The origin of the word much

Etymology – the study of word origins – is a fantastically interesting discipline that yields some incredible facts about where the hugely diverse array of words that make up the English language come from.

Whether you’re a native speaker or currently learning English, you’ll be amazed at some of the stories behind words you use every day. From tales of frenzied Viking warriors to a theatre-owner’s bet to get people using a made-up word, a little-thought-about history lies waiting to be discovered. Knowing more about the words we use makes studying English even more fun, so here are fourteen of our favourite word origins – and we’ve barely scratched the surface!

1. Dunce

The origins of this derogatory word for someone considered incapable of learning (the opposite of a “bright” student) are surprisingly old, dating to the time of one John Duns Scotus, who was born around 1266 and died in 1308. Scotus was a Scottish Franciscan philosopher and theologian whose works on metaphysics, theology, grammar and logic were so popular that they earned him the honour of a papal accolade. His followers became known as ‘Duns’. So how did this word come to be associated with academic ineptitude? Well, the Renaissance came along and poor Duns’ theories and methods were widely discredited by Protestant and Humanist scholars, while Duns’ supporters clung to his ideas; subsequently, the word “Dunsman” or “Dunce” (which arises from the way in which “Duns” was pronounced in Medieval times) was used in a derogatory fashion to describe those who continued to support outdated ideas. The word gradually became used in a more general sense to refer to someone considered slow-witted. Interestingly, though his name is now used disparagingly, Duns’ teaching is still held in high regard by the Catholic Church, and he was beatified as recently as 1993.

2. Quiz

The story behind the origins of the word “quiz” is so good that we really wish it was true – but it probably isn’t. Legend has it that a Dublin theatre-owner made a bet that he could introduce a new word into the English language within a day or two (the amount of time differs in different tellings of the story), and that the people of Dublin would make up the meaning of the word themselves. So he wrote the nonsense word “quiz” on some pieces of paper and got a gang of street urchins to write it on walls across Dublin. The next day everyone was talking about it, and it wasn’t long before it became incorporated into everyday language, meaning a sort of “test”, because this is what the people thought the mysterious word was supposed to be. According to the telling of the story recorded in Gleanings and Reminiscences by F.T. Porter (written in 1875), the events of this humorous tale unfolded in 1791, and this is where the story becomes less convincing. The word “quiz” is attested earlier than this date, used to refer to someone who is eccentric or odd (hence the word “quizzical”); it was also the name of a yo-yo-like toy popular in 1790. That said, it’s still difficult to find a compelling explanation for the origins of this word, so perhaps there is an element of truth in this excellent story after all.

3. Berserk

When someone “goes berserk”, they go into a frenzy, run amok, perhaps even destroying things. Picture someone going berserk and it’s not difficult to imagine the ancient Norse warriors to whom the word “berserker” originally referred. The word “berserk” conjured up the fury of these men and the untamed ferocity with which they fought, and it’s thought that the word came from two other Old Norse words, “bjorn”, meaning “bear” and “serkr”, meaning “coat”. An alternative explanation, now widely discredited, says that rather than “bjorn”, the first part of the word comes from “berr” meaning “bare” – that is, not wearing armour. Some have said that the “berserkers” were so uncontrollably ferocious due to being in an almost trance-like state, either by working themselves up into a frenzy before battle, or by ingesting hallucinogenic drugs. So, next time you use the expression “going berserk” to describe someone acting irrationally, remember those battle-crazed Vikings and be glad that you’re not on the receiving end of the wrath of a real “berserker”!

4. Nightmare

It sounds as though it refers to a female horse, but in fact the “mare” part of the word “nightmare” (a terrifying dream) comes from Germanic folklore, in which a “mare” is an evil female spirit or goblin that sits upon a sleeper’s chest, suffocating them and/or giving them bad dreams. The same Germanic word – “marōn” – gives rise to similar words in many Scandinavian and European languages. Interestingly, in Germanic folklore, it was believed that this “mare” did more than just terrorise human sleepers. It was thought that it rode horses in the night, leaving them sweaty and exhausted next day, and it even wreaked havoc with trees, twisting their branches.

