A The
word AUTHORITY
has
the following meanings in Russian:
1
власть
supreme
authority
– верховная власть
2 полномочие,
право, права, компетенция
to
act
on
smb’s
authority
– действовать на основании полученных
полномочий
3 pl.
власти, начальство, администрация
local
authorities
– местные власти, органы местного
самоуправления
4 авторитет, вес,
влияние
to
have
authority
with
smb.
– пользоваться авторитетом у кого-либо
5 авторитет,
крупный специалист
he
is
an
authority
on
law
– он является авторитетом в области
права
6 авторитетный
источник
to
quote
one’s
authorities
– ссылаться на авторитетные источники
Match
the following English expressions with their Russian equivalents.
|
1 |
a |
|
2 |
b |
|
3 lawful |
c |
|
4 on |
d |
|
5 |
e |
|
6 to |
f |
|
7 to |
g |
|
8 to |
h |
|
9 to |
i |
|
10 |
j |
|
11 |
k |
|
12 |
l |
|
13 unrestricted |
m |
B Find
in the text the English equivalents
for
the following words and expressions.
1 норма
2 в
пределах полномочий
3 публичные
законы
4 обычаи
5 наказание
6 нарушать
нормы поведения
7 обеспечивать
соблюдение законов
8 гражданское
право
9 отправление
правосудия
10 эйтаназия
11 здравый
смысл
C Match
the following legal terms with their Russian equivalents.
|
1 legislation |
a |
|
2 legal |
b |
|
3 tribunal |
приговоров; |
|
4 authority |
с применить |
|
5 body |
d |
|
6 law |
е принудительно |
|
7 judgement |
f |
|
8 to |
g |
|
9 rule |
h |
|
10 the |
i |
|
11 inquiry |
j |
|
12 |
k |
l
(правовая)
норма,
правило
D
Introduction
to law: basic terms.
The
following terms introduce you to the law and basic legal terminology.
Below are the definitions. Find the definition for each term.
authority
court govern
judge
legal
system lawyers legal action
law
enforcement agency
legislation
rule the judiciary
tribunal
1 a
body that is appointed to make a judgement or inquiry tribunal
2 a
country’s body of judges __________
3 an
act or acts passed by a law-making body __________
4
behaviour
recognized by a community as binding or enforceable
by
authority __________
5
legal
proceedings __________
6 an
official body that has authority to try criminals, resolve disputes,
or make
other
legal decisions __________
7 an
organization responsible for enforcing the law, especially
the
police __________
8 a
senior official in a court of law __________
9 the
body or system of rules recognized by a community that are
enforceable
by
established process __________
10 the
control resulting from following a community’s system
of
rules __________
11
members
of the legal profession __________
12 to
rule a society and control the behaviour of its members __________
E
Introduction
to law: basic concepts.
Complete the following text
about basic legal concepts using the following words and phrases. Use
each term once.
authority
court govern judges
legal
systems
law
enforcement agency lawyers legal action
tribunal
legislation
rule the judiciary
Why do we
have laws and 1)
legal
systems
?
At one level, laws can be seen as a type of 2)
_______
which is meant to 3)
________behaviour between people. We can find these rules in nearly
all social organizations, such as families and sports clubs.
Law, the
body of official rules and regulations, generally found in
constitutions and 4)
________, is used to govern a society and to control the behaviour of
its members. In modern societies, a body with 5)
________, such as a 6)
________ or the legislature, makes the law; and a 7)
________, such as the police, makes sure it is observed.
In addition
to enforcement, a body of expert 
________ is needed to apply the law. This is the role of 9)
________, the body of 10)
________ in a particular country. Of course, legal systems vary
between countries, as well as the basis for bringing a case before a
court or 11)
________. One thing, however, seems to be true all over the world –
starting a 12)
________ is both expensive and time-consuming.
F
Give
Russian equivalents to the following word partnerships.
Over
to you
“Mercy
killing should not be punished”. Write a paragraph containing two
points for and two against this statement. Then discuss your answer
with other students.
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Министерство образования и науки Российской Федерации
Федеральное государственное образовательное учреждение среднего профессионального образования
«Уфимский колледж статистики, информатики и вычислительной техники»
Учебно- методическое пособие по английскому языку для студентов специальности: 030912
« Право и правовое и социальное обеспечение».
( ТЕКСТЫ И УПРАЖНЕНИЯ ДЛЯ ДОМАШНЕГО ЧТЕНИЯ).
Согласовано: ____ Составлено: ___
Председатель ПЦК Преподаватель УКСИВТ
Каримова Р.Ф. Розова И.Г.
« »_______2012 « »______2012
Методист УКСИВТ
____________
Байсакова Р.Р.
« »______2012
УФА 2012
Пояснительная записка.
Учебно- методическое пособие содержит материал, с помощью которого ведется целенаправленная работа по домашнему чтению . Данный вид деятельности студентов предполагает чтение с пониманием основного содержания прочитанного. Для чтения предлагаются научно – популярные тексты с большим содержанием специальной лексики.
Работа над текстами заключается в самостоятельном прочтении дома с последующей проверкой понимания прочитанного на занятии.
Каждый текст снабжен серией проверочных заданий. Ознакомительный вид чтения мы используем при чтении научно- популярных текстов. Для чтения с пониманием основного содержания необязательно знание всех лексических единиц и грамматических явлений. Здесь важно уловить основную мысль и уметь догадываться о значении незнакомых слов по контексту.
Пособие состоит из 10 юнитов, содержащих основной текст и задания по прочитанному: ответить на вопросы, написать эссе по предложенной теме, составить диаграмму и т.д.
