The word computer almost always refers to a digital computer

Другие языки

Тема 2.4 «Наука и технология»
План изучения темы:

1. Научно-технический прогресс. Учёные. Современные изобретения и изобретатели.

2. Сложное подлежащее.

Краткое изложение теоретических вопросов:
Инфинитивная конструкция «Сложное подлежащее» (Complex Subject)

Инфинитивная конструкция «Сложное подлежащее» состоит из личного местоимения в именительном падеже или существительного в общем падеже и инфинитива, которые вместе образуют сложное подлежащее:

He is expected to come back tonight. — Ожидают, что он вернётся сегодня вечером.

Данная конструкция употребляется, когда сказуемое выражено:

1. Глаголами to know, to believe, to consider, to expect, to think, to suppose, to say и др. в форме Passive Voice:

He is said to study here – Говорят, что он учится здесь.

1. Глаголами to seem, to appear, to happen, to prove и др. в форме Active voice:

He seems to know her very well. – Кажется, что он знает её очень хорошо.

1. Глаголом to be в сочетании с прилагательными likely, unlikely, certain, sure:

He is sure to come. – Он обязательно придёт.

Задания для самостоятельного выполнения

1. Прочитайте, переведите и изучите использование новых слов, которые будут необходимы для чтения и обсуждения текстов и диалогов:

1. a science, a scientist, scientific. Science deals with facts and the relationship among these facts. Some scientists try to solve difficult mathematical problems. They use different scientific methods.
2. to search, a researcher. Some scientists search for clues to the origin of the universe. Researchers have examined this problem.
3. to investigate. Some researchers investigate why we act the way we do.
4. to unify. Scientists develop theories that help them order and unify the facts.
5. to attempt. Scientists attempt to solve mathematical problems.
6. to explain. Scientists try to explain different problems.
7. to prove. A theory becomes a part of scientific knowledge if it has been tested experimentally and proved to be true.
8. complicated, a complicated problem. Some scientists attempt to solve complicated mathematical problems.
9. to appear. Many new fields of science have appeared.

1. a boundary. The boundaries between scientific fields have become less and less clear.
2. closely interconnected. All sciences are closely interconnected.
3. a tool. Different kinds of tools and machines make our life easier.
4. a discovery, an invention. The discoveries and inventions of scientists also help shape our views about ourselves and our place in the universe.
5. to satisfy. Technology means the use of people’s inventions and discoveries to satisfy their needs.
6. a shelter. Since people have appeared on the earth, they have had to get food, clothes, and shelter.
7. a steam engine. Industrial technology began with the development of the steam engine, the growth of factories, and the mass production of goods.
8. to contribute. Science has contributed much to modern technology.
9. nuclear, nuclear power. Some modern technologies, such as nuclear power production and space travel, depend heavily on science.
10. digital, a digital computer. Digital computers deal with numbers.
11. to refer. The word «computer» almost always refers to a digital computer.
12. a quantity, a physical quantity. Analog computers work with a physical quantity, such as weight, speed, temperature.
13. to measure. The thermometers measure the temperature.
14. liquid. They measure temperature in terms of the length of a thin line of liquid in a thermometer.
15. to process, to process the data. The computers are able to process the data.
16. a typewriter. IBM makes data processing systems, electronic computers, electric typewriters, dictation machines, etc.
17. headquarters. IBM’s headquarters are in Armonk, New York.

2. Прочитайте тексты и выполните задания. Один из текстов переведите на русский язык.

SCIENCE AND SCIENTISTS

The word «science» comes from the Latin word «scientia», which means «knowledge». Science covers the broad field of knowledge that deals with facts and the relationship among these facts.

Scientists study a wide variety of subjects. Some scientists search for clues to the origin of the universe and examine the structure of the cells of living plants and animals. Other researchers investigate why we act the way we do, or try to solve complicated mathematical problems.

Scientists use systematic methods of study to make observations and collect facts. They develop theories that help them order and unify facts. Scientific theories consist of general principles or laws that attempt to explain how and why something happens or has happened. A theory is considered to become a part of scientific knowledge if it has been tested experimentally and proved to be true.

Scientific study can be divided into three major groups: the natural, social, and technical sciences. As scientific knowledge has grown and become more complicated, many new fields of science have appeared. At the same time, the boundaries between scientific fields have become less and less clear. Numerous areas of science overlap each other and it is often hard to tell where one science ends and another begins. All sciences are closely interconnected.

Science has great influence on our lives. It provides the basis of modern technology — the tools and machines that make our life and work easier. The discoveries and inventions of scientists also help shape our view about ourselves and our place in the universe.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Technology means the use of people’s inventions and discoveries to satisfy their needs. Since people have appeared on the earth, they have had to get food, clothes, and shelter. Through the ages, people have invented tools, machines, and materials to make work easier.

