The meaning of the word drugs

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A drug is any chemical substance that causes a change in an organism’s physiology or psychology when consumed.[1][2] Drugs are typically distinguished from food and substances that provide nutritional support. Consumption of drugs can be via inhalation, injection, smoking, ingestion, absorption via a patch on the skin, suppository, or dissolution under the tongue.

In pharmacology, a drug is a chemical substance, typically of known structure, which, when administered to a living organism, produces a biological effect.[3] A pharmaceutical drug, also called a medication or medicine, is a chemical substance used to treat, cure, prevent, or diagnose a disease or to promote well-being.[1] Traditionally drugs were obtained through extraction from medicinal plants, but more recently also by organic synthesis.[4] Pharmaceutical drugs may be used for a limited duration, or on a regular basis for chronic disorders.[5]

Pharmaceutical drugs are often classified into drug classes—groups of related drugs that have similar chemical structures, the same mechanism of action (binding to the same biological target), a related mode of action, and that are used to treat the same disease.[6][7] The Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System (ATC), the most widely used drug classification system, assigns drugs a unique ATC code, which is an alphanumeric code that assigns it to specific drug classes within the ATC system. Another major classification system is the Biopharmaceutics Classification System. This classifies drugs according to their solubility and permeability or absorption properties.[8]

Psychoactive drugs are substances that affect the function of the central nervous system, altering perception, mood or consciousness.[9] These drugs are divided into different groups like: stimulants, depressants, antidepressants, anxiolytics, antipsychotics, and hallucinogens. These psychoactive drugs have been proven useful in treating wide range of medical conditions including mental disorders around the world. The most widely used drugs in the world include caffeine, nicotine and alcohol,[10] which are also considered recreational drugs, since they are used for pleasure rather than medicinal purposes.[11] All drugs can have potential side effects.[12] Abuse of several psychoactive drugs can cause addiction and/or physical dependence.[13] Excessive use of stimulants can promote stimulant psychosis. Many recreational drugs are illicit and international treaties such as the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs exist for the purpose of their prohibition.

Etymology

In English, the noun «drug» is thought to originate from Old French «drogue», possibly deriving from «droge (vate)» from Middle Dutch meaning «dry (barrels)», referring to medicinal plants preserved as dry matter in barrels.[14][15]

In the 1990s however, Spanish lexicographer Federico Corriente Córdoba documented the possible origin of the word in {ḥṭr}[16] an early romanized form of Al-Andalus language from Northwestern part of the Iberian peninsula.[17] The term could approximately be transcribed as حطروكة or hatruka.[18]

Medication

A medication or medicine is a drug taken to cure or ameliorate any symptoms of an illness or medical condition. The use may also be as preventive medicine that has future benefits but does not treat any existing or pre-existing diseases or symptoms. Dispensing of medication is often regulated by governments into three categories—over-the-counter medications, which are available in pharmacies and supermarkets without special restrictions; behind-the-counter medicines, which are dispensed by a pharmacist without needing a doctor’s prescription, and prescription only medicines, which must be prescribed by a licensed medical professional, usually a physician.[19]

In the United Kingdom, behind-the-counter medicines are called pharmacy medicines which can only be sold in registered pharmacies, by or under the supervision of a pharmacist. These medications are designated by the letter P on the label.[20] The range of medicines available without a prescription varies from country to country. Medications are typically produced by pharmaceutical companies and are often patented to give the developer exclusive rights to produce them. Those that are not patented (or with expired patents) are called generic drugs since they can be produced by other companies without restrictions or licenses from the patent holder.[21]

Pharmaceutical drugs are usually categorised into drug classes. A group of drugs will share a similar chemical structure, or have the same mechanism of action, the same related mode of action or target the same illness or related illnesses.[6][7] The Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System (ATC), the most widely used drug classification system, assigns drugs a unique ATC code, which is an alphanumeric code that assigns it to specific drug classes within the ATC system. Another major classification system is the Biopharmaceutics Classification System. This groups drugs according to their solubility and permeability or absorption properties.[8]

Spiritual and religious use

Some religions, particularly ethnic religions, are based completely on the use of certain drugs, known as entheogens, which are mostly hallucinogens,—psychedelics, dissociatives, or deliriants. Some drugs used as entheogens include kava which can act as a stimulant, a sedative, a euphoriant and an anesthetic. The roots of the kava plant are used to produce a drink which is consumed throughout the cultures of the Pacific Ocean.

