The word according to the one theory comes from a latin word meaning little mouse

Text A Types of Muscles

1. The word «muscle», according to one theory, comes from a Latin word that means «little mouse»: that is, when a man’s muscles are contracting they look as if a little mouse runs about under his skin. According to another theory the word «muscle» comes from a Greek expression that means «to enclose», that is, layers of muscles enclose the body. We know that the muscles constitute approximately 50 per cent of the total body weight, slightly more in the average male than the female. Tendons, fasciae and the various organs themselves depend on the muscular system and the function of muscle cells.

2. There are three main types of muscular tissue that we identify and classify on the basis of structure and functions:

1) smooth or visceral muscle,

2) striated or skeletal muscle,

3) cardiac muscle.

3. Smooth muscles can contract slowly. They make up the walls of the internal organs such as those of the blood vessels, and the digestive tract. Since we identify the internal organs as viscera, we sometimes call smooth muscles visceral muscles. The visceral muscles react relatively slowly to changes within the body and do so without the intervention of the will.

The walls of the blood vessels are contracting or expanding when they respond to certain chemicals in the blood or in response to the effect of temperature but we cannot deliberately cause them to lift our arm or open our mouth. For this reason, we may call them involuntary muscles. Smooth muscle tissue consists of long cells. Smooth muscle fibres are bound (связаны) into bundles by connective tissue which contain blood vessels and nerves.

4. Striated muscle tissue consists of large fibres in the form of bundles. Striated muscles are most necessary for manipulation of the bones of the skeleton. Those are the muscles necessary for walking, running, turning the head and so on. That’s why we sometimes call them skeletal muscles. This type of muscle tissue includes the large muscle masses of the body, the muscles of the arms, legs, back etc.1 It includes all those muscles which must react quickly to changes in the environment, i.e.2 those that become active through an effort of will. For this reason, we call striated muscles voluntary muscles.

5. Cardiac (heart) muscle is, in a sense, a cross between the previous two. A characteristic feature of cardiac muscle is that fibres have neither a beginning nor an end. In other words, the heart is simply a huge net of muscles in which all elements are continuous with each other. Cardiac muscles («heart» — Greek) have the strength and force of contraction of the skeletal muscle. Cardiac muscle is under complete involuntary control. In that, it resembles visceral muscle.

Текст A типы мышц1. «мышцы», согласно одной теории, слово происходит от латинского слова, которое означает «маленький мышь»: то есть, когда человек мышцы являются Договаривающимися они выглядят, как будто маленькая мышь работает о под его кожей. По другой теории слово «мышц» происходит от греческого выражение, которое означает «приложить», то есть слои мышц окружить тело. Мы знаем, что мышцы составляют примерно 50% веса всего тела, чуть больше в среднем мужчина, чем женщина. Сухожилия, фасции и различные органы, сами зависят от функции мышечных клеток и мышечной системы.2. Существует три основных типа мышечной ткани, что мы определить и классифицировать на основе структуры и функций:1) гладкая или висцеральные мышцы,2) полосатый или скелетных мышц,3) сердечной мышцы.3. гладкие мышцы могли сокращаться медленно. Они составляют стен внутренних органов, кровеносных сосудов и пищеварительного тракта. Поскольку мы определить внутренние органы как внутренние органы, мы иногда называем висцеральные мышцы гладких мышц. Висцеральные мышцы реагируют сравнительно медленно изменения в теле и сделать это без вмешательства воли.Стенки кровеносных сосудов Договаривающимися или расширение когда они реагируют на определенных химических веществ в крови или в ответ на воздействие температуры, но мы намеренно не может вызвать их поднять наши руки или открыть рот. По этой причине мы можем называть их недобровольного мышц. Гладкая мышечная ткань состоит из клеток длиной. Гладкомышечные волокна связаны (связаны) в пучки соединительной ткани, которые содержат кровеносные сосуды и нервы.4. поперечно-полосатых мышечных тканей состоит из крупных волокон в виде пучков. Поперечно-полосатых мышц, наиболее необходимые для манипуляции костей скелета. Таковы мышцы, необходимые для прогулки, бег, поворачивая голову и так далее. Вот почему мы иногда называем их скелетных мышц. Этот вид мышечной ткани включает в себя большой мышечной массы тела, мышцы рук, ног, спины etc.1 он включает в себя все те мышцы, которые должны быстро реагировать на изменения в окружающей среде, i.e.2 те, которые становятся активными усилиями воли. По этой причине мы называем мышцы добровольного поперечно-полосатых мышц.5. миокарда (сердца) является, в некотором смысле, нечто среднее между двух предыдущих. Характерной особенностью сердечной мышцы является, что волокна имеют ни начала, ни конца. Другими словами сердце это просто огромная сеть мышц, в которых все элементы непрерывны друг с другом. Сердечной мышцы («сердце» — греческий) есть мощь и сила сокращения скелетных мышц. Сердечная мышца находится под полным контролем недобровольной. В том, что она напоминает висцеральные мышцы.

