the United States of America defined «professional engineer» as follows:^[6]

A professional engineer is competent by virtue of his/her fundamental education and training to apply the scientific method and outlook to the analysis and solution of engineering problems. He/she is able to assume personal responsibility for the development and application of engineering science and knowledge, notably in research, design, construction, manufacturing, superintending, managing and in the education of the engineer. His/her work is predominantly intellectual and varied and not of a routine mental or physical character. It requires the exercise of original thought and judgement and the ability to supervise the technical and administrative work of others. His/her education will have been such as to make him/her capable of closely and continuously following progress in his/her branch of engineering science by consulting newly published works on a worldwide basis, assimilating such information and applying it independently. He/she is thus placed in a position to make contributions to the development of engineering science or its applications. His/her education and training will have been such that he/she will have acquired a broad and general appreciation of the engineering sciences as well as thorough insight into the special features of his/her own branch. In due time he/she will be able to give authoritative technical advice and to assume responsibility for the direction of important tasks in his/her branch.

Roles and expertise[edit]

Design[edit]

Engineers develop new technological solutions. During the engineering design process, the responsibilities of the engineer may include defining problems, conducting and narrowing research, analyzing criteria, finding and analyzing solutions, and making decisions. Much of an engineer’s time is spent on researching, locating, applying, and transferring information.^[7] Indeed, research suggests engineers spend 56% of their time engaged in various information behaviours, including 14% actively searching for information.^[8]

Engineers must weigh different design choices on their merits and choose the solution that best matches the requirements and needs. Their crucial and unique task is to identify, understand, and interpret the constraints on a design in order to produce a successful result.

Analysis[edit]

Engineers apply techniques of engineering analysis in testing, production, or maintenance. Analytical engineers may supervise production in factories and elsewhere, determine the causes of a process failure, and test output to maintain quality. They also estimate the time and cost required to complete projects. Supervisory engineers are responsible for major components or entire projects. Engineering analysis involves the application of scientific analytic principles and processes to reveal the properties and state of the system, device or mechanism under study. Engineering analysis proceeds by separating the engineering design into the mechanisms of operation or failure, analyzing or estimating each component of the operation or failure mechanism in isolation, and recombining the components. They may analyze risk.^{[9][10][11][12]}

Many engineers use computers to produce and analyze designs, to simulate and test how a machine, structure, or system operates, to generate specifications for parts, to monitor the quality of products, and to control the efficiency of processes.

Specialization and management[edit]

Most engineers specialize in one or more engineering disciplines.^[1] Numerous specialties are recognized by professional societies, and each of the major branches of engineering has numerous subdivisions. Civil engineering, for example, includes structural engineering, along with transportation engineering, geotechnical engineering, and materials engineering, including ceramic, metallurgical, and polymer engineering. Mechanical engineering cuts across most disciplines since its core essence is applied physics. Engineers also may specialize in one industry, such as motor vehicles, or in one type of technology, such as turbines or semiconductor materials.^[1]

Several recent studies have investigated how engineers spend their time; that is, the work tasks they perform and how their time is distributed among these. Research^[8][13] suggests that there are several key themes present in engineers’ work: technical work (i.e., the application of science to product development), social work (i.e., interactive communication between people), computer-based work and information behaviors. Among other more detailed findings, a 2012 work sampling study^[13] found that engineers spend 62.92% of their time engaged in technical work, 40.37% in social work, and 49.66% in computer-based work. Furthermore, there was considerable overlap between these different types of work, with engineers spending 24.96% of their time engaged in technical and social work, 37.97% in technical and non-social, 15.42% in non-technical and social, and 21.66% in non-technical and non-social.

Engineering is also an information-intensive field, with research finding that engineers spend 55.8% of their time engaged in various different information behaviors, including 14.2% actively information from other people (7.8%) and information repositories such as documents and databases (6.4%).^[8]

The time engineers spend engaged in such activities is also reflected in the competencies required in engineering roles. In addition to engineers’ core technical competence, research has also demonstrated the critical nature of their personal attributes, project management skills, and cognitive abilities to success in the role.^[14]

Types of engineers[edit]

There are many branches of engineering, each of which specializes in specific technologies and products. Typically, engineers will have deep knowledge in one area and basic knowledge in related areas. For example, mechanical engineering curricula typically include introductory courses in electrical engineering, computer science, materials science, metallurgy, mathematics, and software engineering.