Some shamans from different cultures use entheogens, defined as «generating the divine within»[22] to achieve religious ecstasy. Amazonian shamans use ayahuasca (yagé) a hallucinogenic brew for this purpose. Mazatec shamans have a long and continuous tradition of religious use of Salvia divinorum a psychoactive plant. Its use is to facilitate visionary states of consciousness during spiritual healing sessions.[23]

Silene undulata is regarded by the Xhosa people as a sacred plant and used as an entheogen. Its roots are traditionally used to induce vivid (and according to the Xhosa, prophetic) lucid dreams during the initiation process of shamans, classifying it a naturally occurring oneirogen similar to the more well-known dream herb Calea ternifolia.[24]

Peyote, a small spineless cactus, has been a major source of psychedelic mescaline and has probably been used by Native Americans for at least five thousand years.[25][26] Most mescaline is now obtained from a few species of columnar cacti in particular from San Pedro and not from the vulnerable peyote.[27]

The entheogenic use of cannabis has also been widely practised[28] for centuries.[29] Rastafari use marijuana (ganja) as a sacrament in their religious ceremonies.

Psychedelic mushrooms (psilocybin mushrooms), commonly called magic mushrooms or shrooms have also long been used as entheogens.

Smart drugs and designer drugs

Nootropics, also commonly referred to as «smart drugs», are drugs that are claimed to improve human cognitive abilities. Nootropics are used to improve memory, concentration, thought, mood, and learning. An increasingly used nootropic among students, also known as a study drug, is methylphenidate branded commonly as Ritalin and used for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy.[30] At high doses methylphenidate can become highly addictive.[31] Serious addiction can lead to psychosis, anxiety and heart problems, and the use of this drug is related to a rise in suicides, and overdoses. Evidence for use outside of student settings is limited but suggests that it is commonplace.[30][31] Intravenous use of methylphenidate can lead to emphysematous damage to the lungs, known as Ritalin lung.[32]

Other drugs known as designer drugs are produced. An early example of what today would be labelled a ‘designer drug’ was LSD, which was synthesised from ergot.[33] Other examples include analogs of performance-enhancing drugs such as designer steroids taken to improve physical capabilities and these are sometimes used (legally or not) for this purpose, often by professional athletes.[34] Other designer drugs mimic the effects of psychoactive drugs. Since the late 1990s there has been the identification of many of these synthesised drugs. In Japan and the United Kingdom this has spurred the addition of many designer drugs into a newer class of controlled substances known as a temporary class drug.

Synthetic cannabinoids have been produced for a longer period of time and are used in the designer drug synthetic cannabis.

Recreational drug use

Recreational drug use is the use of a drug (legal, controlled, or illegal) with the primary intention of altering the state of consciousness through alteration of the central nervous system in order to create positive emotions and feelings. The hallucinogen LSD is a psychoactive drug commonly used as a recreational drug.[36]

Ketamine is a drug used for anesthesia, and is also used as a recreational drug, both in powder and liquid form, for its hallucinogenic and dissociative effects.[37]

Some national laws prohibit the use of different recreational drugs; and medicinal drugs that have the potential for recreational use are often heavily regulated. However, there are many recreational drugs that are legal in many jurisdictions and widely culturally accepted.
Cannabis is the most commonly consumed controlled recreational drug in the world (as of 2012).[38] Its use in many countries is illegal but is legally used in several countries usually with the proviso that it can only be used for personal use. It can be used in the leaf form of marijuana (grass), or in the resin form of hashish. Marijuana is a more mild form of cannabis than hashish.

There may be an age restriction on the consumption and purchase of legal recreational drugs. Some recreational drugs that are legal and accepted in many places include alcohol, tobacco, betel nut, and caffeine products, and in some areas of the world the legal use of drugs such as khat is common.[39]

There are a number of legal intoxicants commonly called legal highs that are used recreationally. The most widely used of these is alcohol.

Administration of drugs

All drugs, can be administered via a number of routes, and many can be administered by more than one.

  • Bolus is the administration of a medication, drug or other compound that is given to raise its concentration in blood to an effective level. The administration can be given intravenously, by parenteral,by indovenous, by intramuscular, intrathecal or subcutaneous injection.
  • Inhaled, (breathed into the lungs), as an aerosol, inhaler, vape or dry powder (this includes smoking or vaping a substance).
  • Injection as a solution, suspension or emulsion either: intramuscular, intravenous, intraperitoneal, intraosseous.
  • Insufflation, as a nasal spray or snorting into the nose.
  • Orally, as a liquid or solid, that is absorbed through the intestines.
  • Rectally as a suppository, that is absorbed by the rectum or colon.
  • Sublingually, diffusing into the blood through tissues under the tongue.
  • Topically, usually as a cream or ointment. A drug administered in this manner may be given to act locally or systemically.[40]
  • Vaginally as a pessary, primarily to treat vaginal infections.