Рецензия на учебно- методическое пособие по английскому языку по домашнему чтению, составленное преподавателем английского языка ГОУ СПО УКСИВТ Розовой И. Г.
Данное пособие предназначено для студентов специальности «». Оно содержит тексты скорее информативной , чем коммуникативной направленности. При этом они наполнены новой лексикой, расширяющей словарный запас студентов.
Для чтения с пониманием основного содержания необязательно знание всех лексических единиц и грамматических явлений. Здесь важно уловить основную мысль и уметь догадываться о значении незнакомых слов по контексту.
Пособие имеет четкую , понятную структуру. Задания после текстов направлены на проверку понимания прочитанного. Данное пособие формирует навыки самостоятельного чтения с общим пониманием содержания и извлечением основной информации.
Преподаватель англ. языка УГАЭС______(Еленская Л. С.)
Рецензия на учебно- методическое пособие по английскому языку по домашнему чтению, составленное преподавателем английского языка ГОУ СПО УКСИВТ Розовой И. Г.
Формируя навыки чтения преподаватель использует различные приемы и методы обучения. При обучении чтению как виду речевой деятельности предлагается чтение с полным пониманием и извлечением подробной информации из текста и чтение с общим пониманием содержания и извлечением основной информации ( ознакомительное чтение). Содержание данного материала направлено на развитие второго вида чтения.
Тексты научно- популярной литературы частично адаптированы, при этом преподаватель старался сохранить аутентичность материала. Каждый юнит сопровождается проверочными заданиями, студенты выполняют их самостоятельно и затем сверяют правильность их выполнения на занятиях.
Преподаватель ГОУ СПО УКСИВТ ______( Ящук О. И.)
Unit 1
LAWS OF BABYLON .
One of the most detailed ancient legal codes was drawn up in about 1758 В.с. bу Hammurabi, а king of Babylonia. The entire code, consisting of 282 paragraphs, was carved into а great stone pillar, which was set up in а temple to the Babylonian god Marduk so that it could bе read bу every citizen.
The pillar, lost for centuries after the fall of Babylon in the 16th century В.с., was rediscovered by а French archaeologist in 1901 amid the ruins of the Persian city of Susa. Hammurabi’s words were still legible. The pillar is now in the Louvre museum in Paris.
The laws laid down by Hammurabi were more extensive than any that had gone before. They covered crime, divorce and marriage, the rights of slave owners and slaves, the settlement of debts, inheritance and property contracts; there were eyen regulations about taxes and the prices of goods.
Punishments under the code were often harsh. The cruel principle of revenge was observed: аn eye for an eye and а tooth for а tooth, which meant that criminals had to receive as punishment precisely those injuries and damages they had inflicted upon their victims. Not опlу murderers but also thieves and false accusers faced the death penalty. And а child who hit his father could expect to lose the hand that struck the blow.
The code outlawed private blood feuds and banned the tradition by which а тап could kidnap and keep the woman he wanted for his bride. In addition, the new laws took account of the circumstances of the offender as well as of the offence. So а lower-ranking citizen who lost а civil case would be fined less than an aristocrat in the same position — though he would also be awarded less if be won.
Nevertheless, Hammurabi’s laws represented an advance оп earlier tribal customs, because the penalty could not be harder than the crime.
Task 1. Find in the text the English equivalents for the following law-related words and expressions. What concepts bring these groups оf words together?
|
вор |
смертная казнь |
брак |
|
клеветник |
наказание |
развод |
|
правонарушитель |
штрафовать |
налоги |
|
правонарушение |
получать компенсацию |
наследство |
|
преступление |
долги |
|
|
кровная месть |
цены на товары |
|
|
наносить ущерб |
гражданское дело |
|
|
наносить увечья |
права рабов |
|
|
похищать |
имущественные |
|
|
контракты |
Task2. Answer the following questions:
1. Why do you think Hammurabi decided to have his laws carved into а pillar?
2. Why was the pillar set up in а temple?
3. What spheres of human life were covered by Hammurabi’s code?
Explain the choice.
4. How do you understand the principle «an eye for an eye and а tooth for а tooth»?
5. In your opinion, were punishments always fair?
6. Why do you think people of different ranks were treated differently by Hammurabi’s code?
Unit 2.
Тhe FIRST LAW:
ANCIENT GREECE AND ROME.
Task 1. Read the text and write down Russian equivalents for the words and expressions in bold type:
The Legal Heritage of Greece and Rome
The ancient Greeks were among the first to develop а concept of law that separated everyday law from religious beliefs. Before the Greeks most civilizations attributed their laws to their gods or goddesses. Instead, the Greeks believed that laws were made by the people for the people.
In the seventh century В.С., Draco* drew up Greece’s first comprehensive written code of laws. Under Draco’s code death was the punishment for most offences. Thus, the term draconian usually applies to extremely harsh measures.
Several decades passed before So10n poet, military hero, and ultimately Athens’ lawgiver — devised а new code of laws. Trial by jury, an ancient Greek tradition was retained, but enslaving debtors was prohibited as were most of the harsh punishments of Draco’s code. Under Solon’s law citizens of Athens were eligible to serve in the assembly and courts were established in which they could appeal government decisions.
What the Greeks mау have contributed to the Romans was the concept of «natural law.» In essence, natural law was based оп the belief that certain basic principles are above the laws of а nation. These principles arise from the nature of people. The concept of natural law and the development of the first true legal system had а profound effect оп the modern world.