5. Sandwich

The nation’s favourite lunchtime snack gets its name from the 4th Earl of Sandwich, John Montagu. The story goes that 250 years ago, the 18th-century aristocrat requested that his valet bring him beef served between two slices of bread. He was fond of eating this meal whilst playing card games, as it meant that his hands wouldn’t get greasy from the meat and thus spoil the cards. Observing him, Montagu’s friends began asking for “the same as Sandwich”, and so the sandwich was born. Though people did eat bread with foods such as cheese and meat before this, these meals were known as “bread and cheese” or “bread and meat”. The sandwich is now the ultimate convenience food.

6. Malaria

You wouldn’t have thought that a word we primarily associate with Africa would have originated in the slightly more forgiving climate of Rome. It comes from the medieval Italian words “mal” meaning “bad” and “aria” meaning “air” – so it literally means “bad air”. The term was used to describe the unpleasant air emanating from the marshland surrounding Rome, which was believed to cause the disease we now call malaria (and we now know that it’s the mosquitoes breeding in these conditions that cause the disease, rather than the air itself).

7. Quarantine

The word “quarantine” has its origins in the devastating plague, the so-called Black Death, which swept across Europe in the 14th century, wiping out around 30% of Europe’s population. It comes from the Venetian dialect form of the Italian words “quaranta giorni”, or “forty days”, in reference to the fact that, in an effort to halt the spread of the plague, ships were put into isolation on nearby islands for a forty-day period before those on board were allowed ashore. Originally – attested by a document from 1377 – this period was thirty days and was known as a “trentine”, but this was extended to forty days to allow more time for symptoms to develop. This practice was first implemented by the Venetians controlling the movement of ships into the city of Dubrovnik, which is now part of Croatia but was then under Venetian sovereignty. We now use the word “quarantine” to refer to the practice of restricting the movements, for a period of time, of people or animals who seem healthy, but who might have been exposed to a harmful disease that could spread to others.

8. Clue

Who knew that the word “clue” derives from Greek mythology? It comes from the word “clew”, meaning a ball of yarn. In Greek mythology, Ariadne gives Theseus a ball of yarn to help him find his way out of the Minotaur’s labyrinth. Because of this, the word “clew” came to mean something that points the way. Appropriately enough, Theseus unravelled the yarn behind him as he went into the maze, so that he could work his way back out in reverse. Thus the word “clew” can be understood in this context and in the context of a detective working his way backwards to solve a crime using “clues”. The word gained its modern-day spelling in the 15th century, a time when spelling was rather more fluid than it is today.

9. Hazard

Our word for danger or risk is thought to have its origins in 13th-century Arabic, in which the word “al-zahr” referred to the dice used in various gambling games. There was a big element of risk inherent in these games, not just from the gambling itself but from the danger of dishonest folk using weighted dice. Thus the connotations of peril associated with the word, which got back to Britain because the Crusaders learnt the dice games whilst on campaign in the Holy Land.

10. Groggy

We’ve all felt “groggy” at one time or another – lethargic, sluggish, perhaps through lack of sleep. It originated in the 18th century with a British man named Admiral Vernon, whose sailors gave him the nickname “Old Grog” on account of his cloak, which was made from a material called “grogram”, a weatherproof mixture of silk and wool. In 1740, he decreed that his sailors should be served their rum diluted with water, rather than neat. This was called “grog”, and the feeling experienced by sailors when they’d drunk too much of it was thus called “groggy”.

11. Palace

The word “palace” is another English word with origins in Rome. It comes from one of Rome’s famous ‘Seven Hills’, the Palatine, upon which the Emperor resided in what grew into a sprawling and opulent home. In Latin, the Palatine Hill was called the “Palatium”, and the word “Palatine” came to refer to the Emperor’s residence, rather than the actual hill. The word has reached us via Old French, in which the word “palais” referred to the Palatine Hill. You can see the word “Palatine” more easily in the form “palatial”, meaning palace-like in size.

