The meaning of the word kazakh

Scientists believe that the ethnonym «Kazakh» comes from the name of the clans — «Sak», «Kas-Pi», «Kas», «Kaz», «Khaz», «Az», and «Ka-Sak». Academician N. Marra and Czech scholar B. Grozny assume that the term originates from the words «kasak» and «kesek». This opinion is supported by academician A. Margulan, historian M. Akhinzhanov, writer S. Mukanov and Russian scholars. A. Margulan refers to the fact that the Junior Zhuz still includes the small tribes «Kazar-Ug».

Ethnologist A. Abdrakhmanov supposes that the word «Kazakh» comes from the two words — «kaz» and «og» («ok»). «Og» means «clan, tribe» in ancient Turkic language. This word is a basis for collective name of the ethnic name «Oguz». In this case, «kaz-og» means «tribes of the Kazakhs».

Russian scholar A. Bernshtam who conducted a long study on the history of the Kazakhs made a comparison between the data of archaeological excavations and written texts and came to a conclusion that the word «Kazakh» comes from the combination of names of the Caspian and Scythian tribes.

Chinese historian Ban Gu who lived in the 2nd century B. C. wrote that there was the ethnic group «Se», or «Sai», among other Central Asian people that defeated the Greco-Bactrian state. The description of some details shows that he wrote about the Scythian tribes. Orientalist V. Grigoriev proves that «Se», or «Sai’, means «Scythians» in Chinese. And the scientist notes that the ethnic group came not from some removed parts of Mongolia but from the East where it was residing the banks of the Amu Darya and the Syr Darya.

V. Radlov, a famous scientist and expert in Turkic language, believed that the word «Kazakh» meant «free and independent man». This opinion was shared by A. Samoilovich. Sh. Kudaiberdiyev also supported this idea and added that «Kazakh» meant «free and independent people who established their free state».

Kazakh scientist Ch. Valikhanov wrote that «Kazakh» was a very respectful and sacred word meaning «powerful, strong, and inspired». Fazlullah ibn Ruzbihan, one of the greatest Iranian political thinkers, in his notes dating to the 16th century provided the following evidence: «The Kazakhs became known thanks to their courage, heroism, and great power.» Linguist T. Zhanuzakov proves that the first part of the word, «kaz» or «kas» means «free», «brave», and «man» in all Turkic languages. And the second part — «ak», implies that the term is collective.

Thus, there are two main conclusions:

— the word «Kazakh» comes from the names of tribes — «kas» («kaspi») and «sak»;

— the word «Kazakh» means «a free man».

By Miras NURLANULY

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Источник

Not to be confused with Cossacks.

The Kazakhs (also spelled Qazaqs; Kazakh: sg. қазақ, qazaq, [qɑˈzɑq] (listen), pl. қазақтар, qazaqtar, [qɑzɑqˈtɑr] (listen)) are a Turkic people native to Central Asia and Eastern Europe, mainly Kazakhstan, but also parts of northern Uzbekistan and the border regions of Russia, as well as northwestern China (specifically Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture) and western Mongolia (Bayan-Ölgii Province). The Kazakhs are descendants of the ancient Turkic Kipchak tribes and the later Kazakh Khanate.[25][26]

Kazakhs

қазақтар
qazaqtar
قازاقتار
People of Kazakhstan in Zailiysky Ala-Tau mountains.png

Kazakhs in traditional attire
Total population
c. 16 million
Regions with significant populations
 Kazakhstan 13,012,645[1]
 China 1,562,518[2]
 Uzbekistan 803,400[3]
 Russia 647,732[4]
 Mongolia 102,526[5]
 Kyrgyzstan 33,200[6]
 United States 24,636[7]
 Turkey 10,000[8]
 Canada 9,600[9]
 Iran 3,000–15,000[10][11]
 Czech Republic 5,639[12]
 Ukraine 5,526[13]
 United Kingdom 5,432[14]
 United Arab Emirates 5,000[15]
 Italy 1,924[16]
 Australia 2,310[17]
 Austria 1,685[18]
 Belarus 1,355[19]
 Germany 1,000[20]
 Portugal 633[21]
 Afghanistan 200[22]
 Philippines 178–215[23]
Languages
Kazakh, Russian[citation needed]
Religion
Predominantly Sunni Islam[24]
Related ethnic groups
Other Turkic peoples
(especially Kyrgyz, Nogai and Karakalpaks), as well as Bashkirs.

Kazakh identity is of medieval origin and was strongly shaped by the foundation of the Kazakh Khanate between 1456 and 1465, when following disintegration of the Golden Horde, several tribes under the rule of the sultans Janibek and Kerei departed from the Khanate of Abu’l-Khayr Khan in hopes of forming a powerful khanate of their own.

Kazakh is used to refer to ethnic Kazakhs, while the term Kazakhstani usually refers to all inhabitants or citizens of Kazakhstan, regardless of ethnicity.[27][28]

Etymology

The Kazakhs likely began using that name during the 15th century.[29] There are many theories on the origin of the word Kazakh or Qazaq. Some speculate that it comes from the Turkic verb qaz («wanderer, brigand, vagabond, warrior, free, independent») or that it derives from the Proto-Turkic word *khasaq (a wheeled cart used by the Kazakhs to transport their yurts and belongings).[30][31]

Another theory on the origin of the word Kazakh (originally Qazaq) is that it comes from the ancient Turkic word qazğaq, first mentioned on the 8th century Turkic monument of Uyuk-Turan.[32] According to Turkic linguist Vasily Radlov and Orientalist Veniamin Yudin, the noun qazğaq derives from the same root as the verb qazğan («to obtain», «to gain»). Therefore, qazğaq defines a type of person who wanders and seeks gain.[33]

History

Throughout history, Kazakhstan has been home to many nomadic societies of the Eurasian Steppe, including the Sakas (Scythian-related), the Xiongnu, the Western Turkic Khaganate, the Mongol Empire, the Golden Horde and the Kazakh Khanate, which was established in 1465.[34]

Kazakh was a common term throughout medieval Central Asia, generally with regard to individuals or groups who had taken or achieved independence from a figure of authority. Timur described his own youth without direct authority as his Qazaqliq («freedom», «Qazaq-ness»).[35]

Kazakh eagle-hunter, 19th century

In Turko-Persian sources, the term Özbek-Qazaq first appeared during the middle of the 16th century, in the Tarikh-i-Rashidi by Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat, a Chagatayid prince of Kashmir. In this manuscript, the author locates Kazakh in the eastern part of Desht-i Qipchaq. According to Tarikh-i-Rashidi, the first Kazakh union was created c. 1465/1466 AD. The state was formed by nomads who settled along the border of Moghulistan, and was called Uzbeg-Kazák.[36]

At the time of the Uzbek conquest of Central Asia, Abu’l-Khayr Khan, a descendant of Shiban, had disagreements with the Kazakh sultans Kerei and Janibek, descendants of Urus Khan. These disagreements probably resulted from the crushing defeat of Abu’l-Khayr Khan at the hands of the Kalmyks.[37] Kerei and Janibek moved with a large following of nomads to the region of Zhetysu on the border of Moghulistan and set up new pastures there with the blessing of the Chagatayid khan of Moghulistan, Esen Buqa II, who hoped for a buffer zone of protection against the expansion of the Oirats.[38]

Regarding these events, Haidar Dughlat in his Tarikh-i-Rashidi reports:[39]

At that time, Abulkhair Khan exercised full power in Dasht-i-Kipchak. He had been at war with the Sultánis of Juji; while Jáni Beg Khán and Karáy Khán fled before him into Moghulistán. Isán Bughá Khán received them with great honor, and delivered over to them Kuzi Báshi, which is near Chu, on the western limit of Moghulistán, where they dwelt in peace and content. On the death of Abulkhair Khán the Ulus of the Uzbegs fell into confusion, and constant strife arose among them. Most of them joined the party of Karáy Khán and Jáni Beg Khán. They numbered about 200,000 persons, and received the name of Uzbeg-Kazák. The Kazák Sultáns began to reign in the year 870 [1465–1466] (but God knows best), and they continued to enjoy absolute power in the greater part of Uzbegistán, till the year 940
[1533–1534 A. D.].