An engineer may either be hired for a firm that requires engineers on a continuous basis, or may belong to an engineering firm that provides engineering consulting services to other firms.

When developing a product, engineers typically work in interdisciplinary teams. For example, when building robots an engineering team will typically have at least three types of engineers. A mechanical engineer would design the body and actuators. An electrical engineer would design the power systems, sensors, electronics, embedded software in electronics, and control circuitry. Finally, a software engineer would develop the software that makes the robot behave properly. Engineers that aspire to management engage in further study in business administration, project management and organizational or business psychology. Often engineers move up the management hierarchy from managing projects, functional departments, divisions and eventually CEOs of a multi-national corporation.

Branch	Focus	Related sciences	Products
Automobile engineering	Focuses on the development of automobiles and related technology	Structural engineering, electronics, materials science, automotive safety, fluid mechanics, thermodynamics, engineering mathematics, ergonomics, environmental compliance, road traffic safety, chemistry	Automobiles
Aerospace engineering	Focuses on the development of aircraft and spacecraft	Aeronautics, astrodynamics, astronautics, avionics, control engineering, fluid mechanics, kinematics, materials science, thermodynamics	Aircraft, robotics, spacecraft, trajectories
Agricultural engineering	Focuses on the engineering, science, and technology for the production and processing of food from agriculture, such as the production of arable crops, soft fruit and livestock. A key goal of this discipline is to improve the efficacy and sustainability of agricultural practices for food production.	Agricultural engineering often combines and converges many other engineering disciplines such as Mechanical engineering, Civil engineering, electrical engineering, chemical engineering, biosystems engineering, soil science, environmental engineering	Livestock, food, horticulture, forestry, renewable energy crops. Agricultural machinery such as tractors, combine harvesters, forage harvesters. Agricultural technology incorporates such things as robotics and autonomous vehicles.
Architectural engineering and building engineering	Focuses on building and construction	Architecture, architectural technology	Buildings and bridges
Biomedical engineering	Focuses on closing the gap between engineering and medicine to advance various health care treatments.	Biology, physics, chemistry, medicine	Prostheses, medical devices, regenerative tissue growth, various safety mechanisms, genetic engineering
Chemical engineering	Focuses on the manufacturing of chemicals and or extraction of chemical species from natural resources	Chemistry, thermodynamics, chemical thermodynamics, process engineering, transport phenomena, nanotechnology, biology, chemical kinetics, genetic engineering medicine, fluid mechanics, textiles	Chemicals, hydrocarbons, fuels, medicines, raw materials, food and drink, waste treatment, pure gases, plastics, coatings, water treatment, textiles
Civil engineering	Focuses on the construction of large systems, structures, and environmental systems	Statics, fluid mechanics, soil mechanics, structural engineering, transportation engineering, geotechnical engineering, environmental engineering, hydraulic engineering	Roads, bridges, dams, buildings, structural system, foundation, earthworks, waste management, water treatment
Computer engineering	Focuses on the design and development of computer hardware & software systems	Computer science, mathematics, electrical engineering	Microprocessors, microcontrollers, operating systems, embedded systems, computer networks
