The word america means the name of the country and the name of the two

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Цели урока:

Обучающая: научить связному
монологическому высказыванию по теме “Открытие
Америки” с опорой на текст.

Развивающая: развить коммуникативные
навыки и навыки письменной речи по теме.

Воспитательная: сформировать у учащихся
познавательный интерес и уважение к истории
Америки – одной из стран изучаемого языка;
расширить кругозор учащихся.

Задачи урока:

1. Тренировать учащихся в чтении текста с полным
   пониманием прочитанного.
2. Учить учащихся работать с текстом, выполняя
   различные лексико – грамматические упражнения.
3. Учить учащихся логическому построению устных
   высказываний на английском языке по теме.
4. Развивать навыки аудирования, говорения,
   письма.

Ход урока

I. Организационный момент.

Приветствие, целевая установка, беседа с
классом.

II. Вступление.

Звучит музыка, на фоне которой читается
учителем стихотворение.

America.

America, America – a beauty of the world –
Mysterious and strong, and praised in different songs!
What can I tell about you? What can I do for you?
America, America – my love, my dream, my fate….

(Лазарева А.В.)

III. Основной этап.

1. Повторение лексики по теме: Listen to me
and repeat after me.

Continent, journey, planet, Christopher Columbus, to discover, discovery, queen,
voyage, colony, to reach, discoverer, to sail, seaman, Central America, Mayflower, Italy,
round, kilometers, the New World, India, territory, to decide, land, to start, to form,
Spain, country, west, to be sure.

1. Фонетическая отработка лексического материала (хором,
   индивидуально, фронтально).
2. Перевод с английского на русский и с русского на
   английский язык (фронтально).

2. Закрепление лексики по теме:

1. Игра “Магический квадрат” – Find 38 words connected
with the topic “Discovery of America”.

2. Игра “Найди пары” – Match the words in these columns.

3. Контроль усвоения лексического
материала.

1. Кроссворд (самостоятельно, индивидуально) – Guess
the crossword.

По горизонтали:

1) Открыватель;
2) Достигать;
3) Моряк;
4) Континент;
5) Название страны;
6) Путешествие;
7) Название страны;
Название страны;
9) Новый мир;
10) Формировать.

По вертикали:

1. Территория;
2. Начинать;
3. Колония;
4. Название корабля;
5. Плавать под парусом;
6. Фамилия открывателя;
7. Название страны;
8. Моряк;
9. Путешествие (морем, рекой);
10. Король;
11. Королева;
12. Решить что-то сделать;
13. Запад;
14. Планета;
15. Круглый;
16. Земля, высадиться;
17. Новый;
18. Центральный(-ая).

4. Чтение и перевод текста (по
цепочке). Read the text and translate it into Russian

The discovery of America.

In our days everybody knows what the “America” means. First of all it is the name
of the country – the United States of America – or just America. And then America is
the name of the two continents – North America and South America. These two continents,
North and South America, form the part of the world called America.

Christopher Columbus discovered America in 1492.

“In fourteen hundred and ninety – two Columbus sailed the ocean blue…”

This is a song that many children learn about Christopher Columbus and his journey to
America.

We don’t know much about the man. He was born in Italy but lived in Spain for a ling
time. He was a seaman and made many sea voyages. In 1492 the King and Queen of Spain gave
him money to go to India. He decided to sail west as he was sure that our planet was
round. And after sailing 4000 miles (6400 kilometres), he reached some land. Columbus
thought that it must be India but it was not. It was a new land – a new continent. It
was America – Central America in fact. People began to speak about the land as “the
New World”.

5. Работа с текстом.

1. Ответы на вопросы (устно, фронтально) –
Answer the questions

1. Who discovered America?
2. What does the word “America” mean?
3. What does the part of the world called America mean?
4. When does Christopher Columbus discover America?
5. Who made a journey to America?
6. Where was Columbus born?
7. Where did he live?
8. How long did Christopher live in Spain?
9. What was Columbus?
10. What did he make?
11. Why did the King and the Queen of Spain give him money?
12. When did he happen?
13. Why did Columbus decide to sail west?
14. How many miles did he sail before he reached some land?
15. It was India isn’t it?
16. It was not a new continent was it?
17. Was it Central or North America?
18. What did people call this new land?
19. This discovery was very important, was not it?

