The italian word for computer

The Italian word for computer is
computer

Gender

The gender of computer is masculine. E.g. il computer.

Italian Definition

computer
1. sost. (informatica) computer

Translations for computer and their definitions

calcolatore
1. adj. calculating
2. adj. shrewd, scheming
3. n. computer
4. n. calculating man, schemer

computer
1. n. computer (calculating device)

elaboratore
1. adj. elaborating
2. adj. (computing) processing
3. n. electronic calculator
4. n. (computing) computer, processor

Pronunciation

Dictionary

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Is computer in Italian masculine or feminine?

The gender of computer is masculine. E.g. il computer.

What is the plural of computer in Italian?

2 Nouns you do not change in the plural il film the film il computer the computer i computer the computers la Jeep® the Jeep® le Jeep® the Jeeps®.

Is Notte in Italian masculine or feminine?

The word for night in Italian is notte (feminine, plural: notti).

How do you say privacy in Italian?

There’s No Word in Italian for ‘Privacy’Nov 12, 2015.

Is computer singular in Italian?

Yes, i computer 🙂 All foreign words that are adopted in Italian stay the same in the singular and plural form (although when speaking not everyone follows this rule, especially for most recent words) As for the gender, most words that come from English are masculine, but there are exceptions.

What does library mean in Italian?

The word for library in Italian is biblioteca (feminine, plural: biblioteche). Its origin can be traced back to the ancient Greek word βιβλιοθήκη which is a combination of βιβλίον (biblion meaning book) and -θήκη (-theke meaning box or chest). /bi·blio·tè·ca/Dec 15, 2020.

How do plurals work in Italian?

In Italian, nouns are pluralized by a change in the last vowel. In short: Nouns ending with -a are pluralized with -e if feminine (most common) or with -i if masculine. Nouns ending with -e or -o are pluralized with -i.

Is La plural in Italian?

Talking about Definite articles in Italian The plural forms are: il- i; lo, l’- gli. The feminine article has just one form for the singular, la, and one for the plural, le.

What is Obelisco?

noun. obelisk [noun] a tall pointed stone pillar which has been built in memory of a person or an event.

How do you say feminine in Italian?

In Italian, there are two gender categories: Femminile (“Feminine” ) and Maschile (“Masculine” ). This means that there is no neutral gender.

What is Goodnight Italian?

If you want to say “good night” in Italian, you would say “buona notte.” Slightly earlier in the day, during the evening hours, you might choose to say, “buona sera” (good evening). By the way, both expressions work for not only hellos, but goodbyes too. Greeting someone earlier in the day?.

How do you say female student in Italian?

female student [example] studentessa [ex.].

What is the plural of Professoressa?

Noun. professoressa f (plural professoresse).

What is the plural of Casa in Italian?

Pluralizing Feminine Nouns Ending in -A Singolare Plurale la casa le case the house/houses la penna le penne the pen/pens la pizza le pizze the pizza/pizzas la ragazza le ragazze the girl/girls.

Is Biblioteca plural?

noun, plural bi·blio·te·cas [bee-vlyaw-te-kahs]. Spanish.

What is the plural of Amica in Italian?

Singular: l’amica. Plural: le amiche.

Is Amici plural or singular?

The word for friend in Italian is amico (when referring to a male friend or the generic concept) or amica (when referring to a female friend). The plural forms are amici (male friends) and amiche (female friends) respectively.

How do you say body parts in Italian?

Body Parts In Italian the body — il corpo. the part of the body — la parte del corpo. the foot — il piede. the hand — la mano. the arm — il braccio. the head — la testa. the finger — il dito. the eyes — gli occhi.

Is ZII masculine or feminine Italian?

The word for uncle in Italian is zio (masculine, plural: zii). It comes from the Latin word thius and, as in English, is used to describe the brother of one’s mother or father, or the husband of one’s aunt (zia).

What is a cartina?

Noun. cartina f (plural cartine) a map or a small map. a cigarette paper, rolling paper.

How do you use GLI in Italian?

Masculine nouns l’ is used for masculine singular nouns starting with a vowel. When you’ve got more than one thing, you’ll use either i or gli. I is used for masculine plural nouns starting with a consonant. gli is used for masculine plural nouns starting with a vowel.

How do you tell if an Italian word is masculine or feminine?

Usually the gender of the noun can be identified by the ending. For example, if the noun ends in -o it’s generally masculine, and if the noun ends in -a, it is generally feminine. In the plural, nouns ending in -i are generally masculine, and nouns ending in -e are feminine.

What is the most beautiful Italian word?

Below is a list of 15 beautiful Italian words that we definitely need in English. Mamma mia. Impiraressa. Salve. From the Latin to ‘be well’. Torno subito. Meaning ‘be back soon’. Furbo. This means ‘clever’. Auguri. Meaning ‘best wishes’. Figurati. Meaning ‘imagine’. Daje. Meaning ‘come on!.

How do you say beautiful in Sicilian?

Trùoppu Bedda/u – Beautiful So beautiful in Sicilian is Trùoppu Bedda – if your partner is female or identifies as such – and Trùoppu Beddu – if your partner is male or identifies as such.

What are some cool Italian words?

19 of your favourite Italian words (and some of ours) ALLORA: well, then, so. Let’s start with the obvious. LUCCIOLA: firefly. DIMENTICO: forgetful or oblivious. SFOGARSI: to vent, unload. PASSEGGIATA: stroll. MASCALZONE: rascal, scoundrel. SGONFIATO: deflated. PARRUCCHIERE: hairdresser.

What is Ciao Bella mean?

Ciao bella is an informal Italian expression literally meaning “goodbye (or hello), beautiful.”Apr 2, 2018.

How do you greet in Italy?

Italian Culture Italian greetings are usually warm and rather formal. The common greeting is a handshake with direct eye contact and a smile. People avoid shaking hands over the top of other people’s hands. It is common to give air kisses on both cheeks (starting with your left) when greeting those you know well.

How do you say toast to life in Italian?

Brindiamo alla vita – Let’s toast to life.

What does Senora mean in Italian?

a conventional Italian term of address or title of respect for a married woman, either used separately or prefixed to the name.

What is Prof in Italian?

abbreviation. (= professore) Prof.

What is university called in Italian?

Education in Italy is compulsory from 6 to 16 years of age, and is divided into five stages: kindergarten (scuola dell’infanzia), primary school (scuola primaria or scuola elementare), lower secondary school (scuola secondaria di primo grado or scuola media inferiore), upper secondary school (scuola secondaria di.

Is 17 an unlucky number in Italy?

17: Some Italians are superstitious about Friday the 17th because rearranging the Roman numeral XVII can create the word “VIXI”—translated from Latin to mean “my life is over.”Sep 14, 2013.

How do you say thousands in Italian?

This is how it works: 1000- mille “one-thousand” 2000- duemila “two-thousand” 3000- tremila “three-thousand” 4006- quattromila e sei “four-thousand and six” 50.000- cinquanta mila “fifty-thousand” 200.000- duecento mila “two-hundred thousand”.

Task
10 Write a brief email to a friend describing your course. Your
message should answer these questions.

1. What is your course called?

2. When do you have classes?

3. Which subjects do you study?

4. Which
   subjects do you enjoy most? Why?

5. Which subjects do you like
   least?

6. What do you do in your free
   time?

GRAMMAR:
Indefinite Tenses (Passive Voice).

THE PASSIVE VOICE:

Data	is	lost
Данные	потерянны
Что?	Что с данными сделано?
Подлежащее	Сказуемое
Объект, над которым совершено действие	Действие, которое совершено

Note:
in
computer messages the auxiliary verbs are often omitted:

e.g. Data is lost = Data
lost.

The
basic form of the Passive Voice:

to be + Ved(VIII)

the
Present Tense – am/is/are
loaded,
found

the
Past Tense – was/were
loaded,
found

the
Future Tense – shall/will
be loaded,
found

Task
12. Pay attention to the following sentences:

1. Historically,
   most programs have been written in «higher-level»
   languages such as COBOL, FORTRAN, PL/I, and C.

2. C
   is a structured, procedural programming language that has been
   widely used both for operating systems and applications.

3. C
   is being quickly replaced as the programming language by C++.

4. Java
   can be used to create complete applications that may run on a
   single computer or be distributed among servers and clients in a
   network.

5. Using
   a language that comes with a virtual machine for each platform,
   your source language statements need to be compiled only once and
   will then run on any platform.

Task 13. Change the
sentences into the Passive Voice:

1. A
   programmer writes language statements.

2. The
   program processes the source code.

3. An
   assembler converts the assembler language statements into machine
   language.

4. The
   Central Processing Unit (CPU) of a computer executes elementary
   instructions.

5. Most
   languages share many functional features.

Task
14. Translate
into
English:

1. Последовательность
   нулей и единиц иногда называется
   машинным кодом.

2. PL/I
   был разработан в начале 1960-х (in
   the
   early
   1960s)
   как альтернатива ассемблеру.

3. “Виртуальная
   машина” используется для обозначения
   либо операционной системы либо любой
   программы, которая запускает компьютер.

4. LISP
   был создан для работы над проблемами
   искусственного интеллекта (artificial
   intelligence).

5. Программы
   на языке Ассемблера выполняются
   быстрее, чем программы тех же задач,
   написанные на других языках.

PROBLEM-
SOLVING

Task 11. Questions for group discussion:

1. Some
   people think that Internet is very harmful, especially for young
   people, because it carries a lot of information about sex, drugs,
   violence and terrorism. Do you think that some kind of censorship
   is necessary on the WWW?

2. World
   famous authors and publishers say that the Internet violates their
   copyright because Web-program­mers put all kinds of books,
   pictures, music, films and programs free on the Internet and this
   reduces their sales and profits.

3. Has anyone in your group
   experience working on the Internet? Ask them 1) about the
   difficulties they had;

2)
useful information retrieved;

3)
fun they got?

4. Why
so few people have experience working on the Internet?

SUPPLEMENTARY
READING

Task
15. Read and translate the text.

HISTORY
OF INTERNET

The Internet technology was created
by Vinton Cref in early 1973 as a part of a project headed by Robert
Kahn and conducted by the Advanced Research Projects Agency, part of
the United States Department of Defence. Later Cerf made many
efforts to build and standardise the Internet. In 1984 the
technology and the network were turned over to the private sector
and to government scientific agencies for further development. The
growth has continued exponentially. Service- provider companies that
make “gateways” to the Internet available to home and business
users enter the market in ever increasing numbers. By early 1995,
access was available in 180 countries and more than 30 million users
used the Internet. The Interner and its technology continue to have
a profound effect in promoting the exchange of information, making
possible rapid transactions among businesses , and supportingglobal
colloboration among individuals and organisations. More than 100
million computers are connected via the global Internet in 2000, and
even more are attached to enterprise internets. The development of
the World Wide Web leads to the rapid introduction of new business
tools and activities that may lead to annual business transactions
on the Internet worth hundreds of billions of dollars.