In the 17th century, Russian convention seeking to distinguish the Qazaqs of the steppes from the Cossacks of the Imperial Russian Army suggested spelling the final consonant with «kh» instead of «q» or «k», which was officially adopted by the USSR in 1936.[40]

  • Kazakh — Казах
  • Cossack —  Казак

The Ukrainian term Cossack probably comes from the same Kipchak etymological root, meaning wanderer, brigand, or independent free-booter.[41][42]

Oral history

Like many people who live a nomadic lifestyle, Kazakhs keep an epic tradition of oral history which goes back centuries. It is most commonly relayed in the form of song (kyi) and poetry (zhyr), which typically tell the stories of Kazakh national heroes.[43]

The Kazakh oral tradition has long been used for propagandistic purposes. The highly influential Kazakh poet Abai Qunanbaiuly viewed it as the ideal way to transmit the pro-Westernization ideals of his colleages. The Kazakh oral tradition has also overlapped with ethnic nationalism, and has been appropriated for decolonialist educational purposes since the collapse of the Soviet Union.[43][44][45]

Three Kazakh Juz (Hordes)

Main article: Zhuz

Approximate areas occupied by the three Kazakh jüz in the early 20th century.

In modern Kazakhstan, tribalism is fading away in business and government life. However, it is still common for Kazakhs to ask each other about the tribe they belong to when they become acquainted with one another. Now, it is more of a tradition than a necessity, and there is no hostility between tribes. Kazakhs, regardless of their tribal origin, consider themselves one nation.

Those modern-day Kazakhs who yet remember their tribes know that their tribes belong to one of the three Zhuz (juz, roughly translatable as «horde» or «hundred»):

  • The Senior Horde (also called Elder or Great) (Uly juz)
  • The Middle (also called Central) (Orta juz)
  • The Junior (also called Younger or Lesser) (Kishi juz)

History of the Hordes

There is much debate surrounding the origins of the Hordes. Their age is unknown so far in extant historical texts, with the earliest mentions in the 17th century. The Turkologist Velyaminov-Zernov believed that it was the capture of the important cities of Tashkent, Yasi, and Sayram in 1598 by Tevvekel (Tauekel/Tavakkul) Khan that separated the Qazaqs, as they possessed the cities for only part of the 17th century.[46] The theory suggests that the Qazaqs then divided among a wider territory after expanding from Zhetysu into most of the Dasht-i Qipchaq, with a focus on the trade available through the cities of the middle Syr Darya, to which Sayram and Yasi belonged. The Junior juz originated from the Nogais of the Nogai Horde.

Language

Distribution of the Kazakh language

The Kazakh language is a member of the Turkic language family, as are Uzbek, Kyrgyz, Tatar, Uyghur, Turkmen, modern Turkish, Azeri and many other living and historical languages spoken in Eastern Europe, Central Asia, Xinjiang, and Siberia.

Kazakh belongs to the Kipchak (Northwestern) group of the Turkic language family. Kazakh is characterized, in distinction to other Turkic languages, by the presence of /s/ in place of reconstructed proto-Turkic */ʃ/ and /ʃ/ in place of */tʃ/; furthermore, Kazakh has /d͡ʒ/ where other Turkic languages have /j/.

Kazakh, like most of the Turkic language family lacks phonemic vowel length, and as such there is no distinction between long and short vowels.

Kazakh was written with the Arabic script until the mid-19th century, when a number of educated Kazakh poets from Muslim madrasahs incited a revolt against Russia. Russia’s response was to set up secular schools and devise a way of writing Kazakh with the Cyrillic alphabet, which was not widely accepted. By 1917, the Arabic script for Kazakh was reintroduced, even in schools and local government.

In 1927, a Kazakh nationalist movement sprang up against the Soviet Union but was soon suppressed. As a result, the Arabic script for writing Kazakh was banned and the Latin alphabet was imposed as a new writing system. In an effort to Russianize the Kazakhs, the Latin alphabet was in turn replaced by the Cyrillic alphabet in 1940 by Soviet interventionists. Today, there are efforts to return to the Latin script.

Kazakh is a state (official) language in Kazakhstan. It is also spoken in the Ili region of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in the People’s Republic of China, where the Arabic script is used, and in western parts of Mongolia (Bayan-Ölgii and Khovd province), where Cyrillic script is in use. European Kazakhs use the Latin alphabet.

Religion

In the late 14th century, the Golden Horde propagated Islam in its state. Islam in Kazakhstan peaked during the era of the Kazakh Khanate, especially under rulers such as Ablai Khan and Kasym Khan. Another wave of conversions among the Kazakhs occurred during the 15th and 16th centuries via the efforts of Sufi orders.[47] During the 18th century, Russian influence toward the region rapidly increased throughout Central Asia. Led by Catherine, the Russians initially demonstrated a willingness in allowing Islam to flourish as Muslim clerics were invited into the region to preach to the Kazakhs, whom the Russians viewed as «savages» and «ignorant» of morals and ethics.[48][49] However, Russian policy gradually changed toward weakening Islam by introducing pre-Islamic elements of collective consciousness.[50] Such attempts included methods of eulogizing pre-Islamic historical figures and imposing a sense of inferiority by sending Kazakhs to highly elite Russian military institutions.[50] In response, Kazakh religious leaders attempted to bring in pan-Turkism, though many were persecuted as a result.[51] During the Soviet era, Muslim institutions survived only in areas that Kazakhs significantly outnumbered non-Muslims, such as non-indigenous Russians, by everyday Muslim practices.[52] In an attempt to conform Kazakhs into Communist ideologies, gender relations and other aspects of Kazakh culture were key targets of social change.[49]

In more recent times, however, Kazakhs have gradually employed a determined effort in revitalizing Islamic religious institutions after the fall of the Soviet Union. Most Kazakhs continue to identify with their Islamic faith,[53] and even more devotedly in the countryside. Those who claim descent from the original Muslim soldiers and missionaries of the 8th-century command substantial respect in their communities.[54] Kazakh political figures have also stressed the need to sponsor Islamic awareness. For example, the Kazakh Foreign Affairs Minister, Marat Tazhin, recently emphasized that Kazakhstan attaches importance to the use of «positive potential Islam, learning of its history, culture and heritage.»[55]

Pre-Islamic beliefs, such as worship of the sky, the ancestors, and fire, continued to a great extent to be preserved among the common people, however. Kazakhs believed in the supernatural forces of good and evil spirits, of wood goblins and giants. To protect themselves from them and from the evil eye, Kazakhs wore protection beads and talismans. Shamanic beliefs are still widely preserved among Kazakhs, as well as the belief in the strength of the bearers of that worship, the shamans, which Kazakhs call bakhsy. Unlike the Siberian shamans, who used drums during their rituals, Kazakh shamans, who could also be men or women, played (with a bow) on a stringed instrument similar to a large violin. At present both Islamic and pre-Islamic beliefs continue to be found among Kazakhs, especially among the elderly. According to 2009 national census 39,172 ethnic Kazakhs are Christians (0.0038% of all Kazakhstani Kazakhs).[56]

Origin and ethnogenesis

Kazakhs are a Turkic-speaking ethnic group, who formed from various nomadic tribes and clans, sharing a common lifestyle. The region, once inhabited by Indo-European, specifically Iranian peoples such as the Saka, Turkic peoples largely assimilated and replaced the previous population, giving rise to various Stepper entities, such as the First Turkic Khaganate or the Kipchak Khaganate, which was later conquered by Mongolic peoples and integrated into the Mongol empire. Subsequently, the ancestors of Kazakhs belonged to the Golden Horde, a Turco-Mongol state, which would later disintegrate and give rise to the Kazakh Khanate, in which the final ethnogenesis of Kazakhs took place. There was also some secondary Han Chinese influence through the Tang dynasty in Inner Asia, with the Turkic tribes being vassals of Tang China, declaring the Chinese emperor to be the Heavenly Khaghan of Turks.[57][58][59][60][61]

The exact place of origins of the Turkic peoples has been a topic of much discussion. Their homeland may have been in Southern Siberia, specifically the Altai-Sayan region. Early and medieval Turkic groups exhibited a wide range of both East Asian and West-Eurasian physical appearances and genetic origins, in part through long-term contact with neighboring peoples such as Iranian, Mongolic, Tocharian, Yeniseian people, and others.[62][63]

The Kazakhs emerged as an ethno-linguistic group during the early 15th century from a confederation of several, mostly Turkic-speaking pastoral nomadic groups of Northern Central Asia. The Kazakhs are the most northerly of the Central Asian peoples, inhabiting a large expanse of territory in northern Central Asia and southern Siberia known as the Kazakh Steppe. The tribal groups formed a powerful confederation that grew wealthy on the trade passing through the steppe lands along the fabled Silk Road.[64]

Genetic studies

Population structure of Turkic-speaking populations in the context of their geographic neighbors across Eurasia.[65]

