The most offensive word

Adele during the 2012 Brit awards

Yui Mok / PA ArchivePA Images

As UK communications regulator Ofcom’s ranking of every bollocking swear word in the English language in order of offensiveness goes viral again, we’re bloody buggering thrilled about it.

So, let’s remember that back in 2016, after interviewing over 200 people in the UK on how offensive they find words like ‘bellend’ and ‘beef curtains’ (yeah, we didn’t realise they were swear words either), Ofcom ranked the words as either mild, medium, strong or strongest.

It also published a series of documents and research papers, including a quick reference guide co-produced with IPSOS Mori called Attitudes to potentially offensive language and gestures on TV and radio, which is now doing the rounds again.

Although participants were asked their opinion on 150 words in total, we’ve listed below the ‘general swear words’. Other words people were quizzed on include those linked to race and ethnicity, gender and sexuality, body parts and health conditions and even religious insults.

Here’s what Ofcom found, in the ‘general swear words’ category:

Mild

  • Arse
  • Bloody
  • Bugger
  • Cow
  • Crap
  • Damn
  • Ginger
  • Git
  • God
  • Goddam
  • Jesus Christ
  • Minger
  • Sod-off

Erm, after watching Blackadder, we’re pretty sure ‘sod-off’ is a name… Baldrick’s first name…

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Medium

  • Arsehole
  • Balls
  • Bint
  • Bitch
  • Bollocks
  • Bullshit
  • Feck
  • Munter
  • Pissed/pissed off
  • Shit
  • Son of a bitch
  • Tits

We also think ‘bitch’ is the most offensive word in the English language, but what do we know.

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Strong

  • Bastard
  • Beaver
  • Beef curtains
  • Bellend
  • Bloodclaat
  • Clunge
  • Cock
  • Dick
  • Dickhead
  • Fanny
  • Flaps
  • Gash
  • Knob
  • Minge
  • Prick
  • Punani
  • Pussy
  • Snatch
  • Twat

In a sentence, some of these words could be used as follows: ‘That dickhead beaver has been gnawing at my wood again, what a twat.»

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Strongest

  • C**t
  • F**k
  • Motherf**ker

Take note — these are the only words we’ve starred out, so they MUST be the worst of the f**king worst. Enjoy a clip of our favourite swearer, Tony Soprano:

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Disclaimer: This article contains lots of bad words. If you don’t want to read bad words, don’t click on an article about swearing.

I haven’t included racist or homophobic language. You should swear at someone because they are behaving badly, not because of how they were born.

Note: Don’t use these phrases in your job interviews and Cambridge exams. And be careful when using them on a first date.

So you are learning English. The language of Shakespeare. Of Dickens. Of Wordsworth and James Joyce. You love its beauty and majesty and you never tire of its power and precision. English sparks joy.

Yes. Yes, it does.

But sometimes you just have to scream at someone. Sometimes your computer freezes and you lose 2 hours of work. Sometimes your car won’t start and you’re already late.

That’s when you want to swear.

When I’m teaching my classes I almost never swear. I try to be a ‘good model’ of English so that students can safely mimic me. But when the lesson is over – I start swearing like a sailor.

When to Swear

  • When you are frustrated.
  • When something unexpected happens.
  • When you want to make a sentence funnier.
  • When today ends with the letter Y.

The 10 Best English Swear Words

1. Fucking

The cornerstone of all swearing.

Basically you can and should use it liberally before nouns and adjectives.

  • He’s so fucking stupid!
  • It’s too fucking cold in here!

And before verbs.

  • Fucking slow down!
  • Can you please fucking shut up?
  • Could you fucking pass the fucking salt?

And before other swear words.

  • Where the fucking fuck is my fucking phone?

2. Dick

Synonyms: cock, prick, knob, tool (and a million others)

A dick is a penis. Obviously calling someone a penis has a negative meaning.

Why do you like Brian? He’s a total dick.