UNIT
11. THE INTERNET 2: THE WORLD WIDE WEB

Abbreviation

1. SIMM
   (Single In Line Memory Module) – модуль
   памяти
   с
   одним
   рядом
   контактов

2. DIMM
   (Dual In Line Memory Module) — модуль
   памяти с двумя рядами контактов

3. CELP
   (Card
   Edge
   Low
   Profile)
   – невысокая карта с ножевым разъемом
   на краю

4. DOS
   (Disk
   Operating
   System)
   — дисковая операционная система

5. FAT
   (File Allocation Table) – таблица
   размещения
   файлов
   

6. MBR
   (Master
   Boot
   Record)
   — главная загрузочная запись

7. MFM
   (Modified
   Frequency
   Modulation)
   – модифицированная частотная модуляция

8. RLL
   (Run
   Length
   Limited)
   – запись с ограниченной длиной отрезка

9. IDE
   (Integrated
   Drive
   Electronics)
   – интегрированная дисковая электроника
   

10. ESDI
    (Enhanced Small Device Interface) — улучшенный
    интерфейс

Task
1.Work
in groups. Study this extract from the Yahoo search engine home
page (http://www.yahoo.com). Which category is the best one to
search in for this information?

1. the phone number of the
   White House

2. a video of a black hole
   developing

3. a new treatment for cancer

4. new Hollywood movies

5. the
   Italian word for computer

6. the main news stories in the
   US

7. Tibetan Buddhism

8. unemployment
   statistics for Germany

_____________________________________________________________

Arts
& Humanities News
& Media

Literature,
Photography… Full Coverage, Newspapers, TV…

Business
&_Economy Recreation
& Sports

B2B,
Finance, Shopping, Jobs… Sports, Travel, Autos, Outdoors…

Computers
& Internet Reference

Internet,
WWW, Software, Games… Libraries, Dictionaries, Quotations…

Education Regional

College
and University, K-12… Countries, Regions, US States…

Entertainment Science

Cool
links, Movies, Humor, Music… Animals, Astronomy, Engineering…

Government Social
Sciences

Elections,
Military, Law, Taxes… Archeology, Economics, Languages…

Health Society
& Culture

Medicine,
Diseases, Drugs, Fitness… People, Environment, Religion

_____________________________________________________________

Task
2. Study
these sample webpages. Classify them as:

1
news 2 sport 3 entertainment 4 education

Webpages

Task
3. Match each webpage to the correct text.

A

Offering unparalleled access to world news and current affairs,
the Internet lets you keep up with the latest stories as they
happen. Newspapers from around the world are available online, and
TV news services, such as CNN (Cable News Network) and Sky TV, offer
excellent coverage. There are even special interest news sites,
including some designed for children.

B
Whatever your favourite sport, it is likely to have at least
one devoted fan who has prepared a website dedicated to it. By
visiting the site, you can pick up the latest news and gossip, and
even chat to other fans around the world. As you might expect,
football fans are well catered for on the Web with a mass of
information on famous teams, league positions, fixtures, and player
profiles.

C
Keeping up with your favourite band, finding out about
exhibitions, or simply organizing your TV viewing is easy on the
Web. Major TV companies have their own sites where you can find a
wealth of information on TV shows and the activities of your
favourite celebrities. If you want to find a restaurant, see a
movie, or just visit a new bar, you will find the Internet a great
resource.

D
You can study for school or college and even obtain a degree
using the Internet. Universities from around the world have sites
and some offer online courses. Most schools now have an Internet
connection, and many school children use it for research and for
keeping in touch with schools abroad. Children can also visit
special online exhibitions created by world-famous museums.

Task
4. Saladin designs websites. This is one of his designs. Discuss
with your group what you think a good website should have.

Website
designer

Task
5. Read and translate the interview.

Part
1

INTERVIEWER:
What kind of people want websites and why do they want

websites?

SALADIN:
People
who feel they have to be on the Web because competitors

are
on the Web. They feel that not having a website is a sign of being
behind the times.

INTERVIEWER:
So
other people have got a website and therefore they have to have
one, too?

saladin:
Yes.
The better reason is people who have information they would
normally provide free-like brochures, application forms, anything
that would normally be sent out by mail.

intierviewer:
So
it saves fax, postage …

Saladin:
Printing
costs. I think it’s particularly useful for colleges and

universities.

interviewer:
Why
is that?

Saladin:
Because
they tend to have a large amount of information to

distribute.

interviewer:
If
a client comes to you and asks you for a webpage, how do

you
set about designing a page for a client?

saladin:
The
first thing I would ask for is all their printed promotional
material. I would look at all that material and then discuss with
the client how much of it to put on the Web. The most important
thing is to decide who is the audience for this website , who’s it
aimed at.

INTERVIEWER:
Is
there a danger of putting too much on?

SALADIN:
There’s certainly a danger of putting too much on. Also, the client
has to make a clear decision about how much time or money they’re
going to spend to keep the pages updated.

interviewfr:
Aha.
so it’s not enough simply to have a page, you need regular
maintenance of that page.

saladin:
Right,
so these are the first two questions — who is it aimed at and how
often will it be updated?

Part
2

Saladin:
Once
we’ve decided what materials should be put on, there are a couple
of basic principles to follow. One is that there should never be
any dead ends, you should never reach a page which has no…

interviewer:
Ah,
which doesn’t go anywhere?

saladin:
…
Which has no links to take you back to somewhere else. So that’s
one principle. And the other principle is to try to limit the
number of steps that have to be taken from the main home page to
any other page. I would normally aim for a maximum of four steps.

interviewer:
Do
people give up if there are more than two or three links, they
simply give up, is that a problem?

Saladin:
Some
people will give up. Others will just never find the information,
there are too many diversions. Another principle is not to have too
many links to scroll through on one page. If you have a page which
has 150 links and you have to keep scrolling through them, people
will give up … they’ll never find the links at the bottom.

interviewer:
What
about graphics, sound and animations, and all these multimedia
features? What’s your feeling about these?

saladin:
Always
ask why is it there? That’s the first thing. And if it’s there
simply because it makes the page look nicer, think quite carefully
about whether to put it there or not. The more of that sort of
thing you have, the more time it will take to download the pages.
Another factor to bear in mind is that there are still a lot of
users with less sophisticated browsers than Netscape or Microsoft
Explorer, and if you make the use of the page dependent on graphics
and so on, you’ll exclude these users.

INTERVIEWER:
So
no dead-ends, no more than four steps from home, and pictures have
to serve a serious purpose.

Part
3

Saladin:
Another
aspect of designing pages is to break the information into
relatively small sections.

interviewer:
Is
that just because of the size of the screen, what you can see at
one time?

saladin:
It’s
partly that, but it’s also to do with download time and printing.
People can find they’re printing forty pages of a document, most of
which they don’t want.

interviewer:
Is
it a big temptation to add links to similar organizations? Is there
strength in that, or is there a danger in that?

Saladin:
In
most cases it’s a big strength. Browsers who come across your page,
if they discover that your page is a very good gateway to all sorts
of interesting sites, will bookmark your page because they know
it’s a good way to get to all the other sites. If they’re coming
back to it, they’re exposed to your message every time. One final
point: it is useful to have on the front page something brief which
catches the reader, which says ‘this is who we are’.

Task
6.In this interview Saladin describes what makes a good website.
Read Part 1 of the interview and answer these questions.

1.
Name two kinds of people who want websites.

2.
Why is a website good for people with a lot of information to
distribute?

3.
What sort of clients is a website particularly useful for?

4.
What does Saladin ask for first from a client?

5.
What important point must be decided?

6.
What must the client make a clear decision about?

Task
7. Read
Part 2 of the interview and complete the five design principles
mentioned.

1.
There should never be __________.

2.
A maximum of ______ from home page to other pages.

3.
Don’t have ________ on one page.

4.
Don’t use multimedia simply to make _________.

5.
Remember there are still a lot of users with _________.

Task
8. Read
Part 3 of the interview. Decide which of these statements Saladin
would agree with.

1.
Information on websites should be divided into small sections.

2.
Long
sections can be a problem for users who want to print from a
website.

3.
It’s a bad idea to have a lot of links to other sites.

4.
You want users to bookmark your site as a way to get to other
sites.

5.
Your website should start with a brief piece of information to
attract the reader.

Task
9. Read the whole interview again. Put these pieces of advice about
website design into two sets: A (things to do) and B (things not
to
do).

1.
Include graphics only to make it look nice.

2.
Divide
information into small sections.

3.
Have pages with dead-ends.

4.
Have a lot of links to other sites.

5.
Have a lot of links on one page.

6.
Start with a brief piece of information to attract the reader.

7.
Forget about readers with less sophisticated browsers.

8.
Update your page regularly.

GRAMMAR: Modal Verbs
(Indicating Importance)

Modal verbs and its equivalents
obligation	must, to have to, to be to, should
physical ability	can, could, to be able to ,
permission	may, might, to be allowed to

Task
10. Give advice about website design using has/have
to
or must/mustn’t.
Use these answers to Task 9 to help you.

A:
things to do B: things not to do

1. Divide information into small sections	1. Have a lot of links on one page
2. Have a lot of links to other sites	2. Include graphis only to make it look nice.
3. Start with a brief piece of information to attract the reader	3. Forget about readers with lee sophisticated browers.
4. Update your page regularly	4. Have pages with dead-ends

PROBLEM-SOLVING

Task
11. Write a set of points to advise someone thinking of designing a
website. Advise them of things to do or not to do. Use the interview
with Saladin and your own ideas.

UNIT
12. LANGUAGES

Abbreviation

1. SCSI
   (Small Computer System Interface) — интерфейс
   малых
   компьютерных
   систем

2. PIO
   (Processor
   Input/Output)
   — режим передачи данных через ЦП,
   программный ввод/вывод

3. CLV
   (Constant
   Linear
   Velocity)
   – постоянная линейная скорость

4. DVD
   (Digital
   Versatile
   Disk)
   — цифровой универсальный диск

5. DDE
   (Dynamic
   Data
   Exchange)
   – динамический обмен данными

6. OLE
   (Object Linking and Embedding) — связь
   и
   внедрение
   объектов

7. IRQ
   (Interrupt
   Request)
   – запрос на прерывание

8. IBM
   (International Business Machines) — международные
   бизнес—машины

9. DBMS
   (Database Management System) – система
   управления
   базами
   данных

10. SQL
    (Structured
    Query
    Language)
    – структурированный язык запросов

Task
1. Read
and translate the text about computing languages and make notes in
the table.