Electrical engineering	Focuses on application of electricity, electronics, and electromagnetism	Mathematics, probability and statistics, engineering ethics, engineering economics, instrumentation, materials science, physics, network analysis, electromagnetism, linear system, electronics, electric power, logic, computer science, data transmission, systems engineering, control engineering, signal processing	Electricity generation and equipment, remote sensing, robotics, control system, computers, home appliances, Internet of things, consumer electronics, avionics, hybrid vehicles, spacecraft, unmanned aerial vehicles, optoelectronics, embedded systems
Fire protection engineering	Focuses on application of science and engineering principles to protect people, property, and their environments from the harmful and destructive effects of fire and smoke.	Fire, smoke, fluid dynamics, thermodynamics, heat transfer, combustion, physics, materials science, chemistry, statics, dynamics, probabilistic risk assessment or risk management, environmental psychology, engineering ethics, engineering economics, systems engineering, reliability, fire suppression, fire alarms, building fire safety, wildfire, building codes, measurement and simulation of fire phenomena, mathematics, probability and statistics.	Fire suppression systems, fire alarm systems, passive fire protection, smoke control systems, sprinkler systems, Code consulting, fire and smoke modeling, emergency management, water supply systems, fire pumps, structural fire protection, foam extinguishing systems, gaseous fire suppression systems, oxygen reduction systems, flame detection, aerosol fire suppression.
Industrial engineering	Focuses on the design, optimization, and operation of production, logistics, and service systems and processes	Operations research, engineering statistics, applied probability and stochastic processes, automation engineering, methods engineering, production engineering, manufacturing engineering, systems engineering, logistics engineering, ergonomics	quality control systems, manufacturing systems, warehousing systems, supply chains, logistics networks, queueing systems, business process management
Mechatronics engineering	Focuses on the technology and controlling all the industrial field	Process control, automation	Robotics, controllers, CNC
Mechanical engineering	Focuses on the development and operation of energy systems, transport systems, manufacturing systems, machines and control systems	Dynamics, kinematics, statics, fluid mechanics, materials science, metallurgy, strength of materials, thermodynamics, heat transfer, mechanics, mechatronics, manufacturing engineering, control engineering	Cars, airplanes, machines, power generation, spacecraft, buildings, consumer goods, manufacturing, HVAC
Metallurgical engineering/materials engineering	Focuses on extraction of metals from its ores and development of new materials	Material science, thermodynamics, extraction of metals, physical metallurgy, mechanical metallurgy, nuclear materials, steel technology	Iron, steel, polymers, ceramics, metals
Mining engineering	Focuses on the use of applied science and technology to extract various minerals from the earth, not to be confused with metallurgical engineering, which deals with mineral processing of various ores after they have already been mined	Rock mechanics, geostatistics, soil mechanics, control engineering, geophysics, fluid mechanics, drilling and blasting	Gold, silver, coal, iron ore, potash, limestone, diamond, rare-earth element, bauxite, copper
Software engineering	Focuses on the design and development of software systems	Computer science, information theory, systems engineering, formal language	Application software, Mobile apps, Websites, operating systems, embedded systems, real-time computing, video games, virtual reality, AI software, edge computing, distributed systems, computer vision, music sequencers, digital audio workstations, software synthesizers, robotics, CGI, medical software, computer-assisted surgery, Internet of things, avionics software, computer simulation, quantum programming, satellite navigation software, antivirus software, electronic design automation, computer-aided design, self-driving cars, educational software

