Today, it seems impossible to imagine Canada by any other name. However, there were a number of other interesting suggestions and events leading up to the formal christening of our nation in 1867.
- Aboriginal roots
- The naming of a nation
Aboriginal roots
The name “Canada” likely comes from the Huron-Iroquois word “kanata,” meaning “village” or “settlement.” In 1535, two Aboriginal youths told French explorer Jacques Cartier about the route to kanata; they were actually referring to the village of Stadacona, the site of the present-day City of Québec. For lack of another name, Cartier used the word “Canada” to describe not only the village, but the entire area controlled by its chief, Donnacona.
The name was soon applied to a much larger area; maps in 1547 designated everything north of the St. Lawrence River as Canada. Cartier also called the St. Lawrence River the “rivière du Canada,” a name used until the early 1600s. By 1616, although the entire region was known as New France, the area along the great river of Canada and the Gulf of St. Lawrence was still called Canada.
Soon explorers and fur traders opened up territory to the west and to the south, and the area known as Canada grew. In the early 1700s, the name referred to all French lands in what is now the American Midwest and as far south as present-day Louisiana.
The first use of Canada as an official name came in 1791, when the Province of Quebec was divided into the colonies of Upper Canada and Lower Canada. In 1841, the two colonies were united under one name, the Province of Canada.
The naming of a nation
Leading up to the proposed confederation, a number of names were suggested for the northern half of the continent of North America, including: Albertsland, Albionora, Borealia, Britannia, Cabotia, Colonia, EfisgaFootnote 1, Hochelaga, Norland, Superior, Transatlantia, TuponiaFootnote 2, and Victorialand.
The debate was placed in perspective by Thomas D’Arcy McGee, who declared on February 9, 1865:
“I read in one newspaper not less than a dozen attempts to derive a new name. One individual chooses Tuponia and another Hochelaga as a suitable name for the new nationality. Now I ask any honourable member of this House how he would feel if he woke up some fine morning and found himself instead of a Canadian, a Tuponian or a Hochelagander.”
Fortunately for posterity, McGee’s wit and reasoning – along with common sense – prevailed, and on July 1, 1867, the provinces of Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick became “one Dominion under the name of Canada.”
Класс: 10
Тема урока «Canada».
Цель урока: создать
условия для коммуникативного общения по теме «Канада», формирование
метапредметных, предметных и личностных результатов средствами технологии
деятельностного подхода.
Задачи урока:
В ходе урока в
технологии деятельностного подхода продолжить:
— Совершенствование
навыков аудирования текста «Canada»
— Совершенствование
умений чтения с полным пониманием содержания прочитанного
—
Совершенствование умений говорения по теме с использованием новых лексических
единиц
— Развитие
языковой догадки.
— Воспитание на
материале учебных текстов общечеловеческих ценностей, воспитание уважительного
и толерантного отношения к другой культуре, более глубокое осознание своей
родной культуры.
Применяются
методы технологии деятельностного подхода:
— метод головоломки (направлен на развитие
и совершенствование коммуникативных навыков и умений учащихся в групповой
работе)
— метод поиска решения (создает условия
для активной самостоятельности учащихся на уроке. Совокупность метапредметных
умений формируется как производное от соответствующих видов целенаправленных
действий учащихся на уроке.)
Планируемые результаты:
Предметные: понимание темы,
выделение основной мысли, главных фактов, установление логической
последовательности основных фактов.
Регулятивные: умение самостоятельно
работать, распределять учебные задачи внутри группы, выбирать правильные
способы решения поставленных задач, выполнение заданий по времени.
Познавательные: постановка и решение
проблем, выбор наиболее эффективных способов решения познавательных задач,
смысловое чтение текста, извлечение из него информации, выделение
существенного, формирование обобщенных знаний.
Коммуникативные: построение речевых
высказываний в групповой форме работы.
Личностные: формирование нравственных
чувств и нравственного поведения, толерантного отношения к ошибкам друг друга.
Перечень оборудования:
видеоролик «Canada», аудиотекст «Canada»,
проектор, презентация к уроку, раздаточный материал (карточки с блоками
текста).
План
урока
1.
Приветствие,
речевая зарядка (3 мин).
2.
Введение
в урок: показ короткого ролика, формулирование темы урока (5 мин).
3.
Введение
и отработка новых лексических единиц (9 мин).
4.
Групповая
работа (20 мин).
5.
Закрепление
результатов групповой работы (5 мин).
6.
Рефлексия,
домашнее задание (3 мин).
Ход урока
|
Этап |
Учитель |
Класс (ответы |
Доска |
|
1. ветствие, речевая зарядка. |
1. |
Good Nobody (… The |
|
|
2. |
2. That’s Tell Here |
We It It |
Короткий Слайд Canada Слайд |
|
3. |
You But OK, Now, |
Ученики Учащиеся Учащиеся |
Презентация: Слайды Слайд Topical |
|
4. |
As OK, Each Now |
Ученики Учащиеся Каждая Учащиеся |
Слайд 6. Topics: 1) provinces and 2) population 3) general facts 4) natural resources 5) climate 6) education 7) political system Слайд Group Group General facts Climate Group Population Provinces and territories Group Natural Political |
|
5. |
Very Good |
Учитель |
Слайд Group |
|
6. |
Well Now, 1) 2) 3) 4) The |
It was very Учащиеся (В |
Слайд 8: Homework: prepare 1) 2) 3) 4) |
Список информационных источников:
1. А.
Хабенская «Откройте для себя Канаду». «Айрис Пресс» 2001 г.
«Иностранные языки в школе» № 5, 2010
2. Ощепкова
В.В., Ванина Т.П. «О Канаде вкратце» «Лист-Нью» 2000 г
Интернет-ресурсы:
1. www.google.ru
2.www.study.ru
3. www.youtube.com/watch?v=61wUJBl7ai0
Приложение
1
1. Listen
to the text «Canada» and say which of the two is right.
1. The name
«Canada» comes from an Indian/French
word.
2.
The
largest country in the world is Canada/Russia.
3.
Most
of the Canadians live in the north/south.
4. Canada
has 10 provinces and 3 territories/3
provinces and 10 territories.
5.
Forests /prairies cover about
half of Canada.
6.
The
Queen is represented in Canada by the lord governor /governor-general.
7.
There
are 3/4 political
parties represented
in the House of Commons.
8. Every child
in Canada can be educated in English/English and French.
2. Questions and answers.
1.
How large is Canada? – It’s the second country
after Russia and the largest country in western Hemisphere.
2.
What is the country’s most important symbol? – The
country’s most important symbol is the maple leaf.