Nowadays, when people speak of technology, they generally mean industrial technology. Industrial technology began about 200 years ago with the development of the steam engine, the growth of factories, and the mass production of goods. It influenced different aspects of people’s lives. The development of the car influenced where people lived and worked. Radio and television changed their leisure time. The telephone revolutionized communication.

Science has contributed much to modern technology. Science attempts to explain how and why things happen. Technology makes things happen. But not all technology is based on science. For example, people had made different objects from iron for centuries before they learnt the structure of the metal. But some modern technologies, such as nuclear power production and space travel, depend heavily on science.
3. Найдите в текстах английские эквиваленты следующим словам и словосочетаниям, выпиши их:
означает, охватывает, взаимосвязь, широкое разнообразие, ищут разгадки, происхождение Вселенной, структура клеток, сложный, собирать факты, упорядочить и обобщить, общие принципы, пытаются объяснить, как и почему, что-то произошло, соответствующий действительности, основные группы, общественные науки, в то же самое время, все менее и менее четкие, многочисленный, тесно взаимосвязаны, она обеспечивает, открытия, изобретения, формировать наши взгляды, о себе, удовлетворять собственные нужды, они должны были, кров, на протяжении веков, инструменты, чтобы сделать, в настоящее время, тому назад, паровой двигатель, рост, массовое производство товаров, время досуга, произвел революцию, сделала большой вклад, например, из железа, в течение веков, очень сильно, зависит.
4. Переведите следующие предложения с русского на английский, у вас получится рассказ по теме в качестве образца.

1. Слово «science» происходит от латинского слова «scientia», которое означает «знание». 2. Ученые изучают широкий круг проблем. 3. Некоторые ученые ищут разгадку происхождения Вселенной. 4. Другие изучают строение клетки, 5. Некоторые исследуют причины нашего поведения. 6. Ученые используют систематические методы изучения проблем. 7. Науки могут быть разделены на три главные группы: естественные, общественные, технические науки. 8. Но границы между научными областями становятся все менее и менее четкими. 9. Все науки тесно взаимосвязаны. 10. Наука оказывает огромное влияние на нашу жизнь. 11. Она является основой современной технологии. 12. Сегодня, когда люди говорят о технологии, они имеют в виду промышленную технологию. 13. Промышленная технология начала свое существование около 200 лет назад с появлением парового двигателя, ростом фабрик и массовым производством товаров. 14. Радио и телевидение изменили наш досуг; телефон произвел революцию в общении. 15. Открытия и изобретения ученых помогают нам формировать наши взгляды о себе и о нашем месте во Вселенной.
5. Составьте свой собственный рассказ по теме. Придерживайтесь следующих пунктов плана. Слова и словосочетания помогут вам сделать рассказ логичным и интересным:

1) What is Science?

The word «science» comes from Science covers

2) The Fields of Science Research
Scientists search for

The scientists examine The scientists investigate The scientists solve

3) Different Groups of Sciences
Sciences can be divided into
Scientific knowledge has become
Different sciences overlap

All sciences are interconnected

4) Science and Technology
Science provides
Technology means
Industrial technology began

Science and technology influence
6. Ответьте на вопросы о науке и технологии.

1. What is science?
2. What is technology?
3. Are they interconnected?
4. Is all technology based on science?
5. What modern technologies depend heavily on science?
6. When did industrial technology begin?
7. When was a steam engine invented?
8. Who invented the steam engine?
9. When was radio invented?

1. Who invented the radio?
2. When was television invented?
3. Who invented the television?
4. When was a telephone invented?
5. Who invented the telephone?
6. When was the first car invented?
7. When was the first digital computer invented?
8. Who invented the first digital computer?
9. What famous scientists do you know?
10. What famous inventors do you know?
11. What scientific field are you interested in? Why?

7. Прочитайте и переведите следующий диалог;
CONVERSATION ABOUT COMPUTERS

A. They say, you have bought a computer.

B. Yes, now I have got my own computer.

A, That’s fine. And what type of a computer have you got?

B. The most common type, a digital one.

A. By the way, do you know what it means «a digital computer»?
B. It goes without saying. Digital computers deal with numbers. All data — pictures, sounds, symbols, and words — are translated into numbers inside the computer.

A. Yes, you are right. Digital computers are so widespread that the word «computer» almost always refers to a digital computer. But there are 3 types of computers: digital, analog, and hybrid …

B. Sorry for interrupting you. I do know about it. Analog computers work with a physical quantity, such as weight, speed, temperature. They solve problems by measuring a quantity in terms of another quantity. Do you understand it?