Genomic research confirmed that Kazakhs originated from the admixture of several tribes.[59][66][67] Kazakhs have predominantly East Asian ancestry, and harbor two East Asian-derived components, one dominant component commonly found among Northeastern Asian populations (associated with the Northeast Asian «Devil’s Gate_N» sample from the Amur region), and another minor component associated with historical Yellow River farmers, peaking among Han Chinese. According to one study, West-Eurasian related admixture among Kazakhs is estimated at 35% to 37.5% in two Kazakh populations.[68] Another study estimated a lower average Western admixture of slightly less than 30%.[69][70] These results are inline with historical demographic information on northern Central Asia.[71] Neighboring Karakalpaks, Kyrgyz, Tubalar, and the Xinjiang Ölöd tribe, have the strongest resemblance to the Kazakh genome.[72]

A study on allele frequency and genetic polymorphism by Katsuyama et al., found that Kazakhs cluster together with Japanese people, Hui people, Han Chinese, and Uyghurs in contrast to West-Eurasian reference groups.[73]

A 2020 genetic study on the Kazakh genome, by Seidualy et al., found that the Kazakh people formed from highly mixed historical Central Asian populations. Ethnic Kazakhs were modeled to derive about ~63.2% ancestry from an East Asian-related population, specifically from a Northeast Asian source sample (Devil’s Gate 1), ~30.8% ancestry from European-related populations (presumably from Scythians), and ~6% ancestry from a broadly South Asian population. Overall, Kazakhs show their closest genetic affinity with other Central Asian populations, namely, Kalmyk, Karakalpak and Kyrgyz people, but also Mongolians. MSMC analyses suggest that the main ancestral lineage of Kazakhs split from Mongolians and other Northeast Asians about 7,000 years ago, while their divergence from Koryaks was estimated to be 10,000 years ago.[74]

Maternal lineages

According to mitochondrial DNA studies[75] (where sample consisted of only 246 individuals), the main maternal lineages of Kazakhs are: D (17.9%), C (16%), G (16%), A (3.25%), F (2.44%) of East-Eurasian origin (55%), and haplogroups H (14.1), T (5.5), J (3.6%), K (2.6%), U5 (3%), and others (12.2%) of West-Eurasian origin (41%).

Gokcumen et al. (2008) tested the mtDNA of a total of 237 Kazakhs from Altai Republic and found that they belonged to the following haplogroups: D(xD5) (15.6%), C (10.5%), F1 (6.8%), B4 (5.1%), G2a (4.6%), A (4.2%), B5 (4.2%), M(xC, Z, M8a, D, G, M7, M9a, M13) (3.0%), D5 (2.1%), G2(xG2a) (2.1%), G4 (1.7%), N9a (1.7%), G(xG2, G4) (0.8%), M7 (0.8%), M13 (0.8%), Y1 (0.8%), Z (0.4%), M8a (0.4%), M9a (0.4%), and F2 (0.4%) for a total of 66.7% mtDNA of Eastern Eurasian origin or affinity and H (10.5%), U(xU1, U3, U4, U5) (3.4%), J (3.0%), N1a (3.0%), R(xB4, B5, F1, F2, T, J, U, HV) (3.0%), I (2.1%), U5 (2.1%), T (1.7%), U4 (1.3%), U1 (0.8%), K (0.8%), N1b (0.4%), W (0.4%), U3 (0.4%), and HV (0.4%) for a total of 33.3% mtDNA of West-Eurasian origin or affinity.[76] Comparing their samples of Kazakhs from Altai Republic with samples of Kazakhs from Kazakhstan and Kazakhs from Xinjiang, the authors have noted that «haplogroups A, B, C, D, F1, G2a, H, and M were present in all of them, suggesting that these lineages represent the common maternal gene pool from which these different Kazakh populations emerged.»[76]

In every sample of Kazakhs, D (predominantly northern East Asian, such as Japanese, Okinawan, Korean, Manchu, Mongol, Han Chinese, Tibetan, etc., but also having several branches among indigenous peoples of the Americas) is the most frequently observed haplogroup (with nearly all of those Kazakhs belonging to the D4 subclade), and the second-most frequent haplogroup is either H (predominantly European) or C (predominantly indigenous Siberian, though some branches are present in the Americas, East Asia, and eastern and northern Europe).[76]

Paternal lineages

In a sample of 54 Kazakhs and 119 Altaian Kazakh, the main paternal lineages of Kazakhs are: C (66.7% and 59.5%), O (9% and 26%), N (2% and 0%), J (4% and 0%), R (9% and 1%) respectively.[77]

Population

Ethnic Kazakhs in percent of total population of Kazakhstan

1897 1917 1926 1939 1959 1979 1989 1999 2009 2018
81.7% 58.0% 58.5% 37.8% 29.8% 36.2% 37.8% 53.5% 63.1% 67.5%

Historical population of Kazakhs:
Huge drop in population of Ethnic Kazakhs between 1897 and 1959 years caused by colonial politics of Russian Empire, then genocide
which occurred during Stalin Regime. Sarah Cameron (Associate Professor of University of Maryland) described this genocide on her book, «The Hungry Steppe: Famine, Violence, and the Making of Soviet Kazakhstan».

Year Population
1897 3,392,700
1917 3,615,000
1926 3,627,612
1939 2,327,625
1959 2,794,966
1979 5,289,349
1989 6,227,549
1999 8,011,452
2009 10,096,763
2018 12,212,645

Kazakh minorities

Russia

Muhammad Salyk Babazhanov – Kazakh anthropologist, a member of Russian Geographical Society.

In Russia, the Kazakh population lives primarily in the regions bordering Kazakhstan. According to latest census (2002) there are 654,000 Kazakhs in Russia, most of whom are in the Astrakhan, Volgograd, Saratov, Samara, Orenburg, Chelyabinsk, Kurgan, Tyumen, Omsk, Novosibirsk, Altai Krai and Altai Republic regions. Though ethnically Kazakh, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, those people acquired Russian citizenship.

Ethnic Kazakhs of Russia[78]
national censuses data

1939 % 1959 % 1970 % 1979 % 1989 % 2002 % 2010 %
356 646 0.33 382 431 0.33 477 820 0.37 518 060 0.38 635 865 0.43 653 962 0.45 647 732 0.45

China

Kazakhs migrated into Dzungaria in the 18th century after the Dzungar genocide resulted in the native Buddhist Dzungar Oirat population being massacred.

Kazakhs, called «哈萨克族» in Chinese (pinyin: Hāsàkè Zú; lit. ‘»Kazakh people» or «Kazakh tribe»‘) are among 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People’s Republic of China. According to the census data of 2010, Kazakhs had a population of 1.462 million, ranking 17th among all ethnic groups in China. Thousands of Kazakhs fled to China during the 1932–1933 famine in Kazakhstan.

In 1936, after Sheng Shicai expelled 30,000 Kazakhs from Xinjiang to Qinghai, Hui led by General Ma Bufang massacred their fellow Muslim Kazakhs, until there were 135 of them left.[79][80][81]

From Northern Xinjiang over 7,000 Kazakhs fled to the Tibetan-Qinghai plateau region via Gansu and were wreaking massive havoc so Ma Bufang solved the problem by relegating Kazakhs to designated pastureland in Qinghai, but Hui, Tibetans, and Kazakhs in the region continued to clash against each other.[when?][82] Tibetans attacked and fought against the Kazakhs as they entered Tibet via Gansu and Qinghai.[citation needed][when?] In northern Tibet, Kazakhs clashed with Tibetan soldiers, and the Kazakhs were sent to Ladakh.[when?][83] Tibetan troops robbed and killed Kazakhs 640 kilometres (400 miles) east of Lhasa at Chamdo when the Kazakhs were entering Tibet.[when?][84][85]

In 1934, 1935, and from 1936 to 1938 Qumil Elisqan led approximately 18,000 Kerey Kazakhs to migrate to Gansu, entering Gansu and Qinghai.[86]

In China there is one Kazakh autonomous prefecture, the Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and three Kazakh autonomous counties: Aksai Kazakh Autonomous County in Gansu, Barkol Kazakh Autonomous County and Mori Kazakh Autonomous County in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region.[citation needed]

At least one million Uyghurs, Kazakhs and other ethnic Muslims in Xinjiang have been detained in mass detention camps, termed «reeducation camps», aimed at changing the political thinking of detainees, their identities, and their religious beliefs.[87][88][89]

Mongolia

In the 19th century, the advance of the Russian Empire troops pushed Kazakhs to neighboring countries. In around 1860, part of the Middle Jüz Kazakhs came to Mongolia and were allowed to settle down in Bayan-Ölgii, Western Mongolia and for most of the 20th century they remained an isolated, tightly knit community.
Ethnic Kazakhs (so-called Altaic Kazakhs or Altai-Kazakhs) live predominantly in Western Mongolia in Bayan-Ölgii Province (88.7% of the total population) and Khovd Province (11.5% of the total population, living primarily in Khovd city, Khovd sum and Buyant sum). In addition, a number of Kazakh communities can be found in various cities and towns spread throughout the country. Some of the major population centers with a significant Kazakh presence include Ulaanbaatar 90% in khoroo #4 of Nalaikh düüreg,[90] Töv and Selenge provinces, Erdenet, Darkhan, Bulgan, Sharyngol (17.1% of population total)[91] and Berkh cities.

