Every linguistic unit has its own
semantics and sound form. It is due to interrelation of meanings and
sounds that different styles of speech are formed.
Here the main notions of
stylistics are stylistic devices and expressive means.
Expressive
means
are morphological, phonetic, lexical, word-building, phraseological
and syntactical forms which function in the language for emotional or
logical intensification of an utterance. They serve to strengthen the
communicative effect of the speech.
Stylistic
devices
are a conscious and intentional usage of some language facts. If a
language fact is widely used in one and the same function, it becomes
generalized in this function. A stylistic device is choice or
arrangement of units to achieve an expressive or an image-creating
effect.
The use of
stylistic devices gives an auxiliary meaning, idea, or feeling to the
literal or written.
At each level
of the language we can distinguish different stylistic devices, they
are phonetic, lexical, and syntactic
devices.
3. Functional styles of speech
Due to different language forms,
every language has different ways of expressing people’s attitudes
towards phenomena of objective reality; thus there exist different
systems of expressing thoughts within one and the same language.
In Russian linguistic tradition
these different manners of expressing thoughts are called functional
styles; while
foreign linguists often apply the term registers
of speech to the
same phenomenon.
Academician
V. Vinogradov
described the following styles of speech in respect to their
functions.
1) colloquial
style which serves the function of communication;
2) official
and scientific styles which serve the function of informing;
3) publicist
and belles-lettres styles which serve the function of producing
emotional effect.
Colloquial style is
characteristic of direct communication while other styles are
characteristic of indirect communication.
In foreign
linguistics, a register is a variety of a language used for a
particular purpose or in a particular social setting.
For example, an English speaker
may adhere more closely to prescribed grammar, pronounce words ending
in -ing with a velar nasal (e.g. «walking», not «walkin'»)
and refrain from using the word «ain’t» when speaking in a
formal setting, but the same person could violate all of these
prescriptions in an informal setting.
Questions to lecture #1
1. What is the origin of the word
“style”?
2. How
do you explain the meaning
of the word “style’ for different spheres of application?
3. What
is the concept of style in stylistics?
4. What
does stylistics as a branch of linguistics deal with?
5. What
are the three sub-systems of the language distinguished by Professor
Yu. Skrebnev?
6. Give
your own examples of neutral, sub-standard and super-standard types
of sentences with the same general meaning.
7. What
are the two characteristics of any linguistic unit?
8. What
are the expressive means of the language?
9. What
do we call stylistic devices?
10. What
are the styles of speech described by Academician V. Vinogradov in
respect to their functions?
11. What
is a register of speech?
Lecture #2
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Due to different language forms, every language has different ways of expressing people’s attitudes towards phenomena of objective reality; thus there exist different systems of expressing thoughts within one and the same language.
In Russian linguistic tradition these different manners of expressing thoughts are called functional styles; while foreign linguists often apply the term registers of speech to the same phenomenon.
Academician V. Vinogradov described the following styles of speech in respect to their functions.
1) colloquial style which serves the function of communication;
2) official and scientific styles which serve the function of informing;
3) publicist and belles-lettres styles which serve the function of producing emotional effect.
Colloquial style is characteristic of direct communication while other styles are characteristic of indirect communication.
In foreign linguistics, a register is a variety of a language used for a particular purpose or in a particular social setting.
For example, an English speaker may adhere more closely to prescribed grammar, pronounce words ending in -ing with a velar nasal (e.g. «walking», not «walkin'») and refrain from using the word «ain’t» when speaking in a formal setting, but the same person could violate all of these prescriptions in an informal setting.
QUESTIONS TO LECTURE #1
1. What is the origin of the word “style”?
2. How do you explain the meaning of the word “style’ for different spheres of application?
3. What is the concept of style in stylistics?
4. What does stylistics as a branch of linguistics deal with?
5. What are the three sub-systems of the language distinguished by Professor Yu. Skrebnev?
6. Give your own examples of neutral, sub-standard and super-standard types of sentences with the same general meaning.
7. What are the two characteristics of any linguistic unit?
8. What are the expressive means of the language?
9. What do we call stylistic devices?
10. What are the styles of speech described by Academician V. Vinogradov in respect to their functions?
11. What is a register of speech?
Lecture #2
STYLISTIC CLASSIFICATION
OF THE ENGLISH VOCABULARY
1. STYLISTICALLY-NEUTRAL WORDS
2. STYLISTICALLY-COLOURED WORDS:
| A. Super-Neutral Words:
• learned words; • archaisms; • professional terms |
B. Sub-Neutral Words:
• colloquial words; • slang; • dialect words |
The words are used in speech with a different extent of regularity. Some words occur more frequently than the others, and they are indispensable in every act of communication, while other words are used only in some special spheres of linguistic intercourse. In accordance with the differentiation of the language into three subsystems we can sub-divide the vocabulary of the language into three groups, accordingly: neutral, sub-neutral and super-neutral.