Control of drugs

Numerous governmental offices in many countries deal with the control and supervision of drug manufacture and use, and the implementation of various drug laws. The Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs is an international treaty brought about in 1961 to prohibit the use of narcotics save for those used in medical research and treatment. In 1971, a second treaty the Convention on Psychotropic Substances had to be introduced to deal with newer recreational psychoactive and psychedelic drugs.

The legal status of Salvia divinorum varies in many countries and even in states within the United States. Where it is legislated against the degree of prohibition also varies.

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States is a federal agency responsible for protecting and promoting public health through the regulation and supervision of food safety, tobacco products, dietary supplements, prescription and over-the-counter medications, vaccines, biopharmaceuticals, blood transfusions, medical devices, electromagnetic radiation emitting devices, cosmetics, animal foods[41] and veterinary drugs.

In India, the Narcotics Control Bureau (abbr. NCB), an Indian federal law enforcement and intelligence agency under the Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India is tasked with combating drug trafficking and assisting international use of illegal substances under the provisions of Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act.[42]

See also

  • Club drug
  • Controlled Substances Act
  • Drug checking
  • Drug development
  • Inverse benefit law
  • Lifestyle drug
  • Medical cannabis
  • Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
  • Pharmacognosy
  • Placebo
  • Prodrug
  • Specialty drugs (United States)
  • United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime

Lists of drugs

  • List of drugs
  • List of pharmaceutical companies
  • List of psychoactive plants
  • List of Schedule I drugs (US)

References

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  4. ^ Atanasov AG, Waltenberger B, Pferschy-Wenzig EM, Linder T, Wawrosch C, Uhrin P, Temml V, Wang L, Schwaiger S, Heiss EH, Rollinger JM, Schuster D, Breuss JM, Bochkov V, Mihovilovic MD, Kopp B, Bauer R, Dirsch VM, Stuppner H (December 2015). «Discovery and resupply of pharmacologically active plant-derived natural products: A review». Biotechnol Adv. 33 (8): 1582–614. doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.08.001. PMC 4748402. PMID 26281720.
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  25. ^ El-Seedi HR, De Smet PA, Beck O, Possnert G, Bruhn JG (October 2005). «Prehistoric peyote use: alkaloid analysis and radiocarbon dating of archaeological specimens of Lophophora from Texas». J Ethnopharmacol. 101 (1–3): 238–42. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2005.04.022. PMID 15990261.
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Further reading

  • Richard J. Miller (2014). Drugged: the science and culture behind psychotropic drugs. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-995797-2.

External links

  • DrugBank, a database of 13,400 drugs and 5,100 protein drug targets
  • «Drugs», BBC Radio 4 discussion with Richard Davenport-Hines, Sadie Plant and Mike Jay (In Our Time, May 23, 2002)

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Drugs.

Источник

Noun



a new drug used to treat people with high blood pressure



an experimental drug for the treatment of AIDS



Have you ever taken any illegal drugs?



I don’t smoke, drink, or do drugs.

Verb



He looks like he’s been drugged.



Someone could have drugged your drink.

See More

Recent Examples on the Web



Is this drug completely safe?


—Dr. Keith Roach, oregonlive, 7 Apr. 2023




The injectable drug is a synthetic version of the hormone progesterone, which helps the uterus sustain pregnancy.


—Matthew Perrone, Fortune Well, 6 Apr. 2023




All signs pointed to an accidental drug overdose.


—Kenny Jacoby, USA Today, 6 Apr. 2023




Before 2015, the drugs typically found in overdose deaths were either heroin or prescription drugs and often only one or two of them, Jorgensen said.


—Suzanne Baker, Chicago Tribune, 5 Apr. 2023




But a few years later, human clinical trials revealed the drug was only effective when given multiple times a day and had a poor reaction with other existing cardiac treatments.


—Jocelyn Solis-moreira, Popular Science, 4 Apr. 2023




The second is if this is mainly an immunologic process in response to the virus, drugs that suppress the immune system might be a benefit.


—Amanda Gokee, BostonGlobe.com, 4 Apr. 2023




Rosbach doesn’t place much value on time free of responsibilities and distractions, his thoughts inevitably returning to his son, Joshua, lost to a drug overdose in 2019.


—Ben Crandell, Sun Sentinel, 4 Apr. 2023




Sometimes drugs are ineffective in treating the illness, so healthcare providers might increase the dose or turn to alternative methods.


—Laura Hensley, Verywell Health, 3 Apr. 2023



Roughly five weeks apart, both men were drugged, robbed and then died after leaving gay bars in Manhattan’s Hell’s Kitchen neighborhood.


—Jordan Freiman, CBS News, 2 Apr. 2023




Authorities say the Colorado dentist suspected of killing his wife by slipping poison into her protein shakes allegedly had a history of drugging her.


