The meaning of the word observation

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Observation is an act or instance of noticing or perceiving in the Natural sciences^[1] and the acquisition of information from a primary source. In living beings, observation employs the senses. In science, observation can also involve the perception and recording of data via the use of scientific instruments. The term may also refer to any data collected during the scientific activity. Observations can be qualitative, that is, only the absence or presence of a property is noted, or quantitative if a numerical value is attached to the observed phenomenon by counting or measuring.

Science[edit]

The scientific method requires observations of natural phenomena to formulate and test hypotheses.^[2] It consists of the following steps:^[3][4]

1. Ask a question about a natural phenomenon
2. Make observations of the phenomenon
3. Formulate a hypothesis that tentatively answers the question
4. Predict logical, observable consequences of the hypothesis that have not yet been investigated
5. Test the hypothesis’ predictions by an experiment, observational study, field study, or simulation
6. Draw a conclusion from data gathered in the experiment, or revise the hypothesis or form a new one and repeat the process
7. Write a descriptive method of observation and the results or conclusions reached
8. Have peers with experience researching the same phenomenon evaluate the results

Observations play a role in the second and fifth steps of the scientific method. However, the need for reproducibility requires that observations by different observers can be comparable. Human sense impressions are subjective and qualitative, making them difficult to record or compare. The use of measurement was developed to allow recording and comparison of observations made at different times and places, by different people. The measurement consists of using observation to compare the phenomenon being observed to a standard unit. The standard unit can be an artifact, process, or definition which can be duplicated or shared by all observers. In measurement, the number of standard units which is equal to the observation is counted. Measurement reduces an observation to a number that can be recorded, and two observations which result in the same number are equal within the resolution of the process.

Human senses are limited and subject to errors in perception, such as optical illusions. Scientific instruments were developed to aid human abilities of observation, such as weighing scales, clocks, telescopes, microscopes, thermometers, cameras, and tape recorders, and also translate into perceptible form events that are unobservable by the senses, such as indicator dyes, voltmeters, spectrometers, infrared cameras, oscilloscopes, interferometers, Geiger counters, and radio receivers.

One problem encountered throughout scientific fields is that the observation may affect the process being observed, resulting in a different outcome than if the process was unobserved. This is called the observer effect. For example, it is not normally possible to check the air pressure in an automobile tire without letting out some of the air, thereby changing the pressure. However, in most fields of science, it is possible to reduce the effects of observation to insignificance by using better instruments.

Considered as a physical process itself, all forms of observation (human or instrumental) involve amplification and are thus thermodynamically irreversible processes, increasing entropy.

Paradoxes[edit]

In some specific fields of science, the results of observation differ depending on factors that are not important in everyday observation. These are usually illustrated with apparent «paradoxes» in which an event appears different when observed from two different points of view, seeming to violate «common sense».

• Relativity: In relativistic physics which deals with velocities close to the speed of light, it is found that different observers may observe different values for the length, time rates, mass, and many other properties of an object, depending on the observer’s velocity relative to the object. For example, in the twin paradox one twin goes on a trip near the speed of light and comes home younger than the twin who stayed at home. This is not a paradox: time passes at a slower rate when measured from a frame moving concerning the object.^{[clarification needed]} In relativistic physics, an observation must always be qualified by specifying the state of motion of the observer, its reference frame.^{[citation needed]}
• Quantum mechanics: In quantum mechanics, which deals with the behavior of very small objects, it is not possible to observe a system without changing the system, and the «observer» must be considered part of the system being observed. In isolation, quantum objects are represented by a wave function which often exists in a superposition or mixture of different states. However, when an observation is made to determine the actual location or state of the object, it always finds the object in a single state, not a «mixture». The interaction of the observation process appears to «collapse» the wave function into a single state. So any interaction between an isolated wave function and the external world that results in this wave function collapse is called an observation or measurement, whether or not it is part of a deliberate observation process.