Ethics[edit]

Engineers have obligations to the public, their clients, employers, and the profession. Many engineering societies have established codes of practice and codes of ethics to guide members and inform the public at large. Each engineering discipline and professional society maintains a code of ethics, which the members pledge to uphold. Depending on their specializations, engineers may also be governed by specific statute, whistleblowing, product liability laws, and often the principles of business ethics.^[15][16][17]

Some graduates of engineering programs in North America may be recognized by the iron ring or Engineer’s Ring, a ring made of iron or stainless steel that is worn on the little finger of the dominant hand. This tradition began in 1925 in Canada with The Ritual of the Calling of an Engineer, where the ring serves as a symbol and reminder of the engineer’s obligations to the engineering profession. In 1972, the practice was adopted by several colleges in the United States including members of the Order of the Engineer.

Education[edit]

Most engineering programs involve a concentration of study in an engineering specialty, along with courses in both mathematics and the physical and life sciences. Many programs also include courses in general engineering and applied accounting. A design course, often accompanied by a computer or laboratory class or both, is part of the curriculum of most programs. Often, general courses not directly related to engineering, such as those in the social sciences or humanities, also are required.

Accreditation is the process by which engineering programs are evaluated by an external body to determine if applicable standards are met. The Washington Accord serves as an international accreditation agreement for academic engineering degrees, recognizing the substantial equivalency in the standards set by many major national engineering bodies. In the United States, post-secondary degree programs in engineering are accredited by the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology.

Regulation[edit]

In many countries, engineering tasks such as the design of bridges, electric power plants, industrial equipment, machine design and chemical plants, must be approved by a licensed professional engineer. Most commonly titled professional engineer is a license to practice and is indicated with the use of post-nominal letters; PE or P.Eng. These are common in North America, as is European engineer (EUR ING) in Europe. The practice of engineering in the UK is not a regulated profession but the control of the titles of chartered engineer (CEng) and incorporated engineer (IEng) is regulated. These titles are protected by law and are subject to strict requirements defined by the Engineering Council UK. The title CEng is in use in much of the Commonwealth.

Many skilled and semi-skilled trades and engineering technicians in the UK call themselves engineers. A growing movement in the UK is to legally protect the title ‘Engineer’ so that only professional engineers can use it; a petition^[18] was started to further this cause.

In the United States, engineering is a regulated profession whose practice and practitioners are licensed and governed by law. Licensure is generally attainable through combination of education, pre-examination (Fundamentals of Engineering exam), examination (professional engineering exam),^[19] and engineering experience (typically in the area of 5+ years). Each state tests and licenses professional engineers. Currently, most states do not license by specific engineering discipline, but rather provide generalized licensure, and trust engineers to use professional judgment regarding their individual competencies; this is the favoured approach of the professional societies. Despite this, at least one of the examinations required by most states is actually focused on a particular discipline; candidates for licensure typically choose the category of examination which comes closest to their respective expertise. In the United States, an «industrial exemption» allows businesses to employ employees and call them an «engineer», as long as such individuals are under the direct supervision and control of the business entity and function internally related to manufacturing (manufactured parts) related to the business entity, or work internally within an exempt organization. Such person does not have the final authority to approve, or the ultimate responsibility for, engineering designs, plans, or specifications that are to be incorporated into fixed works, systems, or facilities on the property of others or made available to the public. These individuals are prohibited from offering engineering services directly to the public or other businesses, or engage in practice of engineering unless the business entity is registered with the state’s board of engineering, and the practice is carried on or supervised directly only by engineers licensed to engage in the practice of engineering.^[20] In some instances, some positions, such as a «sanitation engineer», does not have any basis in engineering sciences. Although some states require a BS degree in engineering accredited by the Engineering Accreditation Commission (EAC) of Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET) with no exceptions, about two thirds of the states accept BS degrees in engineering technology accredited by the Engineering Technology Accreditation Commission (ETAC) of ABET to become licensed as professional engineers. Each state has different requirements on years of experience to take the Fundamentals of Engineering (FE) and Professional Engineering (PE) exams. A few states require a graduate MS in engineering to sit for the exams as further learning. After seven years of working after graduation, two years of responsibility for significant engineering work, continuous professional development, some highly qualified PEs are able to become International Professional Engineers Int(PE). These engineers must meet the highest level of professional competencies and this is a peer reviewed process. Once the IntPE title is awarded, the engineer can gain easier admission to national registers of a number of members jurisdictions for international practice.^[21]

In Canada, engineering is a self-regulated profession. The profession in each province is governed by its own engineering association. For instance, in the Province of British Columbia an engineering graduate with four or more years of post graduate experience in an engineering-related field and passing exams in ethics and law will need to be registered by the Association for Professional Engineers and Geoscientists (APEGBC)^[22] in order to become a Professional Engineer and be granted the professional designation of P.Eng allowing one to practice engineering.