Computing languages

C++
was developed from the C language. It was designed as a systems
programming language with features that make it easy to control the
computer hardware efficiently. It was used to produce the Microsoft
Windows operating system. It is portable, i.e. programs written in
C++ can be easily adapted for use on many different types of
computer systems.

HTML
stands for Hyper Text Markup Language. It is a page description
language used for creating webpages. HTML uses a system of tags to
mark page links and formatting. For example, the tag <u> tells
the program to start underlining a text. Although programs cannot be
created using HTML, small programs can be embedded in HTML code
using a scripting language like JavaScript.

Java
is
a programming language originally designed for programming small
electronic devices such as mobile phones. It can run unchanged on
any operating system that has a Java Interpreter program. Java is
used for writing programs for the World Wide Web.

JavaScript
is
a scripting language. It is powerful and easy to use. Scripts are
small programs that can be used to perform simple tasks or tie other
programs together. JavaScript is designed for use inside webpages.
It can enable a webpage to respond to a mouse click or input on a
form. It can also provide a way of moving through webpages and
produce simple animation.

Visual
Basic is
a programming environment, not simply a language. It uses the
language BASIC, a simple language developed to make it easy for
people to learn how to program. Visual Basic has predefined objects
such as dialog boxes, buttons, and text boxes which can be chosen
from a toolbox and dragged across the screen using the mouse and
dropped into the required position. BASIC programming code is
attached to form a complete program. Visual Basic is used to write
general purpose applications for the Windows operating system.

Delphi
is
similar to Visual Basic. It is also a programming environment for
developing programs for the Windows operating system. It has
predefined objects that can be chosen from a toolbox. In Delphi,
however, the code attached to the objects is written in a form of
Pascal. You can think of Delphi as a kind of ‘Visual Pascal’, Like
Visual Basic, it is often used for general purpose programs.

_____________________________________________________________

Language Associated Type
of

language language Use

_____________________________________________________________

C++ _________ _________ __________________

HTML _________ _________ __________________

Java _________ _________ __________________

JavaScript _________ _________ __________________

Visual
Basic _________ _________ __________________

Delphi _________ _________ __________________

Task
2. General understanding.

1. Which
   language uses a system of tags?

2. Which
   languages are designed to be used inside webpages?

3. Which
   language was used to write the Windows operating system?

4. What
   is a ‘portable’ language?

5. Which
   language can have small programs embedded in it using JavaScript?

6. What
   does HTML stand for?

7. Which
   languages can only be used in the Windows operating system?

8. Which
   language cannot be used for writing programs?

Task
3. Using
the information in the reading text decide which languages would be
best for these users and tasks.

1. A
   language for school pupils learning to program for the first time.

2. A
   language for professional programmers who want their software to
   run on any type of computer system.

3. A
   language for a student who wants to create her own webpage.

4. A
   language for a website designer who wants to include simple
   animation in a site.

5. A
   language for computing students who want to write a general purpose
   program as a college project.

GRAMMAR:
Revision (Indefinite
Tenses, Passive
Voice)

Task 4. Change the following sentences into
the Passive Voice

1.We thought of him all the time.
2.The doctor will pay for the car soon. 3.He will operate on her in
a week. 4.The teacher sent for the pupil’s parents. 5.I look for
the newspaper everywhere. 6.Mother reminded me of the incident.
7.The neighbor asked for the telegram. 8.The senior students laughed
at the freshman. 9.The group spoke to the dean yesterday. 10.The
young mothers looked after their children with great care. 11.We
asked him about his holidays. 12.They discuss the novel. 13.He
didn’t give me his address. 14.She showed him the way to the
metro. 15.He will introduce me to his friends. 16.They built the
bridge over the river. 17.I shall not translate this article. 18.We
saw that man yesterday. 19.They spoke about the film at the lesson.
20.The dean sent for the monitor of group 12.

PROBLEM-SOLVING

Task
4. Look
back at the notes you made in the table in Task 1. Write a brief
summary of the reading text based on your notes.

Example
C++ is a programming language. It is used for general and systems
programming.

UNIT
13 PROBLEMS IN COMPUTING

Abbreviation

1. UTP
   (Unshielded Twisted-Pair) — неэкранированная
   витая
   пара

2. STP
   (Shielded Twisted-Pair)
   — экранированная
   витая
   пара

3. IEEE
   (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers) — институт
   инженеров
   по
   электротехнике
   и
   электронике
   

4. HTML
   (HyperText Markup Language) — гипертекстовый
   язык
   меток/язык
   разметки
   гипертекста

5. HTTP (HyperText Transfer
   Protocol) — гипертекстовый протокол
   передачи/протокол передачи гипертекста
   

6. FTP
   (File Transfer Protocol) — протокол
   передачи
   файлов
   

7. TCP
   (Transmission Control Protocol) — протокол
   управления
   передачей
   

8. URL
   (Uniform
   Resource
   Locator)
   – унифицированный/ универсальный
   адрессатор/
   указатель
   ресурса

9. WWW
   (World
   Wide
   Web)
   — всемирная (глобальная) паутина

10. P2P
    (Peer—to—Peer
    Network)
    – одноранговая/равноправная сеть

Task
1. Try
to answer these questions in your group.

1. What is a computer virus?

2. How are viruses spread?

3. How can you deal with
   viruses?

4. Name any viruses you know.

Task
2. Read this text to check your answers to Task 1. Then find the
answers to these questions.

1.
List three computer crimes.

2.
What do you think these words in the passage mean?

flash

gobbledegook

dormant

eradicate

3.
Why is it difficult to remove all viruses?

4.
Complete this table.

__________________________________________________________

Virus Effect

_____________________________________________________________

Yankee
Doodle ________________________________________

Cascade
________________________________________

Michelangelo
________________________________________

Jerusalem
B ________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Computer viruses

The
Maltese Amoeba may sound like a cartoon character, but if it
attacked your computer, you wouldn’t be laughing. The Maltese Amoeba
is a computer virus. It is a form of software which can ‘infect’
your system and destroy your data. Making computer viruses is only
one type of computer crime. Others include hacking (changing data in
a computer without permission) and pirating (illegally copying
software programs).

Viruses
are programs which are written deliberately to damage data. Viruses
can hide themselves in a computer system. Some viruses are fairly
harmless. They may flash a message on screen, such as ‘Gotcha! Bet
you don’t know how I crept in’.

The
Yankee Doodle virus plays this American tune on the computer’s small
internal speaker every eight days at 5 p.m. Others have serious
effects. They attach themselves to the operating system and can wipe
out all your data or turn it into gobbledegook.

When
the Cascade virus attacks, all ib
the
letters in a file fall into a heap at the bottom of the screen. This
looks spectacular but it’s hard to see the funny side when it’s your
document.

Most
viruses remain dormant until activated by something. For example,
the Jerusalem B virus is activated every Friday the 13th and erases
any file you try to load from your disk.

The
Michelangelo virus was programmed to become active on March 6th
1992, the 517th birthday of Michelangelo. It attacked computer
systems throughout the world, turning data on hard disks into
nonsense.

Viruses
are most commonly passed via disks but they can also spread through
bulletin boards, local area networks, and email attachments. The
best form of treatment is prevention. Use an antivirus program to
check a disk before using it. Always download email attachments onto
a disk and check for viruses. If you do catch a virus, there are
antivirus programs to hunt down and eradicate the virus. The problem
is that around 150 new viruses appear every month and you must
constantly update your antivirus package to deal with these new
forms.

Task
3.Read the text and translate the text.

Access Systems

How
can you protect your computer from unauthorized access? Various ways
have been developed to ensure that only the right people can access
a system. We can divide these methods into three groups:

what
you have, what you know, and who you are.

What
you have

You
may have a plastic card, a swipe card, to get into rooms where there
are computers. In some companies, workers wear an active badge, an
ID card with an embedded chip, which signals where the wearer is at
any time. The company knows immediately if an employee enters a
computer room.

What
you know

Computers
are often protected by passwords. You have to know the correct
password to enter the system, in the same way that you have to know
your personal identification number to get money out of a bank cash
machine.

Who
you are

Every
individual is unique. Some security systems use individual body
characteristics. For example, your computer can be protected by a
fingerprint recognition system. The computer will only respond when
it reads your unique fingerprint. A new product called Facelt
uses
face recognition to protect individual files. It will only give
access to a file if your face matches stored pictures of authorized
users. However, beards and spectacles can cause problems. Voice
recognition and identification, by the retina of the eye are other
means to protect access.

Some
systems use a combination of these groups. For example, an ID card
and a password.

Task
4. Make notes about each type of access system in the table

_____________________________________________________________

Access
system Examples

_____________________________________________________________

What
you have ________________________________________

What
you know ________________________________________

Who
you are ________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

GRAMMAR:
Неопределенные местоимения SOME,
ANY
и отрицателтьное местоимение NO

В
зависимости от контекста some
и any
могут переводиться на русский как
«некоторый», «какой-то», «несколько»,
«некоторое количество», «сколько-нибудь».

В
утвердительных предложениях употребляется
some:

I
have some
cassettes of country music.

В
вопросительных и отрицательных
предложениях употребляется any:

Have
you any
cassettes
of country music?

I
haven’t any
cassettes
of country music.

Вместо
сочетания not
any
часто
употребляется отрицательное местоимение
no:

I
have no
cassettes
of pop music.

ЗАПОМНИТЕ!

	+thing	+body, one	+where
some	something что-то, что-нибудь	somebody, someone кто-то, кто-нибудь	somewhere где-то, куда-то
any	anything все, что-то, что-нибудь	anybody, anyone всякий, кто-то, кто-нибудь	anywhere везде, где-нибудь, куда-нибудь
no	nothing ничто, ничего	nobody, no one никто	nowhere нигде, никуда

There
is something
on the table.

Is
there anything
on the table?

There
is nothing
on the table.

Task
5. Answer the questions:

1. What
   is there in your bag?

2. What is there in your hand?

3. What is there on the wall?

4. How many students are there
   in the classroom?

5. How many tables are there in
   the room?

6. Are there any newspapers on
   the desk?

7. Is there anybody in the
   corridor?

8. Is there anything in your
   bag?

9. Was there a concert at the
   Theatre last Sunday?

10. Will there be a party at
    school next Saturday?

PROBLEM-SOLVING

Task
6. These headlines cover some of the ethical issues involved in
computing. Try to match the headlines to the first sentence of each
story.