2. Работа по карточкам: (письменно,
самостоятельно, индивидуально)

Make up sentences of the given words.

1. America, 1492, Christopher, discovered, Columbus, in.
2. born, he, Italy, was, in, for a long time, but, Spain, lived, in.
3. was, made, sea, he, a seaman, voyages, and, many
4. west, to, he, sail, decided, that, was, as, he, our, sure, round, planet, was.
5. land, reached, some, he, Central America, was, it.

3. Say true, false, or don’t know? (устно по цепочке )

1. The word America means the name of the country and the name of the two continents.
2. Christopher Columbus discovered the new continent America.
3. Christopher Columbus discovered the new continent in 1492.
4. Nobody remembers Columbus’s voyage.
5. People know everything about this famous discoverer.
6. Columbus was born in Spain.
7. Columbus lived all his life in Italy.
8. “The New World” was the name of the new land.

4. Test – Choose the right item.

1. Christopher Columbus discovered …. in ….

a. Africa, 1842;
b. America, 1249;
c. India, 1492;
d. America, 1492.

2. He was born in ….

a. Spain;
b. India;
c. America;
d. Italy.

3. He was a ….

a. seaman;
b. sailor;
c. writer;
d. pirate.

4. He lived in….

a. Italy;
b. Spain;
c. India;
d. America.

5. Columbus made many ….

a. discoveries;
b. voyages.

6. The King and the queen of Spain gave him money to…

a. go to America;
b. go to Italy;
c. to find a treasure;
d. to go to India.

7. He decided to go to …

a. north;
b. west;
c. south;
d. east.

8. Columbus was sure that…

a. our planet was round;
b. our planet was not round;
c. our planet was in danger;
d. our planet was fragile.

9. He reached some …

a. land;
b. island;
c. India;
d. North America.

10. It was a new …

a. town;
b. village;
c. continent;
d. island.

11. It was …..America.

a. South;
b. Central;
c. North;
d. West.

12. People began to speak about the land as “the New….

a. continent;
b. land;
c. country;
d. World.

5. Agree or disagree.

1. South America is an island.
2. Christopher Columbus discjvered Africa in 1492.
3. The USA is a large country in North America.
4. Sailors never travel by plane.
5. Christopher Columbus reached Central America in 1992.
6. The King and the Queen of Spain gave Christopher Columbus money to go to India.
7. When Christopher Columbus began his sea voyage he sailed west.

6. Подготовка к пересказу текста:

1. Работа по карточкам: Игра “Найди пары” Match
the words in these columns

2. Аудирование (учащиеся дважды
прослушивают текст с CD диска).

Дополните предложения (устно, фронтально) –
Complete these sentences.

1. America is the name of …. – North America and South America.
2. This two countries form … called America.
3. Christopher Columbus … America in 1492.
4. He was… in Italy, but lived in … for a long time.
5. He was a … and made many sea ….
6. He … to sail west.
7. Our planet … round.
8. He … some land.
9. It was … land, a new ….
10. It was America — … America in fact.

3. Работа по карточкам : игра “Закончи
предложения” – Complete the sentences .

1. The word “America” means….
2. It is the name of….
3. These two continent form…
4. Christopher Columbus discovered …
5. We don’t know much about …
6. He was born in …
7. He lived in …
8. He was …
9. He made money …
10. In 1492 he got money to ….
11. He decided to…
12. He was sure that…
13. He reached …
14. Columbus thought that it must be…
15. It was a new land – …

4. “Пронумеруй предложения” (письменно,
самостоятельно, индивидуально)

Put the words in the right order to make sentences.