—Tristan Balagtas, Peoplemag, 21 Mar. 2023




Jennifer and Sarah Hart drugged their children with Benadryl and intentionally drove off a cliff on California’s Pacific Coast Highway.


—Austindedios, oregonlive, 19 Mar. 2023




Recently, as a Coast Guard investigation dragged on, Captain John Merrone kept his ability to work on commercial ships for more than a year after the agency launched an investigation that resulted in administrative charges accusing him of drugging two students on his ship and raping one of them.


—Blake Ellis, CNN, 16 Mar. 2023




In the season 3 finale, Love paralyses Joe by drugging him with aconite.


—Amy Mackelden, ELLE, 12 Mar. 2023




Nadia agrees to drug him and bring him to her.


—Sara Netzley, EW.com, 9 Mar. 2023




In one scene, a schoolgirl is drugged and raped after a party, and the film of her assault is used to blackmail her.


—Katharine Houreld, Washington Post, 4 Mar. 2023




Present-day Misty, Taissa, Natalie, and Shauna work together to cover up Adam’s murder, while it’s revealed that Jackie froze to death in the wilderness, and Misty drugs Jessica.


—Sabrina Talbert, Women’s Health, 28 Feb. 2023


See More

These examples are programmatically compiled from various online sources to illustrate current usage of the word ‘drug.’ Any opinions expressed in the examples do not represent those of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback about these examples.

Источник

Meaning Drugs

What does Drugs mean? Here you find 102 meanings of the word Drugs. You can also add a definition of Drugs yourself

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Cancer cells secrete angiostatin and Endostatin, which halt the process of developing new blood vessels (angiogenesis). Developing new blood vessels is a rate-limiting step in tumor growth. Angiostatin is a piece of a larger protein, plasminogen, that the body uses in blood clotting. This explains why cancer patients have a higher rate of blood clo [..]

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Drugs

A class of drugs that lower cholesterol. There are currently at least 5 statin drugs on the market in the U.S., including: Lovastatin (brand name: MEVACOR), Simvastatin (brand name: ZOCOR), Pravastatin (brand name: PRAVACHOL), Fluvastatin (brand name: LESCOL), Atorvastatin (brand name: LIPITOR), and The major effect of the statins is to lower LDL-c [..]

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Drugs

A teratogen is an agent that can disturb the development of the embryo or fetus. Teratogens halt the pregnancy or produce a congenital malformation (a birth defect). Classes of teratogens include radiation, maternal infections, chemicals, and drugs. Drugs that are capable of acting as teratogens include: ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme) inhibito [..]

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Drugs

«narcotics, opiates, etc.,» 1883, from drug (n.).

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Drugs

pharmacophobia

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Drugs

Drugs used to cause dilation of the Blood Vessels.

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Drugs

Drugs used by Veterinarians in the treatment of Animal Diseases. The Veterinarian’s pharmacological armamentarium is the counterpart of Drugs treating Human Diseases, with dosage and administrati [..]

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Drugs

Drugs intended for Human or veterinary use, presented in their finished Dosage Form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished Dosage Form.

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Drugs

Drugs that act on Adrenergic Receptors or Affect the Life Cycle of adrenergic transmitters. Included here are Adrenergic Agonists and antagonists and agents that Affect the synthesis, storage, uptake, [..]

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Drugs

Drugs that bind to but do not activate Adrenergic Receptors. Adrenergic antagonists block the actions of the endogenous adrenergic transmitters Epinephrine and Norepinephrine.

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Drugs

Compounds capable of relieving Pain without the Loss of Consciousness.

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Drugs

Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of Sensation, especially tactile Sensation and Pain. They may act to induce general Anesthesia, in which an Unconscious State is achieved, o [..]

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Drugs

Agents that are used to treat allergic reactions. Most of these Drugs act by preventing the release of inflammatory mediators or inhibiting the actions of released mediators on their target Cells. (Fr [..]

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Drugs

Agents and endogenous substances that antagonize or inhibit the development of new Blood Vessels.

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Drugs

Agents that alleviate Anxiety, tension, and Anxiety Disorders, promote sedation, and have a calming effect without affecting clarity of Consciousness or neurologic conditions. Adrenergic beta-Antagoni [..]

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Drugs

Agents used for the treatment or prevention of Cardiac Arrhythmias. They may Affect the polarization-repolarization phase of the Action Potential, its excitability or refractoriness, or impulse conduc [..]

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Drugs

Drugs that are used to treat Asthma.

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Drugs

Agents that reduce the frequency or rate of spontaneous or induced Tumors independently of the mechanism involved.

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Drugs

Substances used to lower Plasma Cholesterol levels.

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Drugs

Drugs that inhibit cholinesterases. The Neurotransmitter Acetylcholine is rapidly hydrolyzed, and thereby inactivated, by cholinesterases. When cholinesterases are inhibited, the action of endogenousl [..]