Task
7. Revise the following abbreviations:

ISA, MCA,
PCI, VESA ,USB, AGP, DMA, CPU, RAM, ROM, DRAM, SRAM, SDRAM, FPM
DRAM, PB SRAM, SIMM, DIMM, CD-ROM, DVD, PCMCIA

UNIT
14 FUTURE TRENDS

Task
1. Read and translate the text.

Virtual
Reality

Part
1

Virtual reality (VR) means using
3-D graphics to create an imaginary world, or virtual world, which
surrounds the user.

You
need special equipment to use VR. A VR headset or head-mounted
display shows graphics on a screen in front of your eyes. As you
turn your head, the picture on the screen moves around too, so it
feels as if you are in a 3-D world. A dataglove, or VR glove, is a
glove with pressure pads which make your hand feel as if it’s
picking up objects or touching surfaces. You use a
kind
of mouse called a VR mouse. 3-D mouse or virtual mouse to move
around in virtual space.

Part
2

Virtual
reality is already being used in many ways —in medicine,
entertainment, and design. But VR is not yet very realistic. As
techniques improve, though, VR could seem so real that you could
live a virtual life -having many of your experiences through VR. For
example, virtual travel systems could take you on a virtual holiday,
letting you experience other parts of the world through a VR
headset.

Some
people even think that VR headsets might he replaced by DNI-Direct
Neural Interface — that would stimulate your brain cells to give you
a virtual experience. A brain implant would work in a similar way,
but would give you special skills, like being able to speak a new
language or play an instrument, without, having to learn it.

Glossary

virtual
(reality) mouse- a
cursor control input device used in VR systems

virtual
reality- a
simulated three dimensional environment that surrounds the user and

robot-
a
mechanical device controlled by a computer

robotic-
to
do with robots

robotics-
the
study of robot systems

smart
card- a
plastic card containing a processor and memory chip

Task
2. Complete the gaps in this table of equipment required to use
virtual reality.

_____________________________________________________________

Equipment Alternative
name Purpose

_____________________________________________________________

________ head-mounted
display __________________________

VR
glove __________________ makes your hand feel pressure

VR
mouse __________________ __________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Task
3. Make a note of the existing and possible future uses of virtual
reality which are mentioned.

____________________________ __________________________

Existing
uses Possible future uses

____________________________ __________________________

____________________________ __________________________

____________________________ __________________________

____________________________ __________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Task
4. Read and translate the text.

FUTURE
DEVELOPMENTS

Smart
Cards

A
chip to save your life

If
your friend suddenly had an accident and was unconscious or
incoherent, could you provide any information to an ambulance crew?
Would you know her blood type, her allergies, and the prescription
drugs she takes? Probably not. Even family members may not have this
information, or be too distraught themselves to provide needed
medical information. Enter the MediCard, a plastic card that has an
embedded chip containing all that patient information. Small
computers that can read the cards are installed in ambulances and in
hospital emergency rooms. This system is working successfully in
some communities. The biggest problem is making sure that people
carry their cards at all times.

Robotics

What
is a micro-machine?

One
of the most important steps in computing technology in the coming
years is likely to be a return to mechanical methods. Using the same
process used to create chips, it’s possible to fabricate mechanical
parts — levers, gear wheels, and small motors.

The
best known example of a micro-machine was created by Sandia
Laboratories in New Mexico in the US. It’s a
complete
motor developing 50uW of power in one square millimetre — still a
bit big for some of the micro-machines planned for the future.

What
are micro-machines going to be used for? Obvious applications are
sensors, gyros, and drug delivery. The idea is that a micro-machine
could have a strain sensor or a gyroscopic attitude sensor and
electronics built into a single chip-sized package. The idea of
using a micro-machine to deliver drugs is getting a bit closer to
more sci-fi applications. Only a step further is the idea of
building insect-sized robots that could do difficult jobs in very
small places. Swallowing an ant-sized machine to cure you or putting
one inside some failed machinery seems like a really good idea!

Virtual
Reality

Getting
practical

Here
are some applications of virtual reality under development. Wearing
head mounts, consumers can browse for products in a ”Virtual
showroom”. From a remote location a consumer will be able to
manoeuvre and view products along rows in a warehouse. Similarly,
from a convenient office a security guard can patrol corridors and
offices in remote locations.

Air
traffic controllers may someday work like this. Microlaser scanner
glasses project computer-generated images directly into the
controller’s eyes, immersing the controller in a three-dimensional
scene showing all the aircraft in the area. To establish voice
contact with the pilot of the plane, the controller merely touches
the plane’s image with a sensor-equipped glove.

Using
virtual reality headsets and gloves, doctors and medical students
will be able to experiment with new procedures on simulated patients
rather than real ones.

Task
5. Read the texts and make notes in the table below.

_____________________________________________________________

Development _______________________________________________

Applications _______________________________________________

How
soon? _______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Task
6. Read and translate the texts.

FUTURE
TRENDS

HEALTH

Body
chips

In
the next decade we can have miniature computers inside us to
monitor, and even regulate, our blood pressure, heart rate, and
cholesterol. Such a chip would include a microprocessor, sensors,
and a radio frequency device that would permit accurate read-cuts of
vital statistics. All this would happen, of course, without taking
any blood or attaching any external devices to the body.

Since
we are already familiar with the notion of an internal pacemaker for
the heart, including a chip or two may not seem all that
astonishing. But this is just the beginning. Experts foresee, within
twenty years, implanted chips that can correct our ability to
interact with the world. Once implanted, the chip is invisible,
unlike a hearing aid. A more common implant would be a chip to
correct visual signals. No more glasses!

SHOPPING

Computer
shopping

This
may sound very much like shopping by the Internet, but in fifty
years’ time it will be very different. Shoppers will be able to scan
down virtual supermarket aisles on their PC and click on to whatever
they want; the goods will then be delivered shortly afterwards.
Customers may well be able to call up a virtual assistant who will
talk them through their shopping or to ask the computer for
suggestions. Moreover, people will be able to get background
information on shops and goods, and will be able to boycott any that
offend their ethical considerations.

MONEY

Electronic
cash

Bank
customers can now download money from their account to an electronic
wallet, a smart card, using a specially designed phone equipped with
a smart card reader. To download cash you have to enter your PIN.
You can then use your electronic wallet to pay for goods and
services, to purchase goods across the Internet, and to transfer
money to other cardholders.

Using
the Internet, customers can now check their account balance and see
their latest statement. One bank has developed a multi-currency
payment engine which allows online retailers to sell their goods in
sixteen countries, with customers paying in their local currency.
With these developments, coins and notes are likely to disappear.

GRAMMAR:
Revision phrases

Task
7. Read and translate the following phrases, find the main word:

a database program, a subsequent action, external
device, file time, collection of partitions, interactive mode, a
remote computer, font family, digital system, code distortion,
common interface, a single character, physical layer, definition of
data, a file error, power failure, the title of the window, program
execution, screen buffer, dialog box, Disabled User Account,
hardware-level resources, printing support, page fault, clipboard
buffer, executable file, boot sequence, system management mode, path
name, mouse button, logical device, inputoutput space, memory size,
insert mode, database device

PROBLEM-SOLVING

Task
8. Write a summary “How computers will affect our future lives”.
Use the vocabulary and information from the texts.

Task
9. Revise the following abbreviations:

PC/XT, PC/AT, ISA, EISA,
ACPI, RISC, CISC, EPIC, SPARC, SIP, DIP, EDO, BEDO, CELP, MMX, IDE,
ESDI, SCSI, PIO, MFM

SUPPLEMENTARY
READING

History
of robotics

The concept of robots dates back to
ancient times, when some myths told of mechanical beings brought to
life. Such automata also appeared in the clockwork figures of
medieval churches, and in the 18th century some clockmakers gained
fame for the clever mechanical figures that they constructed. Today
the term automaton is usually applied to these handcrafted,
mechanical (rather than electromechanical) devices that imitate the
motions of living creatures. Some of the «robots» used in
advertising and entertainment are actually automata, even with the
addition of remote radio control.

The term robot itself is
derived from the Czech word robot, meaning “compulsory labour”.
It was first used by the Czech novelist and playwright Karel Chapek,
to describe a mechanical device that looks like a

human
but, lacking human sensibility, can perform only automatic,
mechanical operations. Robots as they are known today do not only
imitate human or other living forms. True robots did not become
possible, however, until the invention of the computer in the 1940s
and the miniaturization of computer parts. One of the first true
robots was an experimental model designed by researchers at the
Stanford Research Institute in the late 1960s. It was capable of
arranging blocks into stacks through the use of a television camera
as a visual sensor, processing this information in a small computer.

Computers today are
equipped with microprocessors that can handle the data being fed to
them by various sensors of the surrounding environment. Making use
of the principle of feedback, robots can change their operations to
some degree in response to changes in that environment. The
commercial use of robots is spreading, with the increasing
automation of factories, and they have become essential to many
laboratory procedures. Japan is the most advanced nation exploring
robot technology. Nowadays robots continue to expand their
applications. The home-made robots available today may be one sign
of the future.

UNIT 15 CAREERS IN
COMPUTING

Task
1. Work
in groups. List some of the jobs you know in computing. Compare your
lists with other students in the class.

Task
2. Which
of the jobs listed would you like to make your career- Explain why
to others in your group.

Task
3. Read
these descriptions of jobs in computing and make notes about the
main responsibilities.

Computing jobs

Example

Systems
Analyst

Studies methods of working
within an organization to decide how tasks can be done efficiently
by computers. Makes a detailed analysis of the employer’s
requirements and work patterns to prepare a report on different
options for using information technology. This may involve
consideration of hardware as well as software. Either uses standard
computer packages or writes a specification for programmers to adapt
existing software or to prepare new software. May oversee the
implementation and testing of a system and acts as a link between
the user and the programmer.

_____________________________________________________________

Job Main
responsibilities

_____________________________________________________________

Systems
analyst Studies
employer’s requirements and working patterns. Reports on
different options. Writes
specifications
for programmers. Oversees implementation
and testing.__________________

Software Engineer/Designer

Produces the programs which
control the internal operations of computers. Converts the system
analyst’s specification to a logical series of steps. Translates
these into the appropriate computer language. Often compiles
programs from libraries or sub-programs, combining these to make up
a complete systems program. Designs, tests, and improves programs
for computer-aided design and manufacture, business applications,
computer networks, and games.

