The use of the same word or phrase

Revised as of
6 Mar 2023

Word play, i.e., verbal games, uses words to be witty, funny, make a memorable point, encourage understanding, make an impact, brighten text, for vehemence or emphasis, enhance a musical effect, catch attention, convey an idea or emotion, create an atmosphere, enforce an idea, and more.

Word Play is a Literary Device, Just Like Figures of Speech and Rhetorical Devices

Word Play is a verbal game of wit and fun that brightens and enhances the reader’s understanding that comes under the category of literary devices and may incorporate figures of speech or rhetorical devices.

A literary device is a linguistic or literary technique that creates specific effects, plots, styles, and more in the overall category for figure of speech, rhetorical device, and word play.

A figure of speech alters the meanings of words, going beyond a word’s or phrase’s literal interpretation, like simile, metaphor, hyperbole, and more. It becomes a device in rhetoric when it is aimed at persuading the readers or listeners.

A rhetorical device is used in the art of discourse in which the writer (or speaker) uses different methods to convince, influence, or please an audience. This helps explain why rhetorical devices and figures of speech occasionally swap categories.

Grammar Explanations is . . .

. . . an evolving list of the structural rules and principles that determines where words are placed in phrases or sentences as well as how the language is spoken. Sometimes I run across an example that helps explain better or another “also known as”. Heck, there’s always a better way to explain it, so if it makes quicker and/or better sense, I would appreciate suggestions and comments from anyone on an area of grammar with which you struggle or on which you can contribute more understanding.