Biases[edit]

The human senses do not function like a video camcorder, impartially recording all observations.^[5] Human perception occurs by a complex, unconscious process of abstraction, in which certain details of the incoming sense data are noticed and remembered, and the rest is forgotten. What is kept and what is thrown away depends on an internal model or representation of the world, called by psychologists a schema, that is built up over our entire lives. The data is fitted into this schema. Later when events are remembered, memory gaps may even be filled by «plausible» data the mind makes up to fit the model; this is called reconstructive memory. How much attention the various perceived data are given depends on an internal value system, which judges how important it is to the individual. Thus two people can view the same event and come away with entirely different perceptions of it, even disagreeing about simple facts. This is why eyewitness testimony is notoriously unreliable.^{[citation needed]}

Several of the more important ways observations can be affected by human psychology are given below.

Confirmation bias[edit]

Human observations are biased toward confirming the observer’s conscious and unconscious expectations and view of the world; we «see what we expect to see«.^[6] In psychology, this is called confirmation bias.^[6] Since the object of scientific research is the discovery of new phenomena, this bias can and has caused new discoveries to be overlooked; one example is the discovery of x-rays. It can also result in erroneous scientific support for widely held cultural myths, on the other hand, as in the scientific racism that supported ideas of racial superiority in the early 20th century.^[7] Correct scientific technique emphasizes careful recording of observations, separating experimental observations from the conclusions drawn from them, and techniques such as blind or double blind experiments, to minimize observational bias.

Processing bias[edit]

Modern scientific instruments can extensively process «observations» before they are presented to the human senses, and particularly with computerized instruments, there is sometimes a question as to where in the data processing chain «observing» ends and «drawing conclusions» begins. This has recently become an issue with digitally enhanced images published as experimental data in papers in scientific journals. The images are enhanced to bring out features that the researcher wants to emphasize, but this also has the effect of supporting the researcher’s conclusions. This is a form of bias that is difficult to quantify. Some scientific journals have begun to set detailed standards for what types of image processing are allowed in research results. Computerized instruments often keep a copy of the «raw data» from sensors before processing, which is the ultimate defense against processing bias, and similarly, scientific standards require preservation of the original unenhanced «raw» versions of images used as research data.^{[citation needed]}

Philosophy[edit]

«Observe always that everything is the result of a change, and get used to thinking that there is nothing Nature loves so well as to change existing forms and to make new ones like them.»

Process philosophy^[8] is the observation of our senses and minds related to ourselves. Processed as hearing, sight, smell, taste, touch and thought.

For example, let us suppose that an observer sees a parent beat their child and consequently may observe that such an action is either good or bad. Deductions about what behaviors are good or bad may be based on preferences about building relationships, or the study of the consequences resulting from the observed behavior. Over time, impressions stored in the consciousness about many, together with the resulting relationships and consequences, permit the individual to build a construct about the moral implications of behavior.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

What do we mean by observation?

The act of observing. noun

The power or faculty of observing. noun

The fact of being observed. noun

The act or process of perceiving something, such as a phenomenon, often by means of an instrument, and making a record of the resulting information. noun

The result or record of such an act or process. noun

An inference, judgment, or remark that is made by observing. noun

The act or fact of observing, and noting or fixing in the mind; a seeing and noting; notice: as, a fact that does not come under one’s observation. noun

The habit or power of observing and noting: as, a man of great observation. noun

An act of scientific observing; an accurate remarking (often with measurement) of a fact directly presented to the senses, together with the conditions under which it is presented: as, a meridian observation, made by a navigator, in which he measures the sun’s altitude when on the meridian for the purpose of calculating the latitude; the meteorological observations made by the Signal Service Bureau. noun

The result of such a scientific practice; the information gained by observing: as, to tabulate observations. noun

Knowledge; experience. noun

A remark, especially a remark based or professing to be based on what has been observed; an opinion expressed. noun

The fact of being seen or noticed; notice; remark: as, to escape observation; anxious to avoid observation. noun

Observance; careful attention to rule, custom, or precept, and performance of whatever is prescribed or required. noun

A rite; a ceremony; an observance. noun

Synonyms Observance, Observation. See observance. noun

Experiment, etc. See experience. noun

Note, Comment, etc. (see remark, n.), annotation. noun

The act of observing, and the fact of being observed (see observance)

The act of noting and recording some event; or the record of such noting.

A remark or comment.

A judgement based on observing.

Performance of what is prescribed; adherence in practice; observance.

A regime under which a subject is routinely observed.