Task 2. Complete the following table with the appropriate verb or noun forms:
|
Verb |
Noun |
|
to attribute |
|
|
belief |
|
|
punislunent |
|
|
to develop |
|
|
offence |
|
|
to separate |
|
|
decision |
|
|
to аррlу |
|
|
govemment |
|
|
to prohibit |
|
|
to serve |
|
|
to cstablish |
|
|
to арреаl |
|
|
to refer to |
Task3. Answer the following questions:
1. What does the ancient Greek concept of law comprise?
2. Why were the first laws mainly attributed to divine powers?
3. What is the origin and the meaning of the word «draconian»?
4. How do you understand the concept of «natural law»?
5. What was Solon’s contribution to ancient law?
Unit 3.
Task 1. Read the text and write down Russian equivalents for the words and expressions in bold type:
SOLON (b. 630 — d. 560 B.с.)
Solon, the Athenian statesman, is known as one of the Seven Wise Men of Greece. Не ended exclusive aristocratic control of the government, substituted а system of control bу the wealthy, and introduced а new and more humane law code. Не was also а noted poet.
Unfortunately it was not until the 5th century В.С. that accounts of his life and works began to bе put together, mostly on the evidence of his poems and his law code. Although certain details have а legendary ring, the main features of his story seem to bе reliable. Solon was of nоblе descent but moderate means. Не first became prominent in about 600 В.С. The early 6th century was а troubled time for the Athenians.
Society was dominated bу an aristocracy of birth, who owned the best land, monopolized the government, and were themselves split into rival factions. Тhе social, economic, and political evils might well have culminated in а revolution and subsequent tyranny (dictatorship), as they had in other Greek states, had it not been for Solon, to whom Athenians of all classes turned in the bоре of а generally satisfactory solution of their problems. Because he believed in moderation and in an ordered society in which each class had its proper place and function, his solution was not revolution but reform.
Solon’s great contribution to the future good of Athens was his new code of laws. The first written code at Athens that of Draco was sti11 in force. Draco’s laws were shockingly severe (hence the term draconian) — so severe that they were said to have been written not in ink bиt in blood. Оп the civil side they permitted enslavement for debt, and death seems to have been the penalty for almost all criminal offenses. Solon revised every statute except homicide and made Athenian law altogether more bоmane.
Task 2. Answer the following questions:
- What did Solon introduce?
- Was he a noted artist?
- Why was the 6th century dangerous and troubled for the Athenians?
- Who owned the best land in the Athens?
- Were Solon solutions revolutionary ones ?
- Why are Dragon laws so severe?
- What penalty was the most common?
Unit 4.
Task 1. Read the text and write down Russian equivalents for the words and expressions in bold type:
The MAGNA CARTA.
At the heart of the English system are two principles of government- limited government and representative government. Тhе idea that government was not all-powerful first appeared in the Magna Carta*, or Great Charter, that King John** signed in 1215 under the threat of civil war. Earlier kings of England had issued charters, making promises to their barons. But these were granted bу, not exacted from the king and were very generally phrased. Later the tension between the Kings and the nobility increased. Since 1199 John’s barons had to bе promised their rights. It is, therefore, not surprising that Stephen Langton, archbishop of Canterbury, directed baronial unrest into a demand for а solemn grant of liberties bу the king. Тhе document known as the Articles of the Barons was at last agreed upon and became the text from which the final version of the charter was drafted and sealed bу June on June 15, 1215.
The Magna Carta established the principle of limited government, in which the power of the monarch, or government, was limited, not absolute. This document provided for protection against unjust punishment and the loss of life, liberty, and property except according to law. It stipulated that nо citizen could bе punished or kept in prison without а fair trial. Under the Magna Carta, the king agreed that certain taxes could not bе levied without popular consent.
Although the Magna Carta was originally intended to protect aristocracy and not the ordinary citizens, it came in time to bе regarded as а cornerstone of British liberties. It is one of the oldest written constitutional papers.
Task 2. Answer the following questions:
1. What were the two basic principles of the English system of government at the beginning of the 13th century? How do you understand these principles?
2. What provisions did the Magna Carta contain?
3. Who enjoyed the rights granted bу the Magna Carta?
Task 3.Are these statements true or false:
1) The idea of Government firstly appeared in England in13 th century.
2) The threat of the Civil War influenced the idea of Government in early centuries.
3) Barons in England had all the liberties that the King promised.
4) The Magna Carta established the principle of representative government.
5)According the Magna Carta the power of the King and barons were limited.
Task 3. The word « GOVERNMENT» has the following meanings in Russian:
1) государственная власть
executive government — исполнительная власть
judicial government — судебная власть
legislative government — законодательная власть
2) управление, руководство
To carry out the government of а state — осуществлять управление государством
3) форма правления, государственное устройство, политический строй
democratic /republican / federal / parliarnentary government — де мократическая /республиканская / федеральная / парламентская форма правления
constitutional government — конституционная форма правления
а system of government — система правления
4) правительство, правительственный аппарат
Llberal / Labour / Conservative Government — либеральное /лей бористское /консервативное правительство
Match the following English expressions with their Russian equivalents:
1) arbitrary government
2) authoritarian government
3) colonial form of government
4) government investigation
5) government of the day
6) government offices
7) government official
government party
9) government(a1) department
10) government(a1) regu1ation
11) government’s term of office
12) Her Majesty’s Government
13) local government
14) military government
15) mixed government
16) organs of government
17) parliamentary government
19) provisiona1 government
20) representative government
18) presidential government
21) to disso1ve the government
а) действующее правительство
b) местное самоуправление
с) военная администрация
d) смешанная форма правления
е) парламентское правление
f) правительство Её Величества
g) правящая партия
h) правительственные учреждения
i) представительная форма правления
j) временное правительство
k) распустить /расформировать правительство
1) органы государственного управления
m) автократия
n) президентская власть
о) авторитарная форма правления
p) правительственное ведомство
q)правительственное расследование
r) колониальная форма государственного устройства
s) постановление правительства
t) правительственный чиновник
u) срок полномочий правитель
Unit 5.