I mostly use it in the phrase ‘don’t be a dick’. It means ‘please behave with more class and dignity, like Anthony Hopkins in The Remains of the Day’.

Karen is stealing flowers from a field for her Instagram. They don’t belong to you, Karen. You fucking dick.

The first time I told my girlfriend she was ‘being a dick’ she was NOT happy. But the next day she said, ‘you know what? I was being a dick. I’m truly, truly sorry.’

That’s how I remember it, anyway.

3. Shit

There’s shit in the sense of ‘this movie is shit‘, which means ‘really bad’. And there’s ‘a shit’ which is just like ‘a dick’ in part 2.

Note: If you want to get creative you can often add the suffix head to these curse words. ‘He’s a shithead’. ‘Trump is such a dickhead.’

But my favourite version is ‘little shit’, which is how I show affection to my cat.

My cat has his own schedule, and he doesn’t give a shit what I am doing. He wants to go outside at 3AM and be let back in one microsecond before I fall back asleep. He’s extremely demanding and everything has to be done just how he likes it. Otherwise he wails his fucking head off, scratches at doors – whatever it takes. But you can’t stay mad at him. He’s adorable!

Guess what that little shit did? He waited until I got in the bath to start demanding his dinner! He does it on purpose!

4. Talking Shit

Movies are shit, someone is a shit, and people talk shit. That means saying stupid or impossible things.

  • Francis says we swallow 10 spiders in our sleep.
  • As always, Francis is talking shit. That’s not true.

My favourite is to look someone in the eye and say ‘don’t talk shit’. The important thing is to put a space/pause between each word. Make it three sentences!

5. Jesus

Most swearing is based on religion. But if God didn’t want us to swear, why did he make it so cool?

You can say ‘Jesus’ almost any time anything happens. Your cat vomits on your new socks? Jesus! Your neighbour has a new haircut that makes him look like a fucking serial killer? Jesus! You drop a knife and it nearly hits your toe? Jesus!

The best thing about the word ‘Jesus’ is that it’s so modular. Modular means you can easily add bits to it. So if you want extra emphasis you go:

Jesus Christ!

That’s literally twice as powerful as just saying ‘Jesus’.

But there’s more. One of the two great American inventions of the 20th century was stuffed crust pizza. The other was adding the letter H to Jesus’s name.

Jesus H. Christ!

Try it! It’s very satisfying.

If you want to get really creative with this one, you can try this:

Christ on a bike!

Yes, it’s real. People say it. Especially me.

6. Jesus Wept

We haven’t totally finished the Jesus theme. That’s because I feel ‘Jesus wept’ deserves its own entry.

‘Jesus wept’ is the shortest sentence in The Bible, and in the 1990s people started using it to express disappointment and/or annoyance. You have to put some negative energy into your voice as you say it.

Imagine your drunk boyfriend is trying to unlock the front door but he can’t get the key in the lock. You’re not angry enough to shout ‘stop dicking around!’ but you do want to say something. That’s where ‘Jesus wept’ comes in.

Or you’re watching your favourite football team and after 10 minutes they are 2-0 down and miss a penalty. You put your head in your hands and go ‘Jesus wept‘.

Because it’s a line from The Bible it’s much safer to use in public than those in section 5. If you say it in school and you get in trouble, you can say that you were just memorising scripture.

7. Holy Fuck

Take your basic ‘farmer English’ and add a hint of religious mysticism and you get ‘Holy Fuck’. It feels so smooth coming out of your mouth. Use it to express surprise and amazement.

  • Holy fuck! That bumblebee is the size of a tennis ball!
  • Holy fuck! That bitch is wearing a white dress to MY wedding!
  • Holy fuck! I just noticed three spelling mistakes in my resume!
  • Holy fuck! The guy who wrote Chernobyl also wrote The Hangover 2!

8. God Damn It

This one is pretty mild these days (although technically you’ll go to hell if you use it), but it remains deeply satisfying to say. Use it when you’re frustrated.

