The word building may refer to

Другие языки

For other uses, see Building (disambiguation).

File:63buildinginseoulkorea.png

In architecture, construction, engineering and real estate development the word building may refer to one of the following:

1. Any human-made structure used or intended for supporting or sheltering any use or continuous occupancy, or
2. An act of construction (i.e. the activity of building, see also builder)

In this article, the first usage is generally intended unless otherwise specified.

Buildings come in a wide amount of shapes and functions, and have been adapted throughout history for a wide number of factors, from building materials available, to weather conditions, to land prices, ground conditions, specific uses and aesthetic reasons.

Buildings serve several needs of society – primarily as shelter from weather and as general living space, to provide privacy, to store belongings and to comfortably live and work. A building as a shelter represents a physical division of the human habitat (a place of comfort and safety) and the outside (a place that at times may be harsh and harmful).

Ever since the first cave paintings, buildings have also become objects or canvasess of artistic expression. In recent years, interest in sustainable planning and building practices has also become part of the design process of many new buildings.

Definitions

Building is defined in many aspects as:

• The act of constructing, erecting, or establishing.
• The art of constructing edifices, or the practice of civil architecture.
• That which is built; a fabric or edifice constructed, as a house, a church, castle, arena/ stadium, etc
• The act of constructing or building something; «during the construction we had to take a detour»; «his hobby was the building of boats»
• The commercial activity involved in constructing buildings; «their main business is home construction»; «workers in the building trades»
• A structure that has a roof and walls and stands more or less permanently in one place; «there was a three-storey building on the corner»; «it was an imposing edifice»
• The occupants of a building; «the entire building complained about the noise»

To differentiate buildings in the usage of this article from other buildings and other structures that are not intended for continuous human occupancy, the latter are called non-building structures or simply structures.

Structural height in technical usage is the height to the highest architectural detail on building from street-level. Depending on how they are classified, spires and masts may or may not be included in this height. Spires and masts used as antennas are not generally included.

The definition of a low-rise vs. a high-rise building is a matter of debate, but generally three stories or less is considered low-rise.^{[citation needed]}

History

The first shelter on Earth constructed by a relatively close ancestor to humans is believed to be built 500,000 years ago by an early ancestor of humans, Homo erectus.^[1]

Types

Main article: List of building types

Residential

Residential buildings are called houses/homes, though buildings containing large numbers of separate dwelling units are often called apartment buildings / blocks to differentiate them from the more ‘individual’ house.

Building types may range from one-room wood-framed, masonry, or adobe dwellings to multi-million dollar high-rise buildings able to house thousands of people. Increasing settlement density in buildings (and closer distances between buildings) is usually a response to high ground prices resulting from many people wanting to live close to work or similar attractors.

Multi-storey

A multi-storey building is a building that has multiple floors above ground in the building.

Multi-storey buildings aim to increase the area of the building without increasing the area of the land the building is built on, hence saving land and, in most cases, money (depending on material used and land prices in the area).

Creation

The practice of designing, constructing, and operating buildings is most usually a collective effort of different groups of professionals and trades. Depending on the size, complexity, and purpose of a particular building project, the project team may include:

• A real estate developer who secures funding for the project;
• One or more financial institutions or other investors that provide the funding
• Local planning and code authorities
• A Surveyor who performs an ALTA/ACSM and construction surveys throughout the project;
• Construction managers who coordinate the effort of different groups of project participants;
• Licensed architects and engineers who provide building design and prepare construction documents;
• Landscape architects;
• Interior designers;
• Other consultants;
• Contractors who provide construction services and install building systems such as climate control, electrical, plumbing, Decoration, fire protection, security and telecommunications;
• Marketing or leasing agents;
• Facility managers who are responsible for operating the building.

Regardless of their size or intended use, all buildings in the US must comply with zoning ordinances, building codes and other regulations such as fire codes, life safety codes and related standards.

Vehicles—such as trailers, caravans, ships and passenger aircraft—are treated as «buildings» for life safety purposes.

Ownership and funding

• Mortgage loan
• Real estate developer

Planning and design

• Architecture
• Building construction
• Civil engineering
• Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing design
• Quantity surveying
• Structural engineering
• Urban planning

Building services

Physical plant

Main article: Physical plant

Any building requires a certain amount of internal infrastructure to function, which includes such elements like heating / cooling, power and telecommunications, water and wastewater etc. Especially in commercial buildings (such as offices or factories), these can be extremely intricate systems taking up large amounts of space (sometimes located in separate areas or double floors / false ceilings) and constitute a big part of the regular maintenance required.