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Типы Текст A мышц 1. Слово «мышцы», согласно одной из версий, происходит от латинского слова, которое означает «мышонок»: то есть, когда мышцы человека заражаются они выглядят так, как будто мышка бегает под кожей. Согласно другой теории слово «мышца» происходит от греческого выражения, что означает «вложить», то есть, слои мышц вложить тело. Известно, что мышцы составляют примерно 50 процентов от общей массы тела, немного больше в средней мужчин, чем женщины. Сухожилия, фасции и сами различные органы зависят от мышечной системы и функции мышечных клеток. 2. Есть три основных типа мышечной ткани, что мы идентифицировать и классифицировать на основе структуры и функций: 1) гладкая или висцеральный мышц, 2) поперечно-полосатой или скелетные мышцы, . 3) сердечная мышца 3. Гладкие мышцы могут сокращаться медленно. Они составляют стены внутренних органов, таких, как те, из кровеносных сосудов, и желудочно-кишечного тракта. Так мы определяем внутренние органы, как внутренних органов, мы иногда называем гладких мышц висцеральные мышцы. Висцеральной мышцы реагируют сравнительно медленно, чтобы изменения в организме и сделать это без вмешательства воли. Стенки кровеносных сосудов сжимаются или расширения, когда они реагируют на определенные химические вещества в крови или в ответ на влияние температуры, но мы не может сознательно вызвать их, чтобы поднять нашу руку или открываем рот. По этой причине, мы можем назвать их непроизвольные мышцы. Гладкая мышечная ткань состоит из длинных клеток. Гладкие мышечные волокна связаны (связаны) в пучки соединительной тканью, которая содержит кровеносные сосуды и нервы. 4. Поперечно-полосатых мышц ткань состоит из крупных волокон в виде пучков. Поперечно-полосатых мышц являются наиболее необходимыми для манипуляции костей скелета. Те мышцы, необходимые для ходьбы, бега, поворот головы и так далее. Вот почему мы иногда называем их скелетные мышцы. Этот тип мышечной ткани включает в себя большие мышечные массы тела, мышцы рук, ног, спины т.п.1 Она включает в себя все те мышцы, которые должны быстро реагировать на изменения в окружающей среде, IE2 те, которые становятся активными через усилием будет. По этой причине, мы называем поперечно-полосатых мышц мускулатуры. 5. Сердечная (сердце) мышцы, в некотором смысле, нечто среднее между двумя предыдущими. Характерной особенностью сердечной мышцы является то, что волокна имеют ни начала, ни конца. Другими словами, сердце просто огромный вычетом мышц, в котором все элементы непрерывных друг с другом. Сердечные мышцы («сердце» — греческий) имеют силу и силу сокращения скелетной мышцы. Сердечная мышца находится под полным непроизвольного контроля. В том, что она напоминает висцерального мышцы.

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active – активный

part – часть

motor apparatus – двигательный аппарат

various – различный

movement – движение

elongated – удлиненный

threadlike – нитевидный

to be bound – быть связанным

some – некоторый

degree – степень

this – этот

ability – возможность

capable – способность

scientist – ученый

basic – основной

experimental – экспериментальный

work – работа

Запомните застывшие словосочетания.