1. He was sure that our planet was round.
2. It was America – Central America in fact.
3. Columbus discovered America in 1492.
4. He was a seaman and made many sea voyages.
5. America is the name of the two continents – North America and South America.
6. It was a new land – anew continent.
7. The word America means the name of the country.
8. He was born in Italy but lived in Spain for a long time.
9. After sailing 4000miles, he reached some land.
10. He decided to sail west.
11. Columbus thought that it must be India but it was not.
12. The King and the Queen of Spain gave him money to go to India.

7. Пересказ текста.

IV. Заключительный этап урока.

Звучит музыка, на фоне которой читается
учителем стихотворение. Подведение итогов урока,
выставление и комментирование оценок,
комментарий и запись домашнего задания (разно-уровневого):

A: пересказ текста; B :C: написать свою историю о
Кристофоре Колумбе.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The naming of the Americas, or America, occurred shortly after Christopher Columbus’s first voyage to the Americas in 1492. It is generally accepted that the name derives from Amerigo Vespucci, the Italian explorer, who explored the new continents in the following years on behalf of Spain and Portugal. However, some have suggested other explanations, including being named after the Amerrisque mountain range in Nicaragua, or after Richard Amerike, a merchant from Bristol, England.

Usage[edit]

In modern English, North and South America are generally considered separate continents, and taken together are called the Americas in the plural, parallel to similar situations such as the Carolinas and the Dakotas. When conceived as a unitary continent, the form is generally the continent of America in the singular. However, without a clarifying context, singular America in English commonly refers to the United States of America.^[1]

Historically, in the English-speaking world, the term America used to refer to a single continent until the 1950s (as in Van Loon’s Geography of 1937): According to historians Kären Wigen and Martin W. Lewis,^[2]

While it might seem surprising to find North and South America still joined into a single continent in a book published in the United States in 1937, such a notion remained fairly common until World War II. It cannot be coincidental that this idea served American geopolitical designs at the time, which sought both Western Hemispheric domination and disengagement from the «Old World» continents of Europe, Asia, and Africa. By the 1950s, however, virtually all American geographers had come to insist that the visually distinct landmasses of North and South America deserved separate designations.

This shift did not seem to happen in most other cultural hemispheres on Earth, such as Romance-speaking (including France, Belgium, Luxembourg, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Romania, Switzerland, and the postcolonial Romance-speaking countries of Latin America and Africa), Germanic (but excluding English) speaking (including Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Belgium, The Netherlands, Luxembourg, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Iceland, and the Faroe Islands), Baltic-Slavic languages (including Czechia, Slovakia, Poland, Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania, Latvia, Russia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, Bulgaria) and elsewhere, where America is still considered a continent encompassing the North America and South America subcontinents,^[3][4] as well as Central America.^{[5][6][7][8][9][10]}

Earliest use of name[edit]

The earliest known use of the name America dates to April 25, 1507, when it was applied to what is now known as South America.^[11] It appears on a small globe map with twelve time zones, together with the largest wall map made to date, both created by the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller in Saint-Dié-des-Vosges in France.^[12] These were the first maps to show the Americas as a land mass separate from Asia. An accompanying book, Cosmographiae Introductio, anonymous but apparently written by Waldseemüller’s collaborator Matthias Ringmann,^[13] states, «I do not see what right any one would have to object to calling this part [that is, the South American mainland], after Americus who discovered it and who is a man of intelligence, Amerigen, that is, the Land of Americus, or America: since both Europa and Asia got their names from women». America is also inscribed on the Paris Green Globe (or Globe vert) which has been attributed to Waldseemüller and dated to 1506–07: as well as the single name inscribed on the northern and southern parts of the New World, the continent also bears the inscription: America ab inuentore nuncupata (America, named after its discoverer).^[14]

Mercator on his map called North America «America or New India» (America sive India Nova).^[15]

Amerigo Vespucci[edit]