3.
How many people live in Canada? – Canada has a population of over 34 million.
4.
What are the official languages in Canada? – English and
French.
5.
How many provinces and territories does Canada have? – Canada
has 10 provinces and 3 territories.
6.
How
much territory do forests cover? – Forests cover about half of Canada.
7.
What political system is there in Canada? – Canada is a a
constitutional monarchy.
8.
Who
is the head of state? – Elizabeth
II, Queen of England.
9.
Who
represents the Queen? – The Queen
is represented in Canada by the governor-general (David Lloyd Johnson, since
October 2010).
10.
In
which of the two languages can children be educated? – Children can be educated
in either of the two official languages.
3.
Crossword
|
1 |
2 |
||||||||||||
|
3 |
4 |
||||||||||||
|
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
||||||||||
|
9 |
10 |
||||||||||||
|
11 |
|||||||||||||
|
12 |
|||||||||||||
1) One half of the Earth, divided between north and south by the equator.
2) Money that is used in a particular country.
3) A country ruled by a king or queen.
4) A small black and white North American animal which produces a bad smell when it is threatened.
5)
The substance on the surface of the Earth in which plants grow.
6) A type of government in which a country is ruled by a king or a queen.
7) The capital of
Canada.
The art, buildings, traditions, and beliefs that a society considers important to its history and culture.
9) All the people who live in a particular area.
10) To use something.
11) A large group of related families who live in the same area and share a common language, religion, and customs.
12) Rock or earth from which metal can be obtained.
Подсказки:
GROUP
3
Natural
resources. The country is rich in natural resources: gas, oil, coal,
gold, copper, iron ore, nickel, uranium, zinc, along with wood and water. It is
one of the world’s leaders in mineral exports. Its soils,
which are especially rich in the three prairie provinces of Alberta [
], Manitoba [
], and
Saskatchewan [
] are intensively
utilized and make Canada one of the world’s largest exporters of agricultural
products. Forests cover about half of Canada. They are the basis for such
important industries as lumbering and paper production. Forests also give home
to deer and caribou, squirrels, minks, skunks, mooses, beavers, black bears and
other animals.
Political system. Canada is a
constitutional monarchy. Elizabeth II, Queen of England, is also Canada’s Queen
and sovereign of a number of realms. The Queen is the head of state, and is
represented in Canada by the governor-general. Legislative power is vested in
Parliament, which includes the Queen, the Senate of 104 appointed members and
the House of Commons with about 300 elected members. National elections are
held at least once every 5 years. The leader of the political party with the
largest number of seats in the House of Commons usually becomes prime minister
and forms the government. There are three main political parties represented in
the House of Commons; they are the Liberal Party, the Progressive Conservative
Party, and the New Democratic Party.
The Dauphin Map of Canada, c. 1543, showing Cartier’s discoveries
While a variety of theories have been postulated for the name of Canada, its origin is now accepted as coming from the St. Lawrence Iroquoian word kanata, meaning ‘village’ or ‘settlement’.[1] In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona.[2] Cartier later used the word Canada to refer not only to that particular village but to the entire area subject to Donnacona (the chief at Stadacona);[2] by 1545, European books and maps had begun referring to this small region along the Saint Lawrence River as Canada.[2]
From the 16th to the early 18th century, Canada referred to the part of New France that lay along the Saint Lawrence River.[3] In 1791, the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada. These two colonies were collectively named the Canadas until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841.[4]
Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the legal name for the new country at the London Conference, and the word Dominion was conferred as the country’s title.[5] By the 1950s, the term Dominion of Canada was no longer used by the United Kingdom, which considered Canada a «Realm of the Commonwealth».[6] The government of Louis St. Laurent ended the practice of using Dominion in the statutes of Canada in 1951.[7][8]
The Canada Act 1982, which brought the constitution of Canada fully under Canadian control, referred only to Canada. Later that year, the name of the national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day.[9] The term Dominion was used to distinguish the federal government from the provinces, though after the Second World War the term federal had replaced dominion.[10]
Etymology[edit]
A map of North America from 1565, one of the first to include the name «Canada» (top right).
The name Canada is now generally accepted as originating from the St. Lawrence Iroquoian word kanata ([kana:taʔ]), meaning ‘village’ or ‘settlement’.[11][12] Related translations include ‘land’ or ‘town’, with subsequent terminologies meaning ‘cluster of dwellings’ or ‘collection of huts’.[11][13] This explanation is historically documented in Jacques Cartier’s Bref récit et succincte narration de la navigation faite en MDXXXV et MDXXXVI.[11]
Although the Laurentian language, which was spoken by the inhabitants of St. Lawrence Valley settlements such as Stadacona (modern-day Quebec City) and Hochelaga (modern-day Montreal) in the 16th century, is now extinct, it was closely related to other dialects of the Iroquoian languages, such as the Oneida and Mohawk languages. Related cognates meaning ‘town’ include nekantaa, ganataje, and iennekanandaa in the Mohawk, Onondaga, and Seneca languages respectively.[11] Prior to archeological confirmation that the St. Lawrence Iroquois were a separate people from the Mohawk, most sources specifically linked the name’s origin to the Mohawk word instead of the Laurentian one.[14]
A 1934 three-cent stamp commemorated the four-hundredth anniversary of the discovery of Canada by the French navigator, Jacques Cartier.
A widespread perception in Canadian folklore is that Cartier misunderstood the term «Canada» as the existing proper name of the Iroquois people’s entire territory rather than the generic class noun for a town or village. For instance, the Historica Canada’s Heritage Minute episode devoted to Cartier’s landing at Hochelaga is scripted as having Cartier believe that «Kanata» or «Canada» was the established name of the entire country.[15] This is not supported by Cartier’s own writings, however—in Bref récit, Cartier fully understands the actual meaning of the word («They call a town Canada»),[16] and his earliest name for the wider territory is «le pays des Canadas» (‘country of Canadas’,[17] ‘land of Canadas’, or ‘land of villages’).
While the Saint-Lawrence Iroquoian origin for the name Canada is now widely accepted, other theories have been put forth in the past.
Iberian origin theory[edit]
The most common alternative theory suggested that the name originated when Portuguese or Spanish explorers, having explored the northern part of the continent and unable to find gold and silver, wrote cá nada (‘nothing here’ in Portuguese), acá nada, aqui nada or el cabo de nada (‘Cape Nothing’ in Spanish) on that part of their maps.[18] An alternative explanation favoured by philologist Marshall Elliott linked the name to the Spanish word cañada, meaning ‘glen’ or ‘valley’.[19][20]
The earliest iterations of the Spanish «nothing here» theory stated that the explorers made the declaration upon visiting the Bay of Chaleur,[21] while later versions left out any identifying geographic detail.