Computer Salesperson

Advises potential customers
about available hardware and sells equipment to suit individual
requirements. Discusses computing needs with the client to ensure
that a suitable system can be supplied. Organizes the sale and
delivery and, if necessary, installation and testing. May arrange
support or training, maintenance, and consultation. Must have
sufficient technical knowledge.

Computer Systems Support
Person

Systems support people are
analyst programmers who are responsible for maintaining, updating,
and modifying the software used by a company. Some specialize in
software which handles the basic operation of the computers. This
involves the use of machine codes and specialized low-level computer
languages. Most handle applications software. May sort out problems
encountered by users. Solving problems may involve amending an area
of code in the software, retrieving files and data lost when a
system crashes, and a basic knowledge of hardware.

Computer Systems Analyst
Programmer

Creates the software
programs used by computers. May specialize in the internal operating
systems using low level computer language, or in applications
programs. May specialize in one aspect of the work, e.g.
programming, systems design, systems analysis, or cover them all.
May support the system through advice and training, providing user
manuals, and by helping users with any problems that arise.

Hardware Engineer

Researches, designs, and
develops computers, or parts of computers and the computerized
element of appliances, machines, and vehicles. Also involved in
their manufacture, installation, and testing. May specialize in
different areas: research and development, design, manufacturing.
Has to be aware of cost, efficiency, safety, and environmental
factors, as well as engineering aspects.

Network Support Person

Maintains the link between
PCs and workstations connected in a network. Uses
telecommunications, software, and electronic skills, and knowledge
of the networking software to locate and correct faults. This may
involve work with the controlling software, on the wiring, printed
circuit boards, software or microchips on a file server, or on
cables either within or outside the building.

Task
4. Read about five people employed in computing talking about their
work. Try to match each extract to the correct job from this list.

Talking
about Work

1. □ Hardware
   Engineer

2. □ Network
   Support Person

3. □ Operator

4. □ Software
   Designer

5. □ System
   Analyst Programmer

6. □ System
   Support Person

7. □ Technical
   Sales Manager

1.

Before
I write a program. I have to carry out a feasibility study in the
company. The aim is to see whether a new program would he better
than the methods they use at present. I have to observe what the
users do, speak to them, and make an analysis of their systems. It’s
very important to speak to the actual users, not just the managers.

2.

My
job is to persuade customers that it’s worth investing in new
computer systems or extending the systems they already have. But
it’s not enough simply to sell the systems. We have to keep in touch
after the sale and make sure things are working well, and to provide
any backup the client needs. That’s the
only
way to build up trust with a customer and to get new orders. It’s a
very competitive market.

3.

I’m
called out if there’s a fault on the network. We try to solve the
problem by phone at first, but if that doesn’t work, we have to go
and look for ourselves. It could be anything: the software, the
server, even the cabling. Sometimes the problem is the user! You
have to be good at working out where the problem is.

4.

It’s
my job to try out new components before they’re used in our
computers, it’s not only how well the components work that matters,
they also have to meet health and safety requirements. I need to
write reports and make recommendations on my findings. If problems
arise after the components have been installed, I’m the person who
has to find the solution.

5.

I
have to change the specifications for a system into a logical
sequence that can be programmed. The language I choose for coding
will depend on various factors such as what type of program it is,
and where it’s going to be used. A lot of testing has to be done and
I use the feedback to decide where improvements can be made.

GRAMMAR:
Revision

Task
5. Read and translate the following sentences:

1. The device driver does not exist.

2. The data type is not supported by the
   processor.

3. Use a different print processor for jobs
   that have this data type, or rewrite the application so that it
   uses a data type the print processor can recognize.

4. The service cannot be controlled in its
   present state.

5. This workstation is already logged on to
   the local-area network.

6. You specified an invalid password.

7. The user accounts database is full.

8. The RPL.MAP file cannot be opened or may
   be corrupted.

9. Verify the correct filename and retype the
   command.

10. Unable to complete execution — too many
    open files.

11. The command failed because too many files
    were open.

12. Unable to allocate memory.

13. The computer ran out of memory.

14. The specified program couldn’t be found.

15. An error occurred while MAKEIMG was
    creating a subdirectory on the floppy disk.

16. You must use a floppy disk formatted with
    MS-DOS.

17. Use CHKDSK to be sure the floppy disk is
    not damaged.

18. The drive you specified doesn’t exist.

19. This floppy disk is not a bootable MS-DOS
    disk.

20. MAKEIMG couldn’t read the floppy disk.

21. You tried to perform an administrator
    task in a domain without having admin privilege in the domain.

22. This is an invalid response.

Task
6. Revise the following abbreviations:

RLL,
CLV, DDE, OLE, IRQ, IBM, DBMS, SQL, UTP, STP, IEEE, HTML, HTTP, FTP,
TCP, URL, WWW, P2P, DOS, FAT, MBR

PROBLEM-SOLVING.

Task
7. Write a summary “What I want to be?”

GLOSSARY

OF COMPUTING TERMS AND
ABBREVIATIONS

A

active
badge a
smartcard device worn by the user

Active
Server page a
type
of webpage that contains a script that is processed on a web server

active
window the
window
in
WIMP system that is currently being used. It is
usually
on top of any other open windows.

add-on
a
small program that can
be
attached to a browser program to give the browser
extra
functions

address
box
the area in a
web
browser program where the web address is
displayed

address
bus the
set of
conductors
that carry the memory address signals
between
different parts of a computer system

ALU
abbreviation
for arithmetic
and
logic unit

amend

to make corrections

analogue
signal a
type of
signal
that can take any value between a maximum
and
a minimum

analogue-to-digital
converter a
device for changing
analogue
signals into digital signals

animation
drawings
that have
moving
images

anti-virus
program a
set of programs used to detect, identify, and
remove
viruses from a system

aperture
grill pitch the
distance
between the holes or slots in the filter screen
inside
a monitor

Apple
Macintosh a
type
of
personal computer manufactured by Apple
Computer
Incorporated

applications
(program or software)a
computer program or
programs
designed to be used for a particular purpose

arithmetic
and logic unit the
part of the CPU that performs the
mathematical
and logical operations

arrow
keys the
set of four keys
on
a keyboard used for moving the cursor around the
screen

assembly
language a
low-level
computer language that uses mnemonics
rather
than only numbers, making it easier than
machine
code for humans to read and write

B

back
up to
store a copy of data on a storage device to keep it safe

backup
the
process of storing a copy of data on a storage device to keep it
safe

backup
device a
storage device used for copying files to a storage medium to keep
them safe

barcode
a
sequence of vertical parallel lines used to give items a unique
identification number /to mark with a barcode

barcode
label a
label that is used to attach a barcode to an item

barcode
reader an
optical input device that uses the reflection of a light beam to
read barcode labels

batch
job sets
of data to be processed together by a mainframe computer
bidirectional
designed
to carry signals in either direction

binary
belonging
to the number system that has only two digits, i.e. 1 and 0

bit
a
small unit of storage capacity / one of the eight binary digits that
make up a byte. The term comes from an abbreviation of binary digit.

bookmark
a
web address stored in a browser program to allow a webpage to be
found easily / to store a web address in a browser program to allow
a webpage to be found easily

branch
a
point in a program or flowchart where there are two possible paths

browser
a
program used for displaying webpages

bulletin
board a
kind of electronic noticeboard system that enables users to display
messages for other users to read bus

bus
the
set of conductors that carry the signals between different parts of
a computer

bus
topology
a physical layout of a network where all the computers are attached
to one main cable terminated at both ends

byte
a unit of capacity. A byte is made up of eight bits and stores one
character, i.e. a letter, a number, a space or a punctuation mark.

C

cache
memory high
speed memory used to speed up a computer

CCD
abbreviation for charge-coupled device

CD-ROM
(disk) abbreviation
for compact, disk read-only memory. A read-only storage device (a
disk)| that is read using laser light.

CD-ROM
drive a
storage
device for reading CD-ROM disks

cell
the rectangular box
formed
where a row and a column meet in a spreadsheet

Central
Processing Unit the
electronic processor at the centre of a computer. It is sometimes
used lo refer to the combination of the processor and the main
memory.

checkbox
a
dialog box component in the form of a small square box used to
indicate one of two alternative states, e.g. true or false. When the
user clicks the box with a mouse, a cross appears in the box.
Clicking again clears the box.

chip
common
name for a microchip

click
to
press and release a button on a mouse

client
a
network computer used for accessing a service on a server

clock
chip the
electronic device in a computer that controls the timing of the
signals

clock
line the
conductor that carries the clock signal to different parts of
thecomputer

coax(ial)
cable a
type of shielded cable for carrying signals. It is often used with
radio frequency and video signals.

code

a program written in a computer language/to write a program using a
computer language

COM
port another
name for a serial port (from an abbreviation for communications)

command
button a
dialog box component that takes the form of a rectangular icon that
causes a program command to be carried out when clicked with a mouse

compilation
error a
programming error that prevents a program from being converted into
machine code by a compiler

compile
to
convert a program written in a high-level language into machine code
using a compiler

compiler
a
program that converts the whole of a program into machine code
before the program is used

computer
aided design the
process of designing using a computer program

computing
the
theory and
practice
of computers

control
bus the
set of conductors that carry the control signals between the control
unit and other parts of a computer

control
unit the
part of the CPU that generates the signals that control the computer
programs and hardware

CPU
abbreviation
for central processing unit

crash
a
sudden and complete failure/to fail suddenly and completely

CU
abbreviation for control unit

cursor
the
symbol on the monitor screen that indicates the point on the screen
that is being used

D

data
the
information processed by a computer

data
bus the
set of conductors that carry the data signals between different
parts of a computer

database
a
type of application program used for storing information so that it
can be easily searched and sorted

decode
to
decide what a program instruction means

desktop
(computer) a
personal computer designed to sit on a desk

desktop
publishing an
application program that is used for creating and editing the text
and layout of pages to be published

dialog
box a
window in a WIMP system that is used to provide information or
obtain information from the user

digital
camera an
input device for taking pictures that has an electronic lens and
uses electronics for storing the images rather than chemical film

digital
signal a
signal that only has one of two values representing on or off

disk
a
flat circular storage device

disk
drive a
storage device for reading from and writing to disks

distributed
computing a
network system that uses different servers throughout the network
rather than a single server at the centre of the network

DNI
an abbreviation for direct neural interface

dot
pitch the
distance between the dots on a monitor screen

dot-matrix
printer a
printer that prints by hammering pins onto an linked ribbon

double
density floppy (disk) a
removable magnetic storage device in the form of a plastic disk that
can hold about 712 kilobytes of data

download
to
copy a file from a server to a client computer in a network

drag
to
move an object across the display screen by moving a mouse while
holding down the mouse button

drop-down
list box a
dialog box component that opens a list of items when the user clicks
on the arrowhead at the end

drop-down
menu a
list of options that opens downwards and stays open when clicked
with a mouse

DVD
abbreviation
for digital versatile disk. An optical disk storage device that can
hold a large amount of video data

dye
sublimation printer a
type of colour printer that prints by heating dye that is
transferred onto special paper.