1. STYLISTICALLY-NEUTRAL WORDS
Stylistically-neutral words are also called the basic vocabulary of the language. They can be used in all kinds of situations, both formal, and informal, in speech and in writing. They denote objects and phenomena of everyday importance (e.g. house, milk, dog, cat, to walk, to run, and etc.). Their meanings are broad, general, and bear no additional information.
| CONTRACT
a formal agreement between two or more parties or a document that states the terms of such an agreement; synonyms: agreement, treaty, convention |
2. STYLISTICALLY-COLOURED WORDS
Stylistically-coloured words can be subdivided into two groups: super-neutral and sub-neutral.
Super-neutral words are appropriate in formal situations. The words of formal style fall into 3 groups:
1. Learned words
These words are associated with printed page. They are also called “bookish”. They can be subdivided into:
• scientific prose words – dry, matter-of-fact flavour words;
• “officialese” – official bureaucratic words;
• literary words – lofty words used in descriptive passages of fiction;
• modes of poetic diction – high-flown words used in poetry.
2. Archaisms
These words are old and are not used in modern English. They are subdivided into:
• obsolete words – very rare, cannot be understood without special explanation;
• archaisms proper – can be understood because they were used in the XIXth century;
• historical words –denote objects or phenomena which have disappeared.
3. Professional Terminology
They are words and phrases used by professional groups of people.
Sub-neutral words are appropriate in the immediate circle: family, relatives, or friends. The words of informal style fall into 3 groups:
1. Colloquial words
Colloquial words can be subdivided into:
• literary colloquial – words used by everybody;
• familiar colloquial – words used mostly by the young and semi-educated;
• low colloquial – rough and coarse words used by the illiterate.
2. Slang
There is no exact definition of slangy words; slang is everything that is not included into the textbooks.
3. Dialect words
There are certain regional forms of the English language in which dialect words appear. The British dialects are Northern, Midland, Eastern, Western, Southern; the American dialects are Northern, Midland, Southern.
For the United Kingdom received pronunciation (RP) is considered to be the standard, for the USA it is Uniform American English (Californian English).
The interaction of stylistically-coloured and stylistically-neutral words in one and the same context may cause different stylistic effects.
When a super-neutral word is placed in a stylistically-neutral context, it gives the latter either an elevated colouring or a humorous effect, depending on the subject of speech.
When a sub-neutral word is placed in a neutral context, it lowers the stylistic value of the latter. When a sub-neutral word is placed in a super-neutral context or vice-versa, it almost always produces a humorous effect.
| neutral words : house, milk, dog, cat, to walk, to run;
scientific prose : dialectical, emphasize, empirical; “officialese” : hereinafter, de jure, de facto; modes of poetic diction : woe, realm, soliloquy; archaisms : albeit (although it be that), clad (to clothe), thy (your); professional terminology : performance rating, feasibility study; colloquial : dad, chap, freezer, ain’t; slang : cutie, undies, jaw-breaker. |
QUESTIONS TO LECTURE #2
1. What are stylistically-neutral words? Give your examples.
2. What are stylistically-coloured words?
3. What groups do stylistically super-neutral words fall into?
4. What is another name for “bookish” words?
5. What types of archaisms do you know?
6. What is professional terminology?
7. What groups do stylistically sub-neutral words fall into?
8. What is the difference between colloquial words and dialect words?
9. Decide which groups the following words belong to: sylvan, billow, consequence, to cut classes, ouch, to kid.
10. Give your own examples of words belonging to different groups.
11. What kind of stylistic effects can interaction between stylistically-neutral and stylistically-coloured words in the same context produce?