Conveying systems

Systems for transport of people within buildings:

• Elevator
• Escalator
• Moving sidewalk (horizontal and inclined)

Systems for transport of people between interconnected buildings:

• Skyway
• Underground city

Building damage

Buildings may be damaged during the construction of the building or during maintenance. There are several other reasons behind building damage like accident.^[2] Buildings also may suffer from fire damage in special circumstances.^[3]

See also

Architecture portal

• Autonomous building
• Building material
• Earthquake engineering
• Famous buildings
• Green building
• Hurricane proof building
• List of building types
• List of largest buildings in the world
• Natural building
• Natural disaster and earthquake
• Nonbuilding structure
• Skyscrapers
• Steel Buildings

References

ar:مبنى
an:Edificio
az:Bina
be:Будынак
be-x-old:Будынак
bg:Сграда
cs:Budova
da:Bygning
de:Gebäude
et:Hoone
el:Κτίριο
es:Edificio
eo:Konstruaĵo
eu:Eraikin
fa:ساختمان
fr:Bâtiment (construction)
fy:Bouwurk
ga:Foirgneamh
gl:Edificio
ko:건축물
io:Edifico
id:Bangunan
ia:Edificio
it:Edificio
jv:Wewangunan
ka:შენობა
la:Aedificium
lt:Statinys
hu:Épület
mk:Градба
nah:Calli
nl:Opstal (bouwwerk)
nds-nl:Bolwark
ja:建築物
no:Bygning
pl:Budynek
pt:Edifício
ro:Clădire
qu:Wasichay
ru:Здание
simple:Building
sk:Stavba
sl:Zgradba
sr:Грађевина
fi:Rakennus
sv:Byggnad
tl:Gusali
ta:கட்டிடம்
th:อาคาร
zh-yue:樓
zh:建筑物

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A building or edifice, is an enclosed structure with a roof and walls standing more or less permanently in one place,^[1] such as a house or factory (although there’s also portable buildings).^[1] Buildings come in a variety of sizes, shapes, and functions, and have been adapted throughout history for a wide number of factors, from building materials available, to weather conditions, land prices, ground conditions, specific uses, prestige, and aesthetic reasons. To better understand the term building compare the list of nonbuilding structures.

Buildings serve several societal needs – occupancy, primarily as shelter from weather, security, living space, privacy, to store belongings, and to comfortably live and work. A building as a shelter represents a physical division of the human habitat, a place of comfort and safety and the outside, a place that at times may be harsh and harmful.

Ever since the first cave paintings, buildings have also become objects or canvasses of much artistic expression. In recent years, interest in sustainable planning and building practices has also become an intentional part of the design process of many new buildings and other structures, usually a green building.

Definition[edit]

The word building is both a noun and a verb: the structure itself and the act of making it. As a noun, a building is ‘a structure that has a roof and walls and stands more or less permanently in one place’;^[1] «there was a three-storey building on the corner»; «it was an imposing edifice». In the broadest interpretation a fence or wall is a building.^[2] However, the word structure is used more broadly than building including natural and man-made formations^[3] and does not necessarily have walls. Structure is more likely to be used for a fence. Sturgis’ Dictionary included that «[building] differs from architecture in excluding all idea of artistic treatment; and it differs from construction in the idea of excluding scientific or highly skilful treatment.»^[4] As a verb, building is the act of construction.

Structural height in technical usage is the height to the highest architectural detail on building from street-level. Depending on how they are classified, spires and masts may or may not be included in this height. Spires and masts used as antennas are not generally included. The definition of a low-rise vs. a high-rise building is a matter of debate, but generally three stories or less is considered low-rise.^[5]

History[edit]

There is clear evidence of homebuilding from around 18,000 BC.^[6] Buildings became common during the Neolithic (see Neolithic architecture).^[7]

Types[edit]

Residential[edit]

Single-family residential buildings are most often called houses or homes. Multi-family residential buildings containing more than one dwelling unit are called a duplex or an apartment building. A condominium is an apartment that the occupant owns rather than rents. Houses may also be built in pairs (semi-detached), in terraces where all but two of the houses have others either side; apartments may be built round courtyards or as rectangular blocks surrounded by a piece of ground of varying sizes. Houses which were built as a single dwelling may later be divided into apartments or bedsitters; they may also be converted to another use e.g. an office or a shop. hotels, especially of the extended stay variety (like apartels) can also be classed as residential.

