The word business is used in many

Business is a
word which is commonly used in many different languages. But exactly
what does it mean? The concepts and activities of business have
increased in modern times. Traditionally, business simply meant
exchange or trade for things people wanted or needed. Today it has a
more technical definition.

One
definition of business is the production, distribution, and sale of
goods and services for a profit. To examine this definition, we will
look at its various parts.

First,
production is the creation of services or the changing of materials
into products. One example is the conversion of iron ore into metal
car parts. Next these products need to be moved from the factory to
the marketplace. This is known as distribution. A car might be moved
from a factory in Detroit to а
car dealership in Miami.

Third is the
sale of goods and services. Sale is the exchange of a product or
service for money. A car is sold to someone in exchange for money.
Goods are products which people either need or want; for example,
cars can be classified as goods. Services, on the other hand, are
activities which a person or group performs for another person or
organisation. For instance, an auto-mechanic performs a service when
he repairs a car. A doctor also performs a service by taking care of
people when they are sick.

Business then,
is a combination of all these activities: production, distribution,
and sale. However, there is one other important factor. This factor
is the creation of profit or economic surplus. A major goal in the
functioning of an American business company is making a profit.
Profit is the money that remains after all the expenses are paid.
Creating an economic surplus or profit is, therefore, a primary goal
of business activity.

Translation

Что такое бизнес?

Бизнес
— слово, которое обычно используется на
многих различных языках. Но что это
точно означает? Понятия и действия
бизнеса увеличились в современные
времена. Традиционно, бизнес просто
означал обмен или торговлю вещами,
которые были желанны или необходимы
людям. Сегодня для этого есть более
техническое определение.

Одно
определение бизнеса — производство,
распределение и продажа товаров и услуг
для прибыли. Чтобы исследовать это
определение, мы будем смотреть на его
различные части.

Во-первых,
производство — создание услуг или
изменение материалов в продуктах. Один
пример — преобразование железной руды
в металлические автозапчасти. Затем
эти продукты должны быть перемещены с
фабрики на рынок. Это известно как
распределение. Автомобиль должен быть
перемещен из фабрики в Детройте в
автомобильное представительство в
Майами.

Третье
— продажа товаров и услуг. Продажа — обмен
продуктов или обслуживания на деньги.
Автомобиль продан кому-то в обмен на
деньги. Товары — продукты, в которых люди
или нуждаются или хотят; например,
автомобили могут быть классифицированы
как товары. Услуги, с другой стороны,
являются действиями, которые человек
или группа выполняют для другого человека
или организации. Например, автомеханик
выполняет обслуживание, когда он
ремонтирует автомобиль. Доктор также
выполняет обслуживание, заботясь о
людях, когда они больны.

Бизнес
тогда, это комбинация всех этих действий:
производство, распределение, и продажа.
Однако есть один другой важный фактор.
Этот фактор — создание прибыли или
экономического излишка. Главная цель
в функционировании американской деловой
компании получать прибыль. Прибыль —
деньги, которые остаются после того,
как все расходы заплачены. Создание
экономических излишков или прибыли
является, следовательно, основной целью
коммерческой деятельности

COMPREHENSION

A.
Answer the following questions about the meaning of business. The
questions which are starred (*) cannot be answered directly from the
text. Space is provided at the end for you to add your own questions.

1. What is one
   modern definition of business?

Business
is the production, distribution, and sale of goods and services for a
profit.

2.
*How does this modern meaning of business differ from the traditional
one? *What factors have brought about these changes?

Traditionally,
business simply meant exchange or trade for things people wanted or
needed. In modern definition profit reception is target of business.
Development manufactory, industrial production, development of trade
relations, change of principles of economic policy are factors which
brought about these changes.

3.
What does production involve?

Production
involves creation of services or the changing of materials into
products

4. What
example of distribution is given in the reading? Can you think of
another example from real life?

A
car might be moved from a factory in Detroit to a car dealership in
Miami. Sugar might be moved from a plant in Skidel to a shop in
Minsk.

5.
How do goods differ from services?

Goods
are products which people either need or want; for example, cars can
be classified as goods. Services, on the other hand, are activities
which a person or group performs for another person or organization.

6.
In addition to production, distribution, and sale, what other factor
is important in defining business?

This
factor is the creation of profit or economic surplus

7.
What is profit? *In general, what do companies do with their profits?

Profit
is the money that remains after all the expenses are paid

8.
Compare your definition of business with the one given in the
reading. *How are they similar? *In what ways does your definition
differ from the one presented in the text?

9.
Additional questions____________________

B.
Determine which of the following statements true and which are false.
Then put T or F in the blanks. Correct those statements which are
false by rewriting them.

1. Additional
   questions

1. Bring
   examples of the goods and examples of services.

2. What
   is the distribution?

3. What
   is the largest manufactures in your city?

4. Distribution
   is included in definition of business, isn’t it?

5. What
   is meant services?

1. Determine
   which of the following statements true and which are false. Then put
   T or F in the blanks. Correct those statements which are false by
   rewriting them.