  • Ah god damn it! This machine is broken again!
  • Who’s phoning me during dinner? God damn it!

It’s another one with fun variations.

  • Damn it all to hell!
  • Fuck this goddamnedcocksucking game. Seriously. Fuck it sideways.

9. Fuckwit

A fuckwit is an idiot. A moron. An imbecile.

But it’s got the word ‘fuck’ in it so it’s much stronger than all of those.

You have to WARM IT UP before you TURN IT ON you absolute FUCKWIT.

10. Sod It

This is a very British way of saying ‘I’ve had enough of this’ or ‘I don’t want to continue’.

It’s too hot to do any work. Sod it, let’s go to the pub.

People often say ‘sod this’ or ‘sod that’.

As you know, ‘this‘ is used for things that are physically or emotionally close to you.

  • We’ve nearly finished this IKEA wardrobe but there’s a piece of wood and 14 screws left over. I think we’ve made a big mistake.
  • Sod this. Let’s call a pizza and watch TV.

And ‘that‘ is used for things that are physically or emotionally DISTANT.

  • My boss wants me to work on Saturday.
  • Sod that! Come to the lake with me and we’ll eat corn on the cob smothered in butter.

Although the queue is physically NEAR, it is emotionally FAR.

Let’s Practice Swearing

Who is the most famous writer in English?

1. William Fucking Shakespeare.

2. Charles ‘The Dick’ Dickens.

You, a cat, are having a nice relaxing day. Suddenly, this happens.

1. Haha, what an entertaining prank. You got me.

2. Oh you little shit! Do that again and I will fucking murder you.

Come on, bro! Let your emotions out! Tell us how you really feel!

What did Karl (the guy on the right) say?

1. «The best topping for a pizza is pineapple.»

2. «Empire Strikes Back is the best Star Wars movie.»

3. «The 1980s was the best decade for music.»

The other two sentences are 100% accurate (so if he said them, he wouldn’t have been talking shit).

Pineapple is absolutely fucking disgusting. If I went on a date with Jennifer Lawrence and she ordered a Hawaiian pizza I would walk out.

Why is Eggsy so upset?

1. He’s watching episode 4 of the hit TV show Chernobyl.

2. He’s watching Peppa Pig.

3. He just got his exam results from Cambridge.

Nobody would ever react badly to watching Peppa Pig, and Eggsy’s exam results were great because he prepared by taking online courses here at EFL Academy.

The correct answer is that he’s watching Chernobyl. It’s amazing, but holy fuck, it’s hard to watch.

All 4 questions completed!


Let’s Practice Swearing

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Sweary Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Initialisms

FFS – For fuck’s sake. Great for showing disbelief. Trump said what?! Oh, FFS.

WTF – What the fuck? Multi-purpose. WTF were you doing in a hotel with our marriage counselor?

BS – Bullshit. Used when something is untrue. That’s BS! I never went to The Plaza Inn with Simon last night!

STFU – Shut the fuck up.

GTFO – Get the fuck out.

Fubar – Fucked up beyond all recognition. Used to describe a situation that has gone VERY wrong.

BFD – Big fucking deal. Who cares?

A Partial List of English Swear Words

Quite Mild

Arse – Means ‘bottom’. Arse is British English and ass is American. She has a face like a slapped arse.

Asshat – A moron. An idiot. Jack is, and always will be, a prize asshat. If you marry him I shall never speak to you again.

Bugger – Basically a much milder version of ‘fuck’. You want me to work on Saturday? Bugger that!

Cow – A rude name for a woman. Drive on the left you silly cow!

Damn – Means all kinds of things, from ‘wow!’ to ‘that is bad news’. Here’s a picture of my younger sister. / Damn! She’s hot!  / And here’s a picture of her husband. / Damn.

Git – Someone you don’t like. That Boris Johnson is a bit of a git, isn’t he? / Clean your room you lazy git!

A Bit Harsh

Arsehole – A particular part of a bottom. It’s ruder than ‘arse’ because holes are generally rude.