Ethnic Kazakhs of Mongolia[92]
national censuses data

1956 % 1963 % 1969 % 1979 % 1989 % 2000 % 2010[5] % 2020[93] %
36,729 4.34 47,735 4.69 62,812 5.29 84,305 5.48 120,506 6.06 102,983 4.35 101,526 3.69 121,000 3.81

Uzbekistan

As of the beginning of 2021, more than 821000 ethnic Kazakhs lived in Uzbekistan.[94]

Iran

During the Qajar period, Iran bought Kazakh slaves who were falsely masqueraded as Kalmyks by slave dealers from the Khiva and Turkmens.[95][96]

Kazakhs of the Aday tribe inhabited the border regions of the Russian Empire with Iran since the 18th century. The Kazakhs made up 20% of the population of the Trans-Caspian region according to the 1897 census. As a result of the Kazakhs’ rebellion against the Russian Empire in 1870, a significant number of Kazakhs became refugees in Iran.

Iranian Kazakhs live mainly in Golestan Province in northern Iran.[97] According to ethnologue.org, in 1982 there were 3000 Kazakhs living in the city of Gorgan.[98][99] Since the fall of the Soviet Union, the number of Kazakhs in Iran decreased because of emigration to their historical motherland.[100]

Afghanistan

Kazakhs fled to Afghanistan in the 1930s escaping Bolshevik persecution. Kazakh historian Gulnar Mendikulova cites that there were between 20,000 and 24,000 Kazakhs in Afghanistan as of 1978. Some assimilated locally and cannot speak the Kazakh language.[22]

As of 2021, there are about 200 Kazakhs remaining in Afghanistan according to Kazakhstan’s foreign ministry. Locals claim that many live in Kunduz and others in Takhar Province, Baghlan Province, Mazar-i-Sharif and Kabul.[22]

Afghan Kypchaks are Aimak (Taymani) tribe of Kazakh origin that can be found in Obe District to the east of the western Afghan province of Herat, between the rivers Farāh Rud and Hari Rud. There are approximately 440,000 Afghan Kipchaks.

Turkey

Turkey received refugees from among the Pakistan-based Kazakhs, Turkmen, Kirghiz, and Uzbeks numbering 3,800 originally from Afghanistan during the Soviet–Afghan War.[101] Kayseri, Van, Amasya, Çiçekdağ, Gaziantep, Tokat, Urfa, and Serinyol received via Adana the Pakistan-based Kazakh, Turkmen, Kirghiz, and Uzbek refugees numbering 3,800 with UNHCR assistance.[102]

In 1954 and 1969 Kazakhs migrated into Anatolia’s Salihli, Develi and Altay regions.[103] Turkey became home to refugee Kazakhs.[104]

The Kazakh Turks Foundation (Kazak Türkleri Vakfı) is an organization of Kazakhs in Turkey.[105]

Culture

Music

One of the most commonly used traditional musical instruments of the Kazakhs is the dombra, a plucked lute with two strings. It is often used to accompany solo or group singing. Another popular instrument is kobyz, a bow instrument played on the knees. Along with other instruments, both instruments play a key role in the traditional Kazakh orchestra. A notable composer is Kurmangazy, who lived in the 19th century. After studying in Moscow, Gaziza Zhubanova became the first woman classical composer in Kazakhstan, whose compositions reflect Kazakh history and folklore. A notable singer of the Soviet epoch is Roza Rymbaeva, she was a star of the trans-Soviet-Union scale. A notable Kazakh rock band is Urker, performing in the genre of ethno-rock, which synthesises rock music with the traditional Kazakh music.

Notable Kazakhs

See also

  • Chala Kazakh
  • Kazakh Americans
  • Kazakh Canadians
  • Kazakhs in Russia
  • Turkic peoples
  • List of Kazakhs
  • Ethnic demography of Kazakhstan

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External links

  • Kazakh tribes
  • ‘Contemporary Falconry in Altai-Kazakh in Western Mongolia’The International Journal of Intangible Heritage (vol.7), pp. 103–111. 2012. [2]
  • ‘Ethnoarhchaeology of Horse-Riding Falconry’, The Asian Conference on the Social Sciences 2012 – Official Conference Proceedings, pp. 167–182. 2012. [3]
  • ‘Intangible Cultural Heritage of Arts and Knowledge for Coexisting with Golden Eagles: Ethnographic Studies in “Horseback Eagle-Hunting” of Altai-Kazakh Falconers’, The International Congress of Humanities and Social Sciences Research, pp. 307–316. 2012. [4]
  • ‘Ethnographic Study of Altaic Kazakh Falconers’, Falco: The Newsletter of the Middle East Falcon Research Group 41, pp. 10–14. 2013. [5]
  • ‘Ethnoarchaeology of Ancient Falconry in East Asia’, The Asian Conference on Cultural Studies 2013 – Official Conference Proceedings, pp. 81–95. 2013. [6]
  • Soma, Takuya. 2014. ‘Current Situation and Issues of Transhumant Animal Herding in Sagsai County, Bayan Ulgii Province, Western Mongolia’, E-journal GEO 9(1): pp. 102–119. [7]
  • Soma, Takuya. 2015. Human and Raptor Interactions in the Context of a Nomadic Society: Anthropological and Ethno-Ornithological Studies of Altaic Kazakh Falconry and its Cultural Sustainability in Western Mongolia. University of Kassel Press, Kassel (Germany) ISBN 978-3-86219-565-7.
Источник

1

: a member of a Turkic people of Kazakhstan and other countries of central Asia

2

: the language of the Kazakhs

Kazakh
adjective

or less commonly Kazak

Example Sentences

Recent Examples on the Web

There’s about 30,000 local people who spoke Kazakh, the majority didn’t speak English.


—Stepfanie Aguilar, Outside Online, 17 Feb. 2023

These examples are programmatically compiled from various online sources to illustrate current usage of the word ‘Kazakh.’ Any opinions expressed in the examples do not represent those of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback about these examples.

Word History

Etymology

Russian kazakh, from Kazakh kazak

First Known Use

1832, in the meaning defined at sense 1

Time Traveler

The first known use of Kazakh was
in 1832

Dictionary Entries Near Kazakh

Cite this Entry

“Kazakh.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Kazakh. Accessed 14 Apr. 2023.

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Last Updated:
4 Apr 2023
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Merriam-Webster unabridged

Источник

English[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

Wiktionary
Wiktionary

From Russian каза́х (kazáx). Cognate with Cossack, ultimately from Turkic languages.

Alternative forms[edit]

  • Kazak, Qazaq

Pronunciation[edit]

  • (UK) IPA(key): /kəˈzak/, /kəˈzɑːk/, /ˈkazak/
  • (US) IPA(key): /kəˈzɑk/
  • Audio (southern England) (file)
  • Rhymes: -ɑːk

Noun[edit]

Kazakh (countable and uncountable, plural Kazakhs)

  1. (countable) A person from Kazakhstan or of that descent.
  2. (uncountable) The national language of Kazakhstan.
Translations[edit]