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Drugs

Agents that prevent clotting.

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Drugs

Drugs used to prevent Seizures or reduce their severity.

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Drugs

Mood-stimulating Drugs used primarily in the treatment of Affective Disorders and related conditions. Several Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors are useful as antidepressants apparently as a long-term conse [..]

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Drugs

Miscellaneous agents found useful in the symptomatic treatment of Diarrhea. They have no effect on the agent(s) that cause Diarrhea, but merely alleviate the condition.

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Drugs

Drugs used to prevent Nausea or Vomiting.

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Drugs

Agents used to treat AIDS and/or stop the spread of the HIV Infection. These do not include Drugs used to treat symptoms or Opportunistic Infections associated with AIDS.

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Drugs

Drugs used in the treatment of acute or chronic vascular Hypertension regardless of pharmacological mechanism. Among the antihypertensive agents are Diuretics; (especially Diuretics, Thiazide); Adrene [..]

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Drugs

Agents used in the treatment of Malaria. They are usually classified on the basis of their action against plasmodia at different stages in their Life Cycle in the Human. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations An [..]

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Drugs

Agents that are used to treat Bipolar Disorders or mania associated with other Affective Disorders.

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Drugs

Agents that arrest Cells in Mitosis, most notably Tubulin Modulators.

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Drugs

Substances used in the treatment or control of nematode infestations. They are used also in veterinary practice.

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Drugs

A class of Drugs that differs from other Alkylating Agents used clinically in that they are monofunctional and thus unable to cross-link cellular macromolecules. Among their common properties are a re [..]

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Drugs

Antineoplastic Agents that are used to treat Hormone-sensitive Tumors. Hormone-sensitive Tumors may be Hormone-dependent, Hormone-responsive, or both. A Hormone-dependent Tumor regresses on removal of [..]

34

0

 
0

Drugs

Agents that increase Energy Expenditure and Weight Loss by neural and chemical Regulation. Beta-Adrenergic Agents and serotoninergic Drugs have been experimentally used in Patients with non-Insulin de [..]

35

0

 
0

Drugs

Drugs used to treat or prevent parasitic Infections.

36

0

 
0

Drugs

Agents used in the treatment of Parkinson’s Disease. The most commonly used Drugs act on the dopaminergic system in the striatum and Basal Ganglia or are centrally acting Muscarinic Antagonists.

37

0

 
0

Drugs

Agents used to treat Cestode, trematode, or other Flatworm infestations in man or Animals.

38

0

 
0

Drugs

Agents, usually topical, that relieve Itching (Pruritus).

39

0

 
0

Drugs

Drugs that are used to treat Rheumatoid Arthritis.

40

0

 
0

Drugs

Agents that are used to treat Hyperthyroidism by reducing the excessive production of Thyroid Hormones.

41

0

 
0

Drugs

Agents used to treat Infections with Bacteria of the genus Treponema. This includes Syphilis & Yaws.

42

0

 
0

Drugs

Agents used to treat Trichomonas Infections.

43

0

 
0

Drugs

Drugs used in the treatment of Tuberculosis. They are divided into two main classes: «first-line» agents, those with the greatest efficacy and acceptable degrees of toxicity used successfull [..]

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0

Drugs

Agents that suppress Cough. They act centrally on the medullary Cough center. Expectorants, also used in the treatment of Cough, act locally.

45

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Drugs

Various agents with different action mechanisms used to treat or ameliorate Peptic Ulcer or irritation of the Gastrointestinal Tract. This has included Antibiotics to treat Helicobacter Infections; Hi [..]

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0

Drugs

Agents used in the prophylaxis or therapy of Virus Diseases. Some of the ways they may act include preventing viral replication by inhibiting Viral DNA polymerase; binding to specific Cell-surface rec [..]

47

0

 
0

Drugs

Agents that are used to stimulate Appetite. These Drugs are frequently used to treat Anorexia associated with cancer and AIDS.

48

0

 
0

Drugs

Agents that are used to suppress Appetite.

49

0

 
0

Drugs

Agents affecting the function of, or mimicking the actions of, the Autonomic Nervous System and thereby having an effect on such processes as Respiration, circulation, Digestion, Body Temperature Regu [..]

50

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0

Drugs

Medicines that are stocked behind the counter of a Pharmacy which require the Attention or counsel of a Pharmacist before being dispensed or handed over to a consumer or Patient.

51

0

 
0

Drugs

Substances that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of Neoplasms.

52

0

 
0

Drugs

Agents that Affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, Blood Vessel diameter, or Blood Volume.