Philosophically as: the phenomenal presence of human being existence.

To sit back and pay attention Urban Dictionary

Driving erratically from the result of looking around too much. Urban Dictionary

Is a person who watches people but isn’t a stalker Urban Dictionary

An individual that percieves details that are most times left unonticed. Urban Dictionary

Observative is a totally real word that is most definitely not made up. It can be used to describe someone who is making an observation and therefore can be described as observative. Urban Dictionary

To watch carefully especially with attention to details or behavior; pobserve, observant, observative Urban Dictionary

A word mistaken used by people, where they actually mean observant. Urban Dictionary

Someone that stares at people but isn’t a stalker Urban Dictionary

To observe a person place or thing. Urban Dictionary

Noticing certain, extremely specific *things about a person or object other people normaly wouldn’t.
*too vague, must be changed
—see stalking Urban Dictionary

наблюдение, замечание, соблюдение, наблюдательность, высказывание, обсервация

существительное ↓

Словосочетания

wartime roles such as observation and reconnaissance — такие военные обязанности, как наблюдение и разведка  
base a claim on some observation — основать утверждение на некоторых наблюдениях  
empirical observation — эмпирическое наблюдение  
scientific observation — научное наблюдение  
astute / keen / shrewd observation — мудрое, тонкое наблюдение  
to make an observation on / about smth. — высказать наблюдение по какому-л. поводу  
position by observation — наблюдаемое положение  
within the accuracy of observation — в пределах точности результатов наблюдений  
negative observation — отрицательное наблюдение  
potential observation — потенциальное наблюдение  
primary observation — первичное наблюдение  
sampling observation — контроль выборочным методом  

Примеры с переводом

Примеры, ожидающие перевода

Возможные однокоренные слова

Формы слова

noun
ед. ч.(singular): observation
мн. ч.(plural): observations

English[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Middle English observacion, borrowed from Middle French observacion. Also a borrowing from French observation and a learned borrowing from Latin observātiō(n-).
Morphologically observe +‎ -ation

Pronunciation[edit]

• (Received Pronunciation) IPA^(key): /ˌɒbzəˈveɪʃ(ə)n/
• (General American) enPR: ŏb’zər-vāʹshən, -vāshʹn, IPA^(key): /ˌɑbzɚˈveɪʃən/, /-ˈveɪʃn̩/
• Rhymes: -eɪʃən
• Hyphenation: ob‧ser‧va‧tion

Noun[edit]

observation (countable and uncountable, plural observations)

1. The act of observing, and the fact of being observed (see observance)

   • 1897 December (indicated as 1898), Winston Churchill, chapter V, in The Celebrity: An Episode, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company; London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:

     But Miss Thorn relieved the situation by laughing aloud, […] . We began to tell her about Mohair and the cotillon, and of our point of observation from the Florentine galleried porch, and she insisted she would join us there.

   • 2012 March-April, Jeremy Bernstein, “A Palette of Particles”, in American Scientist, volume 100, number 2, page 146:

     The physics of elementary particles in the 20th century was distinguished by the observation of particles whose existence had been predicted by theorists sometimes decades earlier.

2. The act of noting and recording some event; or the record of such noting.
3. A remark or comment.

   • c. 1591–1592 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Third Part of Henry the Sixt, […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene vi]:

     That’s a foolish observation.

   • 1734, Alexander Pope, Of the Knowledge and Characters of Men

     To observations which ourselves we make / We grow more partial for the observer’s sake.

4. A judgement based on observing.

   • 2001 September 27, Terrie E. Moffitt; Avshalom Caspi; Michael Rutter; Phil A. Silva, Sex Differences in Antisocial Behaviour: Conduct Disorder, Delinquency, and Violence in the Dunedin Longitudinal Study‎^[1], Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 151:

     This hypothesis goes by many names, including group resistence, the threshold effect, and the gender paradox. Because the hypothesis holds such wide appeal, it is worth revisiting the logic behind it. The hypothesis is built on the factual observation that fewer females than males act antisocially.

5. Performance of what is prescribed; adherence in practice; observance.

   • 1651, Jer[emy] Taylor, The Rule and Exercises of Holy Living. […], 2nd edition, London: […] Francis Ashe […], →OCLC:

     We are to procure dispensation or leave to omit the observation of it in such circumstances.