In the morning. In the evening to come home.

In the afternoon. At night to leave home for work (school).

To go to bed. to go to school at half past five.

To go to work, to go home at a quarter past five.

Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.

1. My… friend has to get up early in… morn ing because he goes to… school.

2. That’s why he usually goes to… bed early in… evening.

3… weather was very bad in… morning yesterday.

4… sky was grey and it was raining.

5. But in… middle of… day… weather began to change.

6… rain stopped and… sun appeared from behind… clouds.

7. In… afternoon it was very warm.

8. I did not want to stay at… home and went into… yard.

9. There were… boys and… girls in… yard.

10. We played in… yard till late in… evening.

11. When I came… home, I drank… tea, ate… sandwich and went to… bed at once.

12. I slept very well at… night.

13. My brother is… pupil. He goes to… school. He goes to… school in… morning. He has five or six… lessons every day. In…

afternoon he goes home. At… home he does his… homework.

14. In… evening he reads… books. He usually goes to… bed at… half past ten. At… night he sleeps.

15. My father goes to… work in… morning and comes… home in… evening.

16. I get up at… half past seven in… morning and go to… bed at… quater to eleven in… evening.

17. When does your mother leave… home for… work?

18. She leaves… home for… work at… quarter past eight.

19. When do you leave… home for… school?

20. I leave… home for… school at… half past… eight.

Answer the questions.

1. What are the muscles?

2. What contraction produces various movements?

3. What may the muscles be divided from?

4. What does the nervous system control?

5. What does the muscular tissue consist of?

6. How many varieties of muscle fibres are there?

7. How many per cents does muscle tissue comprise?

8. For how many groups are all the muscles traditionally divided?

9. How sometimes are muscles called?

10. What does connective tissue connect?

Make the sentences of your own using the new words (10 sentences).

Find the definite and indefinite articles in the text.

Find one word, which is a little bit different in meaning from others (найдите одно слово, которое немного отличается от других по смыслу):

1) a) work; b) job; c) rest;

2) a) class; b) student; c) sea;

3) a) home; b) house; c) garage;

4) a) lift; b) down; c) rise;

5) a) white; b) pink; c) scarlet.

The Muscles

1.
Read and learn by heart the following terms:

Muscle – мышца Muscular – мышечный Skeletal muscle – скелетные мышцы Smooth muscle – гладкие мышцы Cardiac muscle – сердечная мышца To stretch – разжиматься To contract – сжиматься Springy tendon – тугая жила Voluntary control – произвольноеуправление Involuntary control – непроизвольноеуправление Consciously – сознательно

Striated – поперечнополосатый Spindle-shaped – веретенообразный Skin – кожа Internal organs – внутренние органы Blood vessels – кровеносные сосуды Intestines – кишечник Stomach – желудок Nervous system – нервная система Tissue – ткань Visceral- относящийся к внутренним органам Fiber – волокно Nucleus (sg), nuclei (pl) – ядро, ядра

2.
Translate, paying attention to the affixes:

Muscle, musculed, muscular, musculature

Skeleton, skeletal

To stretch, stretcher, stretchy, stretchier, the
stretchiest

To contract, contractile, contraction,
contractor, contractual, contractually

Voluntary, involuntary, voluntarily, volunteer

Conscious, unconscious, consciously,
unconsciously, consciousness

Internal, external

To move, to remove, move, movable, movement,
mover, movie, moving, movingly,

3.
Read the text and do the following tasks.

Three types of muscle

You’ve got around 650 muscles in your body, and
they make up roughly half of your body weight. These muscles can be
divided into three different groups: skeletal, smooth and cardiac.
All of these muscles can stretch and contract, but they perform very
different functions.

Skeletal muscle

Skeletal muscles cover your skeleton, giving your
body its shape. They are attached to your skeleton by strong,
springy tendons or are directly connected to rough patches of bone.
Skeletal muscles are under voluntary control, which means you
consciously control what they do, so they are called voluntary
muscles. The basic unit is the muscle fiber with many nuclei. These
muscle fibers are striated or have transverse streaks that is why
they are called striated muscles.