53

0

 
0

Drugs

Chinese herbal or Plant Extracts which are used as Drugs to treat Diseases or promote general well-being. The concept does not include synthesized compounds manufactured in China.

54

0

 
0

Drugs

Any drug used for its actions on cholinergic systems. Included here are agonists and antagonists, Drugs that Affect the Life Cycle of Acetylcholine, and Drugs that Affect the Survival of Cholinergic N [..]

55

0

 
0

Drugs

Drugs that interrupt transmission at the skeletal Neuromuscular Junction without causing depolarization of the Motor End Plate. They prevent Acetylcholine from triggering Muscle Contraction and are us [..]

56

0

 
0

Drugs

Drugs intended for Dentistry.

57

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Drugs

Drugs designed and synthesized, often for illegal street use, by modification of existing drug structures (e.g., Amphetamines). Of special interest are MPTP (a reverse ester of Meperidine), MDA (3,4-M [..]

58

0

 
0

Drugs

Any Drugs that are used for their effects on Dopamine Receptors, on the Life Cycle of Dopamine, or on the Survival of Dopaminergic Neurons.

59

0

 
0

Drugs

Agents that cause Vomiting. They may act directly on the Gastrointestinal Tract, bringing about Emesis through local irritant effects, or indirectly, through their effects on the chemoreceptor trigger [..]

60

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0

Drugs

Drugs considered essential to meet the Health needs of a Population as well as to control Drug Costs. (World Health Organization Action Programme on Essential Drugs, 1994, p3)

61

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0

Drugs

Drugs manufactured and sold with the intent to misrepresent its origin, authenticity, chemical composition, and or efficacy. Counterfeit Drugs may contain inappropriate quantities of ingredients not l [..]

62

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0

Drugs

Compounds which increase the capacity to conceive in females.

63

0

 
0

Drugs

Drugs used for their effects on the gastrointestinal system, as to control gastric acidity, regulate Gastrointestinal Motility and Water flow, and improve Digestion.

64

0

 
0

Drugs

Drugs capable of inducing Illusions, Hallucinations, Delusions, paranoid ideations, and other alterations of mood and Thinking. Despite the name, the feature that distinguishes these agents from other [..]

65

0

 
0

Drugs

Drugs used for their actions on Histaminergic systems. Included are Drugs that act at Histamine Receptors, Affect the Life Cycle of Histamine, or Affect the state of Histaminergic Cells.

66

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0

Drugs

Substances which lower Blood Glucose levels.

67

0

 
0

Drugs

Substances that lower the levels of certain Lipids in the Blood. They are used to treat Hyperlipidemias.

68

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0

Drugs

Drugs used to increase Fertility or to treat Infertility.

69

0

 
0

Drugs

Drugs which have received FDA approval for Human testing but have yet to be approved for commercial Marketing. This includes Drugs used for treatment while they still are undergoing clinical trials (T [..]

70

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0

Drugs

Substances that alter the Metabolism of Lipids.

71

0

 
0

Drugs

Agents that control agitated psychotic Behavior, alleviate acute psychotic states, reduce psychotic symptoms, and exert a quieting effect. They are used in Schizophrenia; Senile Dementia; transient Ps [..]

72

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0

Drugs

Drugs intended to prevent damage to the Brain or spinal cord from Ischemia, Stroke, convulsions, or Trauma. Some must be administered before the event, but others may be effective for some Time after. [..]

73

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0

Drugs

Drugs whose drug name is not protected by a trademark. They may be manufactured by several companies.

74

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0

Drugs

Drugs used to specifically facilitate Learning or Memory, particularly to prevent the cognitive deficits associated with Dementias. These Drugs act by a variety of mechanisms. While no potent nootropi [..]

75

0

 
0

Drugs

Medicines that can be sold legally without a Drug Prescription.

76

0

 
0

Drugs

Drugs that stimulate contraction of the Myometrium. They are used to induce Labor, Obstetric at term, to prevent or control Postpartum or postabortion Hemorrhage, and to assess fetal status in high Ri [..]

77

0

 
0

Drugs

Agents that inhibit the actions of the Parasympathetic Nervous System. The major group of Drugs used therapeutically for this purpose is the Muscarinic Antagonists.

78

0

 
0

Drugs

Drugs that mimic the effects of Parasympathetic Nervous System activity. Included here are Drugs that directly stimulate Muscarinic Receptors and Drugs that potentiate cholinergic activity, usually by [..]

79

0

 
0

Drugs

Synthetic or natural substances which are given to prevent a Disease or disorder or are used in the process of treating a Disease or injury due to a poisonous agent.

80

0

 
0

Drugs

A loosely defined grouping of Drugs that have effects on psychological function. Here the psychotropic agents include the Antidepressive Agents, Hallucinogens, and Tranquilizing Agents (including the [..]