Americus Vesputius was the Latinized version of the Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci’s name, the forename being an old Italianization (compare modern Italian Enrico) of Medieval Latin Emericus (see Saint Emeric of Hungary), from the Old High German name Emmerich, which may have been a merger of several Germanic names – Amalric, Ermanaric and Old High German Haimirich, from Proto-Germanic *amala- (‘vigor, bravery’), *ermuna- (‘great; whole’) or *haima- (‘home’) + *rīk- (‘ruler’) (compare *Haimarīks).^{[16][better source needed]}

Amerigo Vespucci (March 9, 1454 – February 22, 1512) was an Italian explorer, financier, navigator and cartographer who may have been the first to assert that the West Indies and corresponding mainland were not part of Asia’s eastern outskirts as initially conjectured from Columbus’s voyages, but instead constituted an entirely separate landmass hitherto unknown to the Europeans.^[17][18]

Vespucci was apparently unaware of the use of his name to refer to the new landmass, as Waldseemüller’s maps did not reach Spain until a few years after his death.^[13] Ringmann may have been misled into crediting Vespucci by the widely published Soderini Letter, a sensationalized version of one of Vespucci’s actual letters reporting on the mapping of the South American coast, which glamorized his discoveries and implied that he had recognized that South America was a continent separate from Asia.^[19] Spain officially refused to accept the name America for two centuries, saying that Columbus should get credit, and Waldseemüller’s later maps, after Ringmann’s death, did not include it; in 1513 he labelled it «Terra Incognita» with a note about Columbus’s discovery of the land.^[20]

Following Waldseemüller, the Swiss scholar Heinrich Glarean included the name America in a 1528 work of geography published in Basel. There, four years later, the German scholar Simon Grinaeus published a map, which Hans Holbein and Sebastian Münster (who had made sketches of Waldseemüller’s 1507 map) contributed to; this labelled the continent America Terra Nova (America, the New Land). In 1534, Joachim von Watt labelled it simply America.^[20] Gerardus Mercator applied the names North and South America on his influential 1538 world map; by this point, the naming was irrevocable.^[20] Acceptance may have been aided by the «natural poetic counterpart» that the name America made with Asia, Africa, and Europa.^[13]

Named after a Nicaraguan mountain range[edit]

In 1874, Thomas Belt published the indigenous name of the Amerrisque Mountains in present-day Nicaragua.^[21] The next year, Jules Marcou suggested a derivation of the continent’s name from this mountain range.^[22] Marcou corresponded with Augustus Le Plongeon, who wrote: «The name AMERICA or AMERRIQUE in the Mayan language means, a country of perpetually strong wind, or the Land of the Wind, and … the [suffixes] can mean … a spirit that breathes, life itself.»^[23]

In this view, native speakers shared this indigenous word with Columbus and members of his crew, and Columbus made landfall in the vicinity of these mountains on his fourth voyage.^[22][23] The name America then spread via oral means throughout Europe relatively quickly even reaching Waldseemüller, who was preparing a map of newly reported lands for publication in 1507.^[23] Waldseemüller’s work in the area of denomination takes on a different aspect in this view. Jonathan Cohen of Stony Brook University writes:

The baptismal passage in the Cosmographiae Introductio has commonly been read as argument, in which the author said that he was naming the newly discovered continent in honor of Vespucci and saw no reason for objections. But, as etymologist Joy Rea has suggested, it could also be read as an explanation, in which he indicates that he has heard the New World was called America, and the only explanation lay in Vespucci’s name.^[23]

Among the reasons which proponents give in adopting this theory include the recognition of, in Cohen’s words, «the simple fact that place names usually originate informally in the spoken word and first circulate that way, not in the printed word».^[23][24] In addition, Waldseemüller not only is exonerated from the charge of having arrogated to himself the privilege of naming lands, which privilege was reserved to monarchs and explorers, but also is freed from the charge of violating the long-established and virtually inviolable ancient European tradition of using only the first name of royal individuals as opposed to the last name of commoners (such as Vespucci) in bestowing names to lands.^[22]

Richard Amerike[edit]