a person from Kazakhstan or of that descent

  • Albanian: kazah m, kazak m
  • Arabic: كَازَاخِيّ‎ m (kāzāḵiyy), كَازَاخِيَّة‎ f (kāzāḵiyya)
  • Armenian: ղազախ (łazax)
  • Azerbaijani: qazax
  • Bashkir: ҡаҙаҡ (qaðaq)
  • Belarusian: каза́х m (kazáx), каза́шка f (kazáška)
  • Bulgarian: каза́х (bg) m (kazáh)
  • Catalan: kazakh (ca) m or f
  • Chagatai: قَزَاقْ‎
  • Chinese:
    Dungan: хазах (hazah)
    Mandarin: 哈薩克人／哈萨克人 (zh) (hāsàkèrén)
  • Czech: Kazach (cs) m, Kazaška (cs) f
  • Danish: kasakher c
  • Dutch: Kazak (nl) m
  • Esperanto: kazaĥo
  • Finnish: kazakki (fi)
  • French: Kazakh (fr) m, Kazakhe (fr) f
  • Georgian: ყაზახი (q̇azaxi)
  • German: Kasache (de) m, Kasachin (de) f
  • Greek: Καζάκος (el) m (Kazákos), Καζάκα (el) f (Kazáka)
  • Hindi: कजाक (hi) m (kajāk), कज़ाक (kazāk)
  • Hungarian: kazak, kazah (hu)
  • Irish: Casacach m
  • Japanese: カザフ人 (kazafujin)
  • Kabardian: казах (kaazaax)
  • Kalmyk: хасг (hasg)
  • Kazakh: қазақ (qazaq)
    Arabic: قازاق‎
  • Khakas: хазах (xazax)
  • Kyrgyz: казак (ky) (kazak)
  • Latvian: kazahs m, kazahiete f
  • Lithuanian: kazachas (lt) m
  • Manchu: ᡥᠠᠰᠠᡴ (hasak)
  • Mongolian: казах (mn) (kazax), хасаг (mn) (xasag)
    Mongolian: ᠬᠠᠰᠠᠭ (qasag), ᠺᠠᠽᠠᠭ (kazag)
  • Norwegian:
    Bokmål: kasakhstaner (no) m
    Nynorsk: kasakhstanar (nn) m
  • Persian: قزاق‎ (fa) (qazzâq), کزاخ‎ (kazâx)
  • Polish: Kazach (pl) m, Kazaszka (pl) f
  • Portuguese: cazaque (pt)
  • Romanian: kazah (ro) m, kazahă (ro) f
  • Russian: каза́х (ru) m (kazáx), каза́шка (ru) f (kazáška)
  • Spanish: kazajo (es) m
  • Swahili: Mkazaki (sw)
  • Swedish: kazak (sv) c (ethnicity)
  • Tajik: қазоқ (tg) (qazoq)
  • Tatar: казакъ (tt) (qazaq)
  • Turkish: Kazak (tr)
  • Turkmen: gazak
  • Ukrainian: каза́х m (kazáx), каза́шка f (kazáška)
  • Uyghur: قازاق‎ (qazaq)
  • Uzbek: qozoq (uz)
    Cyrillic: қозоқ (qozoq)
  • Written Oirat: ᡍᠠᠰᠠᡎ (xasag)
  • Yakut: казах (kazaq)

language

  • Arabic: كَازَاخِيّ‎ m (kāzāḵiyy), كَازَاخِيَّة‎ f (kāzāḵiyya)
  • Armenian: ղազախերեն (hy) (łazaxeren)
  • Catalan: kazakh (ca) m
  • Chinese:
    Mandarin: 哈薩克語／哈萨克语 (zh) (hāsàkèyǔ)
  • Czech: kazaština f
  • Danish: kasakhisk n
  • Dutch: Kazachs (nl) n
  • Esperanto: kazaĥo
  • Finnish: kazakki (fi)
  • French: kazakh (fr) m
  • German: Kasachisch (de) n
  • Greek: καζακικά (el) n pl (kazakiká)
  • Hindi: कज़ाकी (hi) (kazākī)
  • Hungarian: kazak, kazah (hu)
  • Irish: Casaicis f
  • Italian: kazako (it) m
  • Japanese: カザフ語 (ja) (kazafugo)
  • Kabardian: казахыбзэ (kaazaaxəbze)
  • Kazakh: қазақша (qazaqşa), қазақ тілі (qazaq tılı)
  • Korean: 카자흐어 (ko) (kajaheueo)
  • Latvian: kazahu valoda f, kazahu
  • Navajo: Kʼazah dineʼé bizaad
  • Norwegian:
    Bokmål: kasakhisk (no) m
    Nynorsk: kasakhisk m
  • Persian: قزاقی‎ (qazâqi), کزاخی‎ (kazâxi), زبان قزاقی‎ (zabân-e qazâqi)
  • Polish: kazachski (pl) m
  • Portuguese: cazaque (pt) m
  • Romanian: kazahă (ro) f
  • Russian: каза́хский (ru) m (kazáxskij)
  • Slovak: kazaština (sk) f
  • Slovene: kazaščina f
  • Swahili: Kikazaki
  • Swedish: kazakiska (sv) c
  • Tajik: қазоқӣ (tg) (qazoqī), забони қазоқӣ (zaboni qazoqī)
  • Turkish: Kazakça (tr)
  • Uyghur: قازاقچە‎ (ug) (qazaqche)
  • Uzbek: qozoqcha (uz), қозоқча (qozoqcha)
Further reading[edit]
  • Wiktionary’s coverage of Kazakh terms
  • ISO 639-1 code kk, ISO 639-3 code kaz (SIL)
  • Ethnologue entry for Kazakh, kaz Paid subscription required⁠

Adjective[edit]

Kazakh (not comparable)

  1. Of, from, or pertaining to Kazakhstan, the Kazakh people or the Kazakh language.
Derived terms[edit]
  • Kazakhness
Translations[edit]

pertaining to the Kazakh people or the Kazakh language

  • Albanian: kazah, kazak
  • Arabic: كَازَاخِيّ‎ (kāzāḵiyy)
  • Armenian: ղազախական (hy) (łazaxakan)
  • Azerbaijani: qazax
  • Bashkir: ҡаҙаҡ (qaðaq)
  • Belarusian: каза́хскі (kazáxski), каза́скі (kazáski) (Taraškievica)
  • Bengali: কাজাখ (bn) (kajakh)
  • Bulgarian: каза́хски (kazáhski)
  • Catalan: kazakh (ca)
  • Chinese:
    Dungan: хазах (hazah)
    Mandarin: 哈薩克的／哈萨克的 (zh) (hāsàkè de)
  • Czech: kazašský (cs)
  • Danish: kasakhisk
  • Dutch: Kazachs (nl)
  • Esperanto: kazaĥa
  • Estonian: kasahhi
  • Finnish: kazakstanilainen (fi), kazakstanilainen (fi)
  • French: kazakh (fr)
  • Georgian: ყაზახური (q̇azaxuri)
  • German: kasachisch (de)
  • Greek: καζακικός (kazakikós)
  • Hindi: कज़ाख़ (kazāx)
  • Hungarian: kazak, kazah (hu)
  • Irish: Casacach, Casaicise (language)
  • Japanese: カザフの (kazafu no)
  • Kabardian: казах (kaazaax)
  • Kazakh: қазақ (qazaq)
  • Korean: 카자흐의 (kajaheuui)
  • Kyrgyz: казак (ky) (kazak)
  • Latvian: kazahu, kazahisks
  • Lithuanian: kazachų (lt), kazachiškas
  • Macedonian: казашки (kazaški)
  • Malay: Kazakh
  • Mongolian: казах (mn) (kazax), хасаг (mn) (xasag)
  • Norwegian:
    Bokmål: kasakhstansk
    Nynorsk: kasakhstansk (nn)
  • Pashto: قزاقي‎
  • Persian: قزاقی‎ (qazâqi), کزاخی‎ (kazâxi)
  • Polish: kazachski (pl)
  • Portuguese: cazaque (pt)
  • Romanian: kazah (ro)
  • Russian: каза́хский (ru) (kazáxskij)
  • Serbo-Croatian:
    Cyrillic: казашки
    Roman: kazaški (sh)
  • Slovak: kazašský (sk)
  • Slovene: kazaški
  • Spanish: kazajo (es)
  • Swedish: kazakisk (sv)
  • Tajik: қазоқӣ (tg) (qazoqī)
  • Tatar: казакъ (tt) (qazaq)
  • Turkish: Kazak (tr)
  • Turkmen: gazak
  • Ukrainian: каза́хський (kazáxsʹkyj)
  • Urdu: قازق‎ (qāzaq)
  • Uyghur: قازاق‎ (qazaq)
  • Uzbek: qozoq (uz)

Etymology 2[edit]

From Russian Каза́х (Kazáx).

Proper noun[edit]

Kazakh

  1. Alternative form of Gazakh

References[edit]

  • Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “казак”, in Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), transl. and suppl. by Oleg Trubachyov, Moscow: Progress
Источник

Моя гипотеза возникновения и значения слова «Казах (в Русском варианте) или Казак в общетюркском». (См. здесь http://www.turan.info/forum/showthread.php…5469#post35469)

Ногами прошу не бить

Предистория.

Как известное Казахское ханство и Казахская нация возникла после конфликта между некоторыми родами Узбекского ханства, а именно между Кыпчаками и Аргынами, Кыпчаки убили одного из предводителей Аргынов Даиркожу-Акжола, после чего Аргыны потребовали у Абулхаирхана выдачи убийц и последующей сатисфакции, посредством наказания оных. В чем им было благополучно отказано. После чего Аргыны под предводительством Джанибека и Керея а также другие сочуствующих родов покинули ставку Абулхаира. Было ли убийство поводом или последней каплей в их межродовых конфликтах история об этом умалчивает, как бы там ни было это и послужила генезисом Казахского ханства и Казахской нации в целом. Надо сказать что Абулхаир и его потомки достаточно продолжительное время пытались уничтожить мятежное ханство и вернуть ренегатов обратно. Но сейчас речь не об этом.