Building types may range from huts to multimillion-dollar high-rise apartment blocks able to house thousands of people. Increasing settlement density in buildings (and smaller distances between buildings) is usually a response to high ground prices resulting from many people wanting to live close to work or similar attractors. Other common building materials are brick, concrete or combinations of either of these with stone.

Residential buildings have different names for their use depending if they are seasonal include holiday cottage (vacation home) or timeshare; size such as a cottage or great house; value such as a shack or mansion; manner of construction such as a log home or mobile home;, architectural style such as a mock castle or Victorian house, proximity to the ground or water such as Earth sheltering the earth sheltered house, stilt house, or houseboat floating home. Also if the residents are in need of special care, or society considers them to dangerous to have freedom, there’s residential total institutions such as nursing homes, orphanages, psychiatric hospitals or prison; or in group housing like barracks or dormitories.

Historically many people lived in communal buildings called longhouses, smaller dwellings called pit-houses and houses combined with barns sometimes called housebarns.

Buildings are defined to be substantial, permanent structures so other dwelling forms such as yurts, and motorhomes are dwellings but not buildings.

Commercial[edit]

A commercial building is one in which at least one business is based, but where people don’t live. Examples include stores, restaurants, and hotels.

Industrial[edit]

Industrial buildings are those in which heavy industry is done, such as manufacturing. These edifices include warehouses and factories.

Agricultural[edit]

Agricultural buildings are the outbuildings located on farms, like barns.

Mixed use[edit]

Some buildings incorporate several or multiple different uses, most commonly are those that combine commercial and residential uses.

Complex[edit]

Sometimes a group of inter-related (and possibly inter-connected) builds are referred to as a complex – for example a housing complex,^[8] educational complex,^[9] hospital complex, etc.

Creation[edit]

The practice of designing, constructing, and operating buildings is most usually a collective effort of different groups of professionals and trades. Depending on the size, complexity, and purpose of a particular building project, the project team may include:

• A real estate developer who secures funding for the project;
• One or more financial institutions or other investors that provide the funding
• Local planning and code authorities
• A surveyor who performs an ALTA/ACSM and construction surveys throughout the project;
• Construction managers who coordinate the effort of different groups of project participants;
• Licensed architects and engineers who provide building design and prepare construction documents;
• The principal design Engineering disciplines which would normally include the following professionals: Civil, Structural, Mechanical building services or HVAC (heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning) Electrical Building Services, Plumbing and drainage. Also other possible design Engineer specialists may be involved such as Fire (prevention), Acoustic, façade engineers, building physics, Telecoms, AV (Audio Visual), BMS (Building Management Systems) Automatic controls etc. These design Engineers also prepare construction documents which are issued to specialist contractors to obtain a price for the works and to follow for the installations.
• Landscape architects;
• Interior designers;
• Other consultants;
• Contractors who provide construction services and install building systems such as climate control, electrical, plumbing, decoration, fire protection, security and telecommunications;
• Marketing or leasing agents;
• Facility managers who are responsible for operating the building.

Regardless of their size or intended use, all buildings in the US must comply with zoning ordinances, building codes and other regulations such as fire codes, life safety codes and related standards.

Vehicles—such as trailers, caravans, ships and passenger aircraft—are treated as «buildings» for life safety purposes.

Ownership and funding[edit]

• Mortgage loan
• Real estate developer

Building services[edit]

Physical plant[edit]

Any building requires a certain general amount of internal infrastructure to function, which includes such elements like heating / cooling, power and telecommunications, water and wastewater etc. Especially in commercial buildings (such as offices or factories), these can be extremely intricate systems taking up large amounts of space (sometimes located in separate areas or double floors / false ceilings) and constitute a big part of the regular maintenance required.

Conveying systems[edit]

Systems for transport of people within buildings:

• Elevator
• Escalator
• Moving sidewalk (horizontal and inclined)

Systems for transport of people between interconnected buildings:

• Skyway
• Underground city

Building damage[edit]

Buildings may be damaged during the construction of the building or during maintenance. There are several other reasons behind building damage like accidents^[10] such as storms, explosions, subsidence caused by mining, water withdrawal^[11] or poor foundations and landslides.^[12] Buildings also may suffer from fire damage^[13] and flooding in special circumstances. They may also become dilapidated through lack of proper maintenance or alteration work improperly carried out.

Hypothetical future buildings[edit]

Advances in construction technology, ideologies, etc may allow (or necessitate) the construction of new kinds of buildings and complexes, like an arcology.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

External links[edit]

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