Just about all body movement, from walking to
nodding your head, is caused by skeletal muscle contraction. Your
skeletal muscles function is to maintain your posture, keeping your
body upright. Skeletal muscle is also important for holding your
bones in the correct position and prevents your joints from
dislocating. Some skeletal muscles in your face are directly
attached to your skin. The slightest contraction of one of these
muscles changes your facial expression.

Skeletal muscle generates heat of muscle
activity. This is vital for maintaining your normal body
temperature.

Smooth muscle

Smooth muscle is found in the walls of the
internal organs such as those of the blood vessels, intestines and
stomach. As it is under control of the autonomic nervous system,
smooth muscle acts involuntarily, so it is called involuntary
muscle. The non-striated (smooth) muscle cell is spindle-shaped and
has one central nucleus. Smooth muscle contracts slowly and
rhythmically.

Smooth muscles are involved in many
‘housekeeping’ functions of the body. The walls of the blood
vessels are contracting or expanding when they respond to certain
chemicals in the blood. The muscular walls of your intestines
contract to push food through your body.

Cardiac muscle

Your heart is made of cardiac muscle. This type
of muscle only exists in your heart. Unlike other types of muscle,
cardiac muscle never gets tired. It works automatically and
constantly without ever pausing to rest. Cardiac muscle is under
control of the autonomic nervous system. The cardiac muscle cell has
one central nucleus, like smooth muscle, but it also is striated,
like skeletal muscle. The contraction of cardiac muscle is
involuntary, strong, and rhythmical. It contracts to sqeeze blood
out of your heart, and relaxes to fill your heart with blood.

4.
Match types of muscles with their functions.

1.
Skeletal muscle a. is found in the walls of the internal organs

2.
Smooth muscle b. exists only in your heart

3.
Cardiac muscle c. produces movement, maintains posture, stabilizes
joints and generates heat

5.
Look for English equivalents:

Мускулы могут разжиматься и сжиматься,
шершавые поверхности, качать головой,
произвольное управление, мышечные
волокна, сохранять осанку, выражение
лица, поперечнополосатые мышцы, гладкие
мышцы сжимаются ритмично, оберегающие
функции, стенки сосудов, автономная
нервная система, центральное ядро,
защищает суставы, поперечные полосы,
расширять.

6.
Answer the following questions.

1. What makes up a half of body weight?

2. What groups are muscles divided into?

3. Why are some muscles called skeletal and
   striated muscles?

4. What muscles are defined as voluntary muscles?
   And why?

5. What muscle cannot be controlled conciously?

6. What is the main difference of cardiac muscle?

7. What are the functions of each group of muscles?

7.
Choose the correct word and fill the blanks.

The blood vessels, cardiac, the heart,
skeleton, skeletal, functions, voluntary, striated, involuntary,
fiber, smooth, the internal organs, muscle, joints.

1.
The word ___________, according to the one theory, comes from a
Latin word meaning “little mouse”.

2.
There are three types of muscles classified on the basis of
structure and ___________: _________ muscle, __________ muscle and
_________ muscle.

3.
________ muscles are most necessary for manipulating the bones of
the ________.

4.
The skeletal muscles can quickly react to changes in the environment
and move as you will that is why they are called _________ muscles.

5.
Cardiac muscle is under complete ____________ control.

6.
_________ between bones can move more or less easily.

7.
The walls of ____________ are contracting or expanding when they
respond to certain chemicals in the blood.

8.
The skeletal muscles consist of muscle ________ of different length.

9.
The muscles that form __________ are called visceral muscles.

10.
We know that the cardiac muscle forms _________.

8.
Characterize each group of muscles.

	Skeletal muscle	Smooth muscle	Cardiac muscle
Structure
Location
Function

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Human
muscular
system
Подготовила:
преподаватель
английского языка
Красногорского филиала
ГБПОУ МО «Московский
областной медицинский
колледж №1»
Проценко Анжелика
Алексеевна

Muscles, organs of the body of animals and humans,
through the reduction and relaxation of which all
movements of the body and internal organs occur.
Muscles are formed by muscle tissue in combination
with other tissue structures — connective tissue
components, nerves and blood vessels.