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0

Drugs

Drugs used to protect against Ionizing Radiation. They are usually of interest for use in Radiation therapy but have been considered for other, e.g. Military, purposes.

82

0

 
0

Drugs

Drugs used to potentiate the effectiveness of Radiation therapy in destroying unwanted Cells.

83

0

 
0

Drugs

A structurally and mechanistically diverse group of Drugs that are not tricyclics or Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors. The most clinically important appear to act selectively on serotonergic systems, espe [..]

84

0

 
0

Drugs

Drugs that act on neuronal Sensory Receptors resulting in an increase, decrease, or modification of afferent nerve activity. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p367)

85

0

 
0

Drugs

Drugs used for their effects on serotonergic systems. Among these are Drugs that Affect Serotonin Receptors, the Life Cycle of Serotonin, and the Survival of Serotonergic Neurons.

86

0

 
0

Drugs

Chemical substances that are destructive to Spermatozoa used as topically administered vaginal Contraceptives.

87

0

 
0

Drugs

Drugs obtained and often manufactured illegally for the subjective effects they are said to produce. They are often distributed in urban areas, but are also available in suburban and rural areas, and [..]

88

0

 
0

Drugs

Drugs that inhibit the actions of the Sympathetic Nervous System by any mechanism. The most common of these are the Adrenergic Antagonists and Drugs that deplete Norepinephrine or reduce the release o [..]

89

0

 
0

Drugs

Drugs that mimic the effects of stimulating postganglionic adrenergic sympathetic nerves. Included here are Drugs that directly stimulate Adrenergic Receptors and Drugs that act indirectly by provokin [..]

90

0

 
0

Drugs

A traditional grouping of Drugs said to have a soothing or calming effect on mood, thought, or Behavior. Included here are the Anti-Anxiety Agents (Minor tranquilizers), Antimanic Agents, and the Anti [..]

91

0

 
0

Drugs

Substances that contain a fused three-ring moiety and are used in the treatment of Depression. These Drugs block the uptake of Norepinephrine and Serotonin into Axon Terminals and may block some subty [..]

92

0

 
0

Drugs

Drugs used to cause Constriction of the Blood Vessels.

93

0

 
0

Drugs

Chinese herbal or plant extracts which are used as drugs to treat diseases or promote general well-being. The concept does not include synthesized compounds manufactured in China.

94

0

 
0

Drugs

Drugs considered essential to meet the health needs of a population as well as to control drug costs. (World Health Organization Action Programme on Essential Drugs, 1994, p3)

95

0

 
0

Drugs

Drugs whose drug name is not protected by a trademark. They may be manufactured by several companies.

96

0

 
0

Drugs

Drugs which have received FDA approval for human testing but have yet to be approved for commercial marketing. This includes drugs used for treatment while they still are undergoing clinical trials (T [..]

97

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0

Drugs

Drugs that can be sold legally without a prescription.

98

0

 
0

Drugs

illegal substances

99

0

 
0

Drugs

«Drugs» means all medicines and preparations and all substances, except over-the-counter nonprescription substances, food, water and nutritional supplements taken orally, used or intended to [..]

100

0

 
0

Drugs

Definition is located in 3 FAM 695 3-3 (USAID Automated Directives System — ADS — Chapter 408).

101

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0

Drugs

Drugs, dressings and other consumables are additional services to support hospital treatment. These included medications, bandages, crutches and surgically implanted prostheses (such as hip replacements, artificial lenses and heart valves).

102

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0

Drugs

drug||p|lang=en

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Источник

  • 1
    drugs

    drugs: sulpha drugs pl фарм. лекарственные сульфамидные препараты drugs: sulpha drugs pl фарм. лекарственные сульфамидные препараты sulpha: sulpha = sulpha drugs

    English-Russian short dictionary > drugs

  • 2
    drugs

    English-Russian dictionary of Information technology > drugs

  • 3
    drugs

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > drugs

  • 4
    drugs

    medications, drugs

    лекарства, лекарственные препараты, медицинские препараты

    English-Russian dictionary of program «Mir-Shuttle» > drugs

  • 5
    drugs

    лекарственные средства; вводит лекарственное средство

    English-Russian big medical dictionary > drugs

  • 6
    drugs

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > drugs

  • 7
    drugs

    (n) лекарства; наркотики; наркотические средства

    * * *

    Новый англо-русский словарь > drugs

  • 8
    drugs

    1) наркотики; 2) лекарства

    Англо-русский словарь компьютерных и интернет терминов > drugs

  • 9
    drugs

    English-Russian dictionary of logistics > drugs

  • 10
    drugs

    English-Russian sports dictionary > drugs

  • 11
    drugs

    English-Russian smart dictionary > drugs

  • 12
    Drugs and Druggists’ Sundries Merchant Wholesalers

    ,

    амер.