12. Genuine

The word “genuine” comes from the Latin word “genuinus”, meaning “innate”, “native” or “natural”, itself derived, somewhat surprisingly, from the Latin word “genu”, meaning “knee”. This unlikely origin arises from a Roman custom in which a father would place a newborn child on his knee in order to acknowledge his paternity of the child. This practice also gave rise to an association with the word “genus”, meaning “race” or “birth”. In the 16th century the word “genuine” meant “natural” or “proper”, and these days we use it to mean “authentic”.

13. Ketchup

It’s hard to believe that this British and American staple started life in 17th-century China as a sauce of pickled fish and spices. Known in the Chinese Amoy dialect as kôe-chiap or kê-chiap, its popularity spread to what is now Singapore and Malaysia in the early 18th century, where it was encountered by British explorers. In Indonesian-Malaysian the sauce was called “kecap”, the pronunciation of which, “kay-chap”, explains where we got the word “ketchup”. It wasn’t until the 19th century that tomato ketchup was invented, however; people used to think that tomatoes were poisonous, and the sauce didn’t catch on in America until later that century. One couldn’t imagine chips or burgers without it now!

14. Ostracise

The word “ostracise” and the concept of democracy were both born in Ancient Greece, where the practice of a democratic vote extended to citizens voting to decide whether there were any dangerous individuals who should be banished (because they were becoming too powerful, thus posing a threat to democracy). Those who were eligible to vote exercised this privilege by writing their vote on a sherd of broken pottery – an “ostrakon”. If the vote came back in favour of banishing the individual, they were “ostracised” (from the Ancient Greek verb “ostrakizein”, meaning “to ostracise”). The word has nothing to do with ostriches, the flightless birds – similar though the words are!

As we said at the start of this article, this selection of fascinating word origins barely even scratches the surface of the endlessly interesting world of etymology. Whether you’re a seasoned English speaker or trying to learn this challenging language for the first time, you’re bound to find out some useful facts to help you memorise new words simply by exploring their origins. What remarkable word histories will you discover the next time you find out what a word really means?

Image credits: banner; Duns; berserker; sandwich; dice game; Rome; ketchup.

We use different languages worldwide to communicate with each other. Every so often we wonder where a word came from. How did a particular word start being used as a common word worldwide and where did it actually originate from. So to find this out we will explore the world of languages and origin of words in this article. This article will cover websites which will let you know the origin of a word.

The study of origin of a word is known as Etymology. You will find that often there are popular tales behind the origin of a word. Most of these tales are just tales and not true, but knowing how the word came into being is equally interesting. So let’s look at these websites to know the origin of words below.

Online Etymology Dictionary

Online etymology dictionary explains you the origin of words and what they meant along with how they would have sounded years back. You would see a date beside each word. This date represents the earliest evidence of this word being used in some sort of written manuscript. Now you can either search for a word you are looking for by typing it in the search box given at the top of the page, otherwise you can browse the words alphabetically. The website has a huge collection of words in it. You can go through the words and find out there origins and meanings as well.

Word Origins by English Oxford Living Dictionaries

Word Origins by English Oxford Living Dictionaries is a good website to know about a words origin. You can check out origin of a word or a phrase. You can search for the word or a phrase you are looking for or can even browse the page to know origin of different words. The website apart from this has a dictionary, thesaurus, grammar helper, etc. As this app has a dictionary, it proves to be a good source for knowing the origin of a word. You can see trending words when you scroll down the page. You can also subscribe to the newsletter on this website to receive updates regarding new words, phrases, etc.

Wordorigins.org

The website Wordorigins.org will let you know the origin of words and phrases. The website has a big list of words which you can go through, or even search for a particular word that you are looking for. The website also has a blog and discussion forum where people can discuss there views. You can login and become a member of the website so you receive regular updates from the website. You can either start browsing words by going to the big list words tab, or by searching for a word. The big list of words is in alphabetical order and there are about 400 words in here. Each word has a interesting story or folklore related to it.

Words of the World

Words of the World is a website which lets you watch videos to let you know the origin of a word. The website explains which language a word originated from through a video. The home page of the website will have a list of words for which you can see a video explaining how the word originated. The words on the home page are given in the format as shown in the screenshot above, but they can also be turned into a neat list if you like. The website is supported by the University of Nottingham and thus is a trusted source.