The known Portuguese presence in modern Canadian territory, meanwhile, was located in Newfoundland and Labrador. Neither region is located anywhere near Iroquoian territory, and the name Canada does not appear on any Spanish or Portuguese maps of the North American coast that predate Cartier’s visit.[20] No name for the Bay of Chaleur is attested at all in Spanish sources from that period, while the only name for Newfoundland attested in Portuguese sources is Terra Nova do Bacalhau, after the region’s plentiful cod.
In most versions of the Iberian origin theory, the Spanish or Portuguese passed their name on to the Iroquois, who rapidly adopted it in place of their own prior word for a village;[20] however, no historical evidence for any such Iberian-Iroquoian interaction has ever actually been found.[20] Elliott’s «valley» theory, conversely, was that the Spanish gave their name for the area directly to Jacques Cartier, who then entirely ignored or passed over the virtually identical Iroquoian word.[20] According to Elliott, Cartier never explicitly stated that there was a direct connection between canada or kanata as the Iroquoian word for ‘village’ and Canada as the new name of the entire territory, and never accounted for the spelling difference between kanata and Canada—and thus the Spanish etymology had to be favoured because the spellings matched.[20] Notably, Cartier never wrote of having any awareness of any preexisting Spanish or Portuguese name for the region either, meaning that Elliott’s allegation that the kanata derivation was not adequately supported by Cartier’s own writing on the matter was also true of his own preferred theory.
Franciscan priest André Thevet claimed that the word derived from segnada Canada, an answer reportedly given by Spaniards in the St. Lawrence Valley area when asked what their purpose was; according to Thevet, the phrase meant that they were seeking land[22] or that they were hunting.[23] These words do not actually exist in Spanish, however.
Minor or humorous theories[edit]
British philologist B. Davies surmised that by the same process which initially saw the First Nations mislabelled as Indians, the country came to be named for the Carnata region of India or that region’s Kannada ethnic group;[24] however, this theory has attracted no significant support from other academics.[11]
Additional theories have attributed the name «Canada» to: a word in an unspecified indigenous language for ‘mouth of the country’ in reference to the Gulf of St. Lawrence;[11] a Cree word for ‘neat or clean’;[25] a claimed Innu war cry of «kan-na-dun, Kunatun«;[23] a shared Cree and Innu word, p’konata, which purportedly meant ‘without a plan’ or ‘I don’t know’;[26] a short-lived French colony purportedly established by a settler whose surname was Cane;[11] Jacques Cartier’s description elsewhere in his writings of Labrador as «the land God gave to Cain;» or, to a claim that the early French habitants demanded a «can a day» of spruce beer from the local intendant[11] (a claim easily debunked by the facts that the habitants would have been speaking French, not English, and that canning did not exist until the 19th century).
In their 1983 book The Anglo Guide to Survival in Québec, humourists Josh Freed and Jon Kalina tied the Iberian origin theory to the phrase nada mas caca (‘nothing but shit’).[27] No historian or linguist has ever analyzed this explanation as anything more than an obvious joke.
Canadian[edit]
The demonym «Canadien» or «Canadian» once referred exclusively to the indigenous groups who were native to the territory.[20] Its use was extended over time to the French settlers of New France, and later the English settlers of Upper Canada.[20]
Colonial usage[edit]
New France[edit]
European explorer Jacques Cartier transcribed the Saint-Lawrence Iroquoian word (pronounced [kanata]) as «Canada» and was the first European to use the word to refer not only to the village of Stadacona but also to the neighbouring region and to the Saint Lawrence River, which he called rivière de Canada during his second voyage in 1535.[28][29] By the mid 1500s, European books and maps began referring to this region as Canada.[30]
Canada soon after became the name of a colony in New France that stretched along the St. Lawrence River.[30][31] The terms «Canada» and «New France» were often used interchangeably during the colonial period.[30]
British North America[edit]
After the British conquest of New France (including ceding of the French colony, Canada) in 1763, the colony was renamed the Province of Quebec. Following the American Revolution and the influx of United Empire Loyalists into Quebec, the colony was split on 26 December 1791 into Upper and Lower Canada, sometime being collectively known as «The Canadas», the first time that the name «Canada» was used officially in the British regime.[32]
Some reports from the 1840s suggest that in that era, the word «Canada» was commonly pronounced «Kaugh-na-daugh» rather than its more contemporary pronunciation.[20]
Upper and Lower Canada were merged into one colony, the Province of Canada, in 1841, based on the recommendations of the Durham Report.[11] The former colonies were then known as Canada East and Canada West, and a single legislature was established with equal representation from each. Underpopulated Canada West opposed demands by Canada East for representation by population, but the roles reversed as Canada West’s population surpassed the east’s. The single colony remained governed in this way until 1 July 1867, often with coalition governments. A new capital city was being built at Ottawa, chosen in 1857 by Queen Victoria, and became a national capital.
Selection of the name Canada[edit]
Proclamation announcing the formation of one Dominion, under the name of CANADA, 1867
At the conferences held in London to determine the form of confederation that would unite the Province of Canada (now Ontario and Quebec), the Province of New Brunswick, and the Province of Nova Scotia, a delegate from either Nova Scotia or New Brunswick proposed the name Canada in February 1867, and it was unanimously accepted by the other delegates. There appears to have been little discussion,[33] though other names were suggested.