Так вот мы подходим к сути вопроса подвигнувшего написать меня сегодняшний пост, почему Джанибек и Керей а также роды под их началом выбрали в качестве названия своего нового ханства слово Казак, а роды в последующем стали называть себя Казаками, этот факт достаточно малоосвещен и не имеет точного и ясного объяснения. Попытки объяснить слово Казак при помощи вроде бы существующего в некоторых тюркских языках слово Казак обозначающего свободный, независимый я полностью или частично подвергаю сомнению, так как в самом Казахском языке этого слова нет, а в известным мне других тюрских языках: Анатолийский турецкий, Азербайджанский и др я этого слова не встречал. Хотя тем неменее значение «Свободный» и «Независимый» в какой то степени (небольшой) будут перекликаться с моим последующим объяснением.

Начнем с того что в новоиспеченном Казахском ханстве не было рода под названием Казак, который в последующем мог бы дать свое имя создавшемуся ханству и народу. Название многих государств и наций зачастую происходили именно таким путем. Не было в Казахском ханстве предводителя или хана с именем Казак, который мог бы дать своему народу название по своему имени. Таким образом достаточно много народов получило свое название, вспомним хотя бы Узбеков от хана Узбека или Найманов от Наймана. Ну и что совсем странно ни Керей ни Джанибек не попытались назвать свое ханство Джанибек хандыгы или Керей хандыгы, по крайней мере даже если и были такие попытки история до нас этого не донесла. Но должна ведь быть логика в названании целого государства ведь не могли Керей с Джанибеком просто призвать предводителей родов и сказать: «Господа отныне мы будем Казахами в Казахском ханстве, скажите пиплу, что бы они всем говорили что они Казахи. Спросите почему Казахи? Отвечу, нас Джанибеком это слово прикалывает.»

Не тратя драгаценного времени читателя перейду к сути. Кем были для Узбекского ханства Керей и Джанибек их роды, которые достаточно самовольно отделились поставивь под удар неделимость и суверинитет Узбекского ханства, естественно они были сепаратистами, этакими Чеченцами для сегоднешней Российской Федерации. Как сегодняшняя Россия называет чеченцев? Мятежники, сепаратисты и тд. Если бы чеченцы не имели собственного названия я бы не удивился что через пару десятков лет их как нацию начали бы называть «Сепаратисты или Мятежники а чечню Сепаратистан». Так вот вернемся к Казакам. Оставшиеся в Узбекском ханстве люди по этой же логике должны были называть ушедшие рода каким то образом, дабы показать разницу между ушедшими и лоялными родами оставшимися в Узбекском ханстве. Может быть в начале их и называли например: Джанибек, Керей и Со, или Аргыны и другие рода примкнувшие к ним, но тем не менее я не сомневаюсь что сущестовало единое универсальное название которое объединяло бы всех ушедших и показывала их суть, а именно их называли бы на сегодняшний современный лад: мятежниками, сепаратистами, бунтовщиками, в общем людьми пошедшими против системы этакой противоборствующей силой. Тут мы в плотную подходим к самому слову «Казак».

Много было попыток расшифровать это слово, особенно смешно звучить Лебедь белый, но тем неменее логика в попытке расчленения слова на два составляющих имеет смысл, так как смысловая составляющая слова полностью на данный момент утрачена и нет единого определенного перевода слова Казак полностью. Во вторых известно, что все в этом мире и в языке в том числе идет от простого к более сложному, сто лет назад не было слова электромонтер, было электро, было монтировать и было человек который занимается этой деятельностью. Так вот разделив слово на 2 составляющие это слово: Каз +Ак, следует обратить на первую часть особое внимание. «Каз» в казахском языке а если быть точнее «Кас» имеет свой аналог и оно означает быть настроенным против кого то, быть этаким опонентом или даже врагом, существует даже такая пара Дос пен Кас (друг и враг). В качестве глагола используются такие слова как «Кастык жасау, Кастандык жасау» — в вольном переводе означает делать что то плохое кому то. Меня конечно можно упрекнуть что я якобы своевольно поменял букву «З» на «С», но могу вас заверить что эти звуки в казахском и в других языках имеют свойство к замене друг друга. К тому же упорное использование слова «Кайсак» в Российскими властями при упоминания Казахов наводить на мысль что эдак 300-400 лет назад произношения слова Казак самими казахами было не однозначно и могло иметь следующий вид «Кассак». Так вот определившись с первой составляющей перейдем ко второй. «Ак», ну здесь легче «ак» это то что превращает действие или отношение «Кас» в субъект на примере «Тес(дырявить)+Ик= Тесик(дырка)» , намеренно не привожу другие примеры и без того мое повествование затягивается, боюсь потерять внимание читателя. Кас+Ак= получается Кассак или Казак, человек который против, враг, бунтовщик, мятежник, сепаратист, вобщем тот кто против системы. Лояльные подданые Узбекского ханства таким образом называли ренегатов, людей пошедших против, отделившихся и противопоставивших себя ханству, а именно Казаками (Сепаратистами по аналогии с сегоднишними Чеченцами). Я думаю поэтому русские казаки выбрали то же название, так как они тоже в свою очередь были людьми пошедшими против системы, бунтарями

Этим я заканчиваю короткий экскурс в слово Казак и начинаю другой экскурс в предтечю этого слова в Казахском языке в частности и в Тюрских языках в общем. При упоминанию слова Кас я думаю многим на ум приходить название волка в казахском языке «Каскыр», видимо после исламизации кочевников и при постоянном противобрстве номадов ведущих в основном скотоводческое хозяйство волк превратился из прародителя, тотемного животного предка в этокого врага, который режет скот, может напасть на людей. Что и повлияла на мой взгляд в превращение «Курта» волка во многих тюрских языках (Вспомних хотя бы партию «Бозкурт» В Турции- партия серых волков или национальность- Башкуртов, то ли главных Волков, то ли людей одевающих шапки из волчьего меха (по аналогии в казахском языке Бори-волк, борик шапка из волчьего меха)) в Кас+курт, Врага волка — Каскурта или Каскыра в нынешнем казахском языке. Произошла десимволизация священного волка во врага кочевников. Является ли слово «Кас» корнем казахского слова Карсы- быть против, напротив или Карши в других тюркских языках. Или слова Керис, имеющего значения «Наоборот»- Керисинше, а слово «Косар» употребляемое как «Косарланып сойлеу» говорить перебивая кого то, говорить во то время как кто то другой уже говорить не давая говорить другому. Все это имеет один определенный смысл а именно быть и действовать будучи в оппозиции кому-то или чему-то.

Можем ли мы копнуть еще глубже? Не вопрос. Почему слово «Кас» так напоминает слово «Казу-копать» или «Касу-чесать» полагаю потому что здесь и есть корень и происхождения слова Кас-Враг.

Что из себя представляет понятие копать? В нарушении поверхности с помощью рук или предметов с целью получения дыры в данной поверхости. И не случайно использования слова «Касык(кз) и Кашик(друг. тюр)» при обозначении ложки, то есть при помощи той же ложки вы производите в поверхности допустим каши углубления. Ну а слово «Касу(кз), Кашимак(друг. тюр)» имеет сходный алгоритм действие, то есть при помощи пальцев рук вы пытаетесь на поверхности кожи прошкрябать не существующую дырку. Напомню что в те далекие времена, когда лопата не была еще изобретена, люди не копали землю, они становились на колени брали в руки плоский предмет и с силой водили его по поверхности земли пытаясь им прошкрябать дыру. Так же поступите и вы если вам дадут задание вскопать землю без лопаты.

Ну наконец созвучное слово «Кес» имеющие значение резать во всех тюркских языках, все из той же оперы. Резать значит нарушать целосность поверхности, как и копать Казу, как и попытки почесасть Касу. Называли ли наши предки своих врагов «Кеса-ами» людьми убивавшими и резавшими их и не трасформировалось ли «Кес» в слово «Кас-враг в казахском». По крайней мере очень занятная гипотеза. И волки которые резали стада баранов наших предков кочевников были не то Врагами-Волкам (Кас-курты), не то Волками Убийцами, Резавшими скот (Кес-курт) все это наводит на мысль.