Learning Nerd

Learning Nerd is another website which has a section on English etymology resources. The website lists references to origin of words like there are word origin dictionaries listed, words with Greek and Latin roots are under a different category, words originating from around the world can be found under international words, and then there is a section for miscellaneous words. You can also play etymology quizzes and listen to etymology podcasts as well. The website itself doesn’t have much information about word origins but will redirect you to another website for your word needs.

Learn That Word

Learn That Word is another website which lists root words and prefixes. The website is pretty basic and a list of words can be seen right on the first page. The words are listed alphabetically, so you can even jump to a word that you are looking for easily. The website will list the root word, its meaning, its place of origin, and then definition and examples. This can be seen in the screenshot above.

These are the websites I found which let you know the origin of a word. Go through them and let me know which one you liked most. If you think there is a website which could be included in this article then leave a comment below.

1.                 
Etymology
is a
branch of lexicology studying the origin of words. Etymologically, the
English vocabulary is divided into native and loan words, or borrowed words.
A native word is a word which belongs to the original English word stock and
is known from the earliest available manuscripts of the Old English period. A
borrowed word is a word taken over from another language and modified
according to the standards of the English language.

2.                 
 

3.                 
The
etymological linguistic analysis showed that the borrowed stock of words is
larger than the native stock of words. In fact native words comprise only 30%
of the total number of words in the English vocabulary. A native word is a
word which belongs to the original English stock, which belongs to
Anglo-Saxon origin.

4.                 
 

5.                 
Many
linguists consider foreign influence plays the most important role in the
history of the English language. But the grammar and phonetic system are very
stable (unchangeable) and are not often influenced by other languages.
Besides when we speak about the role of native and borrowed words in the
English language we must not take into consideration only the number of them
but their semantic, stylistic character, their word building ability,
frequency value, collocability (valency) and the productivity of their word
building patterns. If we approach the study of the role of native borrowed
words from this point of view we see, though the native words are not
numerous they play an important role in the English language. They have high
frequency value, great word-forming power, wide collocability, many meanings
and they are stylistically neutral.

6.                 
Almost
all words of native origin belong to very important semantic groups. They
include most of the auxiliary and model verbs: shall, will, should, must,
can, may; pronouns: I, he, my, your, his, who, whose; prepositions: in, out,
on, under, for, of; numerals: one two three, four, five, six, etc;
conjunctions: and, but, till, as etc; words denoting parts of body: head,
hand, arm, back, foot, eye etc; members of a family: father, mother, brother,
son, wife; natural phenomena and planets: snow, rain, wind, sun, moon,
animals: horse, cow, sheep, cat; common actions: do, make, go, come, hear,
see, eat, speak, talk etc. All these words are very frequent words, we use
them every day in our speech. Many words of native origin possess large
clusters of derived and compound words in the present-day language.

7.                 
Such
affixes of native origin as er, -ness, -ish, -ed, un, -mis, -dom, -hood, -ly,
-over, -out, -under, — are of native origin.

Этимология — это ветвь лексикологии,
изучающая происхождение слов. Этимологически, английский словарь разделен на
родные и заемные слова или заимствованные слова. Родное слово — это слово,
которое принадлежит оригинальному английскому языку и известно из самых
ранних доступных рукописей древнеанглийского периода. Заимствованное слово —
это слово, взятое с другого языка и измененное в соответствии со стандартами
английского языка.

Этимологический лингвистический анализ показал, что заимствованный
запас слов больше, чем собственный запас слов. Фактически, родные слова
составляют только 30% от общего числа слов в английской лексике. Родным
словом является слово, которое принадлежит оригинальному английскому запасу,
принадлежащему англо-саксонскому происхождению.