Other proposed names[edit]
While the provinces’ delegates spent little time, if any, in settling on Canada as the name for the new country, others proposed a variety of other names:[34][11]
- Anglia – the medieval Latin name for England
- Albionoria – ‘Albion of the north’
- Borealia – from borealis, the Latin word for ‘northern’; compare with Australia
- Cabotia – in honour of Italian explorer John Cabot, who explored the eastern coast of Canada for England
- Colonia
- Efisga – an acronym of English, French, Irish, Scottish, German, Aboriginal
- Hochelaga – an old name for Montreal
- Laurentia
- Mesopelagia – ‘land between the seas’
- New Albion
- Norland
- Superior
- Tupona – acronym for The United Provinces of North America
- Transatlantica
- Ursalia – ‘place of bears’
- Vesperia – ‘land of the evening star’
- Victorialand – in honour of Queen Victoria
Walter Bagehot of The Economist newspaper in London argued that the new nation should be called Northland or Anglia instead of Canada.[35] On these names, the statesman Thomas D’Arcy McGee commented, «Now I would ask any honourable member of the House how he would feel if he woke up some fine morning and found himself, instead of a Canadian, a Tuponian or a Hochelegander?».[36]
Kingdom and Dominion[edit]
Working towards the Confederation of Canada, Canada’s founders deliberated on the official title for their new country, primarily between the «Kingdom of Canada» or the «Dominion of Canada.»[37][38]
In J. S. Ewart’s two volume work, The Kingdom Papers,[39][40] it is noted that the following names were considered for the union of British North America: «The United Colony of Canada», «the United Provinces of Canada», and «the Federated Provinces of Canada».[41] Ewart was also an ardent advocate for the formation of «the Republic of Canada», a position which was rarely expressed in those times.[42]
Kingdom of Canada[edit]
During the Charlottetown Conference of 1864, John A. Macdonald, who later became the first Prime Minister of Canada, talked of «founding a great British monarchy,» in connection with the British Empire. He advocated, in the fourth Canadian draft of the British North America Act, the name «Kingdom of Canada,»[37] in the text is said:
The word ‘Parliament’ shall mean the Legislature or Parliament of the Kingdom of Canada.
The word ‘Kingdom’ shall mean and comprehend the United Provinces of Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick.The words ‘Privy Council’ shall mean such persons as may from time to time be appointed, by the Governor General, and sworn to aid and advise in the Government of the Kingdom.[43]
Canada’s founders, led by Macdonald, wished their new nation to be called the Kingdom of Canada in order to «fix the monarchical basis of the constitution.»[44] The governor general at the time, The 4th Viscount Monck, supported the move to designate Canada a kingdom;[45] however, officials at the Colonial Office in London opposed this potentially «premature» and «pretentious» reference for a new country. They were also wary of antagonizing the United States, which had emerged from its Civil War as a formidable military power with unsettled grievances because British interests had sold ships to the Confederacy despite a blockade, and thus opposed the use of terms such as kingdom or empire to describe the new country.[46]
Adoption of Dominion[edit]
Map of the British Empire under Queen Victoria at the end of the nineteenth century. «Dominions» refers to all territories belonging to the Crown.
Sir Samuel Leonard Tilley, Premier of New Brunswick, suggested the term Dominion,[i] inspired by Psalm 72:8 (from the King James Bible): «He shall have dominion also from sea to sea, and from the river unto the ends of the earth.»[38] This is also echoed in Canada’s motto: A Mari Usque Ad Mare (Latin for ‘from sea to sea’).[47]
The term Dominion had been used for centuries to refer to the lands held by a monarch,[48] and had previously been adopted as titles for the Dominion of New England and the Dominion and Colony of Virginia. It continued to apply as a generic term for the major colonial possessions of the British Empire until well into the 20th century;[49] although Tilley and the other Fathers of Confederation broadened the meaning of the word dominion to a «virtual synonym for sovereign state.»[50] Its adoption as a title for Canada in 1867 served the purpose of upholding the monarchist principle in Canada; in a letter to Queen Victoria, Lord Carnarvon stated:[51]
The North American delegates are anxious that the United Provinces should be designated as the ‘Dominion of Canada.’ It is a new title, but intended on their part as a tribute to the Monarchical principle which they earnestly desire to uphold.[51]
Macdonald, however, bemoaned its adoption. In a letter to Lord Knutsford on the topic of the loss of the use of the word kingdom, Macdonald said:
Canadian post card from 1905.
A great opportunity was lost in 1867 when the Dominion was formed out of the several provinces…The declaration of all the B.N.A. provinces that they desired as one dominion to remain a portion of the Empire, showed what wise government and generous treatment would do, and should have been marked as an epoch in the history of England. This would probably have been the case had Lord Carnarvon, who, as colonial minister, had sat at the cradle of the new Dominion, remained in office. His ill-omened resignation was followed by the appointment of the late Duke of Buckingham, who had as his adviser the then Governor General, Lord Monck — both good men, certainly, but quite unable, from the constitution of their minds, to rise to the occasion. Had a different course been pursued, for instance, had united Canada been declared to be an auxiliary kingdom, as it was in the Canadian draft of the bill, I feel sure almost that the Australian colonies would, ere this, have been applying to be placed in the same rank as The Kingdom of Canada.[52][53]
He added as a postscript that it was adopted on the suggestion of British colonial ministers to avoid offending republican sensibilities in the United States:
P.S. On reading the above over I see that it will convey the impression that the change of title from Kingdom to Dominion was caused by the Duke of Buckingham. This is not so. It was made at the instance of Lord Derby, then foreign minister, who feared the first name would wound the sensibilities of the Yankees. I mentioned this incident in our history to Lord Beaconsfield at Hughenden in 1879, who said, ‘I was not aware of the circumstance, but it is so like Derby, a very good fellow, but who lives in a region of perpetual funk.’[54]
Use of the term dominion was formalized in 1867 through Canadian Confederation. In the Constitution of Canada, namely the Constitution Act, 1867 (British North America Acts), the preamble of the Act indicates:
Whereas the Provinces of Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick have expressed their Desire to be federally united into One Dominion under the Crown of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, with a Constitution similar in Principle to that of the United Kingdom….[55]
Moreover, section 2 indicates that the provinces:
… shall form and be One Dominion under the Name of Canada; and on and after that Day those Three Provinces shall form and be One Dominion under that Name accordingly.[55]
French terms[edit]
The French translation of the 1867 British North America Act translated «One Dominion under the Name of Canada» as «une seule et même Puissance sous le nom de Canada» using Puissance (‘power’) as a translation for dominion. Later, the English loanword dominion was also used in French.[56]
The Fathers of Confederation met at the Quebec Conference of 1864 to discuss the terms of this new union. One issue on the agenda was to determine the Union’s «feudal rank» (see Resolution 71 of the Quebec Conference, 1864). The candidates for the classification of this new union were: le Royaume du Canada (‘the Kingdom or Realm of Canada’), l’Union du Canada (‘the Union of Canada’), and le Dominion du Canada (‘the Dominion of Canada’).
Use of Dominion[edit]
There are numerous references in United Kingdom Acts of Parliament to «the Dominion of Canada;» and the British North America Act, 1867 (BNA Act) referred to the formation of «one Dominion under the name of Canada.»[57] Section 4 of the BNA Act also declares that: «Unless it is otherwise expressed or implied, the Name Canada shall be taken to mean Canada as constituted under this Act;» this has been interpreted to mean that the title of the country is simply Canada. Nonetheless, the term «Dominion of Canada» appears in the Constitution Act, 1871—the usage of which was «sanctioned»[58]—and both «Canada» and «Dominion of Canada» appear in other texts of the period, as well as on numerous Canadian banknotes before 1935.