In Continental Europe, Latin America, Turkey, and elsewhere the title is limited by law to people with an engineering degree and the use of the title by others is illegal. In Italy, the title is limited to people who hold an engineering degree, have passed a professional qualification examination (Esame di Stato) and are enrolled in the register of the local branch of National Associations of Engineers (a public body). In Portugal, professional engineer titles and accredited engineering degrees are regulated and certified by the Ordem dos Engenheiros. In the Czech Republic, the title «engineer» (Ing.) is given to people with a (masters) degree in chemistry, technology or economics for historical and traditional reasons. In Greece, the academic title of «Diploma Engineer» is awarded after completion of the five-year engineering study course and the title of «Certified Engineer» is awarded after completion of the four-year course of engineering studies at a Technological Educational Institute (TEI).

Perception[edit]

The perception and definition of the term ‘engineer’ varies across countries and continents.

Corporate culture[edit]

In companies and other organizations, there is sometimes a tendency to undervalue people with advanced technological and scientific skills compared to celebrities, fashion practitioners, entertainers, and managers. In his book, The Mythical Man-Month,^[23] Fred Brooks Jr says that managers think of senior people as «too valuable» for technical tasks and that management jobs carry higher prestige. He tells how some laboratories, such as Bell Labs, abolish all job titles to overcome this problem: a professional employee is a «member of the technical staff.» IBM maintains a dual ladder of advancement; the corresponding managerial and engineering or scientific rungs are equivalent. Brooks recommends that structures need to be changed; the boss must give a great deal of attention to keeping managers and technical people as interchangeable as their talents allow.

Europe[edit]

As of 2022, thirty two countries in Europe (including nearly all 27 countries of the EU) now recognise the title of ‘European Engineer’ which permits the use of the pre-nominal title of «EUR ING» (always fully capitalised). Each country sets its own precise qualification requirement for the use of the title (though they are all broadly equivalent). Holding the requisite qualification does not afford automatic entitlement. The title has to be applied for (and the appropriate fee paid). The holder is entitled to use the title in their passport. EUR INGs are allowed to describe themselves as professionally qualified engineers and practise as such in any of the 32 participating countries including those where the title of engineer is regulated by law.^{[citation needed]}

UK[edit]

British school children in the 1950s were brought up with stirring tales of «the Victorian Engineers», chief among whom were Brunel, Stephenson, Telford, and their contemporaries. In the UK, «engineering» has more recently been erroneously styled as an industrial sector consisting of employers and employees loosely termed «engineers» who include tradespeople. However, knowledgeable practitioners reserve the term «engineer» to describe a university-educated professional of ingenuity represented by the Chartered (or Incorporated) Engineer qualifications.^[24] A large proportion of the UK public incorrectly thinks of «engineers» as skilled tradespeople or even semi-skilled tradespeople with a high school education. Also, many UK skilled and semi-skilled tradespeople falsely style themselves as «engineers». This has created confusion in the eyes of some members of the public in understanding what professional engineers actually do, from fixing car engines, television sets and refrigerators (technicians, handymen) to designing and managing the development of aircraft, spacecraft, power stations, infrastructure and other complex technological systems (engineers).^{[citation needed]}

France[edit]

In France, the term ingénieur (engineer) is not a protected title and can be used by anyone who practices this profession.^[25]

However, the title ingénieur diplomé (graduate engineer) is an official academic title that is protected by the government and is associated with the Diplôme d’Ingénieur, which is a renowned academic degree in France. Anyone misusing this title in France can be fined a large sum and jailed, as it is usually reserved for graduates of French engineering grandes écoles. Engineering schools which were created during the French revolution have a special reputation among the French people, as they helped to make the transition from a mostly agricultural country of late 18th century to the industrially developed France of the 19th century. A great part of 19th-century France’s economic wealth and industrial prowess was created by engineers that have graduated from École Centrale Paris, École des Mines de Paris, École polytechnique or Télécom Paris. This was also the case after WWII when France had to be rebuilt. Before the «réforme René Haby» in the 1970s, it was very difficult to be admitted to such schools, and the French ingénieurs were commonly perceived as the nation’s elite. However, after the Haby reform and a string of further reforms (Modernization plans of French universities), several engineering schools were created which can be accessed with relatively lower competition.

In France, engineering positions are now shared between the ingénieurs diplomés graduating from engineering grandes écoles; and the holders of a Master’s degree in Science from public universities.