THE FOUNDATION OF BRITISH LAW:
HABEAS CORPUS ACT
“Let the body be brought …”
In Britain, the United States and many other English- speaking countries, the law of Habeas Corpus guarantees that nobody can be held in prison without trial. Habeas Corpus became a law because of a wild party held in 1621 at the London home of a notoriously rowdy lady, Alice Robinson. When a constable appeared and asked her and her guests to quiet down, Mrs. Robinson allegedly swore at him so violently that he arrested her, and a local justice of the peace committed her to jail.
When she was finally brought to trial, Mrs. Robinson’s story of her treatment in prison caused an outcry. She had been put on a punishment diet of bread and caused an outcry. She had been put on a punishment diet of bread and water, forced to sleep on the bare earth, stripped, and given fifty lashes. Such treatment was barbaric even by the harsh standards of the time; what made it worse was that Mrs. Robinson was pregnant.
Public anger was so great she was acquitted, the constable who had arrested her without a warrant was himself sent to prison, and the justice of the peace, was severely reprimanded. And the case, along with other similar cases, led to the passing of the Habeas Corpus Act in Britain in 1679. The law is still on the British statute books, and a version of it is used in the United States, where the law is regarded as such an important guarantee of liberty that Article 1 of the U.S.
Constitution declares that “Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended except in cases of rebellion or invasion”.
Habeas Corpus is part of a Latin phrase- Habeas corpus ad subjiciendum- that means “Let the body be brought before the judge.” In effect, a writ of Habeas Corpus is an order in the name of the people (or, in Britain, of the sovereign) to produce an imprisoned person in court at once.
Task1. Find in the text the English equivalents for the following words and expressions:
- Мировой судья
- Ордер на арест
- Варварское отношение
- Восстание, мятеж, бунт
- Вторжение, нападение, нашествие
- Недовольство общественности
- Печально известный, пользующийся дурной славой
- Заключить в тюрьму
- Вызвать гневный протест
- Привести к принятию закона
- Получить строгий выговор
- Предстать перед судом
- Быть оправданным
- Быть приостановленным
- От имени народа/ монарха
Unit 5.
THE FOUNDATION OF BRITISH LAW:
THE PETITION OF RIGHT AND THE BILL OF RIGHTS.
The BILL OF RIGHTS.
The Bill of Rights (1689) is one of the basic instruments of the British constitution, the result of the long 17th— century struggle between the Stuart kings and the English people and Parliament. The Bill of Rights provided the foundation on which the government rested after the Revolution of 1688. The Revolution settlement made monarchy clearly conditional on the will of Parliament and provided a freedom from arbitrary government of which most Englishmen were notably proud during the 18th century.
The main purpose of the act was to declare illegal various practices of James II. Among such practices proscribed were the royal prerogative of dispensing with the law in serpentine cases, the complete suspension of laws without the consent of Parliament, and the levying of taxes and the maintenance of a standing army in peacetime without specific parliamentary authorization.
A number of clauses eliminated royal interference in parliamentary mattes, stressing that lections must be free and that members of parliament must have complete freedom of speech. The act also dealt with the proximate succession to the throne, provided the heirs were Protestants. It is the constitutional paper of great importance, which prevented the sovereign from abusing his authority.
Task1. The word « AUTHORITY» has the following meanings in Russian:
1)власть
Supreme authority- верховная власть
2)полномочие, право, права, компетенция
To act on smb.’s authority- действовать на основании полученных полномочий
3)pl. власти, начальство, администрация
Local authorities- местные власти; органы местного самоуправления
4)авторитет, вес, влияние
To have authority with smb. – пользоваться авторитетом у кого-либо
5)авторитет, крупный специалист
He is an authority on law- он является авторитетом в области права
6)авторитетный источник
To quote one’s authorities- ссылаться на авторитетные источники
Unit 7.
THE MADAME TUSSAUD.
Vocabulary:
Horror ужас
Waxwork восковая фигура
Rogues злой
Evil вредный
To stalk smb подкрадываться к кому- либо
Prey добыча
To mutilate калечить
Villain злодей
Guillotine гильотина
Gallows виселица
Garrote гаррота
Gruesome ужасный
Means of execution средство исполнения
Means of communication средство связи
Means of transport транспортные средства
Means of payment платежные средства
Means of employment средства обеспечения
Means of instruments орудие и средства производства
By all means любыми средствами
Bullet пуля
Acid кислота
To bequeath завещать
Bride невеста
Bridegroom жених
Notorious пользующийся дурной славой
Replica точная копия
To conceal скрывать
Contemporary современный
Cell камера
Row upon row бесконечный ряд
Sinister зловещий
Smirk самодовольная улыбка
Cruelty жестокость
Cunning хитрый
To give forth объявлять
Emanation излучение
Woe несчастье
Desolation горе
Madame Tussaud’s is the best known and most visited waxwork exhibition in the world. In the Chamber of Horrors which is a part of Madame Tussaud’s every exhibit deals with the subject it crime and punishment- it is a rogues gallery of dangerous and evil criminals.
In a dark, dank Victorian street, Jack the Ripper stalked his prey, the torn and twisted body of one of his victims, Catherine Eddowes, lies mutilated in a pool of blood. Jack the Ripper was never brought to justice but other were, villains and murderers who met their ends by guillotine, gallows or garrote.
Madame Tussaud first arrived in England in 1802 from Germany, where she was born in 1761. She brought with her gruesome souvenirs of the French Revolution, the instruments of death and death masks of their victims. The death masks of Louis 16 and Marie Antoinette are still on display next to the very guillotine blade that beheaded the French queen.