Until the 1950s, the term Dominion of Canada was commonly used to identify the country. As the country acquired political authority and autonomy from the United Kingdom, the federal government began using simply Canada on state documents. Quebec nationalist leaders also objected to dominion, arguing that it suggested Ottawa would have control over Quebec.
Under Prime Minister Louis St-Laurent, compromises were reached that quietly, and without legislation, «Dominion» would be retired in official names and statements, usually replaced by «federal». The St. Laurent government thereby ended the practice of using «Dominion» in the Statutes of Canada in 1951.[59]
The independence of the separate Commonwealth realms was emphasised after the accession of Queen Elizabeth II in 1952, when she was proclaimed not just as Queen of the United Kingdom, but also Queen of Canada, Queen of Australia, Queen of New Zealand, Queen of South Africa, and of all her other «realms and territories».[6] This also reflected the change from dominion to realm; in the proclamation of Queen Elizabeth II’s new titles in 1953, the phrase «of her other Realms and Territories» replaced «dominion» with another mediaeval French word with the same connotation, «realm» (from royaume).[60]
With that said, the national holiday of «Dominion Day» kept that name until May 1980, when a private member’s bill to replace the name with Canada Day was unexpectedly passed in the House. In the Senate, Eugene Forsey and the Monarchist League of Canada strongly defended the traditional usage. When a Gallup poll showed 70% of all Canadians favoured the change, the Senate approved the bill without a recorded vote.[61]
The Canada Act 1982 refers only to Canada and does not use the term dominion. No constitutional statute amends this name, nor does any Canadian legal document state that the name of the country is anything other than Canada.[62] Moreover, official sources of the United Nations system,[63][64]
international organizations (such as the Organization of American States),[65] the European Union,[66]
the United States,[67] and other polities with which Canada has official relations as a state either consistently use Canada as the only official name, affirm that Canada has no long-form name, or affirm that the formal name is simply Canada.
The terms Dominion and Dominion of Canada are still considered to be appropriate, although arcane, titles for the country.[68][69][70] The federal government continues to produce publications and educational materials that specify the currency of these titles, although these publications are not themselves legal or official documents.[71][72][73]
For instance, in 2008 the Canadian government registered the Maple Leaf Tartan, designed in 1964, with the Scottish Tartans Authority. The tartan’s alternate name is «Dominion of Canada.»[74][75]
The term Dominion and Dominion of Canada is also used in a colonial historical sense, having been used to distinguish contemporary (post-1867) Canada from either the earlier Province of Canada or from the even earlier The Canadas and modern history of the current realms.[76] The terms have also been used to distinguish the federal government from the provinces, though in this usage, «federal» has replaced «dominion». For example, The Canadian Almanac stopped using Dominion of Canada in 1964.[77]
See also[edit]
- List of Canadian place names of royal heritage
- Canadian provincial and territorial name etymologies
- Origins of names of cities in Canada
- List of Canadian place names of Ukrainian origin
- List of Canadian place names of Indigenous origin
- List of Canadian place names of English origin
- List of Canadian place names of Scottish origin
- List of Canadian place names of Spanish origin
Notes[edit]
- ^ «Dominion (noun).» Merriam-Webster Dictionary: «a self-governing nation of the Commonwealth of Nations other than the United Kingdom that acknowledges the British monarch as chief of state»
References[edit]
- ^ Olson, James Stuart; Shadle, Robert (1991). Historical Dictionary of European Imperialism. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 109. ISBN 978-0-313-26257-9.
- ^ a b c Rayburn 2001, pp. 14–22.
- ^ Magocsi, Paul R. (1999). Encyclopedia of Canada’s Peoples. University of Toronto Press. p. 1048. ISBN 978-0-8020-2938-6.
- ^ «An Act to Re-write the Provinces of Upper and Lower Canada, and for the Government of Canada». J.C. Fisher & W. Kimble. 1841. p. 20.
- ^ O’Toole, Roger (2009). «Dominion of the Gods: Religious continuity and change in a Canadian context». In Hvithamar, Annika; Warburg, Margit; Jacobsen, Brian Arly (eds.). Holy Nations and Global Identities: Civil Religion, Nationalism, and Globalisation. Brill. p. 137. ISBN 978-90-04-17828-1.
- ^ a b Morra, Irene (2016). The New Elizabethan Age: Culture, Society and National Identity after World War II. I.B.Tauris. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-85772-867-8.
- ^ «November 8, 1951 (21st Parliament, 5th Session)». Canadian Hansard Dataset. Retrieved April 9, 2019.
- ^ Bowden, J.W.J. (2015). «‘Dominion’: A Lament». The Dorchester Review. 5 (2): 58–64.
- ^ Buckner, Philip, ed. (2008). Canada and the British Empire. Oxford University Press. pp. 37–40, 56–59, 114, 124–125. ISBN 978-0-19-927164-1.
- ^ Courtney, John; Smith, David (2010). The Oxford Handbook of Canadian Politics. Oxford University Press. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-19-533535-4.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Rayburn 2001, pp. 14–17.
- ^ Mithun 1999, p. 312.
- ^ Hawkins, Alfred; John Charlton Fisher (1834). «7». Hawkins’s Picture of Quebec: With Historical Recollections. Printed for the proprietor by Neilson and Cowan. p. 111.
in the note of Charlevoix, Nouvelle France, volume the first, page nine, of the quarto edition, and repeated in «Beautés de l’Histoire du Canada» affords the real solution of the difficulty: «Quelqu’uns derivent ce nom du mot Iroquois Kannata qui se prononce Cannada, et signifie un amas de cabanes;»–»Some derive this name from the Iroquois word Kannata, pronounced Cannada, signifying a collection of huts.»
- ^ Johansen 1999, p. 49.
- ^ «Heritage Minutes: Jacques Cartier» Archived 2013-10-04 at the Wayback Machine. Historica Foundation of Canada.
- ^ Francis, Jones & Smith 2009, p. 27.
- ^ Cook, Ramsay (2017). The Voyages of Jacques Cartier. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 9781442658042. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017.
- ^ John George Hodgins (1858). The Geography and History of British America, and of the Other Colonies of the Empire: To which are Added a Sketch of the Various Indian Tribes of Canada, and Brief Biographical Notices of Eminent Persons Connected with the History of Canada. Maclear & Company. p. 51.
- ^ «Further Conjectures as to the Origin of the Name ‘Canada'». The New York Times, September 5, 1908.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Orkin 2010, pp. 38–43.