Многие лингвисты считают, что иностранное влияние играет самую важную
роль в истории английского языка. Но грамматика и фонетическая система очень
стабильны (неизменяемы), и на них часто не влияют другие языки. Кроме того,
когда мы говорим о роли родных и заимствованных слов в английском языке, мы
не должны принимать во внимание только их число, но их семантический,
стилистический характер, их способность к построению, частотность,
способность колликации (валентность) и производительность их. Шаблоны
словообразования. Если мы подходим к изучению роли коренных заимствованных
слов с этой точки зрения, мы видим, хотя родные слова не многочисленны, они
играют важную роль на английском языке. Они имеют высокую частотную ценность,
большую словообразующую силу, широкую совместимость, много значений, и они
стилистически нейтральны.

       Почти все слова родного происхождения принадлежат к очень
важным семантическим группам. Они включают большинство вспомогательных и
модельных глаголов: они должны, должны, должны, должны, могут; Местоимения:
Я, он, мой, ваш, его, кто, чей; Предлоги: in, out, on, under, for, of; Цифры:
одна два три, четыре, пять, шесть и т. Д .; Союзы: и, но, до, как и т. Д .;
Слова, обозначающие части тела: голова, рука, рука, спина, стопа, глаз и т. Д
.; Члены семьи: отец, мать, брат, сын, жена; Природные явления и планеты:
снег, дождь, ветер, солнце, луна, животные: лошадь, корова, овца, кошка; Общие
действия: делать, делать, идти, приходить, слышать, видеть, есть, говорить,
говорить и т. Д. Все эти слова — очень частые слова, мы используем их каждый
день в нашей речи. Многие слова родного происхождения обладают большими
кластерами производных и сложных слов на современном языке.

Такие аффиксы родного происхождения, как er, -ness, -ish, -ed, un,
-mis, -dom, -hood, -ly, -over, -out, -under, — имеют коренное происхождение.

1.Etymological structure of the English vocabulary.

2 Native word-stems (man, pan).

3. Borrowings from latin (fanaticus — fan).

4. Scandinavian borrowings (sky) – 9th-10th century.

5. Borrowings from French (beggar, fiancé) -Norman Conquest, 11th
century.

 6.Borrowings from other languages (European, Oriental — feng shui,
American Indians).

1.Этимологическая структура английской
лексики.

2 Родные словосочетания (человек, кастрюля).

3. Заимствования из латинского (fanaticus — fan).

4. Скандинавские заимствования (небо) — 9-10
в.

5. Заимствования с французского (нищий,
жених) во время завоевания Нормана, 11 век.

6.Заимствования с других языков (европейские,
восточные — фэн-шуй, американские  индейцев)

1.                 
 Words of native origin

The origin of English words.

The most characteristic feature of English is its mixed
character. While it is wrong to speak of the mixed character of the language
as a whole, the composite nature of the English vocabulary cannot be denied.

1.     
Native
words — words of Anglo-Saxon origin brought to the British Isles from the
continent in the 5th century by the Germanic tribes — the Angles, the Saxons
and the Jutes.

2.
Native words are subdivided into two groups:

1) words of the Common Indo-European word stock

2) words of the Common Germanic origin

3.Words of the Indo-European stock have cognates (parallels) in
different Indo-European languages: Greek, Latin, French, Italian, Polish,
Russian and others: father (OE fder, Gothic fadar, Swedish fader,
German Vater, Greek patйr, Latin pбter, French pere, Persian pedжr, Sanscrit pitr)

4.Words
of the Common Germanic stock have cognates only in the Germanic group: in
German, Norwegian, Dutch, Icelandic, etc.: to sing (OE singan, Gothic
siggwan, German singen)

5. Numerically the Germanic group is larger. Thematically these
two groups do not differ very much. Words of both groups denote parts of the
human body, animals, plants, phenomena of nature, physical properties, basic
actions, etc. Terms of kinship, the most frequent verbs and the majority of
numerals belong to the Common Indo-European word stock. Many adverbs and
pronouns are of Germanic origin.

6.Native words constitute about 30 percent of the English
vocabulary, but they make up 80 percent of the 500 most frequent words.
Almost all native words belong to very important semantic groups. They
include most of the auxiliary and modal verbs (shall, will, should, would,
must, can, may), pronouns (I, you, he, my, your, his, who, whose),
prepositions (in, out, on, under), numerals (one, two, three, four, etc),
conjunctions (and, but, till, as), articles.