Конец ли это нашего затянувшегося повествования? Нет. Здесь я не много сошлюсь на теориию символов и иерогливов Олжаса Сулейменова и в кратце скажу что по его теории древние люди пытались изображать все предметы и действия на скальными рисунками и другими видами тогдашнего искуства, то есть кодировали с помощью всяких палочек и черточек, а потом пытались их раскодировать при помощи чтения слева на право, справо на лево, с верху вниз, снизу в верх что и было началом нашего сегоднешнего алфавита. Так вот изобразив слово КЕС с помощью пары черточек и палочек (я в древних ироглифах не силен) допустим на скале, человек пытается прочитать это разными путями (напомню раньше не было строго порядка чтения только слева на право или с право на лево), так вот слево на право это КЕС, а с право на лево это СЕК. Напомню что подрузомевает слово Кес-резать? Нарушать поверхность и при этом естественно появление крови у жерты. Понимаете к чему я клоню, если нет то я объясню, буква Е в слове СЕК не принципиальна, с таким же успехом можно заменить на букву И, что дает нам слово СИК, являющегося универсальным значением слова секс для всех тюрских языков. Понимаю смутились и покраснели, но наука требует жертв. Ну а для древнего человека решившего дать название своему занятия с любимой девушкой, такой вариант я думаю показался наиболее приемлимым. Не надо изобретать совершенно нового слова, тем боле нарушение поверхности, целосности с кровевыделением в первый раз, на лицо, да и от слово КЕС резать, убивать отличается. Значиться будет это таинство у нас называться СЕК или СИК. (Я бы мог еще привести пример почему англоязычное слово секс так созвучно нашему, или почему Секира которой можно отсекать чего-то имеет корень СЕК, а также всякие там Section-ы разделяущие целое на части, или слово сечь, коса в русском язык и тд., но не сегодня).

Значит с этим мы разобрались, но древний человек жаден до знаний он написал и сказал СИК, а теперь ему надо назвать существо с которым он этим СИК-ом занимается. Вернемся к иероглифам написано слово СИК что означает теперь определенное действие направленно на определенное существо. Ну а как назвать определенное существо на которое направленое это определенное действие (заметили что я прочитал предыдущее предложнеие задом на перед, то есть с права на лево). Если СИК это слево на право, а с право на лево, то есть существое на которое направленно действие это КИС, чуть видоизменено КЫЗ или КИЗ, что бы с КЕС-ом не путать. Так мы добрались до общетюрского слова КЫЗ-что значит девушка. Слово женщина Катын или Хатун или Кадын было изобретено потом и я думаю что слово КЫЗ заменяло все ипостаси женского пола, до тех пор пока люди не стали умнее и не стали придумывать новые названия такие как девочка, девушка, женщина.

Ну вобщем я отвлекся, в конце повествования я хочу быстро пробежаться по слову КАС-(противобрствующий, бунтарь, убийца, может быть ВОЛК и тд.) снова, если его прочитать по методу наших предков задом на перед получиться САК, то есть племена которые являлись нашими предками. То есть они себя ассоциировали себя либо со своими врагами (а также тотемными животными прародителями) волками, либо показывали насколько они беспощадные и тд.

Ну и в самом конце слово Тюрк или как правильно должны говорить те кто не знает русского Тюрик, если прочитать наоборот получатеся КИРЮТ или если вам будет угодно КУРТ, то бишь наш Волк.

Грозная тень нашего предка Серого Каскыра до сих пор стоит над нами и даже в наших названиях мы видим его присутсвие КАЗАК, ТЮРИК, ТУРК, БАШКУРТ, САХА. Видимо Аруак нашего предка полуволка-получеловека Ашины хранит нас и будет хранить нас вечно, пока течет его кровь в наших жила, пока жив великий Туран .

Источник

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PRONUNCIATION OF KAZAKH

GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY OF KAZAKH

Kazakh is a noun.

A noun is a type of word the meaning of which determines reality. Nouns provide the names for all things: people, objects, sensations, feelings, etc.

WHAT DOES KAZAKH MEAN IN ENGLISH?


Definition of Kazakh in the English dictionary

The definition of Kazakh in the dictionary is -zakhs, -zaks. a member of a traditionally Muslim Mongoloid people of Kazakhstan. Other definition of Kazakh is the language of this people, belonging to the Turkic branch of the Altaic family.

WORDS THAT RHYME WITH KAZAKH

Synonyms and antonyms of Kazakh in the English dictionary of synonyms

Translation of «Kazakh» into 25 languages

online translator

TRANSLATION OF KAZAKH

Find out the translation of Kazakh to 25 languages with our English multilingual translator.

The translations of Kazakh from English to other languages presented in this section have been obtained through automatic statistical translation; where the essential translation unit is the word «Kazakh» in English.

Translator English — Chinese


哈

1,325 millions of speakers

Translator English — Spanish


kazajo

570 millions of speakers

English


Kazakh

510 millions of speakers

Translator English — Hindi


कजाख

380 millions of speakers

Translator English — Arabic


الكازاخية

280 millions of speakers

Translator English — Russian


Казахский

278 millions of speakers

Translator English — Portuguese


cazaque

270 millions of speakers

Translator English — Bengali


কাজাখ

260 millions of speakers

Translator English — French


kazakh

220 millions of speakers

Translator English — Malay


Kazakh

190 millions of speakers

Translator English — German


Kasachisch

180 millions of speakers

Translator English — Japanese


カザフ

130 millions of speakers

Translator English — Korean


카자흐어

85 millions of speakers

Translator English — Javanese


Kazakh

85 millions of speakers

Translator English — Vietnamese


Kazakhstan

80 millions of speakers

Translator English — Tamil


கசாக்

75 millions of speakers

Translator English — Marathi


कझाक

75 millions of speakers

Translator English — Turkish


Kazak

70 millions of speakers

Translator English — Italian


kazako

65 millions of speakers

Translator English — Polish


kazachski

50 millions of speakers

Translator English — Ukrainian


казахський

40 millions of speakers

Translator English — Romanian


kazah

30 millions of speakers

Translator English — Greek


Καζακστάν

15 millions of speakers

Translator English — Afrikaans


Kazakh

14 millions of speakers

Translator English — Swedish


Kazakstan

10 millions of speakers

Translator English — Norwegian


Kazakh

5 millions of speakers

Trends of use of Kazakh

TENDENCIES OF USE OF THE TERM «KAZAKH»

The term «Kazakh» is very widely used and occupies the 20.176 position in our list of most widely used terms in the English dictionary.

Trends

FREQUENCY

Very widely used

The map shown above gives the frequency of use of the term «Kazakh» in the different countries.

Principal search tendencies and common uses of Kazakh

List of principal searches undertaken by users to access our English online dictionary and most widely used expressions with the word «Kazakh».

FREQUENCY OF USE OF THE TERM «KAZAKH» OVER TIME

The graph expresses the annual evolution of the frequency of use of the word «Kazakh» during the past 500 years. Its implementation is based on analysing how often the term «Kazakh» appears in digitalised printed sources in English between the year 1500 and the present day.

Examples of use in the English literature, quotes and news about Kazakh

10 ENGLISH BOOKS RELATING TO «KAZAKH»

Discover the use of Kazakh in the following bibliographical selection. Books relating to Kazakh and brief extracts from same to provide context of its use in English literature.

Course components: The complete course comprises the book and audio materials. These are available to purchase separately in paperback, ebook, CD and MP3 format.

2

A Learner’s Dictionary of Kazakh Idioms

Idioms in this reference volume are organized into categories — the human body, food, clothing, color, number, animals, and nature — that best represent the topics on which language learners focus at the beginning and intermediate levels …

3

Dictionary of the Turkic Languages: English, Azerbaijani, …

This is an invaluable reference book for both students and learners and for those enaged in international commerce, research, diplomacy and academic and cultural exchange.

4

Historical Dictionary of Kazakhstan

This book is an excellent access point for students, researchers, and anyone wanting to know more about Kazakhstan.

Didar Kassymova, Zhanat Kundakbayeva, Ustina Markus, 2012

5

Kazakh Vocabulary for English Speakers — 5000 Words

When watching Kazakh films, you will begin to hear and understand more and more words and phrases. This guide will assist you in attaining a higher level of Kazakh that will finally allow you to say: «I can speak Kazakh!

6

Kazakh traditions of China

This book provides a window to the life and culture of the Kazakh people who live in China. The work summarizes Kazakh political history, social organization, ethnographical aspects of nomadism, linguistics, and Chinese national policy.

Awelkhan Hali, Zengxiang Li, Karl W. Luckert, 1998

7

Formation of a Borderland Culture: Myths and Realities of …

The active interaction between Kazakhs and Siberian Cossacks became possible due to the fluidity and provisional characteristics of the identities of the contact participants.

Yuriy Anatolyevich Malikov, 2006

8

Library of Congress Subject Headings

K48 (Collectionsfl BT Soviet literature NT Epic literature, Kazakh Erotic literature,
Kazakh Fantasy literature, Kazakh Folk literature, Kazakh Kazakh drama Kazakh
essays Kazakh fiction Kazakh poetry Kazakh prose literature Kazakh wit and …

Library of Congress, 2006

9

An Islamic Biographical Dictionary of the Eastern Kazakh …

Essential reference for all those interested in the Islamic history of Central Asia under Russian and Chinese rule (1770 — 1912). Based on a Turkic manuscript compiled in 1912.