E

E-time
a
common name for the execution time

Edit
to make changes to

editing
keys the
set of keys on a PC keyboard to the right of the main keyboard that
is used for moving around the screen and making changes lo a
document

electronic
wallet a
smartcard used for storing money downloaded from a computer bank
account

email
the
common name for electronic mail, i.e. messages sent electronically
using a computer / to send an email message

email
address the
unique address code used to contact someone using electronic mail

email
attachment a
file that is attached to an email message

embed
to
insert an object inside another object

encode
to
write information in a coded form

execute
to
perform a computer operation by processing a program instruction

execution
time the
time taken to execute a program instruction and store the result in
memory

expansion
card an
electronic circuit board used for adding facilities to a computer

expansion
slot a
long thin connector that is used for adding additional electronics
in the form of expansion cards

extended
keyboard the
common arrangement of keys on a PC keyboard with editing keys and a
numeric keypad to the right of the main keyboard

F

fibre-optic(s)

a cable made from strands of glass that is used for carrying
information signals on a beam of light

field
a
section of a database where an item of data is stored

file
a
computer program or data stored on a storage device

file
server a
main computer that provides a data file store on a network

flicker-free
having
no variation in the brightness of the display of a monitor screen

floppy
(disk) a
magnetic storage device in the form of a small plastic disk (also
known as a diskette)

floppy
(disk) drive a
common magnetic storage device that reads and writes data on a
floppy disk

flowchart
a
kind of diagram used by programmers to show the logical steps in a
program

folder
a
way of grouping filenames so that the files can be easily located on
a storage device

font
a
set of text characters of a particular design

format
(1) the
design and appearance of text in a document / to design the look of
text in a document

format
(2) the
arrangement of storage areas on a storage medium / to create storage
areas on a storage medium

formatting
toolbar
a
row of icons in a program, used to change the appearance of the text
when clicked with a mouse

freeze
suddenly
to stop responding. It is usually used in reference to a screen
display.

function
keys keyboard
keys that are normally programmed to perform different functions by
each program or by the user

G

graphic
a
picture, drawing, animation or other type of image

graphical
user interface part
of an operating system that allows the user to interact with a
computer using images and a cursor

graphics
card an
expansion board containing electronics for controlling the computer
output to a monitor

graphics
package a
type of applications program that is used for creating and editing
images and drawings

graphics
tablet a
graphical input device that tracks the movement of a stylus across a
flat surface

GUI
abbreviation
for graphical user interface

H

hacking
the
practice of breaking into computer systems and changing data without
permission

handheld
a
small portable computer that can he held in one hand.

hang
suddenly
and unexpectedly to stop processing during the execution of a
program

hard
(disk) (drive) a
common magnetic storage device that reads and writes data on metal
disks inside a sealed ease

hardware
the
physical components of a computer system

high
density floppy (disk) a
removable magnetic storage device in the form of a plastic disk that
can hold about 1.4 megabytes of data. i.e. twice as much as a double
density disk

high-level
language a
programming
language closer to human language than low-level computer languages
such as machine code or assembly language

home
page the
starting page on a website

HTML
abbreviation
for hypertext markup language/a computer language that uses a system
of tags for creating web pages

hub
an
electronic device at the centre of a star network topology

I

l-time
a
common name for the instruction time

IT
abbreviation
for information technology

IBM
abbreviation
for the computer company called International Business Machines
Corporation

icon
a
small picture used in a WIMP system to represent a program, folder
or
file

information
technology the
study and practice of techniques or use of equipment for dealing
with information

inkjet
printer a
printer that prints by spraying ink onto paper

input
data
put into a system / to put data into a system

input
device a
piece of equipment used for entering data or controlling a computer

insertion
point the
position where something is put into a file

instruction
one
line of a computer program

instruction
time the
time taken to fetch and decode a program instruction

interface
the
connection between two different systems / to provide a connection
between two different systems

Internet
service provider an
organization that provides Internet connections for a fee

Internet,
(the) the
connection of computer networks across the world

interpreter
a
program that converts other programs into machine code line by line
as the programs are being used

interrupt
a
signal that causes the processor to stop what it is doing
temporarily so that it can process something that is more urgent

ISP
abbreviation
for Internet service provider

J

jam
to
get stuck in one position

joystick
a
cursor control input device with an upright arm. It is commonly used
for controlling fast moving objects in computer games.

K

keyboard
the
main electronic input device that has keys arranged in a similar
layout to a typewriter

keypad
a
small keyboard with a few keys used for a special purpose

L

LAN
acronym
for local area network

laptop
(computer) the
largest type of portable computer

laser
high-frequency
light used in optical devices

laser
printer a
printer that prints using toner powder and laser light on a
photosensitive drum

LCD
abbreviation
for liquid crystal display / an electronic display device that uses
liquid crystal cells to control the reflection of light

light
pen a
pen-shaped input, device used for drawing on a display screen. It
detects light on the screen.

linking
error a
programming mistake caused by trying to use a function from a
program library that is not available

local
area network computers
connected together over a small distance

log
to
record the time that an event happened

logic
error a
programming mistake caused by the use of a sequence of instructions
that are not logical

loop
a
part of a program that is repeated until a set condition occurs

loudspeaker
sound
output device

low-level
language a
computer language such as machine code or assembly language that is
closer to the form that a computer understands than to that of a
human language

M

machine
code a
computer language that consists entirely of a combination of 1s and
0s

magnetic
tape a
magnetic storage medium in the form of a thin plastic ribbon wound
on a reel or a cassette

magneto-optical
disk
a
storage device that uses a combination of magnetism and laser light
to store data

main
memory the
electronic memory that holds the programs and data being used

mainframe
(computer) the
largest and most powerful type of computer. It is operated by a team
of professionals.

memory
(store) the
part of a computer system that is used for storing programs and data

memory
address a
code indicating the location of a unit of memory

memory
chip an
electronic integrated circuit that is used for storing programs and
data while they are being used by a computer

memory
slot a
connector on the motherboard of a computer that enables extra memory
chips to be added

menu
a
list of options displayed on a computer screen

menu
bar a
row of icons on a display screen that open up menus when selected

mesh
topology an
arrangement of computers in a network where every computer is
connected to every other computer by a separate cable

micro-machine
an
extremely small mechanical mechanism that contains a tiny computer

microchip
an
electronic integrated circuit in a small package

microcomputer
a
personal computer, smaller and less powerful than a mainframe or a
minicomputer

microphone
an
input device used for sound

microprocessor
the
main electronic chip in a computer

minicomputer
a
computer that is slightly less powerful and a little smaller than a
mainframe

modem
an
electronic device for converting signals to enable a computer to be
connected to an ordinary telephone line.

monitor
the
main output device used to display the output from a computer on a
screen.

motherboard
the
main electronic circuit board inside a computer trial holds and
connects together all the main electronic components

mouse
a
common cursor control input device used with a graphical user
interface. It has two or three button switches on top and a ball
underneath that is rolled on a flat surface.

mouse
button a
switch on a mouse that is pressed to select an object on the screen

mousemat
the
small pad that a mouse sits on

MS-DOS
trademark,
abbreviation for Microsoft disk operating system / the operating
system that was used in the first PCs

multimedia
the
combination of text, graphics, animation, sound, and video

multimedia
computer
a computer suitable for running multimedia programs. It usually has
a sound card and a CD-ROM drive.

multiuser
capable
of being used by many people at the same time

N

network
a
combination of a number of computers and peripheral devices
connected together/to connect a number of computers and peripheral
devices together

network
(interface) card the
electronic circuit board inside a computer that is used to connect
the computer to a network

news
group an
Internet discussion group made up of people with a common interest
who use an area on a server computer to display messages about their
interest

notebook
(computer) a
portable computer that is about the same size as piece of writing
paper

O

OCR
abbreviation
for optical character recognition

online
connected
to a system and able to be used

operating
system the
set of programs that control the basic functions of a computer

optical
disk a
storage device in the form of a disk that uses laser light to store
data

output
data
brought out of a system/to bring data out of a system

output
device a
piece of equipment used to bring data out of a system

P

package
an
application program or collection of programs that can be used in
different ways

palmtop
(computer) a
portable computer that is small enough to be held in the palm of one
hand.

password
a
secret code used to control access to a network system

paste
to
insert a copy of data held in the computer’s memory at a chosen
position

picture-in-picture
a
display screen feature that has a video picture displayed inside
another video picture

PIN
abbreviation for personal identification number

port
a
connector at the back of a system unit of a PC that is used for
connecting external devices to the CPU

portable
(computer) a
computer that is small and light enough to be carried from place to
place. It can usually be powered by batteries.

post
to
display a message in a computer newsgroup or bulletin board

power
supply the
electrical component that provides filtered mains electricity at the
correct voltage for a computer

printer
a
common output device used for printing the output of a computer on
paper

processor
the
part of a computer that processes the data

program
a
set of instructions written in a computer language that control the
behavior of a computer

programming
language a
computer language used for coding computer programs

punched
card an
obsolete computer input medium consisting of a
set
of cards with holes punched in them

R

RAM
acronym
for random access memory — memory that can be read and written to by
the processor

random
access a
system of getting access to any location in a storage area in any
order

read-only
an
only be read from and not written to

read-only
memory memory
that contains programs and data that the user cannot change, for
example, it may contain the programs required to start up a computer

record
a
section of a database made up of related database fields

recycle
bin a
program used to hide files that are no longer required and bring
them back if they are required again. Emptying the recycle bin
deletes the files completely

ring
topology a
physical layout of a network where all the computers are connected
in a closed loop

robot
a
mechanical device controlled by a computer

robotic
to
do with robots

robotics
the
study of robot systems

ROM
acronym
for read-only memory

run
to
execute a program, i.e. to get a program to process the data

S

scanner
an
optical input device that uses the reflection of light to copy text
or graphics into a computer

scripting
language a
simple computer language used for writing scripts that control
computer applications

scroll
to
move displayed information, either horizontally or vertically, on
the screen

serial
port the
small connector at the back of the system unit of a PC that is used
to connect a serial device such as a serial mouse or a modem.