Bristol antiquarian Alfred Hudd suggested in 1908 that the name was derived from the surname «Amerike» or «ap Meryk» and was used on early British maps that have since been lost. Richard ap Meryk, anglicised to Richard Amerike (or Ameryk) (c. 1445–1503) was a wealthy Anglo-Welsh merchant, royal customs officer and sheriff of Bristol.^[25] According to some historians, he was the principal owner of the Matthew, the ship sailed by John Cabot during his voyage of exploration to North America in 1497.^[25] The idea that Richard Amerike was a ‘principal supporter’ of Cabot has gained popular currency in the 21st century.^[25] There is no known evidence to support this.^{[citation needed]} Similarly, and contrary to a recent tradition that names Amerike as principal owner and main funder of the Matthew, Cabot’s ship of 1497,^[25] academic enquiry does not connect Amerike with the ship. Her ownership at that date remains uncertain.^[26] Macdonald asserts that the caravel was specifically built for the Atlantic crossing.^[27]

Hudd proposed his theory in a paper which was read at the 21 May 1908 meeting of the Clifton Antiquarian Club, and which appeared in Volume 7 of the club’s Proceedings. In «Richard Ameryk and the name America,» Hudd discussed the 1497 discovery of North America by John Cabot, an Italian who had sailed on behalf of England. Upon his return to England after his first (1497) and second (1498–1499) voyages, Cabot received two pension payments from Henry VII. Of the two customs officials at the Port of Bristol who were responsible for delivering the money to Cabot, the more senior was Richard Ameryk (High Sheriff of Bristol in 1503).^[23][28] Hudd postulated that Cabot named the land that he had discovered after Ameryk, from whom he received the pension conferred by the king.^[29] He stated that Cabot had a reputation for being free with gifts to his friends, such that his expression of gratitude to the official would not be unexpected. Hudd also thought it unlikely that America would have been named after Vespucci’s given name rather than his family name. Hudd used a quote from a late 15th-century manuscript (a calendar of Bristol events), the original of which had been lost in an 1860 Bristol fire, that indicated the name America was already known in Bristol in 1497.^[23][30]

This year (1497), on St. John the Baptist’s day (June 24th), the land of America was found by the merchants of Bristow, in a ship of Bristowe called the ‘Mathew,’ the which said ship departed from the port of Bristowe the 2nd of May and came home again the 6th August following.^[30]

Hudd reasoned that the scholars of the 1507 Cosmographiae Introductio, unfamiliar with Richard Ameryk, assumed that the name America, which he claimed had been in use for ten years, was based on Amerigo Vespucci and, therefore, mistakenly transferred the honour from Ameryk to Vespucci.^[23][30] While Hudd’s speculation has found support from some authors, there is no strong evidence to substantiate his theory that Cabot named America after Richard Ameryk.^[23][25][31]

Moreover, because Amerike’s coat of arms was similar to the flag later adopted by the independent United States, a legend grew that the North American continent had been named for him rather than for Amerigo Vespucci.^[25] It is not widely accepted — the origin is usually attributed to the flag of the British East India Company.

Native naming of the continent[edit]

In 1977, the World Council of Indigenous Peoples (Consejo Mundial de Pueblos Indígenas) proposed using the term Abya Yala instead of «America» when referring to the continent. There are also names in other indigenous languages such as Ixachitlan and Runa Pacha. Some scholars have adopted the term as an objection to colonialism.^[32]

References[edit]

Bibliography[edit]

• The Columbus Myth: Did Men of Bristol Reach America before Columbus? Ian Wilson (1974; reprint 1991: ISBN 0-671-71167-9)
• Terra Incognita: The True Story of How America Got Its Name, Rodney Broome (US 2001: ISBN 0-944638-22-8)
• Amerike: The Briton America Is Named After, Rodney Broome (UK 2002: ISBN 0-7509-2909-X)

External links[edit]

• «The man who inspired America?», BBC Features, 29 April 2002
• Jonathan Cohen, «It’s All in a Name», Bristol Times
• «Bristol Voyages», Heritage
• «Correcting One of History’s Mistakes…Maybe», Peninsula Pulse, 12 September 2013