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Word Play
Part of Speech: Literary Device
Definition: The witty exploitation of the meanings and ambiguities of words, especially in puns. There are six techniques used in word play: Figures of speech Formation of a Name Letters Manipulation of the Entire Sentence or Passage Phonetic Values Semantics, Choosing Words Authors known for their word play include Shakespeare, P.G. Wodehouse, James Joyce, Sir Terry Pratchett’s Discworld, John Donne, Jessica Grant’s Come, Thou Tortoise, Mark Dunn’s Ella Minnow Pea, Lewis Carroll’s Alice in Wonderland POST CONTENTS: By CategoriesAlphabeticalCharacter Name PlayEmphasisPlaying with LanguagePlaying with LettersPlaying with SoundPlaying with Words ACRONYM ANAGRAM Ananym Blanagram Palindrome Character by Character Name Palindrome Word Palindrome Number Palindrome Line-Unit Palindrome Word-Unit Palindrome Semordnilap ANTONYMS OF UNPAIRED WORDS APTRONYM Inaptronym CHARACTONYM CHRONOGRAM EMPHASIS Epanadiplosis Epanalepsis Epizeuxis Hypozeuxis EPITAPH HOMONYM Homograph Capitonym Heteronym Monosemy Polysemy Homophone Heterograph LANGUAGE GAME Anglish Bushism Chinglish Dog Latin Engrish Homophonic Translation Macaronic Language Pig Latin Ubbi Dubbi JANUSISM LIPOGRAM MALAPROPISM MONDEGREEN NEOLOGISM Derived Word Portmanteau Retronym Transferred Word PANGRAM PARAGRAM PARAPROSDOKIAN PAREGMENON PSEUDONYM PUN Antanaclasis Antistasis Double Entendre Paronomasia RHYME Assonance Consonance Alliteration Paromoion Tautogram Holorime Rhyme Scheme Rhythm & Rhyme Internal Rhyme Prosody Syllabic Prosody Accentual Prosody Accentual-Syllabic Prosody Quantitative Prosody Acatalectic Catalectic Brachycatalectic Hypercatalectic Ischiorrhogic Sibilance Stanza Synchysis SARCASM SLANG Slipshod Extension SOBRIQUET SPOONERISM TOM SWIFTY UNIVOCALIC WELLERISM ZEUGMA Diazeugma Disjunction Hypozeugma Mesozeugma Prozeugma Acatalectic Acronym Alliteration Anglish Anagram Ananym Antanaclasis Antistasis Antonyms of Unpaired Words Aptronym Assonance Auto-Antonym Blanagram Brachycatalectic Bushism Capitonym Catalectic Charactonym Chinglish Chronogram Consonance Derived Word Diazeugma Disjunction Dog Latin Double Entendre Emphasis Engrish Epanadiplosis Epanalepsis Epitaph Epizeuxis Heterograph Heteronym Holorime Homograph Homonym Homophone Homophonic Translation Hypercatalectic Hypozeugma Hypozeuxis Inaptronym Ischiorrhogic Janusism Lipogram Macaronic Language Malapropism Mesozeugma Mondegreen Monosemy Neologism Palindrome Palindrome, Character by Character Palindrome, Line-Unit Palindrome, Name Palindrome, Number Palindrome, Word Palindrome, Word-Unit Pangram Paragram Paraprosdokian Paregmenon Paromoion Paronomasia Pig Latin Polysemy Portmanteau Prosody Prosody, Accentual Prosody, Accentual-Syllabic Prosody, Quantitative Prosody, Syllabic Prozeugma Pseudonym Pun Retronym Rhyme Rhyme, Internal Rhyme Scheme Rhythm & Rhyme Sarcasm Semordnilap Sibilance Slang Sobriquet Spoonerism Stanza Synchysis Tautogram Tom Swifty Transferred Word Ubbi Dubbi Univocalic Wellerism Zeugma Ananym Aptronym Charactonym Inaptronym Pseudonym Sobriquet Emphasis Epanadiplosis Epanalepsis Epizeuxis Hypozeuxis Anglish Ananym Bushism Chinglish Dog Latin Engrish Homophonic Translation Language Game Macaronic Language Malapropism Pig Latin Slang Wellerism Acronym Anagram Blanagram Chronogram Lipogram Palindrome Character by Character Name Palindrome Word Palindrome Number Palindrome Line-Unit Palindrome Word-Unit Palindrome Pangram Paragram Tautogram Univocalic Acatalectic Alliteration Assonance Brachycatalectic Catalectic Consonance Holorime Hypercatalectic Internal Rhyme Ischiorrhogic Janusism Mondegreen Monosemy Paromoion Polysemy Prosody Prosody, Accentual Prosody, Accentual-Syllabic Prosody, Quantitative Prosody, Syllabic Rhyme Rhyme Scheme Rhythm & Rhyme Sibilance Spoonerism Stanza Synchysis Antanaclasis Antistasis Auto-Antonym Capitonym Derived Word Diazeugma Disjunction Double Entendre Hypozeugma Mesozeugma Neologism Paregmenon Paronomasia Portmanteau Prozeugma Pun Retronym Semordnilap Slipshod Extension Tom Swifty Transferred Word Zeugma A.k.a., wordplay, play-on-words
They were yung and easily freudened. – James Joyce They were young and easily frightened is a pun on the names of two famous psychoanalysts, Jung and Freud. Legend: Green indicates the word being played.
Acronym	An abbr. VERSION (visit entries reading samples in one note) of “Formatting Tip & Grammar: Acronyms & Initialisms for more depth and the acronym’s many, many variations.
Anagram	Definition: The result of rearranging the letters of a word or phrase to produce a new word or phrase, using all the original letters exactly once.
Return to top or post contents	Anagrams have been used to create codes, poke fun, etc. Other Types of Anagrams include: Ananym Blanagram Palindrome Character by Character Name Palindrome Word Palindrome Number Palindrome Line-Unit Palindrome Word-Unit Palindrome Semordnilap
mother-in-law Hitler woman debit card bad credit dormitory dirty room the earthquakes the queer shakes astronomer moon starrer punishments nine thumps school master the classroom anagram nag-a-ram Tom Marvolo Riddle I am Lord Voldemort
Ananym	Definition: A type of anagram that is a word whose spelling is derived by reversing the spelling of another word.
Return to top or post contents	Ananym Derived From Meaning Harpo Productions Oprah (Winfrey) Oprah’s media company Erewhon nowhere A utopia elgooG Google reverse-spelling search engine MAPS (Mail Abuse Prevention System) spam reverse backronym Nomad Damon Damon Rochefort is a founding member of this band. Namyats Stayman Sam Stayman invented this bridge convention.
Blanagram	Definition: A word which is an anagram of another but for the substitution of a single letter.
Return to top or post contents	Turkish is a blanagram of Kurdish. Pangram, tangram and managua are blanagrams of the word anagram. Gantries and ingrates are blanagrams of angriest Credit to: Blanagram
Palindrome	Definition: A type of verbal play using a number, a word, a sentence, a symbol, or even signs that can be read forward as well as backward or in reverse order with the same effects and meanings.
Return to top or post contents	Different types of palindromes are available depending upon the requirements of the subject. Most Commonly Used Palindromes: Character by Character Name Palindrome Word Palindrome Number Palindrome Line-Unit Palindrome Word-Unit Palindrome Credit to: Palindrome
Character by Character Palindrome	Definition: Reads the same top to bottom, letter by letter.
Return to top or post contents	Demetri Martin’s “Dammit I’m Mad”: Dammit I’m mad. Evil is a deed as I live. God, am I reviled? I rise, my bed on a sun, I melt. To be not one man emanating is sad. I piss. Alas, it is so late. Who stops to help? Man, it is hot. I’m in it. I tell. I am not a devil. I level “Mad Dog”. Ah, say burning is, as a deified gulp, In my halo of a mired rum tin. I erase many men. Oh, to be man, a sin. Is evil in a clam? In a trap? No. It is open. On it I was stuck. Rats peed on hope. Elsewhere dips a web. Be still if I fill its ebb. Ew, a spider… eh? We sleep. Oh no! Deep, stark cuts saw it in one position Part animal, can I live? Sin is a name. Both, one… my names are in it. Murder? I’m a fool. A hymn I plug, deified as a sign in ruby ash, A Goddam level I lived at. On mail let it in. I’m it. Oh, sit in ample hot spots. Oh wet! A loss it is alas (sip). I’d assign it a name. Name not one bottle minus an ode by me: “Sir, I deliver. I’m a dog” Evil is a deed as I live. Dammit I’m mad. Credit to: Gay
Name Palindrome	Definition: A name, that when reversed, is the same name.
Return to top or post contents	Lon Nol was a Prime Minister of Cambodia. Nisio Isin was a Japanese novelist. Robert Trebor was an actor. Stanley Yelnats is a character in Louis Sachar’s Holes.
Word Palindrome	Definition: A word, that when reversed, is the same word.
Return to top or post contents	civic radar level rotor noon tattarrattat madam deified
Number Palindrome	Definition: A number that is the same when written forwards or backwards.
Return to top or post contents	88, 99, 101, 111, 121, 131, 141, 151, 161, and 171
Line-Unit Palindrome	Definition: Reverses the order of the sentences, in that it reads the same from the first line to the last line as it does from the last to the first.
Return to top or post contents	Was it a car or a cat I saw? “Lewd did I live & evil I did dwel.” – O.A. Bootty’s The Funny Side of English “Norma is as selfless as I am, Ron.” credited to poet W.H. Auden A Toyota’s a Toyota.
Word-Unit Palindrome	Definition: Reverses the order of the words, instead of the letters.
Return to top or post contents	Nick Montfort has tweeted: “Mind your own business: Own your mind.” “Information school graduate peruses graduate school information.” “Desire? Consuming produce can produce consuming desire.” Howard W. Bergerson’s Palindromes and Anagrams: “You can cage a swallow, can’t you, but you can’t swallow a cage, can you!” “What! So he is hanged, is he? So what?” Credit to: Nelson
Semordnilap	Definition: A type of verbal play in which words spell new words when spelled backwards.
Return to top or post contents	stressed desserts reviled deliver stop pots Credit to: Palindrome
Ambigram	Definition: From a strictly narrative viewpoint, an ambigram is a word that can be reversed and still mean the same thing.
Return to top or post contents	More likely to be used in graphics. Check out Sonali Vora’s post, “A Clever Collection of 40+ Inspiring Ambigrams” for those graphic examples.
wow tot
Antonyms of Unpaired Words	Definition: Unpaired words are words that do not have an antonym, a paired word. A word may appear to have a related word due to its having a prefix or suffix, but doesn’t. Sometimes this lack is because that antonym disappeared from common usage, sometimes there never was a pairing.
Return to top or post contents	Real Word Not Popularly Used Doesn’t Exist Exists But is Not Related nonplussed plussed disheveled sheveled indifferent different reckless reckful indefatigable fatigable fatiguable defatigable flammable inflammable disarray array incorrigible corrigible intact tact disgruntled gruntled Terry Pratchett’s Discworld series is full of such unpairings.
Aptronym	Definition: A personal name aptly or peculiarly suited to its owner. A.k.a. aptonym, euonym
Return to top or post contents	Jules Angst German professor of psychiatry, who has published works about anxiety Michael Ball football player Colin Bass British bassist in the rock band Camel Sara Blizzard meteorologist for the BBC Thomas Crapper sanitary engineer William Wordsworth English poet and advocate for the extension of British copyright law
Inaptronym	Definition: An aptronym that is ironic rather than descriptive.
Return to top or post contents	Jaime Sin, Archbishop of Manila Elevated to cardinal, as Cardinal Sin Don Black a White supremacist Peter Bowler Plays batsman position in cricket Samuel Foote Comic actor who lost a leg in a horseriding accident Larry Playfair NHL defenseman known for his fighting
Auto-Antonym	Definition: A word that can mean the opposite of itself. A.k.a. addad, antagonym, antilogy, autantonym, contranym, contronym, enantiodrome, enantiosemy, Janus word, self-antonym
Return to top or post contents	bound moving tied up, unable to move cleave to cut apart to seal together in camera out of the view of the public photographed for the public record inflammable Technically means “capable of burning” Commonly misunderstood to mean “unburnable” let allow prevent nonplussed baffled perplexed In North America can also mean “not disconcerted” or “unperturbed” overlook miss seeing something a place to see something from above refrain non-action repetition of an action sanction a penalty for disobeying a law official permission or approval for an action strike act decisively refuse to act to screen to show to conceal unlockable able to be unlocked unable to be locked Credit to: Autoantonym
Autogram	Definition: A sentence that describes itself in the sense of providing an inventory of its own characters.
Return to top or post contents	An essential feature is the use of full cardinal number names such as one, two, etc., in recording character counts. Letter counts only are often recorded while punctuation signs are ignored. A.k.a. self-documenting sentence, self-enumerating sentence
This sentence employs two a‘s, two c‘s, two d‘s, twenty-eight e‘s, five f‘s, three g‘s, eight h‘s, eleven i‘s, three l‘s, two m‘s, thirteen n‘s, nine o‘s, two p‘s, five r‘s, twenty-five s‘s, twenty-three t‘s, six v‘s, ten w‘s, two x‘s, five y‘s, and one z. Credit to: Autogram
Charactonym	Definition: Names that tell the reader something about the respective character: a single character trait, their looks, their behavior, a reference to a historical namesake with whom they have something in common, etc.
Return to top or post contents	In Oscar Wilde’s The Importance of Being Earnest, Ernest’s given name sounds exactly like the adjective earnest. Remus Lupin: Remus refers to a mythological character raised by wolves while Lupin is a variation on the Latin for wolf, lupus. Wolf Wolf Draco Malfoy: Draco means dragon. Mal- is a prefix that means evil or bad. Sirius Black: Sirius is the name of the dog constellation. Black Dog. Caden Cotard was the name of a character in the movie Synecdoche, New York, a film about death, and the character’s name is based on a mental disorder in which the person thinks they are dead. Think of all the romantic heroines named Charity, Hope, etc. Spike, the character from Buffy the Vampire Slayer. Mistress Quickly Sir Toby Belch Snow White
Chronogram	Definition: A phrase in which constituent letters also express a number. Replacing one or more letters in a title with a number vaguely resembling the letter or otherwise related.
Return to top or post contents	“My Day Closed Is In Immortality” An epitaph for England’s Queen Elizabeth I in which the first letter of each word corresponds to a Roman numeral, MDCIII, which translates as 1603, the date of Queen Elizabeth I’s death. Se7en The title of the 1995 crime thriller Seven. Credit to: Nichol
Emphasis	You absolutely MUST visit the post, “Rhetorical Device: Emphasis” to learn so very much more.
Epanadiplosis	Definition: The same word is used both at the beginning and at the end of a sentence.
Return to top or post contents	“Rejoice in the Lord always: and again I say, Rejoice.” Laugh with those that laugh, and weep with those that weep. Credit to: Epanadiplosis
Epanalepsis	Definition: The same word or phrase appears both at the beginning and at the end of a clause or sentence. May Use Other Literary Devices including: Emphasis Figure of Speech Rhetorical Device
Return to top or post contents	The king is dead; long live the king. Severe to his servants, to his children severe. They bowed down to him rather, because he was all of these things, and then again he was all of these things because the town bowed down. – Zora Neale Hurston, Their Eyes Were Watching God Beloved is mine; she is Beloved. “Control, control, you must learn control.” – The Empire Strikes Back “A minimum wage that is not a livable wage can never be a minimum wage.” – Ralph Nader Year chases year. Man’s inhumanity to man. “Common sense is not so common.” – Voltaire “Blood will have blood.” – Shakespeare, Macbeth An eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth, a life for a life.
Epizeuxis	Dive, dive, dive into into the post, “Rhetorical Device“, for more on epizeuxis, a.k.a., hyperzeuxis.
Hypozeuxis	Writers shall delve into that emphasis. Writers shall delve into the “Word Play”. Writers shall delve into the depths of the hypozeuxis.
Epitaph	Definition: Phrase or statement written in memory of a person who has died, especially as an inscription on a tombstone. You may want to explore the post, “Word Confusion: Epigram vs Epigraph vs Epitaph vs Epithet“.
