The usa word order

Один из запутанных моментов в употреблении артиклей – артикли перед географическими названиями. Если быть точнее, артикль the перед географическими названиями, потому что перед ними либо нет артикля (нулевой артикль), либо the. Неопределенный артикль a an перед географическими названиями не употребляется.

Основное правило

Общее правило такое: артикль the используется в первую очередь перед названиями, обозначающими объединения объектов, а также с названиями стран, включающих имена нарицательные, такие как federation, islands. Например, the Russian Federation, the Virgin Islands.

Чаще всего трудности возникают с названиями стран: Russian Federation или The Russian Federation? United Kingdom или The United Kingdom? United States или The United States? Разберем этот вопрос в первую очередь.

Артикль the нужен перед названиями стран, если:

1. Название страны включает имена нарицательные, такие как federation, states, kingdom, republic:

• the Russian Federation — Российская Федерация,
• the United States — Соединенные Штаты,
• the United Kingdom — Соединенное Королевство,
• the Czech Republic — Чешская Республика.

Сокращенные названия таких стран тоже пишутся с the (the USA, the UK), но иногда для краткости употребляются без артикля, например, в заголовках, объявлениях, инструкциях (в текстах такого рода часто опускаются артикли), например: «Made in USA».

2. Название страны – это существительное во множественном числе:

• the Netherlands — Нидерланды,
• the Philippines — Филиппины,
• the Bahamas — Багамы.

Артикль перед названиями рек, гор, регионов, островов и т. д.

Артикль the может использоваться перед названиями различных географических названий.

Используется:

1. Перед названиями полюсов и экватора:

• the Equator — Экватор,
• the North Pole — Северный полюс,
• the South Pole — Южный полюс,

2. Перед названиями пустынь и полуостровов:

• the Mojave Desert — пустыня Мохаве,
• the Sahara — Сахара,
• the Balkan Peninsula — Балканский полуостров.

3. Перед названиями групп объектов: горные цепи, группа озер, островов:

• the Kuril Islands — Курильские острова,
• the Great Lakes — Великие озера,
• the Andes — Анды.

4. Перед названиями океанов, морей и рек (но не озер):

• the Atlantic Ocean — Атлантический океан,
• the Thames — Темза,
• the Okhotsk Sea — Охотское море,
• the Nile River — Нил.

Артикль не используется:

1. Перед названиями континентов.

В англоязычных странах принято выделять семь континентов:

• Africa — Африка,
• Asia — Азия,
• Europe — Европа,
• North America — Северная Америка,
• South America — Южная Америка,
• Antarctica — Антарктика,
• Australia — Австралия.

2. Гор:

• Mount Everest — гора Эверест.

3. Островов:

• Sakhalin — Сахалин.
• Grenada — Гренада.

3. Штатов, городов, улиц:

• Alaska — Аляска,
• Seattle — Сиэтл,
• Las Vegas Boulevard — бульвар Лас-Вегас,
• Bourbon Street — Бурбон стрит.

4. Озер:

• Lake Erie — озеро Эри,
• Lake Baykal — озеро Байкал.

Исключения и спорные вопросы: Ukraine или the Ukraine?

С названиями некоторых стран есть путаница. К примеру, Конго называют как the Congo, так и Congo, вероятно, это связано с тем, что название страны произошло от названия реки Конго, которую называют только the Congo. Гамбию называют the Gambia, возможно, тоже из-за «речного» происхождения слова.

Украину называют как Ukraine, так и the Ukraine – это своего рода англоязычный вариант известной проблемы «”в” или “на” Украине». Во времена СССР преобладал вариант «the Ukraine», позже «Ukraine» становится все популярнее. Суть в том, что артикль the в названии «the Ukraine» наводит на мысль, что Украина – это географический регион, часть Советского Союза. Когда Украина перестала быть частью СССР, все чаще стал использоваться вариант без артикля. Это хорошо прослеживается в графике упоминаний двух вариантов в Google Books:Сейчас встречаются оба варианта – кто-то придерживается старых привычек, но по большей части пишут без артикля, вариант с «the» вытесняется, устаревает. Этому способствует то, что с точки зрения носителя языка, вариант «Ukraine» логичнее – не из-за политических причин, а просто потому, что страны с the в названии – это исключения из правил.

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The ‘standard’ order of adjectives is the Royal order of adjectives, memorised as DOSSACOM Q. This is standard across all varieties of English, and even non-English languages that allow prenominal adjectives.

Whether English users get it wrong is more difficult to answer. Underlying the royal order of adjectives is another ordering of determiner > specification > description > categorisation > noun. This is fairly solid, but within the three zones of specification, description, and categorisation the order is more of a tendency or preference than a rule.