Muscle tissue consists of
muscle cells, which is the most
inherent property of
contractility. Long since these
cells are called muscle fibers;
This term indicates only that
the muscle cells have an
elongated shape. The
contractility of the muscle
fibers is provided by the
apparatus formed by
contractile proteins (actin and
myosin), whose interaction,
which takes place using
energy (ATP), leads to cell
contraction (shortening). After
the contraction comes
relaxation, and then they
return to their original length.
Thanks to this property of
muscle cells, the whole variety
of motor functions of the

accordingly, muscles that differ in the structure of
muscle fibers and the nature of innervation. So-called
skeletal muscles, as a rule, are attached to a certain
part of the skeleton, and with their help the body is
held and moved in space, respiratory and swallowing
movements are carried out, facial expressions are
There are three types of muscle tissue and,
formed.

Microscopic examination
showed that the skeletal
muscle along the entire
length has regular
transverse striation in the
form of alternating light
and dark areas, which
served as the basis for
another name — striated
muscles. The functions of
skeletal muscles are
is called tonus.
under the control of the
central nervous system,
i.e. are controlled by our
will, therefore they are
also called arbitrary
muscles. However, they
may be in a state of
partial contraction and
regardless of our
consciousness; this state

Cardiac muscle tissue (myocardium) is the major
part of the mass of the heart. The heart muscle is
formed by a multitude of branching and
crisscrossing long fibers. In fish and amphibians, the
fibers create a loose network through which blood
flows easily, feeding the working muscle. In humans,
the heart muscle is dense, and its blood supply is
provided
by a system of coronary vessels.

Each fiber is a chain of individual muscle cardiac
cells, firmly connected end to end. Like skeletal
muscle fibers, these cells have transverse striation.
Rhythmic contractions of the heart muscle (as
opposed to the skeletal muscle) are not under the
control of consciousness, so it is involuntary.

Smooth muscle tissue owes its name to the fact that in its
constituent cells there is no lateral striation. Fibrils of contractile
proteins (myofibrils) located in their cytoplasm do not have the
rigid structural organization that is characteristic for the two
other types of fibers considered above. Smooth muscle fibers
have an elongated spindle shape with pointed tips and a
centrally located nucleus. Smooth muscles are part of the walls
of the vessels and most of the hollow internal organs, for
example, the gastrointestinal tract, the respiratory tract, the
genitourinary system, and the like.

Smooth muscle cells can form in the internal organs of
strata or strands of a large extent, united by connective
tissue interlayers and permeated with vessels and nerves.
The work of smooth muscles, as well as cardiac, is under
the control of the autonomic nervous system, and therefore
they are involuntary. In functional terms, they differ from
other types of muscles in that they are able to carry out
relatively slow movements and maintain tonic contraction
for a long time.

Rhythmic contractions of the
smooth muscles of the walls
of the stomach, intestines,
urinary or gallbladder ensure
the movement of the
contents of these hollow
organs. A vivid example is
the peristaltic movements of
the intestine, which promote
the pushing of the food
lump. The functioning of
sphincters of hollow organs
is directly related to the
ability of smooth muscles to
prolonged tonic contractions;
this allows for a long time to
shut off the output of the
contents of such organs,
providing, for example, the
accumulation of bile in the
gallbladder.

The tonus of the muscle layer
of the artery walls determines
the amount of their lumen and
thus the level of blood
pressure. With hypertension
(hypertension), an increased
tone of smooth muscles in the
walls of small arteries and
arterioles leads to a significant
narrowing of their lumen,
increasing resistance to blood
flow. A similar picture is
observed with bronchial
asthma: in response to some
external or internal factors,
the tone of smooth muscles in
the walls of the small bronchi
sharply increases, as a result
of which the bronchus lumen
rapidly narrows, the
exhalation is broken and