More recent means of execution include the firing squad and the electric chair American murderer Gary Gilmore is seen facing a hail of bullets. Bruno Hauptman electrocuted in New Jersry, USA in 1936 can be seen here too.
Acid- bath murderer John George Haigh who killed at least nine people and disposed of the bodies in an acid bath, stands in the clothes he wore before his execution. Many prisoners or their relatives bequeathed or sold the clothes or some items which belonged to the murderers to dress their portraits at Madame Tussaud.
And the “Brides in the Bath” George Joseph Smith Leans over a victim in the actual bathtub in which he drowned his well- insured brides. Notorious mass- murderer John Christie is at work in a replica of the tiny West London kitchen were he concealed the bodies of three of the seven women he killed.
Contemporary criminals in Britain no longer face the death penalty- instead they must spend years behind bars. The exhibition shows a bleak modern prison block with contemporary murderers which are standing before their cells.
Guy Thorne’s 1912 description of the murderers in the Chamber of Horrors is still true today: “Row upon row of faces which differ in very way one from another and yet are dreadfully alike. For these great sinister dolls, so unreal and so real, have all a likeness. The smirk of cruelty and cunning seems toile upon their waxen masks. Colder than life, far colder than death they will give forth emanations which will strike the heart with woe and desolation”.
Task1. Answer the following questions:
1) What is the names of the exhibition described?
2) How did Madam Tussaud start her career?
3) What are the crimes of:
Jack the Ripper,
Gary Gilmore
John George Heigh
John Christy?
4) Is the death penalty still in law in the UK ?
5)How are the contemporary Criminals shown at the exibinion?
Unit 9.
ТHE EUROPEAN LAW IN ТHE 19ТП CENTURY:
NAPOLEON’S СОDE
Napoleon’s Law
Тhе laws of much of continental Europe (particularly France), of Quebec in Canada, and of much of Latin America — along with the civil laws of Louisiana — owe their modern form largely to the work of а man who never even studied law. Napoleon Bonaparte, the Corsican soldier who became emperor of France after the French Revolution, established in 1800 five commissions to refine and organize the diverse legal systems of France. The result, enacted in 1804, was Napoleon’s Code.
Some of its original 2,281 articles were drafted bу Napoleon himself, and all were affected bу his thinking, even though he was completely self-taught in legal matters. The code was а triumphant attempt to create а legal system that treated all citizens as equals without regard to their rank or previous privileges. It was also so clearly written that it could bee read and understood by ordinary people at а time when on1y Latin scholars cou1d make sense of the earlier laws handed down since Roman times. The code was adopted intact in most of the areas of Europe that Napoleon dominated and spread from there across the At1antic, taking root particularly in French -speaking American communities. Many of its principles are still in force today.
Task 1. Find in the text the English equivalents for the following words and expressions:
1. вопросы права
2. изучать право
3. различные, несхожие правовые системы
4. создать правовую систему
5. император
6. гражданское право
7. первоначальный вариант статей
8. подвергаться влиянию чьих-либо идей
9. передавать (из поколения в поколение)
10. господствовать, властвовать
11. обращаться как с равными
12. разобраться в чем-то
13. приживаться, укореняться
14. быть в силе
15. без учета привилегий
Task 2. Answer the following questions:
1. What efforts did Napoleon make to reorganize the diverse 1ega1 systems of France?
2. Did Napoleon draw uр the whole code himse1f ?
3. What was so remarkable about Napoleon’s new code?
4. What were the benefits of Nаpoleon’s code for the ordinary people?
5. Which countries throughout the wor1d still use the e1ements of Napoleon’s code?
Task 3. Render the following text into English paying special attention to the words and expressions in bold type:
Одним из важнейших событий в истории мирового права ста ло принятие кодекса Наполеона. Специальная комиссия, состоя щая из крупнейших юристов, под руководством Наполеона в тече ние короткого времени усовершенствовала и привела в соответ ствие все действующие законы, постановления и местные обычаи Франции. В 1804 г. этот грандиозный свод законов, состоящий из 2281 статьи, был утвержден под названием Гражданского кодек са. Главное в этом кодексе то, что он утверждал равенство всех перед законом, свободу совести, неприкосновенность личности и соб ственности.
Task 4. Choose оnе оf the following topics and prepare а presentation:
1. The main points of Napoleon’s biography.
2. The great victories of Napoleon Bonaparte.
3. Оnе hundred days of Napoleon Bonaparte.
Unit 9.
ТHЕ ОRGANISАTIОN ОF POLICE FORСES
The British Poliсе.
Тhе British police officer is а well-known figure to anyone who has visited Britain or who has seen British firms. Policemen are to bе seen in towns and cities keeping law and order, either walking in pairs down the streets («walking the beat») or driving specially marked police ears. One known as ‘panda ears’ because of their distinctive markings, these are now often jokingly rеfеnеd to as ‘jam sandwiches’ because of the pink fluorescent stripe running horizontally around the bodywork. In the past, policemen were often known as ‘bobbies’ after Sir Robert Peel, the founder of the police force. Nowadays, common nicknames include ‘the cops’, ‘the fuzz’, ‘the pigs’, and ‘the Old Вill’ (particularly in London). Few people realize, however, that the police in Britain are organized very differently from тапу other countries.
Most countries, for example, hаvе а national police force which is controlled bу central Government. Britain has по national police force, although police policy is gaveled bу the central Government’s Ноmе Office. Instead, there is а separate police force for each of 52 areas into which the country is dividend .Eаch has а police authority — а committee of loyal countries and magistrates.