    оптовая торговля медицинскими товарами

    See:

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > Drugs and Druggists’ Sundries Merchant Wholesalers

  • 13
    Drugs Control Committee

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Drugs Control Committee

  • 14
    Drugs Control Office

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Drugs Control Office

  • 15
    Drugs Controller General

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Drugs Controller General

  • 16
    Drugs and Cosmetics

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Drugs and Cosmetics

  • 17
    Drugs and Cosmetics Law

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Drugs and Cosmetics Law

  • 18
    Drugs and Cosmetics Rules

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Drugs and Cosmetics Rules

  • 19
    drugs mule

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > drugs mule

  • 20
    drugs of abuse

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > drugs of abuse

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См. также в других словарях:

  • drugs — drugs, drug addiction These terms generally refer to illegal drugs, although the social significance of alcohol, tobacco, and tranquillizers should be noted (for example regarding health). The diverse origins of illegal drugs include natural… …   Dictionary of sociology

  • Drugs — baked potato beeper boy brown bagging chillout cosmetic neurology cuddle puddle drailing drunk dial …   New words

  • drugs — narcotics, opiates, etc., 1883, from DRUG (Cf. drug) …   Etymology dictionary

  • drugs — The problem of drug abuse, the use of drugs for pleasure, is common in Britain and the US, especially among young people, but using drugs is illegal in both countries. Most teenagers try drugs before they leave school, and many of them use drugs… …   Universalium

  • Drugs —    The use of drugs has spread in Dutch society during recent decades. Because of drug related diseases and other side effects, such as prostitution and criminal activities by addicts, the author ities were forced to develop a coherent policy.… …   Historical Dictionary of the Netherlands

  • drugs — n. 1) to take drugs 2) to peddle, push, sell, traffic in (illicit) drugs 3) hard; soft drugs 4) illegal, illicit drugs * * * illicit drugs push sell soft drugs traffic in (illicit) drugs …   Combinatory dictionary

  • drugs — (New American Roget s College Thesaurus) Medicinal substances Nouns 1. drugs; therapeutic drugs (see remedy); drug or substance abuse; drug addiction, [chemical] dependency, physical or psychological dependence, habit, reverse tolerance; glue… …   English dictionary for students

  • Drûgs — Drúedain Dans l œuvre de J.R.R. Tolkien, les Drúedain (singulier Drúadan), ou Hommes des Bois, sont une race d humains comptés parmi les Edain. Ils sont présents en Beleriand aux côtés du peuple de Haleth en forêt de Brethil au Premier Âge, à… …   Wikipédia en Français

  • drugs barons — ➡ drugs * * * …   Universalium

  • drugs czar — ➡ drugs * * * …   Universalium

  • DRUGS — (Roget s Thesaurus II) Index drugs noun bender, drug (2), drunkard, drunkenness, kick adjective drugged, drunk verb befuddle …   English dictionary for students

Источник

Мои примеры

Словосочетания

a campaign calling for the legalization of certain drugs — кампания, призывающая к легализации определённых наркотиков  
foot soldiers in the war against drugs — пешки в войне против наркотиков  
the anodyne properties of certain drugs — болеутоляющие свойства определённых препаратов  
official drugs — официально принятые лекарства  
patent drugs — запатентованные лекарства  
drugs smuggler — занимающийся контрабандой наркотиков  
to use drugs [narcotics] — потреблять наркотики  
unaddicted to drugs — не привыкший к наркотикам  
brokerage of drugs — посредничество в обороте наркотиков  
consignment of drugs — партия наркотиков  
crude drugs — лекарственное сырьё  
crusaders against drugs — лица, ведущие борьбу с наркотиками  
illicit sale of drugs — незаконная продажа наркотиков  

Примеры с переводом

I keep off drugs. 

Я не принимаю наркотики.

Taking drugs to kill the pain 

Употребление наркотиков с целью заглушить боль

Don’t mess with drugs. 

Не связывайтесь с наркотиками.

She uses drugs rarely. 

Она редко употребляет наркотики / лекарства.

The FBI seized the drugs. 

Сотрудники ФБР изъяли наркотики.

Davis got busted for drugs. 

Дэвиса арестовали за наркотики.

The dog nosed out the drugs. 

Собака унюхала наркотики.

ещё 23 примера свернуть

Примеры, ожидающие перевода

Her faced puffed up from the drugs  

The drugs are protected by patent.  

They were accused of peddling drugs.  

Для того чтобы добавить вариант перевода, кликните по иконке ☰, напротив примера.

Возможные однокоренные слова

drug  — наркотик, лекарство, лекарственный, употреблять наркотики

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