Return to top or post contents	“Here lie the bones of one ‘Bun’ He was killed with a gun. His name was not ‘Bun’ but ‘Wood’ But ‘Wood’ would not rhyme with gun But ‘Bun’ would.” “Good frend for Jesus sake forebeare, To digg þe dust encloased heare. Blese be þe man þat spares þes stones, And curst be he þat moves my bones.” Shakespeare composed his own epitaph as he was worried that someone would dig up his grave. And flights of angels sing thee to thy rest. “Whither thou goest, I will go.” – Bible, Ruth 1:16 This ain’t bad — once you get used to it. He was shot, bayoneted, beaten and left for dead, but recovered and lived to be 98 years of age. Credit to: Epitaph; Wessel
Homonym	Set yourself to read the post, “Homonym“, and let it set deep into your brain.
Homograph	It’s not read yet, but you’ll want to read the post, “Homograph“.
Capitonym	Father says you should read the post, “Capitonym“, lest you father a blooper.
Heteronym	Tear into the post, “Heteronym” before you shed a tear.
Monosemy	You may find it lucrative to read the post, “Monosemy“.
Polysemy	Take the post, “Polysemy“, take it and take a look.
Homophone	Fare thee well, and thou must read that fair post, “Homophone“.
Heterograph	It will take eight minutes to read the post, “Heterograph“, and it’ll be all ate up!
Language Game	Definition: A way of manipulating spoken words to make them incomprehensible to those not in the know. Primarily used by groups, mostly children, attempting to conceal their conversations from others.
Return to top or post contents	Some Languages Games include: Anglish Bushism Chinglish Dog Latin Engrish Macaronic Language Pig Latin Ubbi Dubbi
Anglish	Definition: A name coined by Paul Jennings in 1966 when he was writing … for Punch riffed on how English would have developed without the Norman conquests… You may want to explore The Anglish Moot, a wiki-type site composed wholly in a form of modern English without any loanwords at all. It can give you an appreciation for how many loanwords English uses on a daily basis.
Return to top or post contents	“The Banded Folkdoms of Americksland (BFA) is the most dwelt-in land in the landstretch of North Americksland. Its makeup is that of an evenly banded rike, with three branches of rike: the Leaderly, the Lawmootly, and the Lawlordly. The foremost tongue in the land is English, though some Spanish is spoken also.” “Earthfrod is the learning of Earth’s eretide and foreblowing as shown by rocks a.s.o. in fields such as life and former loftlays. Among its fields are: Orelifelore is the lore of olden breeds and shapes of life that lived in the forthwist, learned from the reading of bonerocks (fossils) and the siltborn rocks that witnessed olden life Sheathlore is the lore of how layers of andwork make up the Earth’s sheath – Highly ongot in this field is the Stonelore timemete (Geologic Timescale) “To be, or not to be — that is the asking: Whether ‘tis worthier in the mind to bear The slings and arrows of unbound mishap Or to take fight against a sea of worries And by gainstanding end them. To die, to sleep — No more — and by a sleep to say we end…” – An overbringing of Hamlet’s aside, Shakespeare, Hamlet Credit to: Fallon
Bushism	Definition: Unconventional words, phrases, pronunciations, malapropisms, the creation of neologisms, spoonerisms, stunt words, grammatically incorrect subject–verb agreement, and semantic or linguistic errors in the public speaking of former President of the United States George W. Bush. Credit to: Bushism
Return to top or post contents	“I guess it’s OK to call the secretary of education here ‘buddy’. That means friend.” – Philadelphia, 8 January 2009 “One of the very difficult parts of the decision I made on the financial crisis was to use hardworking people’s money to help prevent there to be a crisis.” – Washington, D.C., 12 January 2009 “Too many good docs are getting out of the business. Too many OB-GYNs aren’t able to practice their love with women all across this country.” – Poplar Bluff, Missouri, 6 September 2004 “They misunderestimated me.” – Bentonville, Arkansas, 6 November 2000 “I know the human being and fish can coexist peacefully.” – Saginaw, Michigan, 29 September 2000 Credit to: Bushism; Weisberg
Chinglish	Definition: Confusing or inappropriate English translations from Chinese. Think of the signs at the Chinese Olympics. Check out Engrish to see the difference.
Return to top or post contents	The grass smiles to you, pleas do not trample on it. The door has been bad. Push on the left side of the door. We herein construction, bring inconvenience to you. please understanding! Is your hair bringing you troubles like scurf, feeble fracture easily, withered and furcated difficult to handle, fat and greasy? Chicken Fried Supply Weapons. A delicious part of your military breakfast. Fire Distinguisher Classier than the slow burn… The worst examples? All those help manuals for your electronics. Credit to: Hall
Dog Latin	Definition: A spurious or incorrect Latin that refers to the creation of a phrase or jargon in imitation of Latin, often by “translating” English words (or those of other languages) into Latin by conjugating or declining them as if they were Latin words. (Sometimes “dog Latin” can mean a poor-quality attempt at writing genuine Latin.)
Return to top or post contents	It is more of a humorous device for invoking scholarly seriousness. A.k.a. Canis Latinicus, Cod Latin, macaronic Latin, mock Latin Credit to: Dog
Patres conscripti took a boat, and went to Philippi; Boatum est upsettum, magno cum grandine venti. Omnes drownderunt qui swim away non potuerunt. Trumpeter unus erat, qui coatum scarlet habebat; Et magnum periwig, tied about with the tail of a dead pig. The conscript fathers [i.e. Senators] took a boat and went to Philippi; The boat was upset by a great hailstorm of wind. All drowned who could not swim away. There was a trumpeter, who had a scarlet coat, and a great periwig, tied about with the tail of a dead pig. camera necessaria pro usus cookare, cum saucepannis, stewpannis, scullero, dressero, coalholo, stovis, smoak-jacko; pro roastandum, boilandum, fryandum, et plumpudding mixandum, pro turtle soupos, calve’s-head-hashibus, cum calipee et calepashibus. A necessary room for the purpose of cooking, with saucepans, stewpans, scullery, dresser, coalhole, stoves, smoke-jack; for roasting, boiling, frying, and mixing plum pudding, for turtle soups, calves’-head hashes, with calipee and calipashes. Illegitimi non carborundum. Don’t let the bastards grind you down. The motto of the City Watch was originally: “Fabricati Diem, Puncti Agunt Celeriter” – Terry Pratchett, Discworld series Make the day, the moments pass quickly. It devolved into: “Fabricati Diem, Punc.” Make My Day, Punk. “Flickum Bicus” is a spell used in Jim Butcher’s The Dresden Files to light candles. Flick your Bic. “dorkus malorkus”, an insult spoken by Bart Simpson major dork
Engrish	Definition: Confusing or inappropriate English translations from Japanese (due to their difficulty in pronouncing the letter “L”. Check out Chinglish to see the difference.
Return to top or post contents	All your base are belong to us.” – Zero Wing The song “Let’s Fighting Love” from “Good Times with Weapons”, South Park The song “I’m so Ronery” from Team America: World Police Credit to: Engrish
Homophonic Translation	Definition: Translates the text in one language into the same or another language AND preserves how it sounds, but doesn’t worry about retaining the original meaning.
Return to top or post contents	It also incorporates phono-semantic matching which attempts to retain the meaning AND the way it sounds in the original language. It may also be used for humorous purpose, as bilingual punning (macaronic language). This requires the listener or reader to understand both the surface, nonsensical translated text, as well as the source text — the surface text then sounds like source text spoken in a foreign accent.
Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall French: “s’étonne aux Halles” is surprised at the Market recognize speech wreck a nice beach French: Frère Jacques English: Frayer Jerker chase-lounge French: chaise longue shoepike French: choupique bowdark French: bois d’arc Some works by Oulipo, Frédéric Dard, Luis van Rooten’s English-French Mots D’Heures: Gousses, Rames, Louis Zukofsky’s Latin-English Catullus Fragmenta, Ormonde de Kay’s N’Heures Souris Rames: The Coucy Castle Manuscript, John Hulme’s Morder Guss Reims: The Gustav Leberwurst Manuscript (English and German Edition) and David Melnick’s “Men in Aida“. Howard L. Chace’s Anguish Languish: “Ladle Rat Rotten Hut”
Macaronic Language	Definition: Text using a mixture of languages, particularly bilingual puns or situations in which the languages are otherwise used in the same context (rather than simply discrete segments of a text being in different languages).
Return to top or post contents	It may also denote hybrid words, which are “internally macaronic”, roughly meaning: using more than one language or dialect within the same conversation. It can have derogatory overtones, and is usually reserved for works where the mixing of languages has a humorous or satirical intent or effect.
When I came down to Glasgow first, a-mach air Tìr nan Gall. I was like a man adrift, air iomrall’s doll air chall. Authors like Carlo Emilio Gadda; the character Salvatore in Umberto Eco’s The Name of the Rose, and the peasant hero of his Baudolino; Dario Fo’s Mistero Buffo (“Comic Mystery Play”) features grammelot sketches using language with macaronic elements; and, Helen DeWitt’s The Last Samurai includes portions of Japanese, Classical Greek, and Inuktitut. Credit to: Macaronic
Pig Latin	Definition: A game of alterations played on the English language game. There is no connection to Latin.
Return to top or post contents	Words are formed by transposing the initial consonant sound to the end of the word and adding -ay to it. It’s mostly used as a “code” amongst children or to converse in perceived privacy from adults or other children.
trash ash-tray plunder under-play nix ixnay scram amscray stupid upidstay run un-ray Credit to: Dog Latin
Ubbi Dubbi	Definition: A language game that is a close relative of the language game Obbish. that was popularized by the 1970s PBS television show Zoom.
Return to top or post contents	Ubbi dubbi works by adding ub- before each vowel sound in a syllable with the stress falling on the ub of the syllable that is stressed in the original word. Variations to Ubbi Dubbi include Ob, Ib, Arpy Darpy, and Iz (a.k.a. shizzolation). PBS Kids has an ubbi dubbi generator (<https://pbskids.org/cgi-registry/zoom/ubbidubbi.cgi>), if you want to play.
hello hubellubo speak spubeak Hubba Bubba bubblegum Hububbuba Bububbuba bububbublegubum Hi, how are you? Hubi, hubow ubare yubou? Credit to: Ubbi
Janusism	Definition: The use of phonetics to create a humorous word.
Return to top or post contents	BOREneo Borneo
Lipogram	Definition: A composition that deliberately avoids using a letter of the alphabet.
Return to top or post contents	Alonso Alcalá y Herrera’s Varios effectos de amor is a sequence of five novellas each eschewing a different vowel J.R. Ronden’s La Pièce sans A (The Play Without A; French only, 1816) Georges Perec’s La Disparition (A Void; 1969), which dispenses with e. Ernest Wright’s Gadsby (1939) without using e. Credit to: Branch
Malapropism	Definition: The practice of misusing words by substituting words with similar sounding words that have different, often unconnected meanings, and thus creating a situation of confusion, misunderstanding, and amusement.
Return to top or post contents	For writers, it is useful to create the sense of a character who is flustered, bothered, unaware, stupid, or confused. A trick to using malapropism is to ensure that the two words (the original and the substitute) sound similar enough for the reader to catch onto the intended switch and find humor in the result.
Mrs. Malaprop said . . . What She Meant to Say I was recently diagnosed, and I told my wife that I had Immaculate Disintegration. macular degeneration Lead the way and we’ll precede. proceed “He’d reached the pineapple of success.” – Archie Bunker pinnacle He’d reached the pinnacle of Sussex. success Sometimes, I get so contused! confused And now, we bid you an odd fondue. adieu “Our watch, sir, have indeed comprehended two auspicious persons.” – Shakespeare, Much Ado About Nothing, the character Dogberry suspicious persons Credit to: Literary Devices.
Mondegreen	Definition: A mishearing of a popular phrase or song lyric, was coined by the writer Sylvia Wright.
Return to top or post contents	Mondegreen Actual Lyric Credit to: and there’s a wino down the road — I should have stolen Oreos and as we wind on down the road, our shadows taller than our souls “Stairway to Heaven” by Led Zeppelin Everybody’s crazy ’bout a shot glass man Everybody’s crazy ’bout a sharp-dressed man “Sharp-Dressed Man” by ZZ Top you’ve got mud on your face, front disc brakes you’ve got mud on your face, a big disgrace “We Will Rock You” by Queen I’ve got a backache from loving you I’ve got a bad case of loving you “Loving You” by Robert Palmer Credit to: Barber
Neologism	Definition: A new word or phrase that is not yet used regularly by most speakers and writers.
Return to top or post contents	3 Types of Neologisms: Derived Word Transferred Word Portmanteau Retronym
Derived Word	Definition: Words that use ancient Greek and Latin phrases naturalized to match the English language.
Return to top or post contents	Derived Word Origin Meaning copious cornucopia Latin: copia plenty submarine subway Latin: sub under villa village villager Latin: villa villa house Nike Greek: Nike goddess phobia Greek: phobia fear of micro Greek: micro so small it’s hard to see democracy Greek: demos people government by the people
Transferred Word	Definition: Encompasses words taken from another language and used in an adjusted form in English.
Return to top or post contents	New words come from creativity and invention, merging of existing words, and borrowing from other cultures and languages.
Transferred Word Origin Meaning herbs French: herbes herbs alligator Spanish: lagarto lizard wiener dog German: wiener hot dog
Portmanteau	Definition: Two or more words are joined together to coin a new word by blending parts of two or more words, but it always shares the same meanings as the original words. Similar to blend eponym, a portmanteau incorporates two regular words while a blend eponym includes a proper name.
Return to top or post contents	Portmanteau is different from a compound word, as a compound word can have a completely different meaning from the words that it was coined from. A.k.a. blend word
Portmanteau Words to Blend Meaning brunch breakfast + lunch meals telethon telephone + marathon a difficult task using the telephone edutainment education + entertainment enjoyable learning britcom British + comedy It’s a funny show from Britain. tragicomic tragedy + comedy comically disastrous spork spoon + fork a combined utensil fanzine fan + magazine a magazine for people with a strong interest in or admiration for someone or something smog smoke + fog has the properties of both smoke and fog
Retronym	Definition: A new word created to distinguish between the original form/version and an “improved” version of something.
Return to top or post contents	Advances in technology are often responsible for the coinage of retronyms.
Retronym Origin Evolved with analog watch digital watch Invention of the digital watch acoustic guitar electric guitar Invention of the electric guitar bicycle safety bicycle The first bicycles had a large wheel and a small one, then came bicycles that were deemed safer because they had two same-size wheels. bicycle penny-farthing high-wheeler Since the early 1900s, bicycles were expected to have two same-size wheels, and the original bicycle was renamed. straight marriage heterosexual marriage marriage With the evolution of same-sex marriages
Pangram	Definition: A sentence using every letter of a given alphabet at least once.
Return to top or post contents	Pangrams have been used to display typefaces, test equipment, and develop skills in handwriting, calligraphy, and keyboarding. A.k.a. holoalphabetic sentence