12. Paraphrase the text from Supplement 2.
Lecture #3
STYLISTICS AS A
BRANCH OF LINGUISTICS:GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
1) The subject of stylistics
2) Problems of stylistic research
3) Types of research and branches of stylistics
4) The concept of norm and its variants
5) Individual study
6) The concept of functional styles
Units of language on different levels are
studied by traditional branches of linguistics such as phonetics that deals
with speech sounds and intonation; lexicology that treats words, their meaning
and vocabulary structure, grammar that analyzes forms of words and their
function in a sentence which is studied by syntax. These areas of linguistic study
are rather clearly defined and have a long-term tradition of regarding language
phenomena from a level-oriented point of view. Thus, the subject matter and the
material under study of these linguistic disciplines are more or less
clear-cut.
It gets more complicated when we talk about
stylistics. Some scholars claim that it is a comparatively new branch of
linguistics which has only several decades of intense linguistic interest
behind it. Actually, the term stylistics came into existence not so long ago.
Thus, stylistics or as it is often called
linguo-stylistics is on the list of the youngest sciences. This branch of
linguistic came into active functioning in the middle of the 20th century. At
that period of time one could observe a serious decline in structural
linguistics when grammar failed to explain some linguistic phenomena. So,
stylistics came in.
As a matter of fact the problems of style and
the object of stylistics go as far back
as to ancient schools of rhetoric and poetics.
In ancient times rhetoric appeared as an
oratorical science. It was aimed at solving practical tasks – to teach people
how to express their thoughts skillfully. Ancient Greeks stated that
elaborately combined language means really possessed strong power of persuasion
and they appealed to embellish human speech by all possible language resources.
Actually, the word stylistics is derived from
the Latin word stylus/stilus – which means a slender-pointed writing
instrument (or a small stick with a
pointed end) used by both Romans and Greeks for scratching letters on
wax-covered plates/tablets.
In the course of time this word acquired several
meanings, each of these meanings can be applied to a specific study of language
areas and their use in speech.
It will not be an exaggeration to say that among
various branches of linguistics, the most obscure in content is undoubtedly
stylistics. It happens due to a number of reasons.
First of all, we should bear in mind that there
is a confusion between the terms “style” and “stylistics”. The concept of
“style’ is really broad and it is difficult to regards it as a term. The word
style today is used in its reference to completely different spheres of human
activity. We can speak of style in architecture (gothic, classical, barocco,
neo-classical); style in literature (naturalism, sentimentalism, realism); art
(surrealism, classicism, realism); behavior (eccentric; reserved; outspoken);
fashion (casual; classical);
In the given context style is viewed as a mode
of doing something.
We can say that the scope of problems in
stylistics is open to discussion up to the present day. In linguistics the word
style is used so widely that it requires some interpretation.
Out of different approaches as to the fields of
investigation, the most representative was worked out by professor I. Galperin
who singled out its leading aspects.
1)
The aesthetic
function of the language;
2)
Expressive means of
the language;
3)
Synonymous ways of
expressing one and the same idea;
4)
Emotional colouring
in language;
5)
A system of special
devices – called SDs;
6)
The splitting of a
literary language into separate systems – called styles;
7)
The interaction
between language and thought;
The individual manner
of an author in making use of language (individual study).
Practically all of
these statements have a certain bearing on the subject. Let’s examine them one
by one.
1) The Aesthetic function of the language is an
immanent part of works of art – poetry, imaginative prose – but one can’t
observe it in the works of science, diplomatic and business documents and other
types of texts. Thus, the definition covers only a limited part of the problems
of stylistics.
2) Expressive means are more typical of the
language of poetry, fiction, oratory, colloquial speech rather than the
language of science, technology, commercial documents.
3) Synonymous ways of expressing one and the same
idea is a doubtful statement as with the change of wording — a change of
meaning inevitably takes place – no matter how slight this change is.
4) The emotional colouring of words and sentences
is partially accepted as there are many types of texts that seem to be
unemotional but still subject to stylistic investigation.
5) A system of special devices – called SDs – is
also questionable as no work of art, no text, no speech consists of a system of
SDs. At the same time we can’t deny the fact that the style of anything is
formed by the combination of features, peculiar to it.
6) The splitting of a literary language into
separate systems – called styles. The given aspect also requires some
corrections. As any national language contains a great variety of sublanguages
or sub-standard types of speech – slang, barbarisms, vulgarisms, taboo and a
number of other – reflecting a fleeting character of language development. The
same concerns the problem of nomenclature of styles – in general.