This is because underlying that is the principle that the more concrete, intrinsic, or «nouny» an adjective is, the closer to the noun it goes. For example, if we compare the large round coin with the large round table, ’round’ is very concrete. They are either round or they are not — there is not much to argue about and ’round’ has the same meaning for both, so it is placed close to the noun. ‘Large’, however, is relative. A large coin is much smaller than a large table, and a table the size of a large coin would be considered tiny, so ‘large’ is placed far to the left of the noun.

There are limits to this. Size, length, and height are equally «nouny», concrete, and intrinsic, yet they appear in precisely that order, suggesting that it is mere convention. On top of this, deciding how «nouny», concrete, or intrinsic an adjective is, is quite subjective. This makes the whole notion of ‘wrong’ a bit cloudy, at least within the previously mentioned zones.

Normally, sentences in the English language take a simple form. However, there are times it would be a little complex. In these cases, the basic rules for how words appear in a sentence can help you.

Word order typically refers to the way the words in a sentence are arranged. In the English language, the order of words is important if you wish to accurately and effectively communicate your thoughts and ideas.

Although there are some exceptions to these rules, this article aims to outline some basic sentence structures that can be used as templates. Also, the article provides the rules for the ordering of adverbs and adjectives in English sentences.

Basic Sentence Structure and word order rules in English

For English sentences, the simple rule of thumb is that the subject should always come before the verb followed by the object. This rule is usually referred to as the SVO word order, and then most sentences must conform to this. However, it is essential to know that this rule only applies to sentences that have a subject, verb, and object.

For example

Subject + Verb + Object

He loves food

She killed the rat

Sentences are usually made of at least one clause. A clause is a string of words with a subject(noun) and a predicate (verb). A sentence with just one clause is referred to as a simple sentence, while those with more than one clause are referred to as compound sentences, complex sentences, or compound-complex sentences.

The following is an explanation and example of the most commonly used clause patterns in the English language.

Inversion

The English word order is inverted in questions. The subject changes its place in a question. Also, English questions usually begin with a verb or a helping verb if the verb is complex.

For example

Verb + Subject + object

Can you finish the assignment?

Did you go to work?

Intransitive Verbs

Some sentences use verbs that require no object or nothing else to follow them. These verbs are generally referred to as intransitive verbs. With intransitive verbs, you can form the most basic sentences since all that is required is a subject (made of one noun) and a predicate (made of one verb).

For example

Subject + verb

John eats

Christine fights

Linking Verbs

Linking verbs are verbs that connect a subject to the quality of the subject. Sentences that use linking verbs usually contain a subject, the linking verb and a subject complement or predicate adjective in this order.

For example

Subject + verb + Subject complement/Predicate adjective

The dress was beautiful

Her voice was amazing

Transitive Verbs

Transitive verbs are verbs that tell what the subject did to something else. Sentences that use transitive verbs usually contain a subject, the transitive verb, and a direct object, usually in this order.

For example

Subject + Verb + Direct object

The father slapped his son

The teacher questioned his students

Indirect Objects

Sentences with transitive verbs can have a mixture of direct and indirect objects. Indirect objects are usually the receiver of the action or the audience of the direct object.

For example

Subject + Verb + IndirectObject + DirectObject

He gave the man a good job.

The singer gave the crowd a spectacular concert.

The order of direct and indirect objects can also be reversed. However, for the reversal of the order, there needs to be the inclusion of the preposition “to” before the indirect object. The addition of the preposition transforms the indirect object into what is called a prepositional phrase.

For example

Subject + Verb + DirectObject + Preposition + IndirectObject

He gave a lot of money to the man

The singer gave a spectacular concert to the crowd.

Adverbials

Adverbs are phrases or words that modify or qualify a verb, adjective, or other adverbs. They typically provide information on the when, where, how, and why of an action. Adverbs are usually very difficult to place as they can be in different positions in a sentence. Changing the placement of an adverb in a sentence can change the meaning or emphasis of that sentence.

Therefore, adverbials should be placed as close as possible to the things they modify, generally before the verbs.

For example

He hastily went to work.

He hurriedly ate his food.

However, if the verb is transitive, then the adverb should come after the transitive verb.

For example

John sat uncomfortably in the examination exam.

She spoke quietly in the class

The adverb of place is usually placed before the adverb of time

For example

John goes to work every morning

They arrived at school very late

The adverb of time can also be placed at the beginning of a sentence

For example

On Sunday he is traveling home

Every evening James jogs around the block

When there is more than one verb in the sentence, the adverb should be placed after the first verb.

For example

Peter will never forget his first dog

She has always loved eating rice.