The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. Pack my box with five dozen liquor jugs. Jackdaws love my big sphinx of quartz. The five boxing wizards jump quickly. How vexingly quick daft zebras jump! Bright vixens jump; dozy fowl quack. Sphinx of black quartz, judge my vow. Credit to: Panagram
Paragram	Definition: A type of verbal play consisting of the alteration of a letter or a series of letters in a word. A.k.a. textonym
Return to top or post contents	You’re the wurst. Swine Lake by James Marshall and Maurice Sendak is about pigs performing a ballet. The title of a Sports Illustrated article about exercise programs for NASCAR pit crews: “Making a Fit Stop”. – Lars Anderson (2005) Credit to: Nordquist; Dean
Paraprosdokian	Definition: An unexpected shift in meaning at the end of a sentence, stanza, series, or short passage and is often used for comic effect.
Return to top or post contents	A.k.a. surprise ending May Use Other Literary Devices including: “Figure of Speech: Anticlimax“ “Rhetorical Device: Bathos“ “Figure of Speech: Climax“ Feghoot “Figure of Speech“ “Rhetorical Device“ Garden-Path Sentence Syllepsis “Figure of Speech: Trope“ “Figure of Speech: Verbal Irony“ Zeugma
“For every complex problem, there is an answer that is short, simple — and wrong.” – H.L. Mencken “If all the girls who attended the Yale prom were laid end to end, I wouldn’t be a bit surprised.” – Dorothy Parker, quoted by Mardy Grothe in Ifferisms “If I am reading this graph correctly — I’d be very surprised.” – Stephen Colbert “Trin Tragula — for that was his name — was a dreamer, a thinker, a speculative philosopher or, as his wife would have it, an idiot.” – Douglas Adams, The Restaurant at the End of the Universe Credit to: Nordquist, “Paraprosdokian”
Paregmenon	Definition: A general term for the repetition of a word which has the same root in a short sentence. It is a simple and subtle way of grabbing attention, much as a hammer hitting a nail.
Return to top or post contents	It will destroy the wisdom of the wise. Verily, you are very well verified. Happily, happiness makes others happy too. Society is the socialization of the unsociable. Credit to: Burton; Paregmenon
Pseudonym	Definition: A fictitious name used, usually by an author, to conceal his or her identity.
Return to top or post contents	A.k.a. pen name
Pseudonym Real Name J.D. Robb Nora Roberts Erin Hunter Kate Cary Cherith Baldry Tui T. Sutherland Gillian Phillips Inbali Iserles Victoria Holmes (editor) George Sand Amantine-Lucile-Aurore Dupin Ellis Peters Edith Mary Pargeter, OBE, BEM
Pun	Definition: A play on words in which a humorous effect is produced by using a word that suggests two or more meanings or by exploiting similar sounding words having different meanings but multiple correct interpretations.
Return to top or post contents	“Puns may be regarded as in-jokes or idiomatic constructions, as their usage and meaning are specific to a particular language and its culture”. May Use Other Literary Devices including: “Figure of Speech“ “Homographic“ “Homophonic“ “Idioms“ Metonymy “Rhetorical Device“ A.k.a., paronomasia Credit to: Pun
A vulture boards a plane, carrying two dead possums. The attendant looks at him and says, “I’m sorry, sir, only one carry on allowed per passenger.” Santa’s helpers are known as subordinate Clauses. The grammarian was very logical. He had a lot of comma sense. She had a photographic memory but never developed it. The two pianists had a good marriage. They always were in a chord. I was struggling to figure out how lightning works then it struck me. I really wanted a camouflage shirt, but I couldn’t find one. You’re so punny. Piers Anthony’s Xanth series. What do you call a person rabid with wordplay? An energizer punny. “You can tune a guitar, but you can’t tuna fish. Unless of course, you play bass.” – Douglas Adams “Time flies like an arrow. Fruit flies like a banana.” – Groucho Marx Credit to: Gunner
Antanaclasis	Definition: A type of pun often found in slogans which repeats the same word, but that word will have different meanings.
Return to top or post contents	While very similar to epizeuxis, the repeated words using antanaclasis have different meanings and pop up in a sentence or passage while epizeuxis repeats the word (with the same meaning) in succession. The benefits of using antanaclasis include: Provides an exciting contrast of different meanings to the same word Enhances the dramatic and persuasive impact of a piece of writing or speech by employing words with contrasting meanings and therefore increases the vocabulary as well Creates comic effect when used in the form of irony and pun Makes the literary text memorable due to repetition It is used as a rhetorical device in poetry, prose and political speeches. Political leaders make use of this technique in order to persuade and draw the attention of audience. May Use Other Literary Devices including: Rhetorical Device
“I will dissemble myself in’t; and I would I were the first that ever dissembled in such a gown.” – Shakespeare, Twelfth Night The critical word is “dissemble” and Viola is disguised and wishing she weren’t the first to act hypocritically in such a disguise. “Viola: Save thee, friend, and thy music! Dost thou live by thy tabour? Clown: No, sir, I live by the church. Viola: Art thou a churchman? Clown: No such matter, sir: I do live by the church; for I do live at my house, and my house doth stand by the church.” – Shakespeare, Twelfth Night “Live” is the antanaclasis, as Viola asks if the clown makes a living with his drum, to which the clown replies that, no, his address is by the church, deliberately miscontruing her question. The clown then goes on to clarify that while he’s not a priest, his house is near the church, and therefore he lives by the church. “…put out the light, then put out the light…” – Shakespeare, Othello Othello will extinguish the candle and then he would end Desdemona’s life. “…for many a thousand widows Shall this his mock mock out of their dear husbands Mock mothers from their sons, mock castles down…” – William Shakespeare, Henry V, Act I, scene II The Dauphin of France’s “jest” will end with the death of many Frenchmen, that mothers will lose their sons, that castles will be torn down. “To England will I steal, and there I’ll steal”. – William Shakespeare, Henry V, Act V. Pistol decides to flee to England and become a thief. “Time flies like an arrow; fruit flies like a banana.” – Groucho Marx “In America, you can always find a party. In Soviet Russia, Party always find you!” You can have fun in America. In Russia, you’ll probably end up in exile. “If you aren’t fired with enthusiasm, you will be fired, with enthusiasm.” Work hard, or we’ll gladly fire you. “Sorry, Charlie. StarKist doesn’t want tuna with good taste — StarKist wants tuna that taste good”. – StarKist Tuna commercials from 1961 to 1989 I always liked this commercial, lol. Charlie was always trying to impress the fishermen with his refinement, but the announcer always told Charlie that it’s not his discernment, but how yummy his flesh was. “Buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo.” Bison try to intimidate a city in New York State while more bison intimidate yet more bison. Credit to: Antanaclasis (LD)
Antistasis	Definition: The repetition of a word in a different or contrary sense. Often, simply synonymous with antanaclasis.
Return to top or post contents	May Use Other Literary Devices including: Figure of Speech Rhetorical Device Antanaclasis “Rhetorical Device: Ploce“ Pun Stasis Traductio “Figure of Speech: Trope“ A.k.a. refractio, antanadasis Credit to: Burton; “Antistasis”; Nordquist, “What”
“In the stories we tell ourselves, we tell ourselves.” – Michael Martone, The Flatness and Other Landscapes “He that composes himself is wiser than he that composes a book.” – Benjamin Franklin “Why do so many people who can’t write plays write plays?” – James Thurber, “letter to Richard Maney”. Selected Letters of James Thurber, ed. by Helen Thurber and Edward Weeks Credit to: Nordquist, “What”
Double Entendre	Definition: A type of pun, it uses a word in one sense and then switches its meaning for comic effect, or simply establishes a context in which the word will have one interpretation and then uses it in another sense. Usually one of the meanings is risqué.
Return to top or post contents	Rhetorically, double entendre uses “Rhetorical Device antanaclasis, reusing the same word or sound, but changing the meaning. If you’re curious about creating your own double entendres, explore Christopher’s post. May Use Other Literary Devices including: Figure of Speech Rhetorical Device Credit to: Christopher
Mountains and alcohol: the higher you are, the higher you get. Dorothy Parker said, “If all the young women from all the Seven Sisters’ academies were laid end to end, I wouldn’t be a bit surprised.” If you consider a reasonable mammal like the elk, once a year the females go into heat, the males start rutting, and if a male can battle past the other males and get to a female, she never has a headache, but with humans, the females never go into heat, the males are always rutting, and the females find that a major headache. “A politician is asked to stand, wants to sit, and is expected to lie.” – Winston Churchill “When given a choice between two evils, I typically choose the one I haven’t tried yet.” – Mae West I shot an elephant in my pajamas. How he got in my pajamas, I’ll never know. – Groucho Marx So to speak. Credit to: Christopher
Paronomasia	Definition: Using words that sound alike but that differ in meaning. A.k.a. adnominatio, agnominatio, agnomination, allusio, allusion, the nicknamer, prosonomasia
Return to top or post contents	A jesting friar punned “Errans mus”. – Puttenham Erasmus as an “erring mouse”. A pun is its own reword. Credit to: Burton, “Paronomasia”
Rhyme	Definition: A pattern of words that contain similar sounds. go   show   glow   know   though A repetition of identical or similar sounds in two or more different words. Types of Rhyme include: Internal Rhyme Assonance: matching vowel sounds Consonance: matching consonant sounds Alliteration: matching consonants sounds at the beginning of words Paromoion Holorime: a rhyme that encompasses an entire line or phrase Sibilance
Assonance	Definition: Two or more words close to one another repeat the same vowel sound but start with different consonant sounds. The repeated sound can appear anywhere in the words.
Return to top or post contents	An easy way to remember the difference between the two is that assonance begins with a vowel whereas consonance begins with a consonant. It’s very useful in both poetry and prose. Writers use it as a tool to enhance a musical effect in the text by using it for creating internal rhyme, which consequently enhances the pleasure of reading a literary piece. In addition, it helps writers to develop a particular mood in the text that corresponds with its subject matter. May Use Other Literary Devices including: Figure of Speech Poetic device It is the opposite of consonance. Credit to: Assonance
Men sell the wedding bells. Go and mow the lawn. Johnny went here and there and everywhere. The engineer held the steering to steer the vehicle.
Consonance	Definition: A consonant sound is repeated in words that are in close proximity. The repeated sound can appear anywhere in the words.
Return to top or post contents	It is the opposite of assonance, which refers to the repetition of vowel sounds in quick succession. An easy way to remember the difference between the two is that “consonance” begins with a consonant, whereas “assonance” begins with a vowel. Two particular types of consonance involve: Alliteration: refers to the repetition of consonant sounds, but only in the stressed part of a word Sibilance: involves the repetition of consonant sounds, but only of sibilant consonants, i.e., s, sh, and z May Use Other Literary Devices including: Figure of Speech Idiom Poetic device Many common phrases, idioms, and tongue twisters as well as famous speeches use consonance.
All’s well that ends well. The early bird gets the worm. Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers. Curiosity killed the cat. A blessing in disguise. She sells seashells by the seashore. “I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia, the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood.” – Martin Luther King, Jr. “My fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country.” – John F. Kennedy “So I close in saying that I might have had a tough break — but I have an awful lot to live for!” – Lou Gehrig “There were many more merry men,” Mary mused.
Alliteration	Definition: Uses repeated sounds at the beginning of words to focus attention or convey an idea or emotion. Alliterative words are consecutive or close to each other in the text.
Return to top or post contents	It focuses readers’ attention on a particular section of text, creating rhythm and mood and can have particular connotations. For example, repetition of the s sound often suggests a snake-like quality, implying slyness and danger. May Use Other Literary Devices including: Appealing to the reader’s senses Figure of Speech Rhetorical Device Sound Most alliterations are tautograms and vice versa. Other Types of Alliteration include: Paromoion Tautogram
“Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.” Bennie binged on buckets of big blue berries. “Heavenly Hillsboro. The buckle on the bible belt” – Jerome Lawrence and Robert E. Lee, Inherit the Wind Creates a soft, soothing effect of the “h” sounds and the sharp, percussive effect of the “b” sounds. “Once upon a midnight dreary while I pondered weak and weary; rare and radiant maiden; And the silken sad uncertain rustling of each purple curtain… Deep into that darkness peering, long I stood there wondering, fearing, Doubting, dreaming dreams no mortal ever dared to dream before” – Edgar Allen Poe, The Raven Uses alliteration by repeating w sounds to emphasize the weariness of narrator, and then r and s sounds in the second and third lines respectively. In the last two lines, d sound highlights the narrator’s hopelessness.
Paromoion	Definition: A similarity of sound between words of syllables usually occurring between words in the same positions in parisonic members at the beginning (alliteration), at the end (homoioteleuton), or both at once (euphuism). A.k.a. paramoeon, paramoion Credit to: Croll, 242
Return to top or post contents	O Tite, tute, Tati, tibi tanta Tyranne tulisti. – Quintus Ennius, Annals
Tautogram	Definition: Each word in the text starts with the same letter.
Return to top or post contents	A tautogram is different from alliteration in that a tautogram is written and visual whereas an alliteration is phonetic, sound, however, most tautograms are still alliterations and vice versa.
Crazy child came calling. pneumatic plate Truly tautograms triumph, trumpeting trills to trounce terrible travesties. Todd told Tom the termite to tactically trot through the thick, tantalisingly tasteful timber. Brilliant, because bacon bites beat bruschetta. Credit to: Tautogram
Holorime	Definition: A form of identical rhyme in which the rhyme encompasses an entire line or phrase. It may be a couplet or short poem made up entirely of homophonous verses.
Return to top or post contents	“In Ayrshire hill areas, a cruise, eh, lass?” “Inertia, hilarious, accrues, hélas!” – Miles Kington, “A Lowlands Holiday Ends in Enjoyable Inactivity” “Poor old Dali loped with an amazin’ raging cyst, as poor Roald Dahl eloped with Anna-May’s enraging sisters.” – Steven F. Smith, translator
Rhyme Scheme	Definition: The pattern of rhymes at the end of each line of a poem or song. It is usually referred to by using letters to indicate which lines rhyme; lines designated with the same letter all rhyme with each other. If the alternate words rhyme, it is an a-b-a-b rhyme scheme, which means a is the rhyme for lines 1 and 3 and b is the rhyme affected in lines 2 and 4.
Return to top or post contents	An a-b-c-b Rhyme Scheme
Roses are red	a
Violets are blue	b
Beautiful they all may be	c
But I love you	b
Bid me to weep, and I will weep	a
While I have eyes to see	b
And having none, yet I will keep	a
A heart to weep for thee	b