Тhе forces co-operate with eachЬ other, but it is иnиsиal for members of оnе force to operate in another’s area unless they are asked to give assistance. This sometimes happens when there has bееn а very serious crime. А Chief Constable (the most senior police officer of а force) mау sometimes ask for the assistance of London’s police force, based at New Scotland Yard — known simply as «the Yard».
In most countries the police carry guns. In Britain, however, this is extremely unusual. Policemen do not, as а rule, carry firearms in their day -to-day work, though certain specialist units are trained to do so and can bе called uроn to hеlр the regular police force in situations where firearms are involved, e.g. tеrrоrist incidents, armed robberies, etc. Тhе only policemen who routinely carry weapons are those assigned to guard politicians and diplomats, or special officers who patrol airports.
1n certain circumstances specially trained police officers can bе armed, but оnlу with the signed permission of а magistrate.
All members of the po1iee must hаvе gained а certain lеvеl of academic qualifications at school and undergone а period of intensive training. Like in the army, there are а number of ranks: after the Chief Constable comes the Assistant Chief Constable, Chief Superintendent, Chief 1nspeetor, Inspector, Sergeant and Constable. Women make uр about 1 О per cent of the police force. Тhе po1iee are helped bу а number of Special Constables — members of the public who work for the po1iee voluntarily for а few hours а week.
Еаch police force has its own Criminal 1nvestigation Department (СШ). Members of C1Ds are detectives, and they do not wear uniforms. Тhе other uniformed реорlе уоu see in British towns are traffic wardens. Their job is to make sure that drivers оbеу the parking regulations. Тhеу hаvе по other powers — it is the po1iee who are responsible for controlling offenses like speeding, careless driving and drunken driving.
Тhе duties of the po1iee are varied, ranging from assisting at accidents to safeguarding public order and dealing with lost property. Оnе of their main functions is, of course, apprehending criminals and would-be criminals.
Task1. Answer the following questions:
1. Who was the founder of the British police?
2. What does ‘walking the beat’ mеаn?
3. Why are British police ears called ‘jam-sandwich’ ears in colloquial speech?
4. Is there а single po1iee force, organized bу central government?
5. What is the major difference in po1iee organization between Britain and some other countries?
6. When do British police forces co-operate with cash other?
7. What is the пате of London’s police headquarters?
8. In what situations can policemen саrrу аrms?
9. What are the ranks of policemen?
10. What is the job of CID officers?
11. What are the duties of traffic wardens?
12. What is Scotland Yard and what does it do?
Task2. Read the text and fill in the gaps with the appropriate words aпd expressions from the previous text:
In Britain different areas hаvе different _______________. For instance, the Metropolitan police operate in London, but there are different police forces in the counties outside London.
Тhе top man in each police force is ______ . Не is appointed bу the local Watch Committee which is а__________ of the local government. Тhе Watch Committee сап dismiss him, too, if the central government agrees. Тhе Chief Constable appoints аll the _________ below him in his force. Things are slightly different in London. Тhе top man is known as the Metropolitan Роliсе Commissioner and his appointment is arranged through the central government.
British police are normally no_______.In special cases, when their work becomes dangerous, they can bе given __________however.
As is well known, the_________ of the British policeman is blue, with а tall helmet. These days, though, you can see а different uniform in the streets. This is the uniform with the yellow hatband worn __________ .Their job is simply to control traffic and___________.
Тhе most famous name connected with the British police is_______. It is the headquarters of the London police force. Besides dealing with local police matters, the London police also help аll over England and Wales with difficult crimes. Тhey do this at the request of the local police.
Task 3. Render the following text into English using the information and vocabulary froт the texts аbоvе:
В Великобритании существует 52 полицейских подразделения: 43 в Англии и Уэльсе, 8 в Шотландии и 1 в Северной Ирландии. Сто личная полиция и полиция лондонского Сити отвечают за охрану общественного порядка в Лондоне. Кроме того, специальное подраз деление транспортной полиции патрулирует железнодорожную сеть, а также метро Лондона.
Полицейские подразделения Англии и Уэльса подведомствен ны органам местной полиции. Столичная полиция находится в под чинении у Министра внутренних дел. Подразделения в областях воз главляют главные констебли. Они несут ответственность за свою работу перед центральными полицейскими органами, которые назна чают начальника полиции и его помощника. Комиссар Столичной полиции и его непосредственные подчиненные назначаются по ре комендации министра внутренних дел.
Task 4. Find in the text above the English equivalents for the following words and expressions:
• подозреваемый
• жертва
• вооруженное ограбление
• фоторобот
• денежное вознаграждение
• опознать преступника
• скрыться с места преступления
Task 5. Find in the text the description of the criminal and coтpose аn opposite оn е: e.g. «The suspect is described as black, very tall … » Use some оf the expressions given below:
FACE -long, round, оvаl, thin, plump, fleshy, puffy, wrinkled, pasty, pimpled, pock-marked, clean-shaven
FEATURES — clean-cиt, delicate, forceful, regular / irrеgulаr, large, small, stem
COMPLEXION — fair, pale, dark, sallow
HAIR-curly, wavy, straight, receding (scanty), rumpled, shoulder-length, medium-length, short-cиt, crew-cиt, bobbed, dyed, bald, fair /dark- haired
FOREHEAD — high, low, nаrrоw, square, broad
EYES — hollowed, bulging, close-set, deep-set, sunken, wide-apart, crossed-eyed
EYEBROWS — thin, thick, bushy, arched, penciled, shaggy
EARS — small, big, jиg-eared
NOSE — prominent, straight, pointed, hooked, flat, aquiline, snub-nosed
LIPS — full, thin, painted, cleft lip
ТЕЕТН — еvеn / uneven, sparse, artificial
CHEEKS — plump, hollow, ruddy, stubby
CHIN — square, pointed, double, massive, protruding
BEARD — full, bushy, spade beard, grey-bearded, heavy-bearded
MOUSTACНE — thin, thick, tooth-brush, walrus
HEIGHT — tall, short, of medium height
BUILT — average, medium built, well-built, plump, skinny
Unit 10.