A. Yes, certainly, for example, they measure temperature in terms of the length of a thin line of liquid in a thermometer.

B. Good for you. And when are you going to buy a computer? You know so much about the computers.

A. You see, I haven’t got such a large amount of money.

B. Take it easy. You may use my computer.

A. Thanks a lot.

B. You are welcome.
8 Спишите, подчеркните сложное подлежащее. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Science is believed to be the broad field of knowledge that deals with facts and the relationship among these facts. 2. The word «science» is sure to have come from the Latin word «scientia». 3. This scientist is supposed to deal with this investigation. 4. Researchers are expected to use systematic methods of study. 5. He is said to be researching this problem now. 6. Do you happen to know his sister’s name? 7. He appears to be an intelligent person. 8. They seem to have entered this university. 9. You are unlikely to enter this college. 10. She is certain to have prepared a report.
9 Заполните пропуски словом, данным в скобках, используя сложное подлежащее.

1. He … to come to the conference (несомненно). 2. You … to know this city better than we (по-видимому). 3. Their plans… to change in the future (вероятно). 4. They … to agree with you (определенно). 5. She … to give you this book (вряд ли). 6. Do you … to know him? (случайно). 7. He … to be right (оказался). 8. He … to be a good researcher (говорят). 9. He … to have done this experiment (известно). 10. They … to be well-informed citizens (полагают).

Самостоятельная внеаудиторная работа:

Работа над мини-проектом

1. «Самое необходимое изобретение 20 века».
2. «Учёные России»

Форма контроля самостоятельной работы:

1. проверка рабочих тетрадей
2. устный опрос
3. защита проекта
4. тест

Вопросы для самоконтроля по теме (Test yourself):
1) Choose the proper words, and fill in the blanks (Выберите необходимые слова и заполните пропуски):

1. The scientists solve a … of complicated mathematical problems.

A origin В variety С universe D cell

2. The researchers always try to … the facts.

A refer В measure С satisfy D unify

3. Different kinds of sciences … each other.

A search В overlap С attempt D appear

4. … make our life and work easier.

A principles В laws С tools D facts

5. People had to get food, clothes, and ….

A shelter В machines С cars D technologies

6. Science is … much to modern technology.

A doing В making С contributing D explaining

7. Digital computers … with numbers.

A deal В refer С solve D measure

8. Analog computers work with a physical … .

A weight . В size С quantity D temperature

9. Computers help …for clues to the origin of the universe.
A search В solve С research D investigate

10. Many tasks performed by people are now done … computers.
A among В between С of D by

2) Fill in the blanks. The words in brackets will help you. (Заполните пропуски. Слова в скобках помогут вам)

1. They …to buy a digital computer (вероятно).

A is likely В are likely С are sure D is sure

2. They …to measure the temperature (обязательно).
A are likely В is sure С are sure D is likely

3. He … to come today (маловероятно)

A are likely B is likely C is unlikely D am likely

4. He … to meet her in the street (случайно)

A happened B seemed C seems D proves

5. She … to do it. (определённо)

A are certain B is certain C certainly D is likely

6. He … to enter this university (вряд ли)

A are unlikely B is sure C are sure D is unlikely

7. He … to solve this problem (оказывается)

A seemed B seems C proved D happened

8. They … to forget about him (казалось)

A seemed B proved C happened D seem

9. The experiment … to be success (оказалось)

A prove B proves C proved D is proved

10. Do you … to know him? (случайно)

A happened B happen C proved D prove
3) Answer these multiple-choice questions about science and technology (ответьте на вопрос, выберите правильный ответ):

1. When does a theory become a part of scientific knowledge?

A after experiments

В after tests

С after it has been tested experimentally and proved to be true

2. What do scientific theories consist of?

A different technologies

В observations and facts

С general principles and laws

3. Why have many new fields of science appeared?

A because scientific knowledge has grown and become more complicated

В because sciences influence our lives

С because it proved to be true

4. When did industrial technology begin ?
A with the development of the radio

В with the development of the computer

С with the development of the steam engine

5. Where are IBMC’s headquarters?
A in Washington

В in Las Vegas

С in New York

UNIT
7

Theme: SCIENCE

Texts:
1.
Science and Scientists. 2. Science and Technology.

Dialogues:
1.
Computers. 2. About IBMC.

Grammar:
The
Complex Subject

Test
7

EXERCISE
1. Read,
translate, and study the use of the new words to read and discuss the
texts and dialogues:

1)
a science, a scientist, scientific. Science
deals with facts and the relationship among these facts. Some
scientists try to solve diffi­cult mathematical problems. They
use different scientific meth­ods.