- ^ Jefferys, Thomas. 1754. The Conduct of the French, with Regard to Nova Scotia. London: T. Jefferys.
- ^ Gervais Carpin, Histoire d’un mot: l’ethnonyme «canadien» de 1535-1691. Les Éditions de Septentrion, 1995. ISBN 9782894480366. p. 50.
- ^ a b Olive Dickason, Le mythe du sauvage. Les Éditions de Septentrion, 1993. ISBN 9782921114967. p. 298.
- ^ Canadian Naturalist and Geologist, December 1861. p. 432.
- ^ John Maclean, Canadian Savage Folk: The Native Tribes of Canada. C. W. Coates, 1986.
- ^ Joseph Graham, Naming the Laurentians: A History of Place Names ‘up North’. Les Éditions Main Street, 2005. ISBN 9780973958607. p. 65
- ^ Josh Freed and Jon Kalina, The Anglo Guide to Survival in Québec. Eden Press, 1983. ISBN 978-0920792339. p. 89.
- ^ Marsh 1999, p. 355.
- ^ Roger E. Riendeau (2007). A Brief History of Canada. Infobase Publishing. p. 27. ISBN 978-1-4381-0822-3. Archived from the original on February 17, 2017.
- ^ a b c Warkentin & Podruchny 2001, p. 234.
- ^ MCC. «Le territoire Archived 2008-09-20 at the Wayback Machine», in La Nouvelle-France. Ressources françaises, Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (France), 1998, retrieved 2 August 2008
- ^ «Canadian Heritage — Origin of the Name — Canada». Pch.gc.ca. April 27, 2011. Archived from the original on October 12, 2011. Retrieved October 26, 2011.
- ^ Creighton, Donald. 1956. The Road to Confederation. Houghton Mifflin: Boston; p. 421.
- ^ «How Canada Got Its Name — Origin of the Name Canada». Canadaonline.about.com. Archived from the original on December 7, 2010. Retrieved June 11, 2010.
- ^ Moore, Christopher. 1997. 1867: How the Fathers Made a Deal. McClelland and Stewart: Toronto; p. 214.
- ^ John Robert Colombo (June 1, 2001). 1000 Questions About Canada: Places, People, Things, and Ideas : A Question-And-Answer Book on Canadian Facts and Culture. Dundurn Press Ltd. p. 335. ISBN 978-0-88882-232-1. Archived from the original on March 19, 2015.
- ^ a b Farthing, John; Freedom Wears a Crown; Toronto, 1957
- ^ a b «Sir Samuel Leonard Tilley» Archived 2007-10-01 at the Wayback Machine Library and Archives Canada.
- ^ Ewart 1912–1917, p. 331
- ^ Ewart 1912–1917, p. 393
- ^ Ewart 1912–1917, pp. 372–393; as per «Rank and Name», pp. 374–381.
- ^ Ewart 1912–1917, Imperial Projects and the Republic of Canada, pp. 262–393.
- ^ Pope, Joseph; Confederation; pg. 177
- ^ George M. Wrong; H. H. Langton (2009). The Chronicles of Canada: Volume VIII — The Growth of Nationality. Fireship Press. p. 60. ISBN 978-1-934757-51-2. Archived from the original on June 29, 2014. Retrieved July 1, 2010.
- ^ Hubbard, R.H.; Rideau Hall; McGill-Queen’s University Press; Montreal and London; 1977; p. 9
- ^ R. Douglas Francis; Richard Jones; Donald B. Smith (2009). Journeys: A History of Canada. Cengage Learning. p. 246. ISBN 978-0-17-644244-6. Archived from the original on March 19, 2015.
- ^ Reingard M. Nischik (2008). History of Literature in Canada: English-Canadian and French-Canadian. Camden House. p. 113. ISBN 978-1-57113-359-5. Archived from the original on March 19, 2015.
- ^ Treaty of Utrecht 1713 «Moreover, the most Christian King promises, as well in his own name, as in that of his heirs and successors, that they will at not time whatever disturb or give any molestation to the Queen of Great Britain, her heirs and successors, descended from the aforesaid Protestant line, who possess the crown of Great Britain, and the dominions belonging therunto.»
- ^ «… on the 23rd of April 1895, Tongaland was declared by proclamation to be added to the dominions of Queen Victoria … » («Africa» . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 343.)
- ^ Delisle, Jean (October 8, 2009). «Through the Lens of History: Translating dominion as puissance». Government of Canada. Archived from the original on December 24, 2013. Retrieved June 24, 2013.
- ^ a b «The Prince of Wales Royal Visit 2001, Quiz (Kids)». Canadian Heritage. January 9, 2009. Archived from the original on June 16, 2008. Retrieved June 11, 2010.
- ^ Arthur Bousfield; Garry Toffoli (1991). Royal Observations: Canadians & Royalty. Dundurn Press Ltd. p. 152. ISBN 978-1-55002-076-2.
- ^ Joseph Pope (1894). Memoirs of the Right Honourable Sir John Alexander Macdonald, G. C. B., first Prime Minister of the Dominion of Canada. E. Arnold. p. 321.
- ^ «Senator Cools congratulates Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II on her Forty-Seventh Anniversary of Accession to Throne, Feb 11, 1999». Senatorcools.sencanada.ca. Archived from the original on April 25, 2012. Retrieved October 26, 2011.
- ^ a b Dennis Ambrose O’Sullivan (1887). Government in Canada: The principles and institutions of our federal and provincial constitutions. The B. N. A. act, 1867, compared with the United States Constitution, with a sketch of the constitutional history of Canada. Carswell & co. p. 309.
- ^ Le Petit Robert 1: dictionnaire de la langue française, 1990.
- ^ Commonwealth and Colonial Law by Kenneth Roberts-Wray, London, Stevens, 1966. P. 17 (direct quote, word for word)
- ^ Martin, Robert. 1993. Eugene Forsey Memorial Lecture: A Lament for British North America. Archived 2005-10-17 at the Wayback Machine The Machray Review. Prayer Book Society of Canada.—A summative piece about nomenclature and pertinent history with abundant references.
- ^ «November 8, 1951 (21st Parliament, 5th Session)». Retrieved April 9, 2019.
- ^ King, Robert D.; Kilson, Robin W. (September 7, 1999). The Statecraft of British Imperialism: Essays in Honour of Wm. Roger Louis. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9780714643786 – via Google Books.
- ^ Alan Rayburn, Naming Canada: Stories about Canadian Place Names (2001) pp 17–22.