7.Besides high frequency value words of the native word stock
are characterised by the following features:

— simple structure (they are often monosyllabic)

— developed polysemy

— great word-building power

— an ability to enter a great number of phraseological units

— a wide range of lexical and grammatical valency

— stability

8.Notional words of Anglo-Saxon origin:

— parts of the body: head, hand, arm, back;

— members of the family and closest relatives: father, mother,
brother, son, wife;

— natural phenomena and planets: snow, rain, wind, frost, sun,
moon, star;

— animals: horse, cow, sheep, cat;

— qualities and properties: old, young, cold, hot, heavy, light,
dark, white, long;

— common actions: do, make, go, come, see, hear, eat.

Native words are highly polysemantic, stylistically neutral,
enter a number of phraseological units. We see that the role
of native words in the language is great. Many authors use native words more
than foreign ones. Thus Shakespeare used 90% native words and 10% foreign
words. Swift used 75% native words.

1. Слова родного происхождения

Происхождение английских слов.

Наиболее характерной чертой английского
является его смешанный характер. Хотя ошибочно говорить о смешанном характере
языка в целом, несоответствующий характер английского словаря нельзя
отрицать.

1. Родные слова — слова англосаксонского
происхождения, привезенные на Британские острова с континента в 5 веке
германскими племенами — англами, саксами и ютами.

2.Родные слова подразделяются на две группы:

 1) слова общего индоевропейского словарного
запаса

2) слова общего германского происхождения

3.Слова индоевропейского фонда имеют родственные (параллели) в разных
индоевропейских языках: греческий, латинский, французский, итальянский,
польский, русский и другие: отец (СА f fder, готический
фадар, шведский фейдер, немецкий фатер, греческий Patrr,
латинский pbter, французский pere,
персидский педжр, Sanscrit pitr)

4.Слова общегерманского происхождения имеют
родственные отношения только в германской группе: на немецком, норвежском,
голландском, исландском и т. д .: петь (СА singan,
готический сиггван, немецкий singen)

5.Численно германская группа больше.
Тематически эти две группы не очень сильно отличаются. Слова обеих групп
обозначают части человеческого тела, животных, растений, явления природы,
физические свойства, основные действия и т. Д. Сроки родства, самые частые
глаголы и большинство цифр относятся к общему индоевропейскому слову. Многие
наречия и местоимения имеют германское происхождение.

6.Родные слова составляют около 30 процентов
английской лексики, но они составляют 80 процентов из 500 наиболее часто
встречающихся слов. Почти все родные слова принадлежат к очень важным
семантическим группам. Они включают в себя большинство вспомогательных и
модальных глаголов (должно, должно, должно, должно, должно быть, может),
местоимения (я, вы, он, мой, ваш, его, кто, чей), предлоги (в, На, внизу),
цифры (один, два, три, четыре и т. Д.), Союзы (и, но, до, как), артикли.

7.Помимо высокочастотных значений слова
исходного словарного запаса характеризуются следующими особенностями:

— простая структура (они часто односложные)

— развитая полисемия

 — отличная сила слова

— способность вводить большое количество
фразеологических единиц

— широкий диапазон лексической и
грамматической валентности

 — стабильность

8.Условные слова англосаксонского
происхождения:

— части тела: голова, рука, рука, спина;

— члены семьи и ближайшие родственники: отец,
мать, брат, сын, жена;

— природные явления и планеты: снег, дождь,
ветер, мороз, солнце, луна, звезда;

 — животные: лошадь, корова, овца, кошка;

— качества и свойства: старые, молодые,
холодные, горячие, тяжелые, светлые, темные, белые, длинные;

— общие действия: делать, делать, идти,
приезжать, видеть, слышать, есть.

Родные слова очень многозначны,
стилистически нейтральны, входят в число фразеологических единиц. Мы видим, что роль родных слов в языке велика. Многие авторы
используют родные слова больше, чем иностранные. Таким образом, Shekespear
использовал 90% родных слов и 10% иностранных слов. Swift использовал 75%
родных слов.