2)
to
search, a researcher. Some
scientists search for clues to the ori­gin of the universe.
Researchers have examined this problem.

3)
to
investigate. Some
researchers investigate why we act the way we do.

4)
to
unify. Scientists
develop theories that help them order and uni­fy the facts.

5)
to
attempt. Scientists
attempt to solve mathematical problems.

6)
to
explain. Scientists
try to explain different problems.

7)
to
prove. A
theory becomes a part of scientific knowledge if it has been tested
experimentally and proved to be true.

complicated,
a complicated problem. Some
scientists attempt to solve complicated mathematical problems.

9)
to
appear. Many
new fields of science have appeared.

10)
a
boundary. The
boundaries between scientific fields have become less and less clear.

11)
closely
interconnected. All
sciences are closely interconnected.

12)
a
tool. Different
kinds of tools and machines make our life easier.

13)
a
discovery, an invention. The
discoveries and inventions of scien­tists also help shape our
views about ourselves and our place in the universe.

14)
to
satisfy. Technology
means the use of people’s inventions and discoveries to satisfy their
needs.

15)
a
shelter. Since
people have appeared on the earth, they have had to get food,
clothes, and shelter.

16)
a steam
engine. Industrial
technology began with the development of the steam engine, the growth
of factories, and the mass produc­tion of goods.

17)
to
contribute. Science
has contributed much to modern technology.

18)
nuclear,
nuclear power. Some
modern technologies, such as nuclear^:
power
production and space travel, depend heavily on science.

19)
digital,
a digital computer. Digital
computers deal with numbers.

20)
to
refer. The
word ‘»computer» almost always refers to a digital
computer.

21)
a
quantity, a physical quantity. Analog
computers work with a phys­ical quantity, such as weight, speed,
temperature. «

22)
to
measure. The
thermometers measure the temperature.
,

23)
liquid.
They
measure temperature in terms of the length of a thin I line of liquid
in a thermometer.

24)
to
process, to process the data. The
computers are able to process j the data.

25)
a
typewriter. IBM
makes data processing systems, electronic computers, electric
typewriters, dictation machines, etc.

26)
headquarters.
IBM’s
headquarters are in Armonk, New York.

EXERCISE
2.
Read
the international words and mind the stress:

‘Latin, fact, ‘structure,
‘problem, ‘system, ‘method, ‘theory, ‘princi­ple, test, group,
‘nature, ‘basis, tech’nology, ma’chine, ma’terial, ‘indus­try,
‘aspect, ‘radio, tele’vision, ‘telephone, communi’eation, ‘metal,
com’puter, ‘type, ‘symbol, ‘temperature, thermometer, ‘business,
‘centre.

EXERCISE
3. a)
Translate, analyze the following words with different suffixes, and
divide them into two groups: nouns and adjec­tives:

relationship, scientist,
structure, researcher, mathematical, systematic, observation,
general, scientific, natural, social, technical, numerous, influence,
invention, industrial, development, production, different,
television, communication, computer, digital, physical, temperature,
international, producer, electric, electronic, dictation;

b) Make up as many words as
you can by combining different j parts of the words:

re-
search -er

inter-
invent -al

experiment
-ment

general
-ent

develop
-ion

product

differ

digit

nation

c)
The
word in capitals at the end of each of the following sentenc­es
should be changed to form a word that fits suitably in the blank
space:

1.
… examine the structure of the cells SEARCH.

2.
A… computer is a common one DIGIT.

3.
This theory was … proved EXPERIMENT.

4.
He has won a
prize
at the … conference NATION.

5.
When we speak about computers, we … mean digital computers
GENERAL.

EXERCISE
4. a)
Try to match up the adjectives in column A with the nouns in column В
to form meaningful phrases:

A	В
1. broad	a) word
2. systematic	b) problem
3. natural	c) theory
4. Latin	d) principle
5. different	e) groups
6. general	f) methods
7. major	g) field
8. industrial	h) objects
9. scientific	i) technology
10. mathematical	j) sciences

b)
Decide which of the verbs on the left collocate with the nouns on the
right:

1. to cover…	a) clues
2. to deal with …	b) the cells
3. to come from …	c) the problem
4. to search for …	d) tools
5. to examine …	e) the field
6. to investigate …	f) facts
7. to develop…	g)the word
8. to divide into …	h) a theory
9. to provide…	i) groups
10. to shape …	j) the basis
11. to invent…	k) the views

EXERCISE
5. Translate
the following word combinations; pay atten­tion to the
prepositions:

comes
from, the field of knowledge, deals with facts, among these facts, a
wide variety of subjects, search for clues to the origin of the
universe, consist of general principles, a part of scientific
knowledge, can be divided into, new fields of science, at the same
time, the boundaries between scientific fields, numerous areas of
science, influence on our lives, the basis of modern technology,
inventions of scientists, our views about, in the universe, on the
earth, through the ages, speak of technology, about 200 years ago,
with the development of the steam engine, the growth of factories,
production of goods, aspect of people’s lives, the development of the
car, contributed much to modern technology, for example, from iron,
for centuries, the structure of the metal.