Rhythm & Rhyme
Rhyme A repetition of identical or similar sounds in two or more different words.

• go   show   glow   know   though

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Rhythm – A strong, regular, repeated pattern of movement or sound

Definition: Together, rhythm and rhyme refer to a recurring pattern of rhymes created by using words that produce the same or similar sounds in prose and poetry, creating a musical, gentle effect.

Combining rhythm + rhyme creates more musical lines that will be easier to remember.

The Rhythm and Rhyme Scheme
I am a teapot	a
Short and stout;	b
This is my handle	c
And this is my spout.	b
When the water’s boiling	d
Hear me shout;	b
Just lift me up	e
And pour me out.	b
One, two,	a
Buckle my shoe.	a
Three, four,	b
Shut the door.	b
Red sky at night,	a
Sailor’s delight.	a
Red sky at morning,	b
Sailor take warning.	b

Internal Rhyme
Definition: The practice of forming a rhyme in only one lone line of verse and is typically constructed in the middle of a line to rhyme with the bit at the end of the same metrical line.

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There are three variations:

1. Two or more rhyming words in the same line
2. Rhyming words that appear in the middle of successive lines
3. A word at the end of a line that rhymes with a word in the middle of a successive line

A.k.a. middle rhyme

Credit to: Internal

“We were the first that ever burst.” – Samuel Taylor Coleridge, The Rime of the Ancient Mariner

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“Just turn me loose let me straddle my old saddle,
Underneath the western skies,
On my cayuse let me wander over yonder,
‘Til I see the mountains rise.” – Cole Porter, “Hollywood Canteen”

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It would be good to have a hood in this weather.

I felt sad thinking of the day / That my dad left for the war.

In the end, what does it matter? / It’s all chatter, the things they say.

Prosody
Definition: The patterns of rhythm, sound, tempo, pitch, loudness, and meter used in poetry.

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It is an important element of language that contributes towards rhythmic and acoustic effects in a piece of writing, using such different elements as scansion, sound, pace, and meaning.

Types of Prosody:

• Syllabic Prosody
• Accentual Prosody
• Accentual-Syllabic Prosody
• Quantitative Prosody

Prosody also has multiple functions in both poetry and prose:

• Used with syntactic phrasing, word segmentation, sentence, accentuation, stress and phonological distinctions
• Use it to produce rhythmic and acoustic effects
• A sentence in a given perspective expresses more than just its linguistic meanings:
  • Expressive content could be an identity of a speaker, his mood, age, sex and other extra linguistic features
  • Pragmatic content encompasses the attitude of the speaker and listener and provides a relationship between a speaker and his/her discourse
    • Reflect different features of a speaker and his utterance, emotional state, a form of utterance, presence of sarcasm or irony, and emphasis

Credit to: Prosody

Syllabic Prosody
Definition: Counts a fixed number of syllables in each line, while accent, tone and quantity play a secondary role.

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“In my craft or sullen art
Exercised in the still night
When only the moon rages
And the lovers lie abed
W-ith all their griefs in their arms,
I labour by singing light…
But for the common wages
Of their most secret heart.” – Dylan Thomas, In My Craft or Sullen Art

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An example of syllabic verse, which contains constrained or a fixed number of syllables with each line consisting of seven syllables except the final line, but does not follow a consistent stressed pattern.

Accentual Prosody
Definition: Measures only the accents or stresses in a line of verse, while the overall number of syllables may vary in a line. It is very common in Germanic, Old English, and modern English verses.

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“

what

if a

much

of a

which

of a

wind
gives

the

truth

to

sum

mer’s

lie

;

blood

ies with

diz

zying

leaves

the

sun

and

yanks

im

mor

tal

stars

aw

ry

?
Blow

king

to

beg

gar and

queen

to

seem

(blow friend to fiend: blow space to time)
— when skies are hanged and oceans drowned,
the single secret will still be man…” – e.e. cummings, “what if a much of a which of a wind”

An example of accentual verse in which the number of stressed syllables is four that remain constant. They are underlined, but the syllables in each line do not remain constant and change from seven to ten.

Accentual-Syllabic Prosody
Definition: Counts both number of syllables and accents in each line. It is commonly found in English poetry.

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“If

ev

er

two

were

one

, then

sure

ly

we

.
If

ev

er

man

were

loved

by

wife

, then

thee

;
If

ev

er

wife

was

hap

py

in

a

man

,
Com

pare

with

me

, ye

wo

men,

if

you

can

.
I

prize

thy

love

more

than

whole

mines

of

gold

” – Anne Bradstreet, “To My Dear and Loving Husband”

An example of accentual-syllabic verse, which focuses on both the number of syllables and number of accents in each poetic line. This iambic pentameter poem is one of the best examples of accented syllabic verse, as it contains five iambs in each line and follows strictly measured syllabic pattern.

Quantitative Prosody
Definition: Depends upon the duration of syllables, which can be determined by the amount of time used on pronunciation, such as a with free verse poem that consists of unmeasured lines.

Commonly found in Roman and classical Greek poetry and very rarely in English poetry.

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“Arma virumque cano, Troiae qui primus ab oris…” – Virgil, “The Aeneid”

This opening line of Virgil’s poem is a classic model of quantitative prosody. Look at the stress pattern that is irregular, as this type of prosody does not have measured syllables, but it measures the meter according to duration of time to pronounce a line.

Acatalectic
Definition: Having complete or full number of syllables in a poetic line.

A.k.a. ataclexis

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This stanza example…

“When Sr Joshua Reynolds died	catalectic
All Nature was degraded;
The King dropp’d a tear into the Queen’s Ear,	acatalectic
And all his Pictures Faded.” – William Blake, “Art and Artist”	hypercatalectic

Catalectic
Definition: A metrically incomplete line of verse, lacking a syllable at the end or ending with an incomplete foot.

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One form of catalexis is headlessness, where the unstressed syllable is dropped from the beginning of the line.

Making a meter catalectic can drastically change the feeling of the poem, and catalexis is often used to achieve a certain effect.

Credit to: Catalectic

Lay your sleeping head, my love,
Human on my faithless arm;
Time and fevers burn away
Individual beauty from
Thoughtful children, and the grave
Proves the child ephemeral:
But in my arms till break of day
Let the living creature lie,
Mortal, guilty, but to me
The entirely beautiful. – W. H. Auden, “Lay Your Sleeping Head, My Love”

Brachycatalectic
Definition: A line missing two syllables.

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Henry Wadsworth Longfellow’s “The Song of Hiawatha”

Hypercatalectic
Definition: A line of poetry having an extra syllable or syllables at the end of the last metrical foot.

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This stanza example…

“When Sr Joshua Reynolds died	catalectic
All Nature was degraded;
The King dropp’d a tear into the Queen’s Ear,	acatalectic
And all his Pictures Faded.” – William Blake, “Art and Artist”	hypercatalectic

Ischiorrhogic
Definition: [Of an iambic line] A type of poetry.

Having a spondee as its second, fourth, or sixth foot.

A.k.a. broken-backed, broken-hipped

Credit to: Ischiorrhogic

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I can only find examples in Greek, and I doubt they’d translate to provide a good example in English.

Sibilance
Definition: Repeats “hissing”, sibilant consonant sounds, such as s (most popular), sh, ch, th, f, soft c, and z in a specific type of alliteration, mostly used in poetry.

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Sibilance is useful in creating an atmosphere, drawing the attention of readers to paint a more colorful picture of the idea of the event. Descriptive scenes can be explained more carefully by laying stress on the specific letters. In fact, the sense of repeated sounds and then the making up of different literary devices through sibilance creates further musical effects on the readers.

Credit to: Sibilance

“Sing a Song of Sixpence”

Charming child who changed the world.

A shark sliced through the water, charging toward the shore.

“As whence the sun ‘gins his reflection
Shipwracking storms and direful thunders break,
So from that spring whence comfort seemed to come
Discomfort swells. Mark, King of Scotland, mark:
No sooner justice had, with valor armed,…
But the Norweyan lord, surveying vantage,
With furbished arms and new supplies of men,…
Till seven at night. To make society
The sweeter welcome, we will keep ourselves
Till suppertime alone. While then, God be with you!” – William Shakespeare, Macbeth

Stanza
Definition: A single, related one unit or group of lines in poetry, which forms one particular faction in poetry.

The most basic kind of stanza is usually four lines per group, with the simplest rhyme scheme a-b-a-b being followed.

Credit to: Rhyme

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The greedy paddy cat,	a
Chased after the mice;	b
She got so round and fat,	a
But it tasted so nice.”	b

Synchysis
Definition: An odd form of an alternating word sequence of the form a-b-a-b.

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Typically appears in poetry, where words are rearranged such that alternate words should be read together. It asks the reader to think hard, concentrating on and reviewing the words until the pattern and so the meaning is discovered. This can be so confusing that it may be necessary to emphasize the words that go together so the reader or listener can understand better what is intended.

Young man, boy old.

Golden happy ring girl.

I run and shoot, fast and accurate.

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Credit to: Synchysis

Sarcasm
If you can’t bothered to click over to Figure of Speech: Sarcasm, it’s your loss.

Slang
Definition: Informal language that continually evolves and changes and is considered to be a largely spontaneous, lively, and creative speech process typically restricted to a particular context or group of people, which begins as a way to flout standard language.

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It’s more common in speech than in writing, so it’s ideal for dialogue!

Slang can be blunt or riddled with metaphor, and often quite profound.

Many slang terms become accepted into the standard lexicon and/or are borrowed between groups, and much of it dies out.

A.k.a. argot, cant, colloquialism, jargon, patois

Slang	Meaning
grass	marijuana
check out	look
booty	butt
ice bling	jewels
groovy cool	fashionable exciting enjoyable excellent
gig	concert recital performance

Slipshod Extension
Definition: Overextending the meaning of a word beyond its proper meaning.

A.k.a. word-swapping

Credit to: Slipshod

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Word	True Meaning	Overextension
dilemma	when there is a pair, or at least a definite number, of lines that might be taken in argument or action, and each is unsatisfactory	a difficult situation or predicament
fulsome	cloying, excessive, disgusting by excess	He showered her with fulsome praise.
literally	exactly, truly, completely	I told him I never wanted to see him again, but I didn’t expect him to take it literally.
peruse	to read or examine, usually with great care	Using it using as a synonym for skim, scan, or read quickly
plethora	overabundance or unhealthy excess of something	Commonly used as a non-judgmental synonym for a large quantity
hopefully	in a hopeful manner	Hopefully, she’ll work out is a somewhat negative interpretation
decimate	kill one in ten	destroy

Credit to: Nordquist, “5”; Carey

Sobriquet
Definition: A nickname, sometimes assumed, but often given by another.

Distinct from a pseudonym that is assumed as a disguise, you can read more about sobriquets in the post “-Nyms That are Names.

A.k.a. sotbriquet, soubriquet

Spoonerism
Definition: A phonetic mix-up.

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Spooner said…	What He Meant to Say
fighting a liar	lighting a fire
you hissed my mystery lecture	you missed my history lecture
cattle ships and bruisers	battle ships and cruisers
nosey little cook	cosy little nook
a blushing crow	a crushing blow
tons of soil	sons of toil
our queer old Dean	our dear old Queen
we’ll have the hags flung out	we’ll have the flags hung out

Tom Swifty
Definition: Interpreting idioms literally and creating contradictions and redundancies.

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“Hurry up and get to the back of the ship,” Tom said sternly.

“I need a pencil sharpener,” said Tom bluntly.

“Oops! There goes my hat!” said Tom off the top of his head.

“I can no longer hear anything,” said Tom deftly.

“I have a split personality,” said Tom, being frank.

---

Credit to: Tom

Univocalic
Definition: A type of verbal play in which the writer may use only a single vowel.

A.k.a. homovocalic, monovocalic

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Richard Lederer’s The Word Circus notes that some of the longest common univocalic words use the vowel e.

anagram September Seventh strengthlessness senselessness defenselessness

disinhibiting strongrooms taramasalatas untruthful, untrustful dumbstruck

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Paul Hellweg’s “Mary Had a Little Lamb” from Word Ways magazine:

“Meg kept the wee sheep,
The sheep’s fleece resembled sleet;
Then wherever Meg went
The sheep went there next;

He went where she needed her texts,
The precedent he neglected;
The pre-teen felt deep cheer
When the sheep entered there.”