7) The
interaction between language and thought. Thought and its lingual expression
make an inseparable unity, though a real intention may be different from what a
person says. At the same time the idea can be misinterpreted. Moreover, in case
form is changed – a change in content can be observed accordingly.
The individual manner of an author in making use
of language (individual study). The given thesis can be partly accepted as
individual analysis is based on the principle of generalizations.
Thus, none
of the given entries can be entirely acceptable.
The most
representative definitions of style were introduced from the 50-tieth to the
90-iethof the 20th century.
In 1955 the
academician V Vinogradov defined style as a “socially recognized and functionally
conditioned, internally united totality of the ways of using, selecting and
combining the means of lingual
intercourse in the sphere of national language”.
Prof. I. Galperin
offered his definition of style as “a system of interrelated language means
which serves a definite aim in communication”.
According to prof.
Y.I. Screbnev style is what differentiates a group of homogeneous texts (an individual text) from all other groups
(other texts).
Such researchers as
Riesel E., Brandes M.P., Stepanov Y.S., Piotrovsky R.S., Dolinin K.A., Arnold
I.V., Maltsev V.A., Kukharenko V.A., Morokhovsky P.N., Kozhina M.N., Golub I.B.
propose more or less analogous systems of styles based on the subdivision of styles
into 2 classes: literary and colloquial.
Different approaches to the phenomenon of style were
outlined by the representatives of foreign linguistic thought.
The set of rules how to write a composition –
sometimes style is associated with very simple notions like “style is the man
himself (Buffon 18thc.)
“Style – is depth,” said Darbyshire in 1971 “A Grammar
of Style”;
“style is deviation”- considered Enkvist in his book
Linguistic Stylistics published in the Hague in 1973.
All these definitions deal somehow with the essence of
style that is summed up by the following
observations:
Style is a quality of language which communicates
precisely emotions or thoughts or a system of them peculiar to the author
A true idiosyncrasy of style is the result of an
author’s success in compelling language to conform to his mode of experience
(Middleton Murry)
Style is a contextually restricted linguistic
variation (Enkvist)
Style is a selection of non-distinctive features of language(Bloomfield)
Style is simply synonymous with form or expression (Benedetto
Croce)
Archibald Hill states “structures, sequences and patterns which extend or
may extend beyond the boundaries of individual sentences define style”.
The most frequently met definition of style belongs to Seymour Chatman:
“Style – is a product of individual choices and the patterns of choices among
linguistic possibilities”.
Werner Winter continues this idea by claiming that the style may be
characterized by a pattern of recurrent selections from the inventory of
optional features of a language.
A famous French
linguist Ch. Bally claimed that stylistics is primarily the study of various
language resources of human emotions and that each stylistic form is marked
either by expressivity and emotivity.
The term style is
also applied to the teaching how to
write clearly, simply and emotionally to achieve correctness in writing and
avoid ambiguity.
From the practical
point of view stylistics is a science which provides a guide and recommendations
aimed at ensuring that speech is not only correct and precise, clear but at the
same time expressive and addressed not only to the hearer’s intellect but to
his feelings as well.
This practical
emphasis in stylistics presupposes the
existence of some definite norms that have taken shape as a result of selection from the whole range of language
means of definite patterns recognized by the majority of native speakers as the
most suitable for a particular situation of verbal communication.
THE CONCEPT OF NORM
The problem of
linguistic norm, including among others stylistic norm arises from the
immediate essence of language in use.
It is quite evident that in any literary
language norm is regarded as the invariant of phonetic, morphological, lexical,
syntactical patterns in circulation during a given period in the development of
the given language.
On the one hand – a
norm must possess a definite degree of stability so as to provide a firm basis
for its functioning without which no norm could exist.
On the other hand –
the linguistic norm is inevitably subject to change a various periods of the
evolution of a language, since language is a social phenomenon.
Variants of these
patterns may sometimes diverge from the invariant but never sufficient to become
unrecognizable or misleading.
The development of
any literary language shows that variants will always center around invariant
forms.
The concept of
linguistic norm is very complex. The flexibility of the linguistic norm results
in the situation where there may exist 2 equally valid variants of expression for 1 and the same language
phenomenon, both of which are accepted as correct. So, there may appear such a
situation when the old norm still exists as it hasn’t yet fallen into disuse and
a new one appears – though it has not yet fully asserted itself.
Thus, we can assume that variants appear all
the time, enriching the language to the
degree which no artificial language will ever be able to reach.