In the human body, there are
approximately 300-330
paired striated muscles,
which together with the
skeleton form a locomotor
system. The skeletal muscle
consists of a multitude of
The human
muscular
system
muscle fibers located parallel
to each other. These multi-
core fibers sometimes reach
a few centimeters in length.
Each muscle fiber contains a
large number of ordinarily
arranged myofibrils formed
by specific proteins, the main
ones being actin and myosin.
Muscle fibers are combined
into bundles surrounded by
connective tissue. A number
of such bundles, in turn, are

The connective tissues of the muscle are permeated with
biceps, triceps, and quadriceps.
blood vessels and equipped with nerves. Muscle and
tendon parts are distinguished in the muscle; The
thickened middle, actively contracting part is called the
abdomen (body), and the two ends — the head and tail.
Depending on the number of heads, the muscle can be

Many muscles at both ends have tendons through which
they attach to the bones. Tendons are formed by a dense
fibrous connective tissue and are capable of withstanding
large tensile loads; attached to the bones, they fused
closely with the periosteum. In different muscles, they are
not the same width and length, and can take the form of a
cord, tape, or wide flat formations (for example, muscles
forming the wall of the abdominal cavity), called a tendon
stretch, or aponeurosis. The muscles also include blood
vessels and nerves .

Usually the muscle is attached to two different bones. Its
function reduces to the fact that when it shrinks, it either
attracts bones to each other, or keeps them in a certain
position. When contracting, one end of the muscle remains
fixed (fixed point), and the second, attached to the other
bone, changes its position (moving point).

When performing various movements, the fixed and moving
an important role in protecting against insect bites.
points can change places. Bones, jointed joints, with the
contraction of muscles act as mechanical levers. In animals
(for example, in horses), a part of the muscles attaches to
the skin and forms a broad subcutaneous layer, which plays

In humans, muscles of this type are preserved only on the
head and neck, especially well developed around the eyes
and mouth; this so-called. facial, or mimic, muscles, through
which the emotional state of a person is expressed. The
muscle strength developed in the process of contraction or
strain depends on anatomical, mechanical, physiological and
other factors.

Names have been assigned to the muscles for centuries. For
the most part, these are descriptive terms that reflect the
size, position, shape, structure, attachment or function of
the muscle. They still remain in use, for example a large
diamond-shaped muscle (shape and size), a square
pronator (shape and function), a muscle that lifts the
scapula (function and attachment).

The size of the
muscles varies from
the gluteus
maximus, which
unravels the thigh,
for example, when
walking up the
stairs, to a very
small (3 mm long)
staple muscle
regulating the
sensitivity of the ear
to sound vibrations.

Classification of muscles by the types of movements produced
by pairs of muscle-antagonists, is extensive; we will focus on
one of the main pairs. Flexors bend the limb, attracting two
skeletal elements to each other; extensors straighten the
limb. Consider the simplest movement — bending the arm at
the elbow. It involves two groups of shoulder muscles: anterior
(flexor) and posterior (extensors).

The anterior muscle group consists of the biceps arm muscle
(biceps) and the shoulder muscle, and the posterior muscle is
the triceps muscle (triceps) and the small ulnar muscle. The
front, passing over the elbow joint, the group shrinks when the
arm is bent, and the back, passing behind the joint, relaxes.
When the hand is straightened, the triceps are shortened, and
unidirectionally
the biceps gradually relaxes, thus ensuring a smooth
movement. Very rarely, only one pair of antagonist muscles
participate in motion. Usually, each individual movement is
provided by muscle groups; muscles acting together and

Binding. With respect to
some muscles, the
movements that they
produce, like the ones
they interfere, are not
so important. Thus, a
group of four muscles —
small round, subacute,
supraspinous and
subscapular — surrounds
the shoulder joint,
holding the upper
spherical end (head) of
the humerus in the
shallow articular cavity.
The muscles of the foot
support the arch of the
foot and are another
example of muscles
that preserve the
interposition
of bones.

Support function. The abdominal cavity is formed
predominantly by wide flat muscles, which support internal
organs. The anterior and lateral walls of the cavity are
covered by three layers of muscles, and its bottom is formed
in a man by two muscles: lifting the anus and the coccygeal
(in quadrupeds these two muscles provide tail movement).
one

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