- ^ «Government of Canada Translation Bureau, «List of Country Names»—Introduction notes that «The official name of a state (e.g. Islamic Republic of Iran), found under the common name (Iran), is taken from the United Nations Terminology Bulletin No. 347.»«. Btb.gc.ca. March 18, 2009. Archived from the original on January 17, 2010. Retrieved June 11, 2010.
- ^ «The UN Terminology website «which holds records for each country containing the short and formal names in the six UN official languages, is the successor to UN Terminology». United Nations Multilingual Terminology Database (UNTERM.UN.ORG), Canada page. Archived from the original on May 8, 2014.
- ^
«UNITED NATIONS GROUP OF EXPERTS ON GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES, Working Paper No. 16» (PDF). p. Bulletin No. 347/Rev. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 27, 2008. - ^ «Organization of American States Office of Legal Cooperation, Member Country Information Page for Canada». Oas.org. Archived from the original on June 27, 2010. Retrieved June 11, 2010.
- ^ «European Union Gateway Interinstutional Style Guide, List of Countries, territories and currencies — «Note 1, ‘Full name’ corresponds in most cases to the official name recognized by the United Nations.»«. Publications.europa.eu. Archived from the original on August 5, 2013. Retrieved June 11, 2010.
- ^ «United States Department of State Bureau of Intelligence and Research, Independent States of the World—Canada: «no long-form name»«. State.gov. January 1, 1979. Retrieved June 11, 2010.
- ^ Forsey, Eugene A., in Marsh, James H., ed. 1988. «DominionArchived 2017-01-22 at the Wayback Machine» The Canadian Encyclopedia. Hurtig Publishers: Toronto.
- ^ Rayburn 2001, pp. 19, 21.
- ^ Canadian Heritage: National Flag of Canada Day — How Did You Do? Archived 2011-06-11 at the Wayback Machine, Canada’s Digital Collections: Confederation 1867, Canadian Heritage: The Prince of Wales Royal Visit 2001, Quiz.
- ^ Canadian Heritage: National Flag of Canada Day — How Did You Do? Archived 2011-06-11 at the Wayback Machine, Canada’s Digital Collections: Confederation 1867, Canadian Heritage: The Prince of Wales Royal Visit 2001, Quiz
- ^
Forsey, Eugene A. 2005. How Canadians Govern Themselves Archived 2009-03-25 at the Wayback Machine (PDF), 6th ed. Canada: Ottawa; pp. 8-9. The preface to the publication specifies that the opinions reflected are those of the author, and «do not necessarily reflect those of parliament.» - ^
«Territorial evolution». Atlas of Canada. Natural Resources Canada. Archived from the original on April 13, 2010. Retrieved October 9, 2007.In 1867, the colonies of Canada, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick are united in a federal state, the Dominion of Canada.
- ^ «Tartan Display». Scottish Tartan Authority. Retrieved April 10, 2019.
- ^ BRIAN LILLEY, Parliamentary Bureau (March 9, 2011). «It’s official, Maple Leaf Tartan is Canada’s tartan | Canada | News». Toronto Sun. Retrieved October 26, 2011.
- ^ «Dominion of Canada | The Canadian Encyclopedia». www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca.
- ^ «Dominion of Canada FAQ». jjmccullough.com. Retrieved April 9, 2019.
Bibliography[edit]
- Ewart, J.S. (1912–1917). The Kingdom Papers. Vol. I. Toronto: McClelland, Goodchild, and Stewart. Archived from the original on February 15, 2006.
- Francis, R. Douglas; Jones, Richard; Smith, Donald B. (2009). Journeys: A History of Canada. Nelson College. ISBN 978-0176442446.
- Johansen, Bruce Elliott (1999). The Encyclopedia of Native American Economic History. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0313306235.
- Marsh, James H. (1999). The Canadian Encyclopedia. The Canadian Encyclopedia. ISBN 978-0-7710-2099-5. Archived from the original on March 25, 2017.
- Mithun, Marianne (1999). The Languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-29875-X.
- Orkin, Mark M (2010), «The Name Canada: An Etymological Enigma» (PDF), Canadian English: A Linguistic Reader, Kingston, Ontario: Strathy Language Unit, Queen’s University, archived from the original (PDF) on September 24, 2015
- Rayburn, Alan (2001). Naming Canada: Stories about Canadian Place Names. University of Toronto Press. pp. 14–17. ISBN 978-0-8020-8293-0. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.
- Warkentin, Germaine; Podruchny, Carolyn (2001). Decentring the Renaissance: Canada and Europe in Multidisciplinary Perspective, 1500-1700. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-8149-0. Archived from the original on June 10, 2016.
Further reading[edit]
- Choudry, Sujit. 2001(?). «Constitution Acts» (based on looseleaf by Hogg, Peter W.). Constitutional Keywords. University of Alberta, Centre for Constitutional Studies: Edmonton.
- Gerald Hallowell (2004). The Oxford Companion to Canadian History. Oxford University Press Canada. ISBN 978-0-19-541559-9.
External links[edit]
- Dominion of Canada FAQ
- Origin of the Name — Canada — Canadian Heritage
The following article is an editorial written by The Canadian Encyclopedia staff. Editorials are not usually updated.
The following article is an editorial written by The Canadian Encyclopedia staff. Editorials are not usually updated.
Naming a country is no small task. The name should evoke feelings of pride and strength and reflect the character of the land and its people. There are many stories of the name’s origin, but we accept that it came from the Iroquoian word «kanata,» meaning
village or collection of huts, a community. It is difficult to imagine a more fitting name. Canada — the land that is a community. Canada possibly strives more than any other country to foster a sense of national unity by gathering people of diverse
origins under the umbrella of community. However, as serendipitous as this moniker seems, it resulted from misunderstanding more than intention.
When Jacques Cartier sailed up the St Lawrence River on his second voyage to the New World in 1535, he had with him two sons of the Iroquoian chief Donnacona. Cartier had taken the young men to France after his first voyage to be trained as interpreters.
As the Iroquoians noticed familiar landmarks they called to Cartier that here was the «chemin de kanata» — the route to the village. Against the background noise of sails snapping and rigging creaking Cartier heard «chemin de Canada.»
Cartier documented the name Canada in his journal, describing the «Kingdom of Canada» and noting that the entrance to the river «is the way to and the beginning of…the route to Canada.» He named Donnacona’s territory «the Province of Canada.» The name
Canada subsequently appeared on the 1547 Harleian world map, denoting land north of the gulf and river of St. Lawrence.