The norm of the
literary language will always presuppose vacillations from the received
standard. The problem is to establish the range of permissible vacillations
from the norm.
It is a constant
process of gradual change observed in the forms and meanings of the language
forms at a given period. And it is therefore very important to understand the
received standard of the given period of the language development in order to
comprehend the direction of further process.
To sum up, we can
conclude that variant as the term itself
suggests will never detach itself from the invariant to such a degree as to
claim entire independence. Yet, there is a tendency to estimate the value of
the individual style by the degree it violates the norms of the language.
INDIVIDUAL STYLE STUDY
Problems concerning
the choice of the most appropriate language means and their organization into a
message from the viewpoint of the addresser are in the centre of attention of the individual
style study.
The message is the common ground for communicants in an act of
communication, in the exchange of information between two participants of the
communicative act –
the addresser (the supplier of information, the speaker, the writer) and
the addressee (the receiver of the information, the listener, the reader).
The individual style study puts particular emphasis on the study of an
individual author’s style, it looks for correlations between the creative
concepts of the author and the language of his works.
In terms of information theory the author’s stylistics may be termed as
the stylistics of the encoder. In this case he tries to encode the information
and the supplier of the information, the addresser as the encoder. His
immediate task is to decode the information – to understand the message ad all
the implications and the problems connected with the adequate reception of the
message (without any informational losses or deformations, i.e. with adequate
decoding — the concern of decoding stylistics.
1. STYLISTICS
LECTURE 1: GENERAL
NOTES ON STYLE
AND STYLE STUDY
2. 1.1. The Concept of Style
The term «style» originates from the Latin
word stylos, which meant «a stick for
writing on wax tablets». Later stylos came
to denote metonymically also a manner of
writing and speaking, in other words, the
manner of using language. Then it was
borrowed into European languages with
this new meaning.
3. Galperin: “Style is a system of interrelated language means which serves a definite aim in communication.”
I. Galperin:
“Style is a system of
interrelated language means
which serves a definite aim
in communication.”
4. Y. M. Skrebnev: “Style is a specificity of sublanguage. Style can be roughly defined as the peculiarity, the set of specific features of a text type or a concrete text. Style is just what differentiates a group of homogeneous texts (an individual text)
Y. M. Skrebnev:
“Style is a specificity of sublanguage.
Style can be roughly defined as the
peculiarity, the set of specific
features of a text type or a concrete
text. Style is just what
differentiates a group of
homogeneous texts (an individual
text) from all other groups (other
texts).»
5. Seymour Chatman: «Style is a product of individual choices and patterns of choices among linguistic possibilities.»
Seymour Chatman:
«Style is a product of
individual choices and
patterns of choices among
linguistic possibilities.»
6. The term “style” applies to the following fields of investigation:
• the interrelation between language and
thought;
• the aesthetic function of language;
• expressive means in language;
• emotional colouring of language;
• a system of special devices called stylistic
devices;
• the splitting of the literary language into
separate subsystems (genres, registers,
discourses, functional styles etc.);
• synonymous ways of rendering one and the
same idea;
• the individual manner of a writer or a
speaker in making use of language to
achieve the desirable effect in speech or
in writing.
7. Style is the correspondence between thought and expression.
8. The linguistic form of the idea expressed always reflects the peculiarities of the thought. And vice versa, the character of the thought will always in a greater or lesser degree manifest itself in the language forms chosen for the expression of the idea.
9. Style is embellishment of language.
10. Style is a technique of expression.
In this sense style is generally
defined as the ability to write
clearly, correctly and in a
manner calculated to the
interest of the reader.
11. Style signifies a literary genre.
12. A style of language is a system of interrelated language means which serves a definite aim in communication.
13. I. Arnold mentions four styles: poetic style, scientific style, newspaper style, colloquial style.
I. Arnold mentions four
styles:
• poetic style,
• scientific style,
• newspaper style,
• colloquial style.
14. I.R. Galperin distinguishes five major functional styles in the English literary standard: the language of belles-letres. the language of publicistic literature. the language of newspapers. the language of scientific prose. the language of official docume
I.R. Galperin distinguishes five major
functional styles in the English
literary standard:
• the language of belles-letres.
• the language of publicistic
literature.
• the language of newspapers.
• the language of scientific prose.
• the language of official documents.
15. We distinguish six styles within the English language: the belles- letters style; the publicist style; the newspaper style; the scientific prose style; the style of official documents the colloquial style.