Adjectives

Adjectives commonly refer to words that are used to describe someone or something. Adjectives can appear almost anywhere in the sentence.

Adjectives can sometimes appear after the verb to be

For example

He is fat

She is big

Adjectives can also appear before a noun.

For example

A big house

A fat boy

However, some sentences can contain more than one adjective to describe something or someone. These adjectives have an order in which they can appear before a now. The order is

Opinion – size – physical quality – shape – condition – age – color – pattern – origin – material – type – purpose

If more than one adjective is expected to come before a noun in a sentence, then it should follow this order. This order feels intuitive for native English speakers. However, it can be a little difficult to unpack for non-native English speakers.

For example

The ugly old woman is back

The dirty red car parked outside your house

When more than one adjective comes after a verb, it is usually connected by and

For example

The room is dark and cold

Having said that, Susan is tall and big

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Министерство образования российской федерации

ВОЛГОГРАДСКИЙ
ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЙ

УНИВЕРСИТЕТ

Кафедра иностранных
языков

СОЕДИНЕННЫЕ
ШТАТЫ АМЕРИКИ

Методические
указания по
дополнительному образованию

Волгоград
1999

UNIT I.

Read and translate the
text.

THE USA: GENERAL
ACQUAINTANCE

The
United States of America, commonly called the United States,
originated with the Declaration of Independence of 1776, — the public
act by which the American Continental
Congress, on July 4^th,
1776 declared the North American colonies to be free
and independent of Great Britain. It is a federal republic comprising
fifty states, the
District of Columbia, and six territories and dependencies.

The
national capital is the Washington D.C. Washington was created to be
the seat
of government of the USA. The flag of the USA, the Stars and Stripes,
has fifty stars
on a blue background. Each of these stars represents one of the fifty
states. But the
City of Washington is not in any of these states. It occupies the
District of Columbia,
abbreviated into D.C., and the name of the capital always goes with
this abbreviation
not to be mixed up with another Washington, which is a state on the
Pacific
Coast. The District of Columbia is between the states of Virginia and
Maryland,
on the Potomac River not far from the Atlantic Ocean. The population
of Washington
D.C., is about 750,000 and together with the suburbs (the
metropolitan area)
its population is over 2,800,000.

Washington
is like no other city of the USA. New York is a center of finance, of
shipping,
of fun; New Orleans deals in cotton; Chicago sells wheat and a
hundred head
of cattle. But Washington’s only industry is government. About
two-thirds of the population
work for the Federal Government. The White House, where the US
President
lives and works, the Capitol, the home of the US Congress, and the
Supreme Court
are all in Washington D.C. While this city is an important center of
the US Federal Government, it is also a great cultural center
containing numerous museums, art
galleries, libraries, shrines, churches, parks and monumental
buildings.

The
country is bounded by the Pacific Ocean in the west, Canada in the
north, the Atlantic Ocean in the east, and Mexico and the Gulf of
Mexico in the south. The total land and island water area of the
United States is 9,4 million square kilometers. The
US is thus the world’s fourth largest state after Russia, China and
Canada.

The
population of the country is over 260 million people. The national
composition
of the population is varied.

The
largest cities of the USA are: New York, Chicago, Los Angeles,
Philadelphia,
and Detroit.

From
the economic point of view the USA is a highly developed country. It
takes
the first place in industrial and agricultural output in the world.

Exercise 1. Read the
sentences using English equivalents.

1)
The United States of America (образовались)
with the Declaration of independence
of 1776. 2) The USA is a federal republic (включающая
50 штатов).
3) The US is (четвертое
по
величине)
state after Russia, China and Canada.
4) (С
экономической
точки
зрения)
the USA is a highly developed capitalist
country.

Exercise 2. Find English
equivalents in the text.

Свободные
и независимые от; общая территория;
национальный состав
населения; насчитывать; высокоразвитая
страна; тяжелое машиностроение.

Exercise 3. Answer the
questions.

1)
When did the United States originate? 2) What kind of state is the
USA? 3) What
city is the capital of the country? 4) Where is the United States
situated? 5) What is the territory of the USA? 6) What is the
population of the country? 7) What can you say
about the national composition of the population? Name the largest
cities of the USA.
9) What country is the USA from the economic point of view?

Exercise 4. Rearrange the
sentences putting the words in their correct order.

1. 1776, originated, the USA,
   in.

2. Republic, fifty states,
   comprises, the federal.

3. On the north, Canada, is
   bounded, the country, by.

4. Is varied, the population,
   the national composition, of.

5. More than, five cities, a
   million people, in the USA, have.

6. Are imported, petroleum, in
   the USA, electrical apparatus, and.

7. In the world, the first, it,
   industrial, in, takes, output, place.

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