---

Howard Bergerson’s “The Haiku of the Eyes” uses only i:

In twilight this spring

Girls with miniskirts will swim

In string bikinis.

---

Credit to: September

Wellerism
Definition: “A sentence with a speaker and a narrator; after the speaker speaks, the narrator adds commentary that undermines the sentiment of the speaker sometimes by changing the meaning of the speaker’s idea. Other times, the narrator offers description to show that, what the speaker said, may not be so true, after all.”

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“We’ll have to rehearse that,” said the undertaker, as the coffin fell out of the car.

“Everyone to his own taste,” the woman said, as she kissed her cow.

“It’s all coming back to me now,” Captain Smith remarked after he spat into the wind.

“Eureka!” Archimedes said to the skunk.

“Capital punishment,” the boy said when his teacher seated him among the girls.

“I’ve been to see an old flame,” the young man said when he returned from Vesuvius.

“I hope I made myself clear,” said the water, as it passed through the filter.

“That’s my mission in life,” said the monk, as he pointed to his monastery.

“My business is looking good,” said the model.

---

Credit to: Mittendorf

Zeugma
Definition: A figure of speech that uses a word to modify two or more words usually so that it applies to each word in a different sense or makes sense with only one.

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A zeugma is also a form of ellipsis as it omits words(s) that are superfluous or can be understood from contextual clues, although the sense can vary in its repetition.

It often creates a witty or comical effect.

4 Types of Zeugma:
(Depends on the location of the verb that functions as the shared connector.)

1. Diazeugma
   • Disjunction
2. Hypozeugma
3. Mesozeugma
4. Prozeugma

A.k.a. change in concord, concepcio, conceptio, conglutinata conceptio, double supply, grammatical syllepsis, semantic syllepsis, silepsis, sillepsis, syllempsis, syllepsis, synezeugmenon

…with weeping eyes and hearts

The zeugma weeping modifies both objects, but the first eyes is literal; the second, figurative as the heart can’t really weep.

---

Margaret opened the door and her heart to the homeless boy.

The zeugma opened modifies both objects, but the first door is literal; the second, figurative as an opened heart is more surgical.

---

“Miss Bolo … went straight home, in a flood of tears and a sedan-chair.” – Charles Dickens, The Pickwick Papers

The zeugma went . . . home modifies both objects, but the first a flood of tears is figurative; the second, literal.

---

She made my coffee and my day.

The zeugma is made which modifies coffee and day. In its first instance, made means preparing the coffee but the meaning shifts when applied to the second instance, made is understood to mean make an otherwise ordinary or dull day pleasingly memorable for someone.

---

She gave me a smile and a coffee.

The zeugma is gave which modifies smile and coffee. In its first instance, gave means she smiled at me but the meaning shifts when applied to the second instance, and gave is understood to mean handing a cup of coffee to me.

---

John and his license expired last week.

The zeugma is expired which modifies John and license. In its first instance, expired means John died but the meaning shifts when applied to the second instance, expired is understood to mean the license is no longer valid.

---

“Rend your heart, and not your garments.” – Joel 2:13

The zeugma rend modifies both objects, but the first rend is figurative; the second, literal.

---

“You held your breath and the door for me.” – Alanis Morissette

The zeugma is held which modifies breath and door. In its first instance, held means stop but the meaning shifts when applied to the second instance, held is understood to mean kept the door open.

---

“Fix the problem, not the blame.” – Dave Weinbaum

The zeugma is fix which modifies problem and blame. In its first instance, fix means solve but the meaning shifts when applied to the second instance, fix is understood to mean assign.

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His boat and his dreams sank.

The zeugma is sank which modifies boat and dreams. In its first instance, sank means the boat was damaged and went beneath the surface of the water but the meaning shifts when applied to the second instance, sank is understood to mean destroyed.

---

Credit to: Burton, “Syllepsis”

Diazeugma
Definition: The use of a single subject that governs several verbs or verbal constructions (usually arranged in “parallel fashion and expressing a similar idea).

It’s the opposite of zeugma.

A.k.a. diezeugmenon

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“The Roman people destroyed Numantia, razed Carthage, demolished Corinth, and overthrew Fregellae.” – Rhetorica ad Herennium, IV, xxvii.

Of no aid to the Numantines was bodily strength; of no assistance to the Carthaginians was military science; of no help to the Corinthians was polished cleverness; of no avail to the Fregellans was fellowship with us in customs and in language.” – Rhetorica ad Herennium, IV, xxvii.

“We shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty.” – John F. Kennedy

I couldn’t get to sleep because my report wasn’t finished, my psycho neighbor was playing with his musical clapper, the handgun my mother had given me was missing, and worst of all, my Sleep Number bed’s 5-part fully adjustable electric frame was stuck at 9. (Diazeugma).

And Thisbe, tarrying in mulberry shade, / His dagger drew, and died.

“With disease physical beauty fades, with age it dies.” – Rhetorica ad Herennium

“For this reason, to dwell with us in true flesh God came; marked with the stain of our flesh he could not be; and at length those who were his in his own blood he washed.”

---

Credit to: Abbot

Disjunction
Definition: A type of diazeugma used when alternatives are presented to a question and are each resolved by adding a reason in parallel fashion.

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“His evils are two: the fraud of simony, the coldness of avarice. He embraces both the one and the other, and does not abhor them.” – Geoffrey of Vinsauf, Poetria Nova, 63

“If we do meet again, why, we shall smile;
If not, why then this parting was well made.” – Shakespeare, Julius Caeser

“Why should I now reproach you in any way ? If you are an upright man, you have not deserved reproach; if a wicked man, you will be unmoved.” – Rhetorica ad Herennium

“Why should I now boast of my deserts? If you remember them, I shall weary you; if you have forgotten them, I have been ineffective in action, and therefore what could I effect by words?” – Rhetorica ad Herennium

“There are two things which can urge men to illicit gain: poverty and greed. That you were greedy in the division with your brother we know, that you are poor and destitute we
now see. How, therefore, can you show that you had no motive for the crime?” – Rhetorica ad Herennium

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Credit to: Malton

Hypozeugma
Definition: Used in a construction containing several phrases and occurs when the word or words on which all of the phrases depend are placed at the end.

A.k.a. adjunction

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“Assure yourself that Damon to his Pythias, Pylades to his Orestes, Titus to his Gysippus, Theseus to his Pyrothus, Scipio to his Laelius, was never found more faithful than Euphues will be to his Philautus. – John Lyly, Euphues

Mesozeugma
Definition: A type of zeugma whose governing word occurs in the middle of the sentence and governs clauses on either side.

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“What a shame is this, that neither hope of reward, nor feare of reproch could any thing move him, neither the persuasion of his friends, nor the love of his country.” – Henry Peacham

Prozeugma
Definition: A zeugma whose governing word occurs in the first clause of the sentence.

A.k.a. protozeugma

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“Lust conquered shame; audacity, fear; madness, reason.” – Cicero, The Rhetoric of Pro Cluentio, VI, 15

“Histories make men wise; poets, witty; the mathematics, subtile; natural philosophy, deep; moral, grave; logic and rhetoric, able to contend.” – Francis Bacon

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C’mon, get it out of your system, bitch, whine, moan . . . which words are your pet peeves? Also, please note that I try to be as accurate as I can, but mistakes happen or I miss something. Email me if you find errors, so I can fix them . . . and we’ll all benefit!

Satisfy your curiosity about other Grammar Explanations by exploring its homepage or more generally explore the index of self-editing posts. You may also want to explore Book Layout & Formatting Ideas, Formatting Tips, Grammar Explanations, Linguistics, Publishing Tips, the Properly Punctuated, Word Confusions, Writing Ideas and Resources, and Working Your Website.

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Resources for Word Play

Some of these links may be affiliate links, and I will earn a small percentage, if you should buy it. It does not affect the price you pay.

Abbot, Nike. “Diazeugma.” Rhetorical Figures. n.d. Web. n.d. <https://rhetfig.appspot.com/view?id=ag1zfnJoZXRmaWctaHJkchgLEhBSaGV0b3JpY2FsRmlndXJlGNSMAQw>.

“Antanaclasis.” Literary Devices.net. n.d. Web. n.d. <http://literarydevices.net/antanaclasis/>.

“Antanaclasis.” Wikipedia. n.d. Web. n.d. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antanaclasis>.

“Assonance.” Literary Devices.net. n.d. Web. n.d. <http://literarydevices.net/assonance/>.

“Autoantonym Meaning.” Vocabulary. Grammar Terminology. English Grammar. Using English. n.d. Web. n.d. <https://www.usingenglish.com/glossary/autoantonym.html>.

“Autogram.” Wikipedia. n.d. Web. n.d. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autogram>.

Barber, Dr M. “A Collection of Humorous Mondegreens.” University of Houston. n.d. Web. n.d. <http://www.uh.edu/~mbarber/mondegreens.html>.

“Blanagram.” Wikipedia. n.d. Web. n.d. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanagram>.

Branch, Megan. “10 Literary Terms You Might Not Know.” Literary Terms. Oxford University Press. 27 Mar 2009. Web. n.d. <https://blog.oup.com/2009/03/literary-terms/>.

Burton, Gideon O. “Antistasis.” Silva Rhetoricae (rhetoric.byu.edu). Brigham Young University. n.d. Web. n.d. <http://rhetoric.byu.edu/Figures/A/antistasis.htm>.

⸻. “Paregmenon.” Silva Rhetoricae (rhetoric.byu.edu). Brigham Young University. n.d. Web. n.d. <http://rhetoric.byu.edu/Figures/P/paregmenon.htm>.

⸻. “Paronomasia.” Silva Rhetoricae (rhetoric.byu.edu). Brigham Young University. n.d. Web. n.d. <http://rhetoric.byu.edu/Figures/P/paronomasia.htm>.

⸻. “Syllepsis.” Silva Rhetoricae (rhetoric.byu.edu). Brigham Young University. n.d. Web. n.d. <http://rhetoric.byu.edu/Figures/S/syllepsis.htm>.

“Bushism.” Wikipedia. n.d. Web. n.d. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushism>.

Carey, Stan. “Resolving a Usage Dilemma.” Learn English. Macmillan Dictionary. 2019. Web. 6 Mar 2023. <https://www.macmillandictionaryblog.com/resolving-a-usage-dilemma>.

“Catalectic.” Wikipedia. n.d. Web. n.d. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalectic>.

Christopher, Thomas. “To Wit: An E-zine On How To Be a Wit.” Tools of Wit. 4 Jun 2007. Web. n.d. <http://www.toolsofwit.com/ToWit/Ezine06-04-07.html>.

Croll, Morris W. Style, Rhetoric, and Rhythm: Essays. Princeton University Press, New Jersey: 1966. <http://press.princeton.edu/titles/3953.html> OR <https://amzn.to/3YtSGOi>. Print.

Dean, Deborah. Bringing Grammar to Life. Intl Reading Assn: 2007. <https://amzn.to/3ygPHhG>. Print.

“Diazeugma.” Daily Trope. Silva Rhetoricae (rhetoric.byu.edu). 18 Feb 2013. Web. n.d. <https://dailytrope.com/2013/02/18/diazeugma-3/>.

“Dog Latin.” Collins Dictionary. n.d. Web. n.d. <https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/dog-latin>.

“Dog Latin or Pig Latin?” Latin4Everyone. n.d. Web. n.d. <https://latin4everyone.wordpress.com/2009/09/16/dog-latin-or-pig-latin/>.

“Engrish.” Wikipedia. n.d. Web. n.d. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engrish>.

“Epanadiplosis Definition.” YourDictionary.com. n.d. Web. n.d. <http://www.yourdictionary.com/epanadiplosis#ADFqmjSVo52QDVMm.99>.