1. (
   T )
   Business is not just one activity but a combination of different
   operations such as production, distribution and sale.

2. (
   F )
   From ancient to modern times the definition of business has remained
   the same.

1. (
   F )
   Moving a truckload of oranges from the orchard to the supermarket is
   an example of production.

1. (
   T )
   A sales clerk provides a service by answering customers’ questions.

VOCABULARY
EXERCISES

1. Look
   at the terms in the left-hand column and find the correct synonyms
   in the right-hand column. Copy the corresponding letters in the
   blanks.

1. goods		a. moving or transporting
2. conversion		b. trade
3. for instance		c. however
4. distribution		d. look at
5. exchange		e. change
6. on the one hand		f. for example
7. examine		g. products

1. Fill
   in the blanks with noun or verb forms. Use your dictionary if
   necessary.

1. production		1. produce
2. performance		2. perform
3. exam		3. examine
4. conversion		4. converse
5. classification		5. classify
6. distribution		6. distribute
7. creation		7. create
8. sale		8. sell

1. Use
   the correct noun or verb form in the sentences. Change the
   grammatical form of the words if necessary.

1. sell

a.
An annual report includes the ­­­­sale’s
figures of the company for the current year.

b.
An auto dealership sells
cars, trucks, vans, and something recreational vehicles.

1. distribute

a.
Some companies hold exclusive distributive
rights for specific products.

b.
Factory representatives distribute
products to wholesalers and retailers.

1. produce

a.
How efficiently a company produce
its products will in large measure determine its success.

b.
The production
of high-technology instruments is one of the most rapidly growing
industries in the 1980s.

1. classify

a.
Items classify
in order to show the relationship between them.

b.
Classification means the grouping of items to show the difference
between them.

1. convert

a.
When travelling from country to country on either business or
leisure, people convert one currency to another.

b.
The production process often involves the convert raw materials into
finished products.

CLASSIFICATION

Classification
means the grouping of items to show the relationship between them.
Items that are classified together have something in common: that in,
something must apply to all the items in that group or class. Look at
the items below. They may be classified as either goods or services.
Review the definitions and examples given in the reading (lines
17-20). Classify the following items as either goods, or services.

1. car	машина	goods
2. medical diagnosis	медицинский диагноз	services
3. travel agency	туристическое агентство	services
4. briefcase	портфель	goods
5. auto repair	ремонт автомобиля	services
6. financial planning	финансовое планирование	services
7. computer	компьютер	goods
8. videotape recorder	видеомагнитофон	goods
9. management consultant	консультант по вопросам управления	services
10. accounting ledger	бухгалтерская книга	goods
11. calculator	калькулятор	goods
12. employment	работа	services
13. suit	костюм	goods
14. forklift	грузоподъемник	goods
15. office equipment repair	ремонт офисного оборудования	services
16. newspaper delivery	доставка газет	services
17. computer programming	компьютерное программирование	services
18. time clock	табельные часы	goods
19. law book	кодекс	goods
20. income tax preparation	подготовка к подоходному налогу	services

APPLICATION

1. Match
   these parts of the business definition to the following real-life
   situations.

production
of goods distribution of goods

sale
of goods sale of services

Examples:

Iron
ore is made into metal car parts production of goods

A
salesman sells a car sale of goods

An
auto mechanic repairs a car sale of services

1. A shipment of grain in transferred from a boat to truck.	distribution of goods
.
2. A chemical plant turns raw materials into fertilizer.	production of goods
3. A salesman from a concrete manufacturer convinces the owner of a building materials company to buy a shipment of drainage pipe from his company.	sale of goods
4. A warehouse ships books to a bookstore.	distribution of goods
5. A computer manufacturer receives silicon chips and puts them into minicomputers.	production of goods

CAREERS
IN BUSINESS

PREREADING
ACTIVITY

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What is Business?

Part 1.

Business is a word which is commonly used in many different languages. But what does it exactly mean? Originally “business” simply meant exchange or trade of things that people wanted or needed.

Today it has a more technical definition. Business is production, distribution and sale of goods and services with a purpose of making a profit.

To examine this definition we’ll look at its various parts.

First, production is a creation of goods or services.

Goods are products which people need or want. Cars, furniture, computers, books, clothes and shoes, toys, tableware can be classified as goods.

Services are different activities, for example, physical labor, skilled knowledge or advice.  Services are performed by a person or a group for another person or organization. For example, a mechanic performs a service, when he repairs a car. Laundresses, hairdressers, plumbers, cleaners, gardeners, taxi drivers, lawyers, doctors, dentists also provide consumer services.

Task 1. Classify the following words as GOODS or SERVICES.