We distinguish six styles within
the English language:
• the belles- letters style;
• the publicist style;
• the newspaper style;
• the scientific prose style;
• the style of official documents
• the colloquial style.
16. 1.2. Style Study and its Subdivisions
Style Study is a branch of general
linguistics which investigates the
principles and the effect of the
choice and usage of various
language means (lexical,
grammatical, phonetic) to convey
thoughts and emotions in
different communication
conditions.
17. I. Galperin defines Style Study as a branch of general linguistics, which deals with the following two interdependent tasks:
a) it studies the totality of special
linguistic means (stylistic devices and
expressive means) which secure the
desirable effect of the utterance;
b) it studies certain types of texts
«discourse» which due to the choice
and arrangement of the language are
distinguished by the pragmatic aspect
of communication (functional styles).
18. The subject matter of Style Study is emotional expression of the language, the totality of the expressive means.
19. The main aims of Stylistics are:
1) to analyze the choice of a definite
language means in a row of
synonymous forms expressing the
thought to convey the information
most fully and effectively;
2) to analyze different expressive
means in the language hierarchy;
3) to define the stylistic function
performed by any linguistic means.
20. The stylistics of language analyses permanent or inherent stylistic properties of language elements while the stylistics of speech studies stylistic properties, which appear in a context, and they are called adherent. So, stylistics of language describes
The stylistics of language
analyses permanent or inherent
stylistic properties of language
elements while the stylistics of
speech studies stylistic
properties, which appear in a
context, and they are called
adherent. So, stylistics of
language describes and classifies
the inherent stylistic colouring of
language units.
21. Т.A. Znamenskaya:
Stylistics of speech studies the
composition of the utterance –
the arrangement, selection
and distribution of different
words, and their adherent
qualities.
22. Stylistics of resources is a descriptive stylistics. It studies stylistically coloured language means, expressive abilities and semantic nuances of words, forms and constructions.
23. Comparative stylistics analyses the stylistic resources not inherent in a separate language but at the crossroads of two languages, or two literatures and is obviously linked to the theory of translation.
24. Linguo-stylistics compares National Language Standard or Norm with particular, typical to different spheres of communication subsystems (called functional styles) and dialects and studies language means with relation to their ability to express and evoke
Linguo-stylistics compares
National Language Standard or
Norm with particular, typical to
different spheres of communication
subsystems (called functional styles)
and dialects and studies language
means with relation to their ability
to express and evoke different
feelings, additional associations and
evaluation.
25. Language means may be studied at different levels: vocabulary, grammar and phonetics, thus distinguishing lexical, grammatical and phonetic stylistics.
26. Stylistic lexicology or Lexical stylistics
Lexical stylistics studies functions of direct and
figurative meanings, also the way the contextual
meaning of a word is realized in the text. Lexical
stylistics deals with various types of connotations –
expressive, evaluative, emotive, ideological,
pragmatic, stylistic; neologisms, dialectal words and
their behavior in the text. Lexical stylistics studies
the principles of the usage of words and word
combinations performing their expressive
functions. So, it studies the semantic structure of
the word and the interrelation of the denotative
and connotative meanings of a word, as well as the
interrelation of the stylistic connotations of a word
and the context.
27. Stylistic Phonetics or Phonostylistics
Stylistic Phonetics is engaged in the study of
style-forming phonetic features of the text. It
describes the prosodic features of prose and
poetry and variants of pronunciation in
different types of speech. Here are included
rhythm, rhythmical structure, rhyme,
alliteration, assonance and correlation of the
sound form and meaning. Phonostylistics also
studies deviations in normative pronunciation.
Phonostylistics shows how separate sounds,
sound combinations, stress, rhythm, intonation,
etc. can serve as expressive means.
28. Stylistic grammar
• Stylistic Morphology is interested
in the stylistic potentials of
specific grammatical forms and
categories, such as the number of
the noun, or the peculiar use of
tense forms of the verbs, etc.
29. Stylistic grammar
• Stylistic grammar studies syntactic,
expressive means, word order and word
combinations, different types of
sentences and types of syntactic
connections. It also deals with the origin
of the text, its division on paragraphs,
dialogs, direct and indirect speech, the
connection of the sentences, types of
sentences. Syntactical stylistics is the
expressive values of the sentences, their
structure as well as texts and speech
flow.