server
a
main computer that provides a service on a network

SIMM
acronym for single in-line memory module/a
small
electronic circuit board containing memory chips.

smart
card a
plastic card containing a processor and memory chip

software
the
programs and data used in a computer

spacebar
the
long key along the bottom of a keyboard used for inserting blank
spaces in a document

spreadsheet
a
type of application program with an array of cells that, is used for
calculating formulas

SQL
abbreviation
for structured query language, used for searching databases

star
topology a
physical layout of a network where all the computers are connected
by separate cables to a central hub

storage
medium a
material used for storing programs and data

subnotebook
(computer) a
portable computer that is a little smaller than a notebook computer.
It is small enough to fit inside a jacket pocket.

subscriber
a
user who becomes a member of a newsgroup

supercomputer
the
most powerful type of mainframe computer

syntax
error a
mistake in a program due to a wrong word or punctuation symbol being
used

system
error a
program error caused by a fault affecting the operating system,
usually due to a hardware failure

T

tab
a
dialog box component that is used to switch between different sets
of data

TCP/IP
abbreviation
for transmission control protocol

terminal
a
network device used to input and output data

toner
the
powder used inside laser printers

toolbar
a
row of icons displayed on a screen that start common program
functions when clicked with a mouse

toolbox
a
set of icons displayed on a screen for selecting common program
editing functions

topology
the
physical layout of a network

touchscreen
an
input device in the form of a monitor screen that responds when
touched by the user

tracker
ball
cursor control input device that has a hall on top that is moved by
the user’s fingers

Trinitron
the
trade name for a type of monitor technology created by Sony

U

undo
to
restore a file to the condition it was in before the last change was
made

update
to
bring up to date. i.e. to change into the latest version

upgrade
to
add components to improve the features or performance of a system

USB
abbreviation for universal serial bus. A standard way of connecting
peripherals to a computer system.

V

VDU
abbreviation
for visual display unit / another name for a computer monitor

video
memory the
memory used to store graphics data on a graphics card

video
(VGA) port the
small connector at the back of the system unit of a PC that is used
to connect the monitor to the graphics card

virtual
(reality) mouse a
cursor control input device used in VR systems

virtual
reality a
simulated three dimensional environment that surrounds the user and
is generated by a computer

virus
a
program written deliberately lo damage data or cause a computer to
behave in an unusual way

voice
mailbox a
storage area for spoken messages

voicemail
a
system of communication that uses computers to store spoken messages

VR
abbreviation for virtual reality

W

WAN
acronym for wide area network

Web,
(the) the
common name for the World Wide Web

webpage
a
hyperlinked page in a web network system

website
a
set of pages on the World Wide Web

website
address the
unique address that is used to access a website

White
Pages, (the) a
website used for finding the email addresses of registered users

wide
area network computers
connected together over a large distance

WIMP
system acronym
for windows, icons, menus, and pointers/a common type of graphical
user interface

window
a
rectangular screen area containing a program, folder, or file in a
WIMP system

Windows
the common name for Microsoft Windows, a popular graphical user
interface developed by the Microsoft Corporation

workstation
a
desk area used for working with a computer system

World
Wide Web, (the) an
information service on the Internet that allows document pages to be
accessed using hyperlinks

ACTIVE
VOCABULARY

1. access
   — доступ

2. account – учетная
   запись, бюджет

3. (to)
   add
   – добавлять

4. (to)
   allow – позволять, разрешать

5. (to)
   append —
   добавлять

6. application – приложение,
   прикладная программа

7. array – массив

8. (to)
   assign – приписывать, назначать

9. (to)
   attempt –
   пытаться

10. authentication –
    аутентификация, опознавание,
    отождествление

11. available — доступный

12. background – фон,
    заставка

13. backup copy – резервная
    копия

14. bin – (мусорная)
    корзина

15. binary
    files
    двоичный файл

16. (to)
    boot
    — загружать

17. (to)
    browse – просматривать, обозревать

18. bulletin board —
    (электронная) доска объявлений

19. bus
    — шина

20. (to)
    cancel — отменять

21. capacity
    — емкость

22. case
    – регистр

23. cell
    — ячейка

24. (to)
    change — изменять

25. character
    — символ

26. (to)
    check —
    проверять

27. choice
    — выбор

28. common
    – общий

29. (to)
    compare —
    сравнивать

30. compatible
    — совместимый

31. concurrent
    — параллельный

32. confirmation
    – подтверждение

33. (to)
    contain
    -содержать

34. Control
    Panel
    – панель управления

35. corrupt — искаженный,
    испорченный

36. current — текущий

37. custom
    – заказной, настраиваемый

38. (to)
    customize – настраивать

39. (to)
    damage – повреждать

40. database — база данных

41. datastream
    – поток данных

42. default — по умолчанию

43. (to)
    delete
    -удалять

44. density
    – плотность

45. (to)
    deploy – развертывать, применять

46. desktop – рабочий
    стол, рабочая поверхность

47. (to)
    destroy — разрушать, уничтожать

48. development
    — разработка

49. device — устройство

50. dialog
    box
    – диалоговое окно

51. (to)
    display — отображать, выводить на экран

52. distributed — распределенный

53. (to)
    download – загружать, “скачивать”

54. (to)
    edit –редактировать, править

55. (to)
    embed – встраивать, внедрять

56. encryption — шифрование

57. enhancement – расширение,
    улучшение

58. environment – среда,
    окружение

59. error
    -ошибка

60. (to)
    exceed —
    превышать

61. execution – выполнение,
    исполнение

62. (to)
    exist — существовать

63. (to)
    extend — расширять

64. extension — расширение

65. feature – свойство,
    черта, возможность

66. flexibility — гибкость

67. floppy disk – гибкий
    диск

68. folder
    — папка

69. gateway
    — шлюз

70. hardware — аппаратное
    обеспечение

71. (to)
    hide— скрывать

72. image изображение,
    образ, картинка

73. (to)
    implement — реализовывать, применять

74. (to)
    include — включать

75. (to)
    install
    – инсталлировать, устанавливать

76. (to)
    intercept – прерывать, захватывать

77. internal
    error –внутренняя
    ошибка

78. invalid –
    недействительный, неправильный,
    неверный

79. italic(s)
    —курсив

80. item – пункт, элемент

81. kernel — ядро

82. keyboard
    — клавиатура

83. label-метка

84. list – список,
    перечень

85. location – местоположение,
    нахождение

86. log
    – журнал, регистрация

87. log off — выход из
    системы,

88. log on – вход в
    систему, подключение к системе

89. master
    – главный

90. media – среда,
    носитель

91. message — сообщение

92. mode
    – режим

93. multitasking —
    многозадачность

94. network — сеть

95. Network
    Neighborhood
    – сетевое окружение

96. node — узел

97. (to)
    occur
    – происходить, случаться

98. overflow — переполнение

99. partition – раздел,
    область, сегмент

100. password — пароль

101. (to)
     paste — вставлять

102. (to)
     perform — выполнять

103. permission — разрешение

104. (to)
     preserve –
     сохранять

105. preview – предварительный
     просмотр

106. priority
     – приоритет, очередность

107. profile
     – профиль, настройка, конфигурация

108. property
     — свойство

109. provider
     — поставщик

110. query — запрос

111. queue — очередь

112. (to)
     quit – прекращать, выходить

113. range – диапазон,
     пределы

114. (to)
     record – записывать

115. (to)
     recover — восстанавливать

116. (to)
     refresh — обновлять

117. register
     – регистр

118. registry
     – реестр

119. remote – удаленный,
     дистанционный

120. Remote Access Service –
     служба удаленного доступа

121. removable – перемещаемый,
     съемный

122. (to)
     remove
     – удалять, перемещать

123. request
     — запрос

124. requirement
     — требование

125. (to)
     reset – сбрасывать, перезагружать

126. resource
     — ресурс

127. (to)
     restore —
     восстанавливать

128. retrieval
     – выборка, поиск

129. (to)
     run
     – запускать, выполнять

130. (to)
     save –
     сохранять

131. scalability —
     масштабируемость

132. security -защита,
     безопасность

133. (to)
     set –
     устанавливать

134. setting,
     setup
     – установка

135. (to)
     share – разделять, совместно использовать

136. shortcuts
     — ярлыки

137. shutdown — отключение,
     завершение работы

138. socket
     – разъем

139. software – программное
     обеспечение

140. source – источник,
     исходный

141. space
     — пространство, место

142. spreadsheet – электронная
     таблица

143. storage — место
     (область) хранения

144. subsequent — последующий

145. support- поддерживать

146. taskbar — панель задач

147. temporary
     — временный

148. (to)
     terminate – прекращать, заканчивать

149. toolbar – панель
     инструментов

150. tools – инструменты,
     инструментальные программы

151. (to)
     transmit — передавать

152. (to)
     update- усовершенствовать, модернизировать

153. (to)
     verify —
     проверять

154. warning — предупреждение

155. wizard
     – мастер, помощник, ассистент

156. write-protected disk –
     защищенный от записи диск

LIST OF ACRONYMS AND
ABBREVIATIONS

1. PC/XT
   (Personal Computer
   eXtended Technology)
   – персональный компьютер с расширенной
   технологией.

2. PC/AT
   (Personal Computer
   Advanced Technology)
   – персональный компьютер с
   усовершенствованной технологией.

3. ISA (Industry Standard
   Architecture) – архитектура
   промышленного стандарта.

4. EISA (Extended Industry Standard
   Architecture) – расширенная
   архитектура промышленного
   стандарта.

5. MCA (Micro Channel Architecture)
   – микроканальная
   архитектура.

6. PCI (Peripheral Component
   Interconnect) – соединение
   внешних устройств.

7. PCMCIA ( Personal Computer Memory
   Card International Association) – ассоциация
   производителей плат
   памяти для
   персональных компьютеров.