EXERCISE
6. a)
Translate the following definitions of the words:

1.
Science
is
the study of knowledge which can be made into a sys­tem, and
which usually depends on seeing and testing facts and stating general
natural laws.

2.
Technology
is
a branch of knowledge dealing with scientific and industrial methods
and their practical use in industry.

3.
Research
is
a serious and detailed study of a subject, that is aimed at learning
new facts, scientific laws, testing ideas, etc.

4.
A
shelter is
a building or something of the kind that gives protection.

5.
A
typewriter is
a machine that prints letters.

b) The following words also
appear in the texts and dialogues match each one with its correct
definition:

to prove, to process, to
unify, to explain, to appear

1.
to combine parts of something to form a single whole;

2.
to make clear or easy to understand, usually by speaking or writing;

3.
to become able to be seen, to come into sight;

4.
to show to be true by means of facts, documents, information, etc.

5.
to put (information, numbers, etc.) into a computer for examination.

EXERCISE
7. Read
and translate the sentences; memorize the use < the Complex
Subject:

1.
Science is believed to be the broad field of knowledge that deal with
facts investigation. 2. Researchers are expected to use systematic
methods of study. 3. He is said to be researching this problem now.
4. Do you happen to know his sister’s name? 6. The word «science»
is sure to have come from the Latin word «scientia». 7.
This scientist is supposed to deal with this person. 8. They seem to
have entered this university. 9. You are unlikely to enter this
college. 10. She is certain to have pre­pared a report.

EXERCISE
8. Transform
the sentences according to the models to practice the use of the
Complex Subject:

a) Model: It is expected,
that he will enter the university.

He
is expected to enter the university.

1.
It is known, that the scientific knowledge will grow. 2. It is
believed, that the scientific knowledge has become more complicated.
3. It is said, that he will come in a week. 4. It is expected that he
will test it experi­mentally. 5. It is known that he is a good
physicist.

b)
Model: Will he take part in the conference? — Yes, he is certain to
take part in it.

1.
Will Mr. Brown come to our computer centre? 2. Will he apolo­gize
to her? 3. Will he congratulate me on my birthday? 4. Will they buy
new computers? Will Mr. Mitchell come to Russia again?

c) Model: Do you know James
Mitchell?— Yes, I happen to know him.

1.
Do you know this researcher? 2. Did you meet him in Moscow? 3. Did
you see this new film? 4. Does James know this scientist? 5. Did you
see her?

d)
Model:
Несомненно, они исследуют эту проблему
(to
be
certain).

They
are certain to investigate this problem.

1.
Вероятно, они купят цифровой компьютер
(to
be
likely).
2. Они обязательно измеряют температуру
(to
be
sure).
3. Малове­роятно, что они придут сегодня
(to
be
unlikely).
4. Он определенно сделает это (to
be
certain).
5. Вряд ли он поступит в этот колледж (to
be
unlikely).

e)
Model:
Кажется, он учился здесь (to
seem).
He
seems to have studied here.

1.
Кажется, он купил компьютер (to
seem).
2. Оказывается, он пытался переводить
текст (to
prove).
3. Он случайно встретил ее на улице (to
happen).
4. Казалось, что они его уже забыли (to
seem).
5. Эксперимент оказался удачным (to
prove).

EXERCISE
9. Fill
in the blanks to practice the use of the Complex Sub­ject; the
words in brackets will help you:

1.
He… to come to the conference (несомненно).
2. You… to know this city better than we (по-видимому).
3. Their plans … to change in the future (вероятно).
4. They … to agree with you (определенно).
5. She … to give you this book (вряд
ли).
6. Do you … to know him? (случайно).
7. He … to be right (оказался).
8. He … to be a good re­searcher (говорят).
9. He … to have done this experiment (известно).
10. They … to be well-informed citizens (полагают).

EXERCISE
10. a)
Read the text, try to focus on its essential facts. I Choose the most
suitable heading below for each paragraph:

1)
The Fields of Scientific Research 2) Different Groups of Sciences! 3)
The Importance of Science 4) What is Science? 5) Methods of
Scientific Research

b)
Make a précis of the text, using the following phrases:

1)
The title of the text is… 2) The text is about… The text deals
with…! 3) The text covers such points as… 4) It should be
underlined that… 5) In conclusion, I may say that… 6) To my
mind… In my opinion…

The
word «science» comes from the Latin word «scientia»,
which means «knowledge». Science covers the broad field of
knowledge that deals with facts and the relationship among these
facts.