“Epitaph.” Literary Devices.net. n.d. Web. n.d. <http://literarydevices.net/epitaph/>.

Fallon, Matthew. “How the English Language Came to Be: A Brief History.” Language Trainers. 17 Jan 2012. Web. n.d. <https://www.languagetrainers.com/blog/2012/01/17/anglish-english-without-all-the-borrowed-words/>.

Gay, Patricia. “Poetry Friday: Playful Palindromes.” Expect the Unexpected. 24 May 2013. Web. n.d. <https://patriciagay.wordpress.com/2013/05/24/poetry-friday-playful-palindromes/>.

Gunner, Jennifer. “Examples of Puns: Exploring What They are and Different Types.” Examples. YourDictionary.com. n.d. Web. n.d. <http://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-puns.html#3ORvVRKxiHHFy34k.99>.

Hall, Heather. “Say What? The Best Chinglish from Two Years in China.” Ferreting Out the Fun. 26 June 2017. Web. n.d. <http://www.ferretingoutthefun.com/2013/12/04/best-chinglish-signs/>.

“Internal Rhyme.” Literary Devices.com. n.d. Web. n.d. <https://literarydevices.com/internal-rhyme/>.

“Ischiorrhogic.” Oxford Dictionaries. n.d. Web. n.d. <https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/ischiorrhogic>.

Jones, Paul Anthony. “21 Rhetorical Devices Explained.” Mental Floss. n.d. Web. 6 Sept 2020. <https://getpocket.com/explore/item/21-rhetorical-devices-explained>.

“List of Forms of Word Play.” Wikipedia. n.d. Web. n.d. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forms_of_word_play>.

“Macaronic Language.” Wikipedia. n.d. Web. n.d. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macaronic_language>.

Malton, Ioanna. “Rosapodosis.” Rhetorical Figures. n.d. Web. n.d. <https://rhetfig.appspot.com/view?id=ag1zfnJoZXRmaWctaHJkchgLEhBSaGV0b3JpY2FsRmlndXJlGNqzAQw>.

Mittendorf, M.J. “Wellerisms.” The Island English Tutor. n.d. Web. n.d. <http://www.theislandenglishtutor.com/wellerisms.html>.

Nelson, Mark J. “Word-unit Palindromes.” kmjn.org. 7 Feb 2012. Web. n.d. <http://www.kmjn.org/notes/word_unit_palindromes.html>.

Nichol, Mark. “10 Types of Wordplay.” Daily Writing Tips. n.d. Web. n.d. <http://www.dailywritingtips.com/10-types-of-wordplay/>.

Nordquist, Richard. “5 Words That Don’t Mean What You Think They Mean.” ThoughtCo. 5 Oct 2018. Web. 6 Mar 2023. <https://www.thoughtco.com/do-words-mean-what-you-think-1692794>.

⸻. “Paragram (Word Play).” ThoughtCo. Last updated 12 Feb 2020. Web. n.d. <http://grammar.about.com/od/pq/g/paragramterm.htm>.

⸻. “Paraprosdokian.” ThoughtCo. 25 Nov 2019. Web. n.d. <http://grammar.about.com/od/pq/g/Paraprosdokian.htm>.

⸻. “What is Antistasis?” ThoughtCo. Last updated 12 Feb 2020. Web. n.d. <http://grammar.about.com/od/ab/g/antistasisterm.htm>.

“Palindrome.” Literary Devices.net. n.d. Web. n.d. <https://literarydevices.net/palindrome/>.

“Panagram.” Wikipedia. n.d. Web. n.d. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangram>.

“Paregmenon.” Changing Minds. n.d. Web. n.d. <http://changingminds.org/techniques/language/figures_speech/paregmenon.htm>.

“Prosody.” Literary Devices.net. n.d. Web. n.d. <http://literarydevices.net/prosody/>.

“Pun.” Wikipedia. n.d. Web. n.d. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pun>.

“Rhyme Scheme.” Literary Devices. n.d. Web. n.d. <https://literarydevices.net/rhyme-scheme/>.

“September Seventh: Univocalic Day.” Word Daze. 7 Sept 2009. Web. n.d. <http://worddaze.blogspot.com/2009/09/september-seventh-univocalic-day.html>.

“Sibilance.” Literary Devices.net. n.d. Web. n.d. <http://literarydevices.net/sibilance/>.

“Slipshod Extension.” Grammar Book. n.d. Web. 6 Mar 2023. <https://www.grammarbook.com/homonyms/slipshod-extension.asp>.

“Synchysis.” Changing Minds. n.d. Web. n.d. <http://changingminds.org/techniques/language/figures_speech/synchysis.htm>.

“Tautogram.” Wikipedia. n.d. Web. n.d. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tautogram>.

“Tom Swifties.” Fun with Words. n.d. Web. n.d. <http://www.fun-with-words.com/tom_swifties.html>.

“Ubbi Dubbi.” Wikipedia. n.d. Web. n.d. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubbi_dubbi>.

Weisberg, Jacob. “The Complete Bushisms.” Slate. 20 Mar 2009. Web. n.d. <http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/bushisms/2000/03/the_complete_bushisms.html>.

Wessel, Fergus. “Headstone Epitaphs – 250 Beautiful Examples.” Stoneletters. 1 Nov 2015. Web. n.d. <https://stoneletters.com/blog/memorial-quotes-headstone-epitaphs>.

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Pinterest Photo Credits

UpWords Board in Play by Cornelius Brunson is in the public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.

I’ve been searching for this literary concept for two days straight, with no luck. So bear with me please as I explain. I’m looking for the correct term to use when wordplay is used in a way that’s related to pronunciation. So, what is it called when you say a word, but if you were to listen to it again (exactly the same way) it could sound like a whole new phrase / concept?

Example 1 : Beyonce’s song «in formation»

She sings it saying, «OK ladies now let’s get ‘in formation‘,» or one could have heard her say, «OK ladies now lets get ‘information‘.» One could have heard it either way. One way with one full word in itself with no spaces, or another way with a phrase that requires spaces. The trick is both ways sound exactly alike.

Example 2 : the word «queso»

It could be said as «queso» as in the melted cheese, or «K, so?» as in the sarcastic gesture many of us use sometimes. (Another way they both sound the same but can mean two different things.)

Example 3 : «Lettuce Leave»

«Lettuce Leave» simply means a single leaf from a salad or such, or one could use it as a command in a group setting: «Let us leave!»

• #1

Hi teachers,
In linguistics a word is the smallest element in a sentence and I believe «words» combine to form phrases.
All phrases must have one obligatory element and it is that element, the headword, which controls the phrase; for example the noun phrase.

The head of a noun phrase can have premodifiers and postmodifiers before and after the headword.
We have two possibilities for NP:
1. A noun phrase may consists of only one word. That word will be either a noun or pronoun.
Examples:
Peter arrived late.
He arrived late.
2. A noun phrase may consists of more than one word. One of these words, a noun, is the headword. The other words describe or modify the headword.
The old man.
The very old man.
The old man with green eyes.

My question:
Why can we say that a noun phrase is or consists of a word or a group of words than can function as the subject, the object, or the complement in a sentence?
How come «a noun phrase is or consists of a word» if in linguistics a word is the smallest element in a sentence?

Thanks in advance.

• #2

Pay attention, TL, that you always use the bare infinitive after most modal verbs
may consists
may consist

A noun phrase may consist of a single word if that single word is the head noun, yes, true.

Words are the building blocks of sentences, true, but words are also the building blocks of phrases. When the phrase consists of a single word, a word and a phrase are the same thing —

only

in that case.

the phrase ‘man’ = the word ‘man’

• #3

Your definitions (1 and 2) allow for a noun phrase consisting of either one word (the head) or two or more words.
So music and the green apple are both noun phrases.

I don’t see the problem. It’s one of definition. Some people define a phrase as consisting of two or more words; others do not.
There is no «correct» definition.

Of course, if you take away may from your definitions, then you have two contradictory definitions.

• #4

I can’t see what you’re asking. Are you worried that something can’t ‘consist of’ a single thing? This is not the most common situation when we say ‘consist of’, but technical definitions normally allow it, otherwise you would have to treat the number one as a special case. The noun phrase ‘Peter’ consists of a single proper name; helium gas consists of monatomic helium.

• #5

Pay attention, TL, that you always use the bare infinitive after most modal verbs
may consists
may consist

Sure I know that, boozer. It happened because when I first wrote my thread «may» wasn’t there. I included it and I forgot to correct the principal verb «consist».

A noun phrase may consist of a single word if that single word is the head noun, yes, true.

That’s where I get lost. How come a «phrase» may be «one word» and at the same time a «group of words»?

Words are the building blocks of sentences, true, but words are also the building blocks of phrases.

See, «building blocks» is plural.

When the phrase consists of a single word, a word and a phrase are the same thing — only in that case.

That’s it! This is what I was looking for! It just happens when a word and a phrase are the same thing.

Does that only happens to NP or it can also happen to «gerund phrases» and «prepositional phrases»?
If the explanations are right, a gerund phrase or a prepositional phrase can’t be one word.

A gerund phrase is a phrase that always begins with a gerund, and functions as a noun.
In short:
Gerund + phrase.
At least two words.
Staying home.

A prepositional phrase is a phrase that always begins with a preposition, and the object of the preposition.
in short:
Preposition + object of the preposition (phrase).
at least two words.
In April.

TL

• #6

Your definitions (1 and 2) allow for a noun phrase consisting of either one word (the head) or two or more words.
So music and the green apple are both noun phrases.

According to that definition they are. Though others say that a phrase is a group of two or more words that work together but don’t form a clause.

I don’t see the problem. It’s one of definition. Some people define a phrase as consisting of two or more words; others do not. There is no «correct» definition.

That’s where the problem arose, to me. Both live in the same building and I guess they will do it forever.

Of course, if you take away may from your definitions, then you have two contradictory definitions.

Don’t I?

TL

• #7

Dissenting, I want to bring this up. The verb phrase ‘dissenting’ consists solely of a gerund-participle, and the preposition phrase ‘up’ consists solely of a preposition.

A word and a phrase are not the same thing; but a phrase consists of one or more words, so it may consist of a single word. There’s no need, however, for every kind of phrase to have the possibility of a single word. In the traditional analysis where ‘up’ was not a preposition when it didn’t have a complement, there would be no one-word preposition phrases. However, I can’t see how this contradicts the idea of a one-word phrase.

• #8

I can’t see what you’re asking. Are you worried that something can’t ‘consist of’ a single thing?

Not really. Just in grammar.

This is not the most common situation when we say ‘consist of’, but technical definitions normally allow it, otherwise you would have to treat the number one as a special case. The noun phrase ‘Peter’ consists of a single proper name

It is hard to understand because in linguistics a word is the smallest element in a sentence and it is just ONE. being logical, one element = one word.
How come a word and a phrase are the same thing if a «phrase» is the next step in linguistics? word–phrase–clause–sentence–etc.
This is what boozer said. That is an explanation. Of course, in linguistics!

When the phrase consists of a single word, a word and a phrase are the same thing —

only

in that case.

TL

• #9

Oh, TL, do not take it so literally. I used the word ‘same’ rather loosely, meaning that in certain cases a word and a phrase are

practically

the same when a phrase consists of a single word.

I did not mean to say that the concepts of ‘word’ and ‘phrase’ become identical when a phrase consists of a single word.

• #10

When a phrase contains a verb (like your «gerund»), it is usually called a clause.

Thus the Cambridge Grammar of the English Language refers to gerund-participial clauses (

Finding suitable lodgings

proved to be difficult).

• #11

Dissenting, I want to bring this up. The verb phrase ‘dissenting’ consists solely of a gerund-participle, and the preposition phrase ‘up’ consists solely of a preposition.

To me, a verb phrase must have two elements: a verb + a phrase (play football) , and a prepositional phrase two elements as well: a preposition + a phrase (in April).
I do believe that here are two ways to look at the same idea.