8. VESA (Video Electronics Standards
   Association) – ассоциация
   стандартов видео
   оборудования.

9. USB (Universal
   Serial Bus) –
   универсальная последовательная
   магистраль (шина).

10. AGP
    (Accelerated Graphics
    Port) – ускоренный
    графический порт.

11. ACPI (Advanced
    Configuration Power
    Interface) – интерфейс
    расширенной конфигурации по питанию.

12. DMA (Direct Memory Access) –
    прямой доступ
    к памяти

13. CPU
    (Central
    Processor
    (=Processing)
    Unit)
    – центральный процессор (центральное
    обрабатывающее устройство (блок)

14. RAM
    (Random
    Access
    Memory)
    – устройство с произвольным доступом;
    оперативная память

15. ROM
    (Read
    Only
    Memory)
    – постоянное запоминающее устройство

16. DRAM (Dynamic Random Access
    Memory) – динамическое RAM

17. SRAM
    (Static Random Access Memory) – статическое
    RAM

18. RISC
    (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) – компьютер
    с
    сокращенным
    набором
    команд
    

19. CISC
    (Complex (=Complete) Instruction Set Computer) – компьютер
    со
    сложным
    (полным)
    набором
    команд
    

20. EPIC
    ( Explicitly
    Parallel
    Instruction
    Computer)
    – компьютер с истинно-параллельным
    выполнением команд

21. MMX (MultiMedia eXtentions)
    – расширения мультимедиа

22. SIMD
    (Single Instruction Multiple Data (stream)) – один
    поток
    команд,
    множество
    потоков
    данных

23. SPARC
    (Scalable Processor Architecture) – масштабируемая
    процессорная
    архитектура

24. FPM
    DRAM
    (Fast
    Page
    Mode
    DRAM)
    – динамическая память с быстрым
    страничным доступом

25. EDO
    (Extended
    Data
    Out)
    – расширенное время удержания данных
    на выходе

26. BEDO
    (Burst
    EDO)
    – EDO
    с блочным устройством

27. SDRAM
    (SyncHronous
    DRAM)
    – синхронная динамическая память

28. PB
    SRAM
    (Pipelined
    Burst
    SRAM)
    – статическая память с блочным
    конвейерным доступом

29. DIP
    (Dual
    In
    Line
    Package)
    – корпус с двумя рядами выводов

30. SIP
    (Single
    In
    Line
    Package)
    — корпус с одним рядом выводов

31. SIMM
    (Single
    In
    Line
    Memory
    Module)
    – модуль памяти с одним рядом контактов

32. DIMM
    (Dual
    In
    Line
    Memory
    Module)
    — модуль памяти с двумя рядами контактов

33. CELP
    (Card
    Edge
    Low
    Profile)
    – невысокая карта с ножевым разъемом
    на краю

34. DOS
    (Disk
    Operating
    System)
    — дисковая операционная система

35. FAT
    (File Allocation Table) – таблица
    размещения
    файлов
    

36. MBR
    (Master
    Boot
    Record)
    — главная загрузочная запись

37. MFM
    (Modified
    Frequency
    Modulation)
    – модифицированная частотная модуляция

38. RLL
    (Run
    Length
    Limited)
    – запись с ограниченной длиной отрезка

39. IDE
    (Integrated
    Drive
    Electronics)
    – интегрированная дисковая электроника
    

40. ESDI
    (Enhanced
    Small
    Device
    Interface)
    — улучшенный
    интерфейс малых устройств

41. SCSI (Small Computer System
    Interface) — интерфейс малых компьютерных
    систем

42. PIO
    (Processor
    Input/Output)
    — режим передачи данных через ЦП,
    программный ввод/вывод

43. CLV
    (Constant
    Linear
    Velocity)
    – постоянная линейная скорость

44. DVD
    (Digital
    Versatile
    Disk)
    — цифровой универсальный диск

45. DDE
    (Dynamic
    Data
    Exchange)
    – динамический обмен данными

46. OLE
    (Object Linking and Embedding) — связь
    и
    внедрение
    объектов

47. IRQ
    (Interrupt
    Request)
    – запрос на прерывание

48. IBM
    (International Business Machines) — международные
    бизнес—машины

49. DBMS
    (Database Management System) – система
    управления
    базами
    данных

50. SQL
    (Structured
    Query
    Language)
    – структурированный язык запросов

51. UTP
    (Unshielded
    Twisted—Pair)
    — неэкранированная витая пара

52. STP
    (Shielded
    Twisted—Pair)
    — экранированная
    витая пара

53. IEEE
    (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers) — институт
    инженеров
    по
    электротехнике
    и
    электронике
    

54. HTML
    (HyperText Markup Language) — гипертекстовый
    язык
    меток/язык
    разметки
    гипертекста

55. HTTP (HyperText Transfer
    Protocol) — гипертекстовый протокол
    передачи/протокол передачи гипертекста
    

56. FTP
    (File Transfer Protocol) — протокол
    передачи
    файлов
    

57. TCP
    (Transmission Control Protocol) — протокол
    управления
    передачей
    

58. URL
    (Uniform
    Resource
    Locator)
    – унифицированный/ универсальный
    адрессатор/
    указатель
    ресурса

59. WWW
    (World
    Wide
    Web)
    — всемирная (глобальная) паутина

60. P2P
    (Peer—to—Peer
    Network)
    – одноранговая/равноправная сеть

LIST
OF IRREGULAR VERBS

1. be waswere been быть,
   есть

2. bear bore born носить
   (имя)

3. become became become становиться

4. begin began begun начинать

5. blow blew blown дуть

6. break broke broken ломать

7. bring brought brought приносить

8. build built built строить

9. buy bought bought покупать

10. choose chose chosen выбирать

11. come came come приходить

12. cut cut cut резать

13. do did done делать

14. draw drew drawn рисовать

15. drink drank drunk пить

16. eat ate eaten есть

17. fall fell fallen падать

18. fell felt felt чувствовать

19. fight fought fought сражаться

20. find found found находить

21. fly flew flown летать

22. forget forgot forgotten забывать

23. get got got получать

24. give gave given давать

25. go went gone идти

26. grow grew grown расти,
    

27. have had had иметь

28. hear heard heard слышать

29. hide hid hidden прятаться

30. hold held held держать

31. keep kept kept содержать

32. know knew known знать

33. lead led led вести

34. learn learnt(ed)
    learnt(ed) учиться

35. leave left left оставлять,
    

36. let let let позволять

37. lie lay lain лежать

38. lose lost lost терять,
    

39. make made made сделать

40. mean meant meant иметь
    ввиду

41. meet met met встречать

42. pay paid paid платить

43. put put put класть

44. read read read читать

45. ring rang rung звонить

46. rise rose risen вставать,
    

47. run ran run бегать

48. say said said сказать

49. see saw seen видеть

50. send sent sent посылать

51. shine shone shone светить

52. show showed shown показывать

53. sing sang sung петь

54. sit sat sat сидеть

55. sleep slept slept спать

56. speak spoke spoken говорить

57. spend spent spent тратить,
    

58. stand stood stood стоять

59. swim swam swam плавать

60. take took taken брать

61. teach taught taught учить

62. tell told told рассказывать

63. think thought thought думать

64. understand understood understood понимать

65. wear wore worn носить

66. win won won выигрывать

67. write wrote written писать

ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ

Изучение английского
языка как средство общения с компьютерной
техникой стало необходимостью для
специалистов самых разных областей,
особенно для тех, у кого информационные
специальности являются основным видом
деятельности.

В
данном учебном пособии целью является
научить студентов понимать сообщения
компьютера, пользоваться командами
операционных систем. Полученные при
этом знания и умения подготавливают
студентов к чтению в оригинале программных
продуктов. Здесь же студенты знакомятся
с необходимым минимумом, основными
понятиями и определениями, аббревиатурами,
употребляемыми в области информатики.

Пособие
содержит 15 учебных блоков (Units).
Лексический минимум представлен в
англо-русском активном словаре (Active
Vocabulary),
используемые термины — в глоссарии
(Glossary),
аббревиатура — в списке акронимов и
аббревиатур (List
of Acronyms and Abbreviations),
принятых в области информатики. Система
упражнений способствует запоминанию
материала.

Рекомендовано
для начального этапа овладения предметом
и ориентирует студентов на изучение
специфики использования английского
языка в сфере профессиональной
деятельности, либо как средства общения
с персональным компьютером

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Основная литература

1. Агабекян,
   И.П. Английский для технических
   вузов/И.П. Агабекян. Ростов н/Д: Феникс,
   2000. 352 с.

2. Еремина,
   Е.В. Компьютерный английский:
   Учеб.пособие/Е.В. Еремина. Абакан:
   Издательство Хакасского государственного
   университета им. Н.Ф. Катанова, 2001. 72 с.

3. Кутькова, А.С.
   Человек – компьютер – будущее: Пособие
   по английскому языку. — 2-е изд., исп. и
   доп./А.С.Кутькова. М.: Высш. шк., 1995. 150 с.

4. Карачарова,
   Н.М. Английский язык: Учебник для
   гуманитарных факультетов/Н.М. Карачарова,
   А.А. Масленникова, Э.Ф. Осипова, Т.Е.
   Салье. Т.П. Третьякова. А.А. Шароградская,
   И.И. Горская. СПб.: Издательство «Лань»,
   1997. 384 с.

5. Полякова, Т.Ю.
   Английский язык для диалога с компьютером:
   Учеб. пособие для технических вузов/
   Т.Ю. Полякова. М.: Высш. шк., 1998. 190 с.

6. Полякова,
   Т.Ю. Английский язык для инженеров:
   Учебник. — 4-е изд., перераб. и доп. / Т.Ю.
   Полякова, Е.В. Синявская, О.И. Тынкова,
   Э.С Улановская. М.: Высш. шк., 1998. 463 с.

7. DVD
   Technology: Overview.
   http://til.info.apple.com/techinfo.nsf/artnum/n24451

8. FPM, EDO, and Synchronous
   DRAM Technologies. http://www.simpletech.com/helpdesk/dramwp.htm

9. Howard
   Gilbert. Partitions and Volumes. 1996. http://www.yale.edu/
   pclt/BOOT/PARTITION.HTM

10. Michael
    Furdyk.
    Ultimate Guide to Networking.
    http://www.hardwarecentral.com/hardwarecentral/tutorials/158/

11. Shirley.
    Surfing the Net. Word Games.
    http://www.billsgames.com/plaidlibs/plaidlibs.cgi?story=surfing-the-net

12. Eric
    H. Glendining, John McEwan. Basic English for Computing. Oxford
    University Press. 2003.

13. http://www.oup.com/elt

Справочная
литература

1. Англо-русский
   словарь по вычислительной технике и
   программированию LingvoComputer-E
   (The English-Russian Dictionary of Computer Science) © ABBYY, Е.К.
   Масловский.
   1999
   г. — 1-е изд., 50 тыс. статей.
   http://www.online.ru/cgi-bin/dictionary/lingvo.pl?dict=2

2. Англо-русский
   словарь по сетям и сетевым технологиям/

С.Б. Орлов. М.:
Солон, 1997.

1. Англо-русский
   толковый словарь PC./
   В.Л. Григорьев. М.: Компьютер, Юнити,
   1997.

2. Англо-русский
   словарь новейшей компьютерной
   терминологии/