Borrowings enter the language in two ways: though oral
speech (by immediate contact between the people) and though written speech
(by indirect contact though books). Words borrowed orally (inch, mill,
street, map) are usually short and they undergo more change in the act of
adopter. Written borrowings (communique, belles — letters naivete,
psychology, pagoda etc) are often rather long and they are unknown to many
people, speaking English

Заимствования входят в язык двумя способами:
через устную речь (непосредственным контактом между людьми) и через
письменную речь (косвенным контактом, через книги). Слова, заимствованные
устно (дюймы, мельница, улица, карта), обычно коротки, и они подвергаются
большему изменению в акте усыновителя. Письменные заимствования (коммуна,
стиль переписки беллас — письма , психология, пагода и т. Д.) Часто довольно
длинные, и они неизвестны многим людям, говорящим по-английски

Borrowed words have been called “the milestones of
philology” — said O. Jeperson — because they permit us (show us ) to fix approximately
the dates of linguistic changes. They show us the course of civilization and
give us information of the nations”.

Заимствованные слова были названы «вехами
филологии», — сказал О. Джеперсон, — потому что они позволяют нам (показать)
приблизить даты лингвистических изменений. Они показывают нам курс
цивилизации и дают нам информацию о народах ».

The well-known linguist Shuchard said “No language is entirely
pure”, that all the languages are mixed. Borrowed words enter the language as
a result of influence of two main causes or factors; linguistic and
extra-linguistic. Economic, cultural, industrial, political relations of speakers
of the language with other countries refer to extra-linguistic factors. The
historical development of England also influenced the language. Due to the
great influence of the Roman civilization Latin was for a long time used in
England as the language of learning and religion. Old Norse of the
Scandinavian tribes was the language of the conquerors (9th, 10th and 11th
centuries). French (Norman dialect) was the language of the other conquerors
who brought with them a lot new notions of a higher social system, developed
fuedalizm. It was the language of upper classes, of official documents and
school (11th-14^th centuries). These factors are
extra-linguistic ones.

Известный лингвист Шухард сказал: «Нет языка
в чистоте», что все языки смешаны. Заимствованные слова входят в язык в
результате влияния двух основных причин или факторов; Лингвистической и
внеязыковой. Экономические, культурные, промышленные, политические отношения
носителей языка с другими странами относятся к экстралингвистическим
факторам. Историческое развитие Англии также повлияло на язык. Из-за большого
влияния римской цивилизации латынь долгое время использовалась в Англии как
язык обучения и религии. Древнескандинавские скандинавские племена были
языком завоевателей (9-10-11 столетий). Французский (норманнский диалект) был
языком других завоевателей, которые принесли с собой много новых
представлений о высшей социальной системе, развили фьюдализм. Это был язык
высших классов, официальных документов и школы (11-14 с). Эти факторы являются
экстралингвистическими.

The absence of equivalent words in the language to express
new subjects or phenomena makes people borrow words. Eg. football,
volleyball, midshipman in Russian; to economize the linguistic means, i.e. to
use a foreign word instead of long native expressions and others is called
linguistic cause.

The closer the two interacting languages are in structure
the easier it is for words of one language to penetrate into the other. The
fact that Scandinavian borrowings have penetrated into such grammatical
classes as prepositions and pronouns (they, them, their, both, same, till)
can only be attributed to a similarity in the structure of the two languages.

.

Отсутствие эквивалентных слов в языке для
выражения новых предметов или явлений заставляет людей заимствовать слова.
Ex. Слова футбол, волейбол, мичман на русском языке; Чтобы экономить
лингвистические средства, то есть использовать иностранное слово вместо
длинных родных выражений, а другие называются лингвистическими причинами.

Чем ближе эти два взаимодействующих языка
находятся в структуре, тем легче для слов одного языка проникать в другой.
Тот факт, что скандинавские заимствования проникли в такие грамматические
классы, как предлоги и местоимения (они, их, их, оба, то же, до), могут быть
отнесены только к сходству в структуре этих двух языков.