Italy[edit]

In Italy, only people who hold a formal engineering qualification of at least a bachelor’s degree are permitted to describe themselves as an engineer. So much so that people holding such qualifications are entitled to use the pre-nominal title of «Ingegnere» (or «Ingegnera» if female — in both cases often abbreviated to «Ing.») in lieu of «Signore», «Signorina» or «Signora» (Mr, Miss and Mrs respectively) in the same manner as someone holding a doctorate would use the pre-nominal title «Doctor».

North America[edit]

Canada[edit]

In Canada, engineering is a regulated profession whose practice and practitioners are licensed and governed by law.^[26] Licensed professional engineers are referred to as P.Eng. Many Canadian engineers wear an Iron Ring.^[27]

In all Canadian provinces, the title «Professional Engineer» is protected by law and any non-licensed individual or company using the title is committing a legal offence and is subject to fines and restraining orders.^[28] Contrary to insistence from the Professional Engineers Ontario («PEO») and Engineers Canada, use of the title «Engineer» itself has been found by Canadian law to be acceptable by those not holding P.Eng. titles.^[29][30]

The title of engineer is not exclusive to P.Eng titles. The title of Engineer is commonly held by «Software Engineer»,^[31] the Canadian Military as various ranks and positions,^[32] railway locomotive engineers,^[33] and Aircraft Maintenance Engineers (AME), all of which do not commonly hold a P.Eng. designation.

United States[edit]

In the United States, the practice of professional engineering is highly regulated and the title «professional engineer» is legally protected, meaning that it is unlawful to use it to offer engineering services to the public unless permission, certification or other official endorsement is specifically granted by that state through a professional engineering license.^[34]

Spanish-speaking countries[edit]

Certain Spanish-speaking countries follow the Italian convention of engineers using the pre-nominal title, in this case «ingeniero» (or «ingeniera» if female). Like in Italy, it is usually abbreviated to «Ing.» In Spain this practice is not followed.

The engineering profession enjoys high prestige in Spain, ranking close to medical doctors, scientists and professors, and above judges, journalists or entrepreneurs, according to a 2014 study.^[35]

Asia and Africa[edit]

In the Indian subcontinent, Russia, Middle East, Africa, and China, engineering is one of the most sought after undergraduate courses, inviting thousands of applicants to show their ability in highly competitive entrance examinations.

In Egypt, the educational system makes engineering the second-most-respected profession in the country (after medicine); engineering colleges at Egyptian universities requires extremely high marks on the General Certificate of Secondary Education (Arabic: الثانوية العامة al-Thānawiyyah al-`Āmmah)—on the order of 97 or 98%—and are thus considered (along with the colleges of medicine, natural science, and pharmacy) to be among the «pinnacle colleges» (كليات القمة kullīyāt al-qimmah).

In the Philippines and Filipino communities overseas, engineers who are either Filipino or not, especially those who also profess other jobs at the same time, are addressed and introduced as Engineer, rather than Sir/Madam in speech or Mr./Mrs./Ms. (G./Gng./Bb. in Filipino) before surnames. That word is used either in itself or before the given name or surname.

See also[edit]

• Building engineer
• Engineer’s degree
• Engineers Without Borders
• European Engineer
• Greatest Engineering Achievements
• History of engineering
• List of Bangladeshi engineers
• List of engineering branches
• List of engineers
• List of fictional scientists and engineers

References[edit]

External links[edit]

Media related to Engineers at Wikimedia Commons

The word engineer comes from the Greek terms enkolos and kosmos, meaning “work of art” and “work of science.” Engineers apply science and math to understand and predict the behavior of fluids and gases, and to make use of tools and equipment that helps them function in machines.

During the Renaissance, Italy became known as the Italy of reptiles, from the belief that poisonous water from the nearby volcano of Venetica would cure disease and save lives. Engineers came to study the venoms and devised ways to use metals to poison water. Devices were created to remove poison through the expenditure of water, and aelected doctor to discover a means to insulate houses from water.