• car
• medical diagnosis
• travel agency
• briefcase
• car repair
• financial planning
• computer
• video cassette recorder
• newspaper delivery
• calculator
• suit
• computer programming

Part 2.

Goods are produced of materials, which are also called natural resources.  For example, iron ore can be converted into metal parts, lumber – into paper, clay – into china and so on. Production of goods also includes capital resources (like equipment) and human resources (people who make goods).

Task 2. Match the synonyms in 2 columns (column A with column B).

A	B
goods	Exchange or trade
conversion	Activity
distribution	Money
service	Moving or transporting
sale	Products
profit	changing

Task 3. Complete the table with proper forms of nouns or verbs.

Noun	Verb
Production	To produce
Performance	——-
——-	To examine
——-	To convert
Classification	——-
——-	To distribute
——-	To create
Sale	——-

Part 3.    

Next these products need to be moved from the factory to the market place, where they will be available for the consumers. This process is known as distribution. It involves the whole line of persons, like wholesalers, intermediaries, agents, sales reps and retailers.

Third is the sale of goods and services. Sale is the exchange of product or service for money.

So business is a combination of three activities: production, distribution and sale.

However there is one more important factor.  This factor is the creation of profit or economic surplus. Profit is the money that remains after all the expenses or costs of production are paid. So the primary goal of any business company and any business activity is creating a profit. If the business is profitable, the businessman becomes richer and many other companies are willing to do business with him. If the business goes under, money is lost and eventually the businessman needs to go out of business.

Task 1.

Listen and agree or disagree.

• Making a profit is one of the main reasons to operate a business.
• Company profits are usually very big.
• The company profits are usually less than 10 per cent.
• If the cost of producing goods is higher than their selling price, the business earns a profit.
• If company’s costs are low, its profits are lower, too.
• Making a profit motivates companies to produce their goods and services at a high quality.
• A business that doesn’t make profit is sometimes able to innovate and expand.

Task 2. Match the name of business activities (column A) with the examples of these activities (column B):

A	B
Production of goods	Iron ore is made into car parts
Distribution of goods	A car is moved from the factory to the car market
Sale of goods	A dealer sales a car
Sale of services	A mechanic repairs a car
	A lawyer deals with your case
	A waitress takes your order
	A farmer plants vegetables
	A farmer exchanges vegetables for money

What is Business (Irenée SAWADOGO)

Business is a word that is commonly used in many different languages. But exactly what does it mean ? The concepts and activities of business have increased in modern times.
Traditionally, business simply meant exchange or trade for things people wanted or needed.
Today it has a more technical definition. One definition of business is the production, distribution, and sale of goods and services for a profit. To examine this definition, we will look at its various parts.
First, production is the creation of services or the changing of materials into products one example is the conversion of iron ore into metal car parts. But these products need to be moved from the factory to the market place.
A car might be moved from a factory in Detroit to a car dealership in Miami.
Third is the sale of goods and services. Sale is the exchange of a product or service for money. A car is sold to someone in exchange for money. Goods are products that people either need or want ; for example, cars can be classified as goods. Services, on the other hand, are activities that a person or group performs for another person or organization. For instance, an auto mechanic performs a service when he repairs a car.
A doctor also performs a service by taking care of people when they are sick.
Business, then, is a combination of all these activities : production, distribution, and sale. However, there is one other important factor. This factor is the creation of profit or economic surplus. A major goal in the functioning of an American business company is making a profit. Profit is the money that remains after all the expenses are paid.
Creating an economic surplus or profit is, therefore, a primary goal of business activity.

I COMPREHENSION

1) What is the traditional definition of business ?
2) What is production ? Give an example ?
3) What example of distribution is given in the reading ? Can you think of another example ?
4) What does the word sale mean ?
5) How can we define business now ?
6) In addition to production, distribution, and sale, what other factor is important in defining business?
7) What is the most important objective of business nowadays ? Do you agree with this analysis ?
In general, what do companies do with their profit ?

II VOCABULARY PRACTICE
1-After reading the text, link the words in the left-hand column to their corresponding synonyms in the right-hand column

1) goods moving or transporting
2) for instance trade
3) conversion look at
4) distribution change
5) exchange for example
6) examine products

2) Complete the sentences with the noun and verb forms provided

*sales/sells
a) An annual report includes the…figures of the company for the current fiscal year
b) An auto dealership …cars, trucks, vans and sometimes recreational vehicles

*distribution/distribute
a) Some companies hold exclusive… rights for specific products
b) Factory representatives…products to wholesalers and retailers

*production/produces
a) How efficiently a company …its products will in large measure determine its success
b) The…of high technology instruments was one of the most rapidly growing industries in the 1990s

*classification/are classified
a) Items…in order to show the relationship between them
b) …means the grouping of items to show the differences between them

*conversion/convert
a) When travelling from country to country, people…one currency to another
b) The production process often involves the…of raw materials into finished products

Britannica Dictionary definition of BUSINESS