30. Literary stylistics studies the totality of expressive means characteristic to a work of art, a writer, a literary school or the whole epoch, and studies factors determining artistic expressiveness.
31. Functional stylistics deals with all the subdivisions of the language and all their possible usages, is the most all-embracing, «global» trend.
Functional stylistics deals
with all the subdivisions of
the language and all their
possible usages, is the
most all-embracing,
«global» trend.
32. In terms of information theory the author’s stylistics may be named the stylistics of the encoder: the language being viewed as the code to shape the information into the message, and the supplier of the information, respectively, as the encoder. The addr
In terms of information theory the author’s
stylistics may be named the stylistics of the
encoder: the language being viewed as the code
to shape the information into the message, and
the supplier of the information, respectively,
as the encoder. The addressee in this case
plays the part of the decoder of the
information contained in the message; and the
problems connected with adequate reception
(perception) of the message without any
informational losses or deformations, i.e., with
adequate decoding, are the concern of decoding
stylistics.
33. The stylistics, proceeding from the norms of language usage at a given period and teaching these norms to language speakers, especially the ones, dealing with the language professionally (editors, publishers, writers, journalists, teachers, etc.) is calle
The stylistics, proceeding from
the norms of language usage at
a given period and teaching
these norms to language
speakers, especially the ones,
dealing with the language
professionally (editors,
publishers, writers, journalists,
teachers, etc.) is called
practical stylistics.
34. The key notions of stylistics:
imagery,
expressiveness,
evaluation,
emotiveness,
expressive means,
stylistic devices.
35. Text is understood as a product of speech (both oral and written), sequence of words, grammatically connected and, as a rule, semantically coherent.
36. Stylistics focuses on the expressive properties of linguistic units, their functioning and interaction in conveying ideas and emotions in a certain text or communicative context.
37. Expressiveness is understood as a kind of intensification of an utterance or of a part of it depending on the position in the utterance of the means that manifest this category and what these means are.
38. Emotiveness, and correspondingly the emotive elements of language, is what reveals the emotions of a writer or a speaker. They are designed to awaken co-experience in the mind of the reader.
39. Expressiveness is a broader notion than emotiveness and is by no means to be reduced to the latter. Emotiveness is an integral part of expressiveness and occupies a predominant position in the category of expressiveness.
40. The evaluation is also based on whether the choice of language means conforms with the most general pattern of the given type of text – a novel, a poem, a letter, a document, an article, an essay and so on. The notion of evaluation takes into account th
The evaluation is also based on
whether the choice of language means
conforms with the most general
pattern of the given type of text –
a novel, a poem, a letter, a document,
an article, an essay and so on. The
notion of evaluation takes into account
that words may reveal a subjective
evaluation and sometimes use it for
definite stylistic effects, thus calling
the attention of the reader to the
meaning of such words.
41. Stylistics is first and foremost engaged in the study of connotative meanings. All language units can be conventionally divided into two groups:
• Those which, along with their
denotative meaning, possess a
connotation (i.e. carry some additional
information, either expressive or
emotive) are called stylistically
marked, or stylistically coloured.
• Those which do not have a connotative
meaning are stylistically neutral.
42. The linguistic units of phonetic, morphological, lexical, syntactical language levels which enter the first group are called Expressive Means (EM).
43. Stylistic devices (tropes, figures of speech) unlike expressive means are not language phenomena. They are formed in speech and most of them do not exist out of context. According to principles of their formation, stylistic devices are grouped into phonet
Stylistic devices
(tropes, figures of speech)
unlike expressive means are not
language phenomena. They are
formed in speech and most of
them do not exist out of
context. According to principles
of their formation, stylistic
devices are grouped into
phonetic, lexico-semantic and
syntactic types.
44. All stylistic devices are the result of revaluation of neutral words, word-combinations and syntactic structures. Revaluation makes language units obtain connotations and stylistic value. A stylistic device is the subject matter of stylistic semasiology.
45. THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!
46. BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Essential Literature
1. Арнольд И.В. Стилистика. Современный английский язык. Учебник
для вузов M.: Флинта: Наука, 2002.
2. Гальперин И. Р. Очерки по стилистике английского языка. М.: Издво литературы на иностранных языках, 1958.
3. Кухаренко В.А. Практикум по стилистике английского языка. М.:
Высшая школа, 1986.
4. Кухаренко В.А. Интерпретация текста. М.: Просвещение, 1988.