During this period, a British engineer named Richard Trevithick was appointed to find a way to obtain amounts of pure water without using fire, thereby saving people and animals from fire. Trevithick discovered that by withdrawing a single penny from a bury in the ground, he could obtain 1,000 gallons of water. It is on this water that he had built a device that could extract pure water from evaporation.  Also, notable inventions that came from this brilliant engineering concept is spray foam systems.

The Trevithick Water distillation device was crude but successful. He diluted a gallon of water by half a liter and then added it to an eight ounce serving of milk. By next morning, the milk was near paste. The proof that raw water could be transformed into commercially available drinking water was untested. While the principle was not invented, the water was successfully stored and used for centuries.

The next great water story we hear about is from Mohammed bin Tathaggar A league of merchants came to the capital of the kingdom of Harunbad and announced their arrival. They were seeking a distribution network. Harunbad was divided into 30 townships and each township had 100 families. Each group pitched tents by the side of the main highway, shaded by desert sand dunes. The workers spread out over the area but didn’t seem to mind the heat. They offered their services to Hasiba, the ruler. He ignored them and instead focused on his most important problem, the conversion of women to Islam. Once again, he had a trump card to play. A special breed of dog was imported and people soon came to call it ‘ magician’s dog ‘ for it was said that it could hypnotize even the most seasoned traveler.

It was at this time, that irrigation was invented. The dog was soon used in the agriculture and shepherding trade. The shepherds would use the dog to herd their flocks of sheep. Farmers would stack the sheaves of garlic and put them on the dog, who would then walk around in a circle and herd the sheep. The larger the stack of garlic the more food the dog would fetch.

Why does the story of the dog have more verses than all the other Bible stories? The answer is simple. People have loved dogs from a very long time. Elijah, the prophet who lived 2000 years ago, is credited with having written more than 250 poems about dogs. Some have even called him the poet of dogs.

Dogs are mentioned in the Old Testament not as a pet but as a symbol of salvation. In that book it is written: “Behold, a dog came to him, and he ordered him to set it up in a pile beside him. And he said to John, ” Here am I indeed, the God’s messenger. Send to him whatever you may, that he may be helped.” (John 1: 11)

Cats were known as pets in all the world. Romans called the cat goddess Bastet. Egyptian cats were called kittens. puppies from Egypt are called emeralds. From the poem ‘Old Cats’ by Percy Bridgman; ‘all the cats gathered round about the place where the moon met the sun,’ we learn that cats were valued for their mystical powers. ‘The gods,’ said the cats, ‘were very angry one day when kittens came from the land of kittens and settled here under the feet of gods.’ ( Percy Bridgman, ‘ Cats’, book 27, verse 28)

fleas on dogs are mentioned several times in the Bible. They are especially significant when God orders the animals to separate for forty days and nights before he will ‘mmediately’ take them off to be slaughtered. (I Kings 3:26) ‘Moreover the LORD spoke to Moses, saying, “I will be as though I were but now a cat from among you, and I will walk alongside you; I will be a firefly among you, and I will relief you from affliction. I will be a furry toy for your children. I will be a thing that will be pulled and carried, a thing that will be caught and carried.’ (rought to you for catching mice).

In the bible we even have a mention of ‘clean beasts’.

Origin of the word ‘engineer’? Origin of the word ‘engineer’? (OP) 2 Aug 05 04:31 Does anyone know the origin of the word ‘engineer’? Red Flag Submitted Thank you for helping keep Eng-Tips Forums free from inappropriate posts. The Eng-Tips staff will check this out and take appropriate action.

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As technology advances, the role of engineers in society and the demand for engineers grows. From civil to aerospace, and everything in between, the engineering field is incredibly broad, and the demand for them is constantly growing.

A brief history of the role of engineers in society

The role of engineers in society is well documented, and they have always played a vital role in our lives. Without them, we would not be living in the modern age where science has advanced so far.

Even back then, when Rome was still an empire, the Roman army couldn’t have crossed the Rhine without the help of engineers who built the bridges for them.

Despite building the bridges in under two weeks, they could sustain the weight of tens if not hundreds of thousands of people crossing it at once.