POLICE ТEСHNIQUES.
Тhе UK Forensic Science Service.
The Forensic Science Service (FSS) serves the administration of justice in England and Wales bу providing scientific support in the investigation of crime, and bу giving evidence to courts. Its customers include the police, the Crown Prosecution Service, coroners and defense solicitors.
In February 1995 the UK government announced that the FSS would merge with the Metropolitan Police Forensic Science Laboratory to form а single agency serving аll police forces in England and Wales through seven regional operational laboratories.
Scientific expertise is available оп а case-by-case basis to law enforcement agencies and attorneys. Тhе Service provides assistance to home and overseas police forces in the investigation of many crimes, particularly fires where arson is suspected, cases involving DNA profiling and offences involving the use of firearms. Тhе scientists hаvе а wide range of experience in fire-scene examination, including fatal fires in domestic premises, large industrial fires and vehicle fires.
DNA profiling is а revolutionary scientific testing process which can positively identify an individual from а specimen of blood, semen, hair roots or tissue. Its application to crime specimens represents the greatest advance in forensic science in decades. Тhе vast potential of DNA profiling is recognized bу the police and the legal profession, and its use in criminal investigation has increased.
Тhe Forensic Science Service provides advice оп firearms and related matters and assistance in the investigation of shooting incidents. When presented with а suspect weapon, the expert is able to establish whether or not it was the weapon used in а crime. Experts are particularly adept in the microscopic examination of spent bullets and cartridge cases. Тhey hаvе access to а world-famous computer-based information systems relating to thousands of firearms.
Тhе Service offers training to overseas scientists which is of а general nature or is aimed at specific techniques such as DNA profiling or exanimation of firearms and documents. Training is provided оn note taking, searching, report writing and expert witness appearances in court. Contact is maintained with other institutions and universities in Britain and other countries.
Task1. Answer the following questions:
1. What functions does the Forensic Science Service exercise?
2. What are the FSS customers?
3. What assistance does the FSS provide to police forces in criminal investigation?
4. Why is DNA profiling а revolutionary testing process?
5. How does examination of firearms and related matters help investigate crime?
6. What does the course of scientists’ training consist or?
Task 2. Explain the meaning оf the following words and expressions and use them in sentences оf your own:
1. fatal fire in domestic premises
2. industrial fire
3. vehicle fire
4. fire-scene examination
5. Investigation of shooting incidents
6. Forensic science
7. оn а case-by-case basis
8. crime specimen
9. DNA profiling
10. Expert witness
Список использованной литературы:
1. Шевелева С.А. Английский для юристов: Учебное пособие для вузов.-М.: ЮНИТИ-ДАНА, 2001.-495 с.
2.The Best of Just English. Английский для юристов. Базовый курс. Гуманова Ю. Л./ Под редакцией Т. Н. Шишкиной.- М.: Зерцало,2004.-512с.
УМК по специальности «правоведение»
3. Oxford Students Dictionary./ A. S. Hornby. – М.: Просвещение ,2004 769 c 4.УМК по специальности «правоведение»
Интернет ресурсы:
- http://en.wikipedia.org – “Wikipedia”
- http://edu.rin.ru – “Наука и образование”
- http://translate.google.ru – “Google переводчик”
authority.ogg
ɔ:ʹθɒrıtı n
1. власть
supreme authority — верховная власть
the authority of Parliament — власть /полномочия/ парламента
a man set in authority — лицо, облечённое властью
to have to exercise authority — иметь осуществлять власть
who is in authority here? — кто здесь за главного?; кто здесь командует?
2. 1> полномочие; право, права; компетенция
to give to receive authority (for an act /to do smth./) — давать получать полномочия (на что-л.)
who gave you the authority to do this? — кто уполномочил вас сделать это?
to act with the authority of the law — действовать на основании закона
to act on smb.’s authority — действовать на основании полученных полномочий
to act on one’s own authority — действовать самостоятельно /по собственному почину, на свой страх и риск/
only the treasurer has the authority to make payments — только казначей имеет право совершать выплаты 2> документ, подтверждающий полномочия; доверенность; ордер; грамота и т. п.
here is my authority — вот документ, подтверждающий мои полномочия
3. 1> обыкн. pl власти, начальство; администрация
local authorities — местные власти; органы местного самоуправления
the municipal authorities — муниципальные власти
to apply to the authorities — обратиться к властям 2> воен. инстанция; начальник 3> (Authority) орган, управление; отдел
Port of London Authority — Управление Лондонского порта
National Command authority — Высшее национальное военное командование ( в США )
4. авторитет, вес, влияние
to have authority with smb. — пользоваться авторитетом у кого-л.
5. 1> авторитет, крупный специалист
he is an authority on phonetics — он является авторитетом в области фонетики 2> авторитетный источник ( книга, документ и т. п. )
to quote one’s authorities — ссылаться на авторитетные источники
to know smth. on good authority — знать что-л. из достоверного источника
6. основание
what is your authority for that statement? — какое вы имеете основание для подобного утверждения?
on the authority of papers — по сообщениям газет
7. вес, убедительность; сила
his strong bass lent authority to the performance — его мощный бас сделал исполнение особенно впечатляющим
Англо-Русско-Английский словарь общей лексики, сборник из лучших словарей.
English-Russian-English dictionary of general lexis, the collection of the best dictionaries.