Scientists
study a wide variety of subjects. Some scientists search for clues to
the origin of the universe and examine the structure of the cells of
living plants and animals. Other researchers investigate why we act
the way we do, or try to solve complicated mathematical problems.

Scientists
use systematic methods of study to make observations and collect
facts. They develop theories that help them order and unify facts.
Scientific theories consist of general principles or laws that
attempt to explain how and why something happens or has happened. A
theory is considered to become a part of scientific knowledge if it
has been tested experimentally and proved to be true.

Scientific
study can be divided into three major groups: the natural, social,
and technical sciences. As scientific knowledge has grown and become
more complicated, many new fields of science have appeared. At the
same time, the boundaries between scientific fields have become less
and less clear. Numerous areas of science overlap each other and it
is often hard to tell where one science ends and another begins. All
sci­ences are closely interconnected.

Science
has great influence on our lives. It provides the basis of mod­ern
technology — the tools and machines that make our life and work
easier. The discoveries and inventions of scientists also help shape
our view about ourselves and our place in the universe.

EXERCISE
11. Read
and give a summary of the text.

Science and technology

Technology means the use of
people’s inventions and discoveries to satisfy their needs. Since
people have appeared on the earth, they have had to get food,
clothes, and shelter. Through the ages, people have invented tools,
machines, and materials to make work easier.

Nowadays,
when people speak of technology, they generally mean industrial
technology. Industrial technology began about 200 years ago with the
development of the steam engine, the growth of factories, and the
mass production of goods. It influenced different aspects of people’s
lives. The development of the car influenced where people lived and
worked. Radio and television changed their leisure time. The
telephone revolutionized communication.

Science
has contributed much to modern technology. Science at­tempts to
explain*how and why things happen. Technology makes things happen.
But not all technology is based on science. For example, peo­ple
had made different objects from iron for centuries before they learnt
the structure of the metal. But some modern technologies, such as
nu­clear power production and space travel, depend heavily on
science.

EXERCISE
12. Find
in the texts English equivalents for these words and word
combinations:

означает,
охватывает, взаимосвязь, широкое
разнообразие, ищут разгадки, происхождение
Вселенной, структура клеток, сложный,
собирать факты, упорядочить и обобщить,
общие принципы, пы­таются объяснить,
как и почему, что-то произошло,
соответству­ющий действительности,
основные группы, общественные науки, в
то же самое время, все менее и менее
четкие, многочисленный, тесно взаимосвязаны,
она обеспечивает, открытия, изобретения,
формировать наши взгляды, о себе,
удовлетворять собственные нужды, они
должны были, кров, на протяжении веков,
инструмен­ты, чтобы сделать, в настоящее
время, тому назад, паровой двига­тель,
рост, массовое производство товаров,
время досуга, произвел революцию, сделала
большой вклад, например, из железа, в
тече­ние веков, очень сильно, зависит.

EXERCISE
13. a)
Find in the texts the words, which have the similar meanings as the
following words:

wide, to research, to attempt,
to believe, to examine, main, complex, difficult, to start, big, a
motor, various, to study;

b) Find in the texts the
words, which have the opposite meanings to the following words:

narrow, easy, practice, to
try, artificial, old, more, to begin, small, little.

EXERCISE
14. Fill
in the gaps with the missing words in the follow­ing sentences;
the first letter of each word has been given to help you:

1.
Science d… with a variety of subjects. 2. Scientists s… for the
an­swers to the different questions. 3. The structure of the
cells is e… by the scientists. 4. Different theories u… the
facts. 5. The b… of some scien­tific fields are not clear. 6.
The natural, social and technical sciences are closely i… 7. T…
the ages, people have invented tools, machines, and materials to make
work easier. 8. Science c… much to modern technol­ogy. 9. Some
modern technologies d… on science. 10. During our 1… time we
watch TV.