TL

Oh, TL, do not take it so literally. I used the word ‘same’ rather loosely, meaning that in certain cases a word and a phrase are

practically

the same when a phrase consists of a single word.

Got that! Crystal clear.

I did not mean to say that the concepts of ‘word’ and ‘phrase’ become identical when a phrase consists of a single word.

What a relief!

TL

When a phrase contains a verb (like your «gerund»), it is usually called a clause.

Are you telling me that «staying home» is a clause? Now I’m puzzled.

Isn’t the next explanation right?
A clause must include a subject and a predicate. A phrase, however, doesn’t contain a subject and a predicate, so while it’s found within a clause, a phrase can’t be a clause.

TL

Last edited by a moderator: Mar 28, 2019

• #12

The underlined part of I like staying home is an —ing clause or a non-finite clause. Why must it have a subject?

Some authors use verb phrase, while others use verb clause.

One definition is «A clause is a phrase whose head is a verb (whether finite or not). (The expected term verb phrase is best avoided because it has too many different meanings.)»
This comes from Grammatical Terminology Recommended by the LAGB [Linguistics Association of Great Britain] for Use in Schools.

This is not a bible. Other books may use verb phrase. What is important is that the definition should be clear to the reader.

• #13

The underlined part of I like staying home is an —ing clause or a non-finite clause. Why must it have a subject?

Some authors use verb phrase, while others use verb clause.

One definition is «A clause is a phrase whose head is a verb (whether finite or not). (The expected term verb phrase is best avoided because it has too many different meanings.)»
This comes from Grammatical Terminology Recommended by the LAGB [Linguistics Association of Great Britain] for Use in Schools.

Thanks for the explanation, e2efour.

This is not a bible. Other books may use verb phrase. What is important is that the definition should be clear to the reader.

I completely agree with you.

TL

A noun phrase may consist of a single word if that single word is the head noun, yes, true.

In linguistics, the head of a phrase is the word that determines the syntactic category of that phrase. That is to say, a noun, verb, gerund, preposition, etc.
For example, the head of the noun phrase «big brown dog» is the noun «dog».

My analysis in «That girl owns a big brown dog».
That girl = subject.
owns =verb.
a big brown dog = noun phrase as the object of the verb «owns».

Could you tell me if I am right in the following conclusions?
«A big brown dog» is a noun phrase». But «dog» by itself, can never be a noun phrase because of these two reasons:
1. I can’t replace «a big brown dog» with the object pronoun «it».
2. The answer to the question «What does that girl own?» can’t be «dog», it has to be be «a big brown dog».

**************************************************************
Then a noun phrase may consist of more than one word when there are premodifiers and postmodifiers before and after the headword (noun), and a noun phrase may be only one word when «the subject of a verb», «the object of a verb», and «the object of a preposition» in a sentence don’t have any premodifiers and postmodifiers before and after the headword (noun).

TL

Last edited by a moderator: Mar 28, 2019

• #14

Dog could be a noun phrase in the sentence I like to eat dog.

• #15

Dog could be a noun phrase in the sentence I like to eat dog.

Then in the same NP we can have two NPs?

Hmm… I thought about that, but then my following conclusion wouldn’t fit.

A noun phrase may consist of more than one word when there are premodifiers and postmodifiers before and after the headword (noun), and a noun phrase may be only one word when «the subject of a verb», «the object of a verb», and «the object of a preposition» in a sentence don’t have any premodifiers and postmodifiers before and after the headword (noun).

TL

• #16

What «two NPs» do you mean?
Dog is the head in my sentence and does not contradict your definition.

• #17

What «two NPs» do you mean?

My apologies. I was talking with someone at the same time that I was reading your reply. Of course there’s only one NP.
Then my explanation makes sense; right?

**************************************
If I have to be consistent, I have to use number two as a definition.
1. A phrase is a small group of words that stand together as a single unit, typically as part of a clause or a sentence.
2. In linguistic analysis, a phrase is a group of words (or possibly a single word) that functions as a constituent in the syntax of a sentence.

TL

Last edited: Mar 28, 2019

• #18

You are perfectly free to take the view that a noun phrase can consist of a head alone.

The same goes for verb phrases, which may consist of only one word, e.g. complained in he complained to the waiter about the food.

• #19

You are perfectly free to take the view that a noun phrase can consist of a head alone.

Got that.

The same goes for verb phrases, which may consist of only one word, e.g. complained in he complained to the waiter about the food.

A last one, please. Are the answers to my questions correct?

Does the same thing go for a gerund? I don’t think so. A gerund is always just one word.
Does the same thing go for a gerund phrase? I think so. It may be a word or a group of words.
Does the same thing go for a prepositional phrase? I think so. It may be a word or a group of words.

TL

• #20

Well, if you say that a phrase consists of

at least one word

(the «head»), then perhaps that takes care of the traditional definition («more than one word») and the linguistic definition («one or more words»), or at least part of the linguistic definition, since in linguistic contexts constituent and maximal projection are essential to the definition of «phrase.»

When it comes to «gerund,» keep in mind that phrase and clause are not mutually exclusive; they are two representations of the same structure/unit. And so, in:

I like reading linguistic textbooks

«reading linguistic textbooks» is a noun phrase (the direct object of «like,» given that direct objects are always noun phrases)
«reading linguistic textbooks» is a verb phrase (verb «reading» + direct object «linguistic textbooks»)
«reading linguistic textbooks» is a clause (there’s an understood subject, which is co-referent with the subject «I» of the main clause)

All three definitions are correct; it all depends on your perspective.

• #21

Well, if you say that a phrase consists of

at least one word

(the «head»), then perhaps that takes care of the traditional definition («more than one word») and the linguistic definition («one or more words»), or at least part of the linguistic definition, since in linguistic contexts constituent and maximal projection are essential to the definition of «phrase.»

Hi SevenDays,
Thanks for your help once again. Then the traditional definition and the linguistic definition are not far away from each other.

Two questions:
a) The following definitions are correct, aren’t they?
b) Is it necessary to write «without a subject-verb combination» for numbers 2 and 3 as well?

1.In Traditional Grammar a phrase may consist of one word or a group of words

without a subject-verb combination

.
2. In Traditional Grammar a gerund phrase begins with a gerund and may consists of one word or more than one word

without a subject-verb combination

.
3. In Traditional Grammar a prepositional phrase begins with a preposition and may consists of one word or more than one word

without a subject-verb combination

.

«reading linguistic textbooks» is a noun phrase (the direct object of «like,» given that direct objects are always noun phrases)
«reading linguistic textbooks» is a verb phrase (verb «reading» + direct object «linguistic textbooks»)
«reading linguistic textbooks» is a clause (there’s an understood subject, which is co-referent with the subject «I» of the main clause)

All three definitions are correct; it all depends on your perspective.

I do understand that. It all depends on my perspective.

TL

• #22

Hi SevenDays,
Thanks for your help once again. Then the traditional definition and the linguistic definition are not far away from each other.

Two questions:
a) The following definitions are correct, aren’t they?
b) Is it necessary to write «without a subject-verb combination» for numbers 2 and 3 as well?

1.In Traditional Grammar a phrase may consist of one word or a group of words

without a subject-verb combination

.
2. In Traditional Grammar a gerund phrase begins with a gerund and may consists of one word or more than one word

without a subject-verb combination

.
3. In Traditional Grammar a prepositional phrase begins with a preposition and may consists of one word or more than one word

without a subject-verb combination

.

I do understand that. It all depends on my perspective.

TL

Yes. Traditional grammar puts the focus on the lack of subject-verb combination for its definition of «phrase.»

• #23

Yes. Traditional grammar puts the focus on the lack of subject-verb combination for its definition of «phrase.»

Got that, SD.
It seems that finally I hit the nail on the head. Since they are correct, I’ll use them in my classes.
It has been a long way to understand why some web pages say that a phrase is a group of words and others one word or more.
But now

I have a much better picture of the reasons

to have one definition or an another. I think that the traditional definition and the linguistic definition are a lot better.

This is the conclusion that I have arrived, and I’m sure it does work for «gerund phrases» and «prepositional phrases».
A noun phrase may consist of more than one word when there are premodifiers and postmodifiers before and after the headword (noun), and a noun phrase may be only oneword when «the subject of a verb», «the object of a verb», and «the object of a preposition» in a sentence don’t have any premodifiers and postmodifiers before and after the headword (noun).

TL

• #24

How come «a noun phrase is or consists of a word»

It the fact that you left out «… or a group of words» what’s confusing you here?

Would you understand «A molecule is or consists of an atom or a group of atoms»?

• #25

It the fact that you left out «… or a group of words» what’s confusing you here?

How come «a noun phrase is or consists of a word» if in linguistics a word is the smallest element in a sentence?

I didn’t forget «or a group of words» I understood a phrase as a group of words only.
Is it any better to change «a group of words» to «a word group»?
The definition of a «word group» says that it is «two or more content words».

Would you understand «A molecule is or consists of an atom or a group of atoms»?

Not my field at all, Glen.
A molecule is the smallest particle in a chemical element.
Molecules are made of atoms.

TL

Last edited: Mar 28, 2019

Progress
Check – 3

V – 1

I.
Find the word with the same or similar meaning.

Example: dull – c)

a) original b) fascinating c) boring

1. to report

a) to borrow b) to inform c) to explain

2. advertisement

a) commercial b) review c) quiz

3. headline

a) article
b)
title c) conclusion

4. quality

a) popular b) original c) serious

5. handbook

a) manual b) guidebook c) encyclopedia

6. fascinating

a) gripping b) brilliant c) amusing

II.
Complete each sentence with one of the words or phrases below.

whenever wisdom tabloids events celebrate prove

book broadcast issue suggested

1. … contain a lot of photographs
and have a more sensational reporting style.

2. Smoking is bad. Can you … it?

3. Local newspapers give information on different … happening in the
local area.

4. I’d like to … tickets for a group of students to London.

5. Series is a long drama or comedy or documentary that is … in parts,
usually at a certain time of day.

6. The first … of the newspaper “The Daily Courant” was published in London in 1702.

7. … you ask for help, I’ll help you.

8. My uncle … making green tea as it is very good for the health.

9. Mikhail Lomonosov was known as a man of great … .

10. How did you … the turn of the century?

III. The word in capitals above each of the
following sentences can be used to form a word that fits suitably in the blank
space. Fill each blank in this way.

Example: MANAGE

He is the manager of a popular singer.

1. DAY

… newspapers are published on
every day of the week except Sunday.

2. COMMENT

Who is your favourite TV … ?

3. COMMUNCATE

Pamela thinks that the Internet
is the most useful means of … .

4. CULTURE

I prefer to read articles about
… affairs in our town.

5. PRINT

I think CD books will be much
more popular with teenagers of my generation than … books.

IV.
Complete the sentences. Choose the correct variant.

Example: I’ve got a lot of …
(work/ works) to do for the weekend. –

I’ve got a lot
of work
to do for the weekend.

1. What (is/ are) her progress in
English?

2. (Is/ Are) there any news from Andy?

3. Where (is/ are) Granny’s glasses?

4. (Is/ Are) these goods from America?

5. I got a lot of useful (information/ informations).

6. Do you eat much (fruit/ fruits)?

7. I like any kind of (weather/ weathers).

V.
Complete the sentences. Choose the correct variant.

Example: My mother disapproved of … (to read/ reading)
thrillers. —

My mother
disapproved of reading thrillers.

1. I have never dreamed of (to win/ winning) a competition.

2. My sister always enjoys (to go/ going) for a walk.

3. The angry neighbour told the teenagers to stop (to speak/ speaking)
too loud.

4. Do you think she’ll manage (to pass/ passing) her Maths exam?

5. My mum is always at home. She quitted (to work/ working) last year.

6. The teacher reminded us (to bring/ bringing) some flowers to decorate
the classroom.

7. Linda suggested me (to drink/ drinking) a cup of tea now.