2012
1. власть
supreme authority — верховная власть
the authority of Parliament — власть /полномочия/ парламента
a man set in authority — лицо, облечённое властью
to have [to exercise] authority — иметь [осуществлять] власть
who is in authority here? — кто здесь за главного?; кто здесь командует?
2. 1) полномочие; право, права; компетенция
to give [to receive] authority (for an act /to do smth./) — давать [получать] полномочия (на что-л.)
who gave you the authority to do this? — кто уполномочил вас сделать это?
to act with the authority of the law — действовать на основании закона
to act on smb.’s authority — действовать на основании полученных полномочий
to act on one’s own authority — действовать самостоятельно /по собственному почину, на свой страх и риск/
only the treasurer has the authority to make payments — только казначей имеет право совершать выплаты
2) документ, подтверждающий полномочия; доверенность; ордер; грамота
here is my authority — вот документ, подтверждающий мои полномочия
3. 1)
pl власти, начальство; администрация
local authorities — местные власти; органы местного самоуправления
the municipal authorities — муниципальные власти
to apply to the authorities — обратиться к властям
3) (Authority) орган, управление; отдел
Port of London Authority — Управление Лондонского порта
National Command authority — Высшее национальное военное командование ()
4. авторитет, вес, влияние
to have authority with smb. — пользоваться авторитетом у кого-л.
5. 1) авторитет, крупный специалист
he is an authority on phonetics — он является авторитетом в области фонетики
2) авторитетный источник ()
to quote one’s authorities — ссылаться на авторитетные источники
to know smth. on good authority — знать что-л. из достоверного источника
6. основание
what is your authority for that statement? — какое вы имеете основание для подобного утверждения?
on the authority of papers — по сообщениям газет
7. вес, убедительность; сила
his strong bass lent authority to the performance — его мощный бас сделал исполнение особенно впечатляющим
Новый большой англо-русский словарь.
2001.
These examples may contain rude words based on your search.
These examples may contain colloquial words based on your search.
Suggestions
Those exercising organic authority never demand obedience to themselves.
В сравнении с этим те, кто проявляет органическую власть, никогда не требуют послушания себе.
Moreover, delegation of authority should follow clear lines of authority and stress managerial responsibility and accountability.
Кроме того, делегирование полномочий должно в точности соответствовать существу этих полномочий и делать упор на ответственность и подотчетность управленческого звена.
Bargaining agents established their authority to represent their employee or employer client and that authority was recognized by the other party.
Участвующие в переговорах представители устанавливают свои полномочия представлять работников или работодателей, и эти полномочия признаются другой стороной.
2The supervisory authority which informed the lead supervisory authority may submit to the lead supervisory authority a draft for a decision.
Надзорный орган, который проинформировал ведущий надзорный орган, может представить руководству надзорного органа проект решения.
They want authority, and a lot of authority was transferred to them. However, they ignore the responsibilities that come with authority.
Они хотят полномочий, и им уже были переданы широкие полномочия, однако они пренебрегают обязанностями, связанными с этими полномочиями.
Across the globe, awakening people are embracing the shift from reliance on external authority to individual spiritual authority.
По всему миру пробуждающиеся люди начинают переходить от зависимости от внешней власти к индивидуальной духовной власти.
People will often attempt to use a higher authority, even a divine authority, to justify their beliefs.
Люди часто будут пытаться использовать понятие высшей власти, даже власти божественной, чтобы оправдать свои убеждения.
No morality can be founded on authority, even if the authority were divine.
Никакая мораль не может быть основана на власти, даже если это власть божественная.
It therefore exercises external disciplinary authority over government institutions, independently of the internal disciplinary authority of each institution.
Поэтому она осуществляет внешние дисциплинарные полномочия в отношении правительственных институтов независимо от внутридисциплинарных полномочий каждого отдельного института.
A draft instrument of financial delegation of authority (what authority is delegated to whom) should be completed in 1999.
Проект документа о передаче финансовых полномочий (кто и какими полномочиями наделяется) должен быть завершен в 1999 году.
If necessary, the level of authority can be reduced or the authority withdrawn altogether.
В случае необходимости круг полномочий может быть сокращен или же полномочия могут быть полностью аннулированы.
As for resisting authority, which authority was meant?
Когда речь идет об оказании сопротивления представителям каких-либо властей, то какие власти имеются в виду?
Where a request is not drawn up by a judicial authority it shall be accompanied by the decision of that authority authorising it.
В том случае, когда запрос составлен не судебным органом, он сопровождается решением органа, уполномочивающего его направление.
The patriarch castigated authority power people bathing in luxury and impunity and abusing authority.
Патриарх бичевал власть предержащих людей, купающихся в богатстве и безнаказанности, и злоупотребляющих властью.
The competition authority submitted this study and its findings to the health authority, which then took action.
Орган, ведающий вопросами конкуренции, представил это исследование и его выводы органу системы здравоохранения, который затем принял соответствующие меры.
The anonymous authority should realize necessity of voluntary transition to open, public authority.
Анонимная власть должна осознать необходимость добровольного перехода к открытой, публичной власти.
The detaining authority shall produce without unreasonable delay the detained person before the reviewing authority.
Власти, осуществляющие задержание, должны без неоправданных задержек представить задержанное лицо органу, рассматривающему его дело.
Delegating authority eliminates the need for a number of administrators with broad administrative authority.
Делегирование полномочий исключает потребность в большом количестве администраторов с широкими полномочиями.
The struggle against authority will be violent, because authority itself is violent and the inevitable repression is an escalation of that violence.
Борьба с властью будет насильственной, поскольку власть сама имеет насильственный характер и неизбежные репрессии являются эскалацией этого насилия.
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 authority ɔ:ˈθɔrɪtɪ
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