EXERCISE
15. Find
in the texts, translate, and analyze:

a)
grammar form with the ending -ing:

the cells of living plants

b) grammar forms with
the ending -ed:

complicated problems has happened is considered has been tested it proved can be divided have appeared are closely interconnected

have invented it influenced people lived and worked television changed the telephone revolutionized has contributed is based on

c) grammar forms with
the ending -s:

comes from which means science covers that deals with facts among these facts scientists a wide variety of subjects search for clues major groups new fields the boundaries numerous areas one science ends another science begins our lives it provides the basis the tools and machines discoveries inventions of scientists our views technology means

people’s inventions the structure of the cells the cells of living plants other researchers systematic methods to make observations to collect facts to develop theories their needs clothes the ages 200 years factories production of goods different aspects people’s lives science attempts things different objects for centuries modern technologies

EXERCISE
16. Complete
the following sentences in a logical way:

1.
The word «science» comes from the Latin word, which means
…

2.
Science deals with facts and …

3.
Scientists study a wide variety of …

4.
Some scientists search for clues to …

5.
Other researchers solve complicated …

6.
Scientific theories consist of general principles or…

7.
A theory becomes part of …

8.
Scientific study can be divided into three major groups:…

9.
The boundaries between scientific fields have become …

10.
Science provides the basis of …

11.
Technology means the Use of …

12.
Industrial technology began about 200 years ago with …

13.
Technology influenced different aspects of …

14.
Science attempts to explain how and why …

15.
Technology makes things …

EXERCISE
17. Answer
the following questions about science and technology:

1.
What is science?

2.
What is technology?

3.
Are they interconnected?

4.
Is all technology based on science?

5.
What modern technologies depend heavily on science?

6.
When did industrial technology begin?

7.
When was a steam engine invented?

8.
Who invented the steam engine?

9.
When was radio invented?

10.
Who invented the radio?

11.
When was television invented?

12.
Who invented the television?

13.
When was a telephone invented?

14.
Who invented the telephone?

15.
When was the first car invented?

16.
When was the first digital computer invented?

17.
Who invented the first digital computer?

18.
What famous scientists do you know?

19.
What famous inventors do you know?

20.
What scientific field are you interested in? Why?

EXERCISE
18. Agree
or disagree with the following statements; add some more information:

1.
Scientists study a wide variety of subjects. 2. Scientific study can
be divided into two major groups. 3. Many new fields of science have
appeared. 4. Numerous areas of science overlap each other. 5. Science
has great influence on our lives.-

EXERCISE
19. a)
Read and translate the following dialogue; b) mem­orize and
dramatize the dialogue; c) act out a similar dialogue.

Дополните диалог:
A: They say, you have bought 1_______.
B: Yes, now I have got my own computer.
A: That’s fine. And what type of a computer have you got?
B: The most common type, a digital one.
A: By the way, do you know what it means “a digital computer”?
B: It goes without saying. 2_______. All data – pictures, sounds, symbols, and words – are translated into numbers inside the computer.
A: Yes, you are right. Digital computers are so widespread that the word “computer” almost always refers to a digital computer. But there are 3 types of computers: digital, analog, and hybrid…
B: Sorry for interrupting you. I do know about it. 3_______, such as weight, speed, temperature. They solve problems by measuring a quantity in terms of another quantity. Do you understand it?
A: Yes, certainly, for example, they measure 4_______ in terms of the length of a thin line of liquid in a thermometer.
B: Good for you. And when are you going to buy a computer? You know so much about the computers.
A: You see, I haven’t got such a large amount of money.
B: Take it easy. You may use my computer.
A: Thanks a lot.
В: You are welcome.

EXERCISE 16.. Answer the following questions about science and technology;

1. What is science?

2. What is technology?

3. Are they interconnected?

4. Is all technology based on science?

5. What modern technologies depend heavily on science?

6. When did industrial technology begin?

7. When was a steam engine invented?

8. Who invented the steam engine?

9. When was radio invented?

10. Who invented the radio?

11. When was television invented?

12. Who invented the television?

13. When was a telephone invented?

14. Who invented the telephone?

15. When was the first car invented?

16. When was the first digital computer invented?

17. Who invented the first digital computer?

18. What famous scientists do you know?

19. What famous inventors do you know?

20. What scientific field are you interested in? Why?
EXERCISE 17. Agree or disagree with the following statements; add some more information:

1. Scientists study a wide variety of subjects.

2. Scientific study can be divided into two major groups.

3. Many new fields of science have appeared.

4. Numerous areas of science over-tip each other.

5. Science has great influence on our lives.
EXERCISE 18.

a) Read and translate the following dialogue;

b) Memorize and dramatize the dialogue;

c) Act out a similar dialogue.
COMPUTERS

A. They say, you have bought a computer?

B. Yes, now I have got my own computer.

A. That’s fine. And what type of a computer have you got?

B. The most common type, a digital one.

A. By the way, do you know what it means «a digital computer»?

В. It goes without saying. Digital computers deal with numbers. All data – pictures, sounds, symbols, and words are translated into numbers inside the computer.

A. Yes, you are right. Digital computers are so widespread that the word «computer» almost always refers to a digital computer. But there are 3 types of computers: digital, analog, and hybrid …

B. Sorry for interrupting you. I do know about it. Analog computers work with a physical quantity, such as weight, speed, temperature. They solve problems by measuring a quantity in terms of another quantity. Do you understand it?