5. Мороховский А. Н., Воробьёва О.П., Лихошерст Н.И., Тимошенко
З.В. Стилистика английского языка. Киев, 1984.
6. Скребнев Ю.М. Основы стилистики английского языка. Учебник
для институтов и факультетов иностранных языков. М.: Астрель,
АСТ, 2003.
7. Galperin I. R. Stylistics. M.: Higher School, 1971.
47. BIBLIOGRAPHY
2. Additional Literature
1. Арнольд И. В. Стилистика современного английского языка.
Стилистика декодирования Л.: Просвещение, 1981.
2. Ивашкин М.П. Практикум по стилистике английского языка = A
Manual of English Stylistics: [учебное пособие] / Ивашкин М.П.,
Сдобников В.В., Селяев А.В. М.:АСТ: Восток-Запад, 2005.
3. Знаменская Т.А. Стилистика английского языка. Основы курса /
Stylistics of the English Language. Fundamentals of the Course. Издательство: Едиториал УРСС, 2002.
4. Нелюбин Л.Л. Лингвостилистика современного английского языка:
[учебное пособие] / Нелюбин Л.Л. M.: Флинта: Наука, 2007.
5. Kukharenko V.A. Seminars in Style. Moscow. Higher School. PH.
1971.
6. Maltzev V. A. Essays on English Stylistics. Minsk, 1984.
Task I. 1. Stylistics. FS. EM. SD. Stylistics, sometimes called linguo-stylistics is a branch of general ling. It deals mainly with two interdependent tasks: a) the investigation of the inventory of special language media which by their ontological features secure the desirable effect of the utterance b) certain types of texts (discourses) which due to the choice and arrangement of language means are distinguished by the pragmatic aspect of communication. The types of texts that are distinguished by the pragmatic aspect of comm.are called FS of lang. , the special media of language which secure the desirable effect of the utterance are called SD and EM. SDs and Ems touch upon such general lang.problems as the aesthetic function of lang.,synonymous ways of rendering one and the same idea, emotional colouring in lang.,the interrelaton between language and thought,the individual manner of an author in making use of lang. and a number of other issues. The FS cannnot avoid discussionof such most gener.ling. issues as oral and wr. Varieties of lang., the notion of the literary lang.,the constituents of texts larger than the sentence,the generative aspect of literary texts and some others.Stylistics also has link with such diciplines as theory of information,literature,psychology,logic and even statistics. Styl. Deals with the results of the act of communicaton and it also investigates the ontological,i.e.natural,inherent and functional pecularities of the means of com. The word style is now used in many aspects such as teaching how to write compositions,it is used to reveal correspondence between thought and expression,it denotes an individul manner of making use of lang. there are many definitions of style but the most frequent is one given by Seymoyr Chatman: Style is a product of individual choices and patterns of choices among linguistic possibilities.Dealing with stylistics we should use the term individual style that is indiv.manner of the author to usel ang.means to achieve the effect he desires,it is a unique combination of lang.units EM and SD peculiar to a given writer which makes his works easily recognizable. Now it should be possible to define the notion of expressive means.The expressive means of a lang are those phonetic, morphological,word-Building, lexical, phraseological and syntactical forms which exist In language-as-a-system for the purpose of logical and/or emotional in-tensification of the utterance. These intensifying forms, wrought by social usage and recognized by their semantic function, have been singled out in grammars, courses in phonetics and dictionaries (including phra-seological ones) as having special functions in making the utterances emphatic. Morphological expressive means of the English language is now a rather impoverished set of media to which the quality of expressiveness can be attributed. Among the word-building means we find a great many forms which serve to make the utterance more expressive by intensifying some of their semantic and/or grammatical properties. The diminutive suffixes,-y,-let,-ie e.g. ‘dearie’, ‘sonny’, ‘auntie’, At the lexical level there are a great many words which due to their inner expressiveness constitute a special layer. There are words with emotive meaning only (interjections), words which have both referential and emotive meaning (epithets), words which still retain a twofold meaning: denotative and connotative (love, hate, sympathy),Finally, at the syntactical level there are many constructions which, when set against synonymous neutral ones, will reveal a certain degree of logical or emotional emphasis. What then is a stylistic device? It is a conscious and intentional intensification of some typical structural and/or semantic property of a language unit (neutral or expressive) prompted to a generalized status and thus Becoming a