Balls – Testicles. Generally used to mean something bad. We put him in charge of the Lisbon project and he totally ballsed it up. He doesn’t have the balls to make hard decisions.

Bitch – Like cow, but cowier.

Bollocks – A very British way of saying ‘bullshit’.

Bullshit – An American way of saying ‘bollocks’.

Pissed – angry or drunk. I got pissed last night, and when I got home my wife was really pissed.

Son of a bitch – Child of a cow. That son of a bitch has parked in my space again! I’ll rip his head off!

Tits – Boobs. Lol.

Strong

Bastard – A bad dude.

Bellend – Another way to say ‘dick’.

Cocksucker – Someone who gives blowjobs to men. Still considered offensive even though more than half of the population do it. Not a word I ever use, but it has lots of strong harsh syllables in it, so you can really spit it in someone’s face.

Fanny – In the UK, a lady’s special area (rude). In the USA, a bottom (not that rude).

Pussy/Snatch/Twat/Minge/Beaver – Lady’s special area again. “When you’re a star you can just grab ’em by the pussy.” The 45th President of the USA.

Slag/Slut/Whore – A woman who sleeps with lots of men. There’s no equivalent for a man who sleeps with lots of women.

Wanker – A man who pleasures himself sexually. The implication is that he’s a loser who can’t get a girlfriend.

Very Toxic

Cunt – Lady bits. For some reason this version is considered much stronger than the other variants. Calling someone a cunt is a good way to start a fight.

Motherfucker – This one is still considered provocative even though it’s used 400 times in every Hollywood movie.

In this article, I will mention some very offensive words, so offensive, in fact, that their use can dehumanize the hearer or even an entire group of people. It is important to state this difference between mentioning and using a slur term, however, even mere mention bears the potential to cause offense in the reader. This, of course, is not my intention.

“In our language communities, we share some deep knowledge about offensive words, about their meaning, their use, and their effects.”

In our language communities, we share some deep knowledge about offensive words, about their meaning, their use, and their effects. It is knowledge we have acquired in our social interactions, in our everyday lives, it is something we have learned about in comedy shows, newscasts, movies, books, magazines. What we know about these words is oftentimes much more profound than what you would find about them in a dictionary or academic research paper on the matter.

The Fascination of Taboo Words

Despite their devastating effects, slur terms are also fascinating to us. They are taboo words, and breaking taboos is something we enjoy sometimes, as for instance when watching a comedy show, when being around our closest friends, or just out of mere schadenfreude.

In any context of use, taboo words will typically trigger heightened emotions, positive or negative, with effects ranging from social bonding to utter dissociation.

I believe this to be the main reason for our fascination with them, the reason for all the lively discussions I’ve had over the years with linguists and laymen alike, all eager to share their own stance on the topic.

Can The degree of offensiveness be part of a word’s meaning?

Thanks to this fascination, it was quite easy to convince several hundred speakers of German to participate in a questionnaire study that asked respondents to rate the degree of offensiveness of a number of given slur terms and to answer the question: “What is the most offensive word you can think of?”

The goal was to find out if an individual degree of offensiveness can actually be part of a word’s meaning. Many linguists consider differences in force as purely pragmatic. They believe offensiveness of a term can only be evaluated in a certain context of use.

What we have to distinguish, however, is the force generated in a particular speech act and the offensiveness of the words themselves out of context. As competent speakers, we know that utterances can be racist without using any slur terms at all (consider Donald Trump’s question about Obama: “Why doesn’t he show his birth certificate?”). And we also know that some speakers use extremely offensive slur terms like the N-word to indicate camaraderie or friendship (“He’s my n****!”, A.J. Johnson about Master P).

Beyond that, we all have opinions about how slur terms differ in their offensiveness before they are actually used in a certain context, e.g., we know that the N-word is more offensive than whitey (Johnson uses n**** to indicate a close relationship, however, she is probably aware that the word is highly offensive).