A. Yes, certainly, for example, they measure temperature in terms of the length of a thin line of liquid in a thermometer.

B. Good for you. And when are you going to buy a computer? You know so much about the computers.

A. You see, I haven’t got such a large amount of money.

B. Take it easy. You may use my computer.

A. Thanks a lot.

B. You are welcome.
EXERCISE 19. Act as an interpreter.
a) CONVERSATION ABOUT IBMC (INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION)

Robert Brown, an American from New York, works in one of the firms of International Business Machines Corporation (IBMC). He has come on a visit to Russia, and now he is speaking with the head of one of the computer centres Sergei Volkov.

— Мистер Браун, вы paботаете в корпорации IBM?		— Yes, I do. It is one of the world’s largest producers of electronic machines.
— А какие виды электронного оборудования вы производите?		— IBM makes data processing systems, electronic computers, electric typewriters, dictation machines, etc
— Мистер Браун, а как называлась ваша корпорация раньше?		— IBMC has grown out of an earlier form, the Computer-Tabulating-Recording Co (CTRC).
— А когда ваша корпорация получила название IBMC?		— It adopted its present name in 1924.
— Кто возглавляет IBMC?		— Thomas J. Watson was the firm’s chief executive for 42 years. IBM’s headquarters are in Armonk, New York.
— В нашем компьютер ном центре есть компьютеры вашей корпорации.		— May I have a look of them?
Безусловно. Всегда пожалуйста.		— Thanks a lot.

b) INTERVIEW WITH BILL GATES, PRESIDENT OF MICROSOFT

Считаете ли Вы, что наступит время, когда будет желательно и даже необходимо иметь единый всемирный язык, и произойдет ли это, в частности, благодаря дальнейшему развитию сети Интернет?		Because the Internet makes the world a smaller place, the value of having a common language is greatly increased. This enhances the importance of English as a second language. I don’t, however, expect English to replace or even diminish any of today’s primary languages. From a technical standpoint, there is no reason that English works better than other languages on the Internet. A technology called “Unicode”, which can represent every character in every written language, is now used in the leading Web browsers.
Возможен ли адекватный компьютерный перевод и если да, то когда? И как Вы оцениваете качество перевода, сделанного на основе существующих программ? Можно ли полагаться на него для работы с важными документами?		Someday software will translate both written and spoken language so well that the need for any common, second language could decline. That day is decades away, though, because flawless machine translation is a very tough problem. Software that does inelegant but often useful translations already exists. Web pages translated with software of this sort can be understood surprisingly well if all you’re trying to do is figure out what product is being offered or get a sense of what is being discussed. But if you’re trying to negotiate a contract or discuss a scientific discovery where subtleties matter, today’s translation software is all but useless. Count on English to remain valuable for a long time as a common language for international communication.

EXERCISE 20. a) Learn the following phrases:
^

Great! — Грандиозно!

Terrific! /- Потрясающе!

Grand! — Здорово!

That’s fine! — Это Прекрасно!

Fantastic! — Фантастика!

How wonderful! — Как чудесно!

Really? Is that really so? — Неужели? Неужели это так?

You don’t say so! — He может быть!

That’s surprise! — Это сюрприз!

That’s news to me. — Это новость для меня.

How come? — Как это может быть?

Believe it or not! — Верьте или не верьте!

Just fancy! — Только представьте!
b) Learn these 2 dialogues by heart.

1) What’s the matter? You look so happy.

— I’ve won a four-week cruise for two.

— You don’t say so. That is surprise.

— Just fancy! I’ve sent the answers to some questions to the travelling agency two months ago. And it is the prize for my correct answers.

— Fantastic. My congratulations!

2) — Hi! You look so happy

— Hi! I’ve won the first prize at the conference!

— Is that really so? That’s surprise! My congratulations on your excellent results!

— Thanks! I’d like to invite you to our party. Does 6 o’clock suit you?

— It’s O.K. Are you going to invite your friends?

— Of course. It goes without saying.

— And could you give me a lift now?

— Sorry. I’m afraid not. I’m in a hurry now.

— No need to be sorry. We’ll meet soon.

— See you soon.
EXERCISE 21. Arrange role-plays on the following subjects; be as imaginative as you can:

1) You are at the International scientific conference for the first time. You meet a famous AmericanBritishFrench scientist there and have a talk with him.

2) You are in the shop. You are buying a computer. You are talking with a shop assistant.
EXERCISE 22. Talk on one of these topics:

1. The Importance of Science.

2. The Importance of Modern Technologies.

3. Different Kinds of Transport in Our Life.

4. The Telephone in Your Life.

5. Your Computer.