6. A regime under which a subject is routinely observed.
7. Philosophically as: the phenomenal presence of human being existence.
8. (stochastics) A realization of a random variable.

Derived terms[edit]

[edit]

Translations[edit]

See also[edit]

• observation on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

French[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Borrowed from Latin observātiō. By surface analysis, observer +‎ -ation.

Pronunciation[edit]

• IPA^(key): /ɔp.sɛʁ.va.sjɔ̃/

Noun[edit]

observation f (plural observations)

1. observation (careful or controlled attention or consideration)
2. observation (the result of such attention or consideration)
3. observation (process of detached, objective examination)
4. (often in the plural) observation (the result of one of the above-described actions expressed in or rendered into words for the purpose of dissemination)
5. observance of (adherence or conformity to) rules, conventions, laws, etc.

   Synonym: respect

6. observance (performance) of religious rituals, customs, traditions, etc.

   Synonym: observance

References[edit]

• “observation”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

Interlingua[edit]

Noun[edit]

observation (plural observationes)

1. observation (something that has been observed)
2. observation (act or process of observing)
3. observation (regime under which a subject is routinely observed)

• 1
  observation
  
  

  observation [ˏɒbzəˊveɪʃn]

  n

  1) наблюде́ние;

  2) наблюда́тельность;

  3) (

  обыкн. pl

  ) результа́ты нау́чных наблюде́ний

  4) замеча́ние, выска́зывание;

  5) соблюде́ние (законов, правил

  и т.п.

  )

  6) определе́ние координа́т по высоте́ со́лнца

  б)

  ж.-д.

  служе́бный ваго́н для прове́рки состоя́ния пути́;

  Англо-русский словарь Мюллера > observation

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  Англо-русский словарь строительных терминов > observation

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  OBSERVATION, OBSERVANCE

  Observation означает ‘наблюдение’ или ‘наблюдательность’: observation of the stars, power of observation. Observance имеет значение ‘соблюдение’ (закона, обычая): observance of the law, observance of the old customs, observance of a holiday.
  См. также [ref dict=»Difficulties (Ru-En)»]наблюдение[/ref]

  Difficulties of the English language (lexical reference) English-Russian dictionary > observation

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  Персональный Сократ > observation

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  English-Russian scientific dictionary > observation

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  наблюдение; обзор; мед., мор. обсервация;

  см. тж.

  surveillance

  English-Russian military dictionary > observation

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  [ˌɔbzə:ˈveɪʃən]

  observation наблюдение; to keep under observation держать под наблюдением; he was sent to hospital for observation его положили в больницу для клинического исследования observation наблюдение; to keep under observation держать под наблюдением; he was sent to hospital for observation его положили в больницу для клинического исследования observation замечание, высказывание; to make an observation сделать замечание observation наблюдательность; a man of little observation ненаблюдательный человек mental observation психиатрическое освидетельствование observation высказывание observation замечание, высказывание; to make an observation сделать замечание observation замечание observation измерение observation изучение observation наблюдательность; a man of little observation ненаблюдательный человек observation наблюдение observation наблюдение; to keep under observation держать под наблюдением; he was sent to hospital for observation его положили в больницу для клинического исследования observation определение координат по высоте солнца observation (обыкн. pl) результаты научных наблюдений observation соблюдение (законов, правил и т. п.) observation экспериментальное определение observation attr. наблюдательный observation car вагон с большими окнами (для туристов) observation car ж.-д. служебный вагон для проверки состояния пути; observation satellite воен. разведывательный спутник observation car ж.-д. служебный вагон для проверки состояния пути; observation satellite воен. разведывательный спутник observation station (или point) воен. наблюдательный пункт random observation случайное наблюдение statistical observation статистическое наблюдение weighted observation взвешенное наблюдение

  English-Russian short dictionary > observation

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  1. n изучение, наблюдение

  2. n мор. наблюдение, обсервация

  3. n наблюдательность

  4. n обыкн. сведения, полученные путём наблюдений; результаты наблюдений; данные изучения или исследования