Cartier’s may not have been the first use of the name Canada. Fishermen and whalers from Spain, Portugal, France and Britain had visited the new world before him. The Spanish experience in Mexico and Peru prompted exploration for gold and riches in other
places and motivated King François I of France to send Cartier on his first voyage to Canada in 1534. The Spaniards, finding no riches around the Baie des Chaleurs, reported «aca nada» or «cà nada» meaning «nothing here» and named it «Capa da Nada,»
«Cape Nothing.»
In 1809 in London Hugh Gray posited that, when the French came to the new land the native people, supposing them Spanish and wanting them to leave, repeated «aca nada.» The French, not understanding, thought this might be the name of the country and called
it Canada.
As the area was settled, the population strove to identify its new community. The inhabitants of New France preferred Canada. The British of the 13 colonies were more inclined to use Quebec, the name Samuel de Champlain gave to the St Lawrence River settlement
he founded in 1608. After the British conquest, the English called the colony the Province of Quebec. Many of the French resisted that name. Eventually the British gave in and officially adopted the name Canada in the Canada Act of 1791 and created Upper
and Lower Canada. The Act of Union in 1841 reunited them as the «British Province of Canada.» At that point the French began to embrace the name Quebec.
The debate over a name continued as the colonies considered uniting and the Fathers of Confederation discussed alternative designations. They contemplated honouring Queen Victoria’s late husband with Albertsland or the queen herself with Victorialand.
Other suggestions included Albionara, Borealia, Britannia, Cabotia, Mesoplagia, Norland, Superior, Transatlantia and Tupona, an acronym of The United Provinces of North America. Another unwieldy acronym was Efisga, derived from England, France, Ireland,
Scotland, Germany and Aborigines. Finally, in 1867 the colonies became a community under the name Dominion of Canada, more than 300 years after Donnacona’s sons led Cartier to their «kanata.»
The inhabitants of this community of Canada are known for their sense of humour and there is another fanciful tale to tell. In 1811 the Kingston Gazette suggested that the name Canada came from inhabitants of New France who, permitted only one can of
spruce beer per day, «every moment articulated ‘can a day.'» As many of us undoubtedly plan to hoist a few cold ones to celebrate Canada Day, perhaps this last story is as fitting as any other. Whatever the origins of our country’s name, we can find
pleasure in the many colourful stories that comprise our history and take pride in Canada, the land that is a community.
The name «Canada» comes from «kanata,» the Iroquois-Huron word for «village» or «settlement.» The Iroquois used the word to describe the village of Stadacona, present-day Quebec City.
During his second voyage to «New France» in 1535, French explorer Jacques Cartier sailed up the Saint Lawrence River for the first time. The Iroquois pointed him in the direction of «kanata,» the village at Stadacona, which Cartier misinterpreted as a reference to both the village of Stadacona and the wider area subject to Donnacona, the Stadacona Iroquois chief.
During Cartier’s 1535 trip, the French established along the Saint Lawrence the colony of «Canada,» the first colony in what the French called «New France.» Use of «Canada» gained prominence from there.
The Name «Canada» Takes Hold (1535 to the 1700s)
By 1545, European books and maps had begun referring to this small region along the Saint Lawrence River as «Canada.» By 1547, maps were showing the name Canada as everything north of the St. Lawrence River. Cartier referred to the St. Lawrence River as la rivière du Canada («the river of Canada»), and the name began to take hold. Even though the French called the region New France, by 1616 the entire area along the great river of Canada and the Gulf of Saint Lawrence was still called Canada.
As the country expanded to the west and the south in the 1700s, «Canada» was the unofficial name of an area spanning the American Midwest, extending as far south as what is now the state of Louisiana.
After the British conquered New France in 1763, the colony was renamed the Province of Quebec. Then, as British loyalists headed north during and after the American Revolutionary War, Quebec was divided into two parts.
Canada Becomes Official
In 1791, the Constitutional Act, also called the Canada Act, divided the Province of Quebec into the colonies of Upper Canada and Lower Canada. This marked the first official use of the name Canada. In 1841, the two Quebecs were united again, this time as the Province of Canada.
On July 1, 1867, Canada was adopted as the legal name for the new country of Canada upon its confederation. On that date, the Confederation Convention formally combined the Province of Canada, which included Quebec and Ontario, with Nova Scotia and New Brunswick as «one Dominion under the name of Canada.» This produced the physical configuration of modern Canada, which is today the second largest country in the world by area (after Russia). July 1 is still celebrated as Canada Day.
Other Names Considered for Canada
Canada wasn’t the only name considered for the new dominion, although it was ultimately chosen by unanimous vote at the Confederation Convention.
Several other names were suggested for the northern half of the North American continent leading up to confederation, some of which were later repurposed elsewhere in the country. The list included Anglia (a medieval Latin name for England), Albertsland, Albionora, Borealia, Britannia, Cabotia, Colonia, and Efisga, an acronym for the first letters of the countries England, France, Ireland, Scotland, Germany, with the «A» for «Aboriginal.»
Other names floated for consideration were Hochelaga, Laurentia (a geological name for part of North America), Norland, Superior, Transatlantia, Victorialand and Tuponia, an acrostic for The United Provinces of North America.
This is how the Canadian government remembers the name debate on Canada.ca:
The debate was placed in perspective by Thomas D’Arcy McGee, who declared on February 9, 1865:
“I read in one newspaper not less than a dozen attempts to derive a new name. One individual chooses Tuponia and another Hochelaga as a suitable name for the new nationality. Now I ask any honourable member of this House how he would feel if he woke up some fine morning and found himself instead of a Canadian, a Tuponian or a Hochelagander.”
Fortunately for posterity, McGee’s wit and reasoning–along with common sense–prevailed…
The Dominion of Canada
«Dominion» became part of the name instead of «kingdom» as a clear reference that Canada was under British rule but still its own separate entity. After World War II, as Canada became more autonomous, the full name «Dominion of Canada» was used less and less.
The country’s name was officially changed to «Canada» in 1982 when the Canada Act was passed, and it’s been known by that name ever since.
The Fully Independent Canada
Canada did not become fully independent from Britain until 1982 when its constitution was «patriated» under the Constitution Act of 1982, or the Canada Act, The act essentially transferred the country’s highest law, the British North America Act, from the authority of the British Parliament—a connection from the colonial past—to Canada’s federal and provincial legislatures.
The document contains the original statute that established the Canadian Confederation in 1867 (the British North America Act), amendments that the British Parliament made to it over the years, and Canada’s Charter of Rights and Freedoms, the result of fierce negotiations between the federal and provincial governments that set down basic rights ranging from freedom of religion to linguistic and educational rights based on the test of numbers.
Through it all, the name «Canada» has remained.