The Romans were also known to build aqueducts that brought water from the mountains down into their cities. These are just some examples of how essential engineers are in our world today.

The first recorded use of the word “engineer” dates back to the 14th century B.C., in 1350 BC, the Code of Hammurabi included the profession of “engineers” among the professions allowed to practice law.

The role of engineers in society during the Middle Ages, Medieval Age and Industrial Age

In the Middle Ages, “engineers’’ referred to master masons who worked on cathedrals and castles. By the 16th century, the word had come to refer to anyone who made instruments, clocks, and other mechanical devices.

In 1776, James Watt patented the steam engine, which used steam power instead of animal or human muscle to drive machinery. He called himself an “engineer”, but he did not patent this invention until 1781.

During the Industrial Revolution, the number of engineers grew, and the role of engineers in society was more pronounced. Many of these men and women were self-taught and often lacked formal training. However, they played a critical role in developing technology during this period.

During World War I, German scientists developed the first aeroplane engines powered by internal combustion. After the war, American engineers took over the development of aircraft engines.

After World War II, the United States began spending large amounts of money on research and development (R&D). The government invested heavily in the military and encouraged private industry to invest in R&D.

As a result, the U.S. became the leading producer of consumer goods such as cars, refrigerators, washing machines, and air conditioners.

The role of engineers in society is visible in almost every aspect of modern life. 

Engineering is one of the most diverse fields out there because it involves using your mind to think of ways to do something that will benefit others. You don’t necessarily need to go to college to become an engineer.

A person can start working as an engineer by taking on internships in high school and even community colleges. This way, students can begin making money right away, which helps them pay for all those books they will need to buy!

Engineers help the government by ensuring that government projects don’t cost taxpayers lots of money.

Engineers design products by considering many different things, including costs, safety, reliability, and so on. They then test their designs extensively before releasing them into the market.

Engineers don’t just design the roadways and buildings you drive to work or go to college or the skyscrapers they construct; they also design everyday items like the paper cups you sip your coffee from each day to the incredibly complex parts of the computers you’re currently reading this on.

Engineers are an essential part of today’s society. Without engineers, things like traffic signals, trains, skyscrapers, etc., would not exist. They are responsible for ensuring that they function correctly so everyone can access them.

At one time an Engineer was someone who created practical and nifty inventions, certainly slightly more simplified than the engineers of today but with a similar core principle. Essentially engineer comes from the word engine, dating back to 1325 and derived from the Latin word Ingenuim, meaning innate quality in relation to mental power, an apt title for the profession. As man evolved further into the world there were the creations of levers, the pully and the wheel which explores just how far engineering has advanced since the 1300’s as now more than 700 years later we are seeing designs for advanced robotics and space skyscrapers.

The general history of engineering has four roughly divided sections each marked by a revolution. The Prescientific Revolution-featuring ancient master builders and Renaissance engineers such as Da Vinci. The Industrial Revolution-starting from the 18^th century and expanding into the 19^th, mechanical and civil engineers changed from practical arts to professions of a more scientific basis. The Second Industrial Revolution-before WWII, chemical, electrical and other science based engineering branches developed telecommunicators, cars, airplanes, electricity and mass production and finally The Information Revolution: after the war engineering sciences matured greatly and created computers, telecommunicators, microelectronics and information technology.

The earliest recorded engineer was Imhotep, an Egyptian man who is believed to have designed and supervised the construction of the great pyramid of Djoser, a step pyramid. He is also believed to be a polymath and the first know architect and physician. It is thought Imhotep was an official of Pharaoh Djoser and it is likely he was the first person to make use of columns in architecture. The great pyramid was built around 2630 BC and still stands at Saqqara. It is undeniable if Imhotep remained today engineering at present would be of extreme fascination due to the dramatic leaps the profession has undertaken over the centuries since his designs were developed.

The concept of engineering has existed since ancient times as humans devised fundamental inventions for human kind and for the world. Each invention from long within the past remains consistent with the modern definitions of engineering where the basic mechanical principles are exploited and developed to create useful tools, objects and inventions.The