Qurbānʻalī Khālidī, Allen J. Frank, Mirkasym Abdulakhatovich Usmanov, 2005

10

Curative Powers: Medicine and Empire in Stalin’s Central Asia

Germ theory crept into Kazakh views on illness and Kazakhs began to add
modern pharmaceuticals to their mélange of healing practices. I begin my
examination of Kazakh ethnomedicine with a discussion of Kazakh religion, a
fundamental …

10 NEWS ITEMS WHICH INCLUDE THE TERM «KAZAKH»

Find out what the national and international press are talking about and how the term Kazakh is used in the context of the following news items.

Kazakh side are tough, says former Don (and FC Kairat player) Duff …

Aberdeen are likely to face the Kazakh side in the third qualifying round of the Europa League after the draw took place in Nyon, Switzerland. «Aberdeen Evening Express, Jul 15»

Kazakh Quartet Becomes Laureate of International Contest

Kazakh Quartet Becomes Laureate of International Contest. By Dmitry Lee in Culture on 18 July 2015. ASTANA – Almaty-based quartet Qazaq Quartet was … «Astana Times, Jul 15»

Ukraine wants to buy Kazakh and Turkmen gas. Markets …

Ukraine has once again raised the question of buying gas from Kazakhstan, Tengrinews reports citing RIA Novosti. Head of the European … «Tengrinews, Jul 15»

Kazakh Uplands, New Hampshire, Maine

The Kazakh Uplands are part of the Steppes in the central part of which continent? 3. Which state is farther north — Indiana or Vermont? 4. «The Denver Post, Jul 15»

Mystery of Kazakh ‘Sleepy Hollow’ is SOLVED | Daily Mail Online

Mystery of Kazakh ‘Sleepy Hollow’ is SOLVED: Villagers who fell asleep for days at a time and suffered hallucinations were poisoned by … «Daily Mail, Jul 15»

Experts comment on Kazakh National Bank expanding tenge-dollar …

Yesterday, July 15, Governor of the National Bank of Kazakhstan Kairat Kelimbetov declared a new expansion of the pegged corridor of the … «Tengrinews, Jul 15»

UAE Falcons Released into Their Natural Kazakh Habitat

ASTANA – This May saw another release of falcons from the United Arab Emirates into their natural habitat in western Kazakhstan, thanks to … «Astana Times, Jul 15»

Kazakh officials visit Anadolu Agency

The Anadolu Agency chief editor of the foreign langauges news desk Mehmet Ozturk told the Kazakh officials that the news agency had made … «Fulton News, Jul 15»

Kazakh Davis Cup Squad Heads to Australia for Quarterfinals

The Kazakh and Australian team captains, in accordance with the regulations, choose their team players 10 days before the start of the match. «Astana Times, Jul 15»

Kazakh Wrestlers Take Numerous Medals at Asian Junior …

ASTANA – Kazakh Greco-Roman wrestler Dastan Zarlykhanov from the Akmola region won gold in the 55-kilogrammes category at the July … «Astana Times, Jul 15»

REFERENCE

« EDUCALINGO. Kazakh [online]. Available <https://educalingo.com/en/dic-en/kazakh>. Apr 2023 ».

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Источник

What does Kazakh Mean?

Definitions

Definition as Noun
  • a Muslim who is a member of a Turkic people of western Asia (especially in Kazakstan)
  • a landlocked republic to the south of Russia and to the northeast of the Caspian Sea; the original Turkic-speaking inhabitants were overrun by Mongols in the 13th century; an Asian soviet from 1936 to 1991
  • the Turkic language spoken by the Kazak

Synonyms

  • Kazak
  • Kazakhstan, Republic of Kazakhstan, Kazakstan, Kazak
  • Kazak

Examples

Part of Speech

Noun

Comparisons

  • Kazakh vs Kazak
  • Kazakh vs Kazakhstan
  • Kazakh vs Republic of Kazakhstan
  • Kazakh vs Kazakstan

See also

Sentences with the word Kazakh?

What is another word for Kazakh?

Источник

Ka·zakh

 (kä′zäk′, kə-zäk′)

adj.

Of or relating to Kazakhstan or its people, language, or culture.

n. pl. Kazakhs or Ka·zakh

1.

a. A native or inhabitant of Kazakhstan.

b. A person of Kazakh ancestry.

c. A member of a Turkic people inhabiting Kazakhstan and parts of Xinjiang in China.

2. The Turkic language of the Kazakhs.

[Russian kazakh, from Kazakh qazaq, from Old Turkic *qazğaq, a profiteer, from qazğanmaq, to acquire, from qazmaq, to dig out.]

American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition. Copyright © 2016 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved.

Kazakh

(kəˈzɑːk; kɑː-) or

Kazak

npl -zakhs or -zaks

1. (Peoples) a member of a traditionally Muslim Mongoloid people of Kazakhstan

2. (Languages) the language of this people, belonging to the Turkic branch of the Altaic family

Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged, 12th Edition 2014 © HarperCollins Publishers 1991, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2014

Ka•zakh

or Ka•zak

(kəˈzɑk)

n., pl. -zakhs or -zaks, (esp. collectively) -zakh or -zak.

1. a member of a Turkic people of Central Asia, living mainly in Kazakhstan and the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region in W China.

2. the language of the Kazakhs.

Random House Kernerman Webster’s College Dictionary, © 2010 K Dictionaries Ltd. Copyright 2005, 1997, 1991 by Random House, Inc. All rights reserved.

Источник

Crossword clues for kazakh

kazakh
  • An Asian Soviet from 1936 to 1991
  • The Turkic language spoken by the Kazak people
  • Person from Astana
  • Native of the world’s largest landlocked country, capital Astana
  • Borat’s native tongue
  • Like one side of the Aral Sea
  • A member of a Muslim Turkic people of western Asia (especially in Kazakstan)
  • A landlocked republic south of Russia and northeast of the Caspian Sea
  • The original Turkic-speaking inhabitants were overrun by Mongols in the 13th century

Wikipedia

Kazakh

Kazakh or Khazak may refer to:

  • Kazakhstan
  • Kazakhs, an ethnic group
  • The Kazakh Khanate
  • Kazakh language
  • Kazakh cuisine
  • Qazakh Rayon, Azerbaijan
  • Qazax, Azerbaijan
  • Kazakh Uyezd, administrative district of Elisabethpol Governorate during Russian rule in Azerbaijan
  • Khazak, Iran, a village in Fars Province, Iran

Usage examples of «kazakh».

North Africans, English for the gulf protectorates, Russian for all the Tajiks and Kazakhs and Azerbaijanians and so forth.

So we are equally despised by the Iraqis, the Iranians, the Chinese, Russians, Kazakhs, Armenians, Azeris, and so on.

The first manned expedition to Mars lifted off from Baikonur, of course, which we now know as part of the Kazakh Islamic Republic, but at that time Kazakhstan, with its Moslem population, was part of the Soviet Union.

And one of the Soviet cosmonautsboth for propaganda purposes and as a sop to a growing Soviet Moslem populationhappened to be a Kazakh: Colonel Abai Akkul, whose name went down in history along with Neil Armstrong’s when, after the crew drew lots, he became the first man to set foot on Mars.

They’re still there, defying eviction by Russian and Kazakh military cops and armied militias.

I was at some point introduced to Rashid Nugmanov, a young Kazakh director who had made IGLA (The Needle) with Victor Tsoi, a dramatic feature shot (I believe) in Rashid’s hometown of Alma Ata, and in the Aral Sea (or what used to be the Aral Sea — source of the dead zone Cayce walks through in PATTERN RECOGNITION).

The seeing-eye dog Kazakh sat by the baggage rack at the foot of Selena’s king-size bed.

He dismissed his hovering aides, sat casually in front of her desk in the small corner office of the Institute for Bioenergetic Studies at Kazakh State University, and chatted about the weather.

For within Turkestan are not only Turkic peoples such as Turkomans, Uzbeks, Kyrgyz, Kazakhs, and Uighurs, but large pockets of Persian Tajiks and Caucasian tribes, and much smaller islands of Balti Tibetans and mongoloid races.

Red Crescent and Red Cross inspectors reported that the refugees were made welcome by their coreligionists, the Uigurs, Kirghiz, Uzbeks, Tadjiks, and Kazakhs, who had lived in that part of China from time immemorial.

Prince Kropotkin’s remark in the Britannica’s eleventh edition about the “mixed” nature of Central Asia’s population finds expression in the fact that as early as 1925, even before Stalin’s mish-mash of deportations, farmers in Bukhara could not say whether they were Uzbeks or Kazakhs or Tajiks or whatever.

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