The word can be left out

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Unstressed words are often left out at the beginning of a sentence if the meaning is clear without them. Words that can be left out include auxiliary verbs, personal pronouns, possessives and articles.

Kids are studying. (= The kids are studying.)
Seen John? (= Have you seen John?)
Wife is unwell. (= My wife is unwell.)
Couldn’t do anything. (= I couldn’t do anything.)
Must go. (= I must go.)
Can’t wait for the holidays. (= I can’t wait for the holidays.)
Will do it tomorrow. (= I will do it tomorrow.)
Doing well, I hope? (= You are doing well, I hope.)
Nobody at home. (= There is nobody at home.)
Careful what you say. (= Be careful what you say.)
Be forty dollars. (= That will be forty dollars.)
See you soon. (= I will see you soon.)
Haven’t seen him. (= I haven’t seen him.)

Auxiliary verbs can be left out before personal pronouns except I and it.

He want to come? (=Does she want to come?)
You ready? (= Are you ready?)

But you can’t say: I late instead of am I late?

Section 1 Formal or informal

 Three different writing styles are often identified:

USEFUL EXPRESSIONS

NOTE: with business emails you can mix styles to some extent, but don’t mix styles at the two extremes. If in doubt, follow the style of the other person.

 Compare the emails below:

 Email 1 / Formal

I am afraid I will not be able to attend the meetingon Friday. As I will miss the meeting, I was wondering if you could send me a copy of the minutes? I will write to Anita as well, to inform her that I will not be there. Once again, please accept my apologies for this, and I can assure you that I will be at the next meeting.

Email 1 / Informal

Sorry, I can’t make iton Friday. As I’ll miss the meeting, could you send me a copy of the minutes? I’ll write to Anita as well, to tell her (that) I won’t be there. Once again, I’m sorry for this, and I promise (that) I’ll be at the next meeting.

Email 2 / Formal

Thank you for your email of 25 Januarywhere you requested assistance on how to order on-line. It is necessary for me to know your a/c number before I can deal with this. I would be grateful if you could also provide details of which version of Windows you are using.

Email 2 / Informal

Thanks for the email of 25 Janwhere you asked for help on how to order on-line. I need to know your a/c number before I can deal with this. Please could you also provide details of which version of Windows you’re using.

 Email 3 / Formal

With reference toyour order number J891 – we received this morning, but you have not filled in the sections on size and colour. Please let us know your exact requirements. These products are selling very well at the moment, and we regret to advise you that the medium size is temporarily out of stock. However, we are expecting more supplies in the near future. Would you like me to email you when they arrive?

Email 3 / Informal

Reorder number J891 – we received this morning, but you haven’t filled in the sections on size and colour. What exactly do you need? These products are selling very well at the moment, and I’m sorry to tell you that the medium size is temporarily out of stock. But we’re expecting more supplies soon. Shall I email you when they arrive?

 NOTE: longer words of Latin origin sound more formal (box A), and shorter words (box B) sound more informal.

 BOX A                                                                  Box B

TIP 1Use short simple sentences. Long sentences are often difficult to read and understand. The most common mistake for learner of English is to translate directly from their own language. Usually the result is a complicated, confusing sentence.

 Section 1.1 How to start an email

 Section 2 Missing words and abbreviations

 Missing out words is common in emails and informal speech. It happens where the people know each other very well and the situation is relaxed and friendly. The meaning is clear from the context so the full grammatical form is not necessary.

1. The subject ‘I’ can be left out, especially with mental verbs like hope, think etc.

   • (I) think your idea is great.

   • (I) hope you’re well.

2. In a question, the subject ‘you’ and the auxiliary can be left out.

   • (Did you) get my last email?

   • (Are you) coming with us on Friday?

3. The subject ‘I’ and the auxiliary (be, have, will) can be left out.

   • (I am) looking forward to seeing you.

   • (I’ll) speak to you later.

4. The words ‘That’ or ‘It’ can be left out, often with a form of ‘be’ as well.

   • (That’s) good idea!

   • (It) sounds like fun!

   • (It’s a) pity we missed you yesterday.

5. A form of ‘be’ can be left out on its own.

   • Your suggestion (is) good, but needs clarification.

   • Next week (would be) better than this week.

6. The word ‘the’ can occasionally be left out.

   • Just read (the) email about relocation.