  5. n замечание, высказывание

  6. n соблюдение

  7. n измерение высоты или азимута небесного тела

  8. n воен. ближняя разведка

  Синонимический ряд:

  1. inspection (noun) examination; inspection; investigation; once-over

  4. notice (noun) aside; attention; cognisance; cognizance; comment; commentary; ear; heed; looking; mark; mention; note; notice; obiter dictum; observance; perception; regard; remark; speech; supervision; surveillance; utterance; view

  5. regarding (noun) attending; noticing; perceiving; recognizing; regarding; watching

  Антонимический ряд:

  ignorance; inadvertence; inattention; oversight; silence

  English-Russian base dictionary > observation

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  ˌɔbzə:ˈveɪʃən
  1. сущ.
  1) соблюдение( закона, обычаев и т. п.) Syn: observance
  2) а) наблюдение empirical observation ≈ эмпирическое наблюдение scientific observation ≈ научное наблюдение The first thing for a boy to learn, after obedience and morality, is a habit of observation. ≈ Первой вещью, которой должен овладеть мальчик, после того как он научился послушанию и основам нравственности, это привычка к наблюдению. keep under observation Syn: notice, remark б) наблюдательность a man of little observation ≈ ненаблюдательный человек в) воен. разведка, наблюдение
  3) обыкн. мн. результаты научных наблюдений, наблюдения personal observations ≈ личные наблюдения
  4) определение координат по солнцу или другим небесным телам
  5) высказывание, замечание astute, keen, penetrating, shrewd observation ≈ мудрое высказывание, точное замечание She made the astute observation that the whole matter had been exaggerated. ≈ Как она тонко заметила, все было преувеличено. make an observation Syn: remark, comment, statement
  2. прил. наблюдательный observation post ≈ наблюдательный пункт
  наблюдение — * of fire (военное) наблюдение за ведением огня — to keep under * держать под наблюдением;
  установить слежку — to escape * остаться незамеченным, ускользнуть от наблюдения изучение, наблюдение — * data данные наблюдения — * tower наблюдательная вышка — * platform смотровая площадка — record of * запись результатов наблюдений — * of natural phenomena изучение природных явлений — he was sent to the hospital for * его положили в больницу для( клинического) исследования( морское) наблюдение, обсервация наблюдательность — a man of keen * очень наблюдательный человек сведения, полученные путем наблюдений;
  результаты наблюдений;
  данные изучения или исследования — *s on the habits of ants наблюдения за поведением муравьев — have your *s led to any new discoveries? привели ли ваши наблюдения к каким-нибудь новым открытиям? замечание, высказывание — a very childish * совершенно наивное замечание — to make an * on smth. сделать замечание по поводу чего-л. — he didn’t make a single * during the whole dinner он просидел весь обед молча соблюдение (правил, обычаев) — * of laws соблюдение законов измерение высоты или азимута небесного тела (в навигации) (военное) ближняя разведка
  ~ наблюдение;
  to keep under observation держать под наблюдением;
  he was sent to hospital for observation его положили в больницу для клинического исследования
  ~ наблюдение;
  to keep under observation держать под наблюдением;
  he was sent to hospital for observation его положили в больницу для клинического исследования
  ~ замечание, высказывание;
  to make an observation сделать замечание
  ~ наблюдательность;
  a man of little observation ненаблюдательный человек
  mental ~ психиатрическое освидетельствование
  observation высказывание ~ замечание, высказывание;
  to make an observation сделать замечание ~ замечание ~ измерение ~ изучение ~ наблюдательность;
  a man of little observation ненаблюдательный человек ~ наблюдение ~ наблюдение;
  to keep under observation держать под наблюдением;
  he was sent to hospital for observation его положили в больницу для клинического исследования ~ определение координат по высоте солнца ~ (обыкн. pl) результаты научных наблюдений ~ соблюдение (законов, правил и т. п.) ~ экспериментальное определение
  ~ attr. наблюдательный
  ~ car вагон с большими окнами (для туристов) ~ car ж.-д. служебный вагон для проверки состояния пути;
  observation satellite воен. разведывательный спутник
  ~ car ж.-д. служебный вагон для проверки состояния пути;
  observation satellite воен. разведывательный спутник
  ~ station( или point) воен. наблюдательный пункт
  random ~ случайное наблюдение
  statistical ~ статистическое наблюдение
  weighted ~ взвешенное наблюдение

  Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > observation

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  Englsh-Russian aviation and space dictionary > observation

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  aerodrome observation

  наблюдение за аэродромом

  aircraft observation

  наблюдение с борта воздушного судна

  air observation

  наблюдение за воздушным пространством

  celestial observation

  астрономическое наблюдение

  direct observation

  визуальное наблюдение

  facilitate observations

  обеспечивать наблюдения

  make observations

  проводить наблюдения

  meteorological observation

  метеорологическое наблюдение

  nonroutine observations

  нерегулярные наблюдения

  observation data

  данные наблюдений

  observation deck

  смотровая площадка

  observation desk

  смотровая площадка

  observation error

  ошибка при визуальном определении местоположения

  observation station

  пункт наблюдения

  radar observation

  радиолокационное наблюдение

  radarsonde observation

  радиолокационное наблюдение с помощью зонда

  radar storm observation

  радиолокационное наблюдение грозовой обстановки

  radiosonde observation

  наблюдение при помощи радиозонда

  rawinsonde observation

  радиозондовое наблюдение за состоянием воздушных масс

  record observations

  фиксировать наблюдения

  routine observation

  регулярные наблюдения

  runway visual range observation

  наблюдение за дальностью видимости на ВПП

  significant observation

  наблюдение за особыми явлениями

  transmit observations

  передавать наблюдения

  upper-air synoptic observations

  высотные синоптические наблюдения

  visual observations

  визуальные наблюдения

  weather observation

  наблюдение погоды

  English-Russian aviation dictionary > observation

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  Англо-русский словарь технических терминов > observation

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  Англо-русский технический словарь > observation

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  observation
  
  

  [ˌɔbzə’veɪʃ(ə)n]

  n

  He is correct in his personal observation. — Его личное наблюдение совершенно правильно.

  The problem requires much scientific observation. — Решение проблемы требует большого количества научных наблюдений.

  — careful observation

  
  — power of observation
  — period under present observation
  — man of keen observation
  — according to the following preliminary observation
  — be under medical observation
  — be under police observation
  — speak from personal observation
  — keep smb, smth under observation
  — escape observation
  — check up smth by personal observation

  3) (обыкновенно ) данные исследований, данные наблюдений

  As far as my limited observations go. — По результатам моих неполных наблюдений.

  The conclusions are on exact observations. — Выводы основываются на данных точных наблюдений.

  
  — observations on the habits of bees
  — be based on exact observations
  — take a lot of scientific observations
  — take out observations at sea

  He didn’t make a single observation during the whole dinner. — Он весь обед просидел молча.

  — foolish observation

  
  — make the following critical observations

  English-Russian combinatory dictionary > observation

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  observation
  
  

  English-Russian electronics dictionary > observation

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  observation
  
  

  The New English-Russian Dictionary of Radio-electronics > observation

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  observation
  
  

  [͵ɒbzəʹveıʃ(ə)n]

  1. 1) наблюдение

  to keep under observation — а) держать под наблюдением; б) установить слежку

  to escape /to avoid/ observation — остаться незамеченным, ускользнуть от наблюдения

  2) изучение, наблюдение

  he was sent to the hospital for observation — его положили в больницу для (клинического) исследования /на обследование/

  3)

  наблюдение, обсервация

  2. наблюдательность

  3.

  pl сведения, полученные путём наблюдений; результаты наблюдений; данные изучения исследования

  have your observations led to any new discoveries? — привели ли ваши наблюдения к каким-нибудь новым открытиям?

  4. замечание, высказывание

  to make an observation on smth. — сделать замечание по поводу чего-л.

  he didn’t make a single observation during the whole dinner — он просидел весь обед молча

  5. соблюдение ()

  6. измерение высоты азимута небесного тела ()

  НБАРС > observation

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  observation
  
  

  — to facilitate observations

  — to make observations

  — to record observations

  — to transmit observations

  Англо-русский словарь по гражданской авиации > observation

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  observation
  
  

  English-russian dctionary of contemporary Economics > observation

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  observation
  
  

  Англо-русский словарь по машиностроению > observation