A Consensus in Speech Communities

With my survey, I intended to show that these opinions are not just random and that we can track a consensus within our speech communities about how offensive certain words are, thus bringing evidence for the degree of offensiveness as part of a slur’s meaning.

In order to have my participants reflect the meaning of the slurs without any particular context of use in mind, I had them imagine themselves as lexicographers sitting alone in their home offices and drafting new lexicon entries for 33 given slur terms. Part of their job was to rate the offensiveness of the respective item on a 6-point Likert scale (0 being not offensive at all and 6 being extremely offensive).

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The results exceeded my expectations by far: Not only were the participants’ ratings incredibly similar; a second round two years later with a new batch of participants resulted in fairly the same overall ranking of the 33 words.

Following these results, we can broadly distinguish between extremely offensive words (N-word),  moderately offensive words (Spast) and slightly offensive words (Idiot), and I think we can find a number of reasons for these differing degrees of offensiveness.

Idiot, for instance, has lost its referential meaning, i.e., it no longer targets group membership (into the 19th century, Idiot still referred to mentally challenged people) but certain behaviors, attitudes, or character traits that are negatively perceived by the individual speaker. This is comparable to the use of Arschloch (asshole) and seems less offensive than targeting group membership, because certain forms of behavior might be worthy of contempt (e.g., bullying and animal torture), whereas mere group membership usually never is (exceptions being nazi and child molester).

Spast (spaz) seems to face a similar loss of referential meaning, however, it has not (yet) developed as far as Idiot, as most of the speakers still have access to its referential meaning. Spast is less offensive than the N-word, though, for it is mostly used in reference to people who do not belong to the designated group of people, the mentally challenged. In the case of the N-word, speakers know of a rich history of discrimination against blacks (particularly in the United States), which is one of the sources informing them about the word’s extreme offensiveness.

In the non-restricted part of the questionnaire (“What is the most offensive word you can think of?”), participants most frequently named Hurensohn (whoreson), followed by Fotze (cunt) and Missgeburt (deformed person). Altogether, they generated 61 words in addition to the given ones.

The results of this part of the questionnaire are at odds with a 2012 book on filthy German language by Hans-Martin Gauger, who has argued that German slurring almost exclusively borrows from feces (Arschloch, Scheiße) and not from the sexual sphere as English speakers do (fucker, fuck).

However, out of the 61 words generated by the German speaking participants, only 12 related to feces and more than half to the sexual sphere. This might indicate that Germans tend to find the latter type more offensive than the former.

Sources of offensiveness

There are many sources informing the speech community about a term’s offensiveness. If we assumed there was only one, like the targeting of group membership as opposed to individual behaviors, then we would have no explanation for the varying degrees of offensiveness that different slur terms can have for one and the same target group (just think of the different terms designating African Americans).

Besides the sources that influence all slurs for the same target group in the same way (e.g., racist institutions, their ideologies and practices, stereotypes, the social status of the target group), there are also sources affecting the individual words themselves (e.g., metalinguistic discussions like the text you are reading right now, advice on linguistic behavior from educational institutions and the PC movement, frequency of use, censorship, court decisions and their media coverage).

It is easy to see that such a complex picture of various sources cannot stay static. It is changing and with it the degrees of offensiveness. Over the course of their meaning change, slur terms cannot only increase in force (redskin) but also decrease (idiot) or even become neutral terms (gay, queer).

Offensiveness is verifiable 

We have to approach slur terms individually, not only allowing for differences in reference but also for differences in offensiveness.

Slur terms combine various kinds of meaning and are accompanied by heightened emotions in almost every context they are used or even only mentioned in. It must be due to these special features that slur terms somehow resist established theories and frameworks traditionally applied to describe the meaning and use of language.

My empirical data from the city of Mainz can obviously only count as a first step, from which we have to head on to other regions, age groups, cultures, languages, and so on. However, I think it is safe to assume that the degree of offensiveness is a verifiable feature of certain words in other speech communities, too.

[Title Image by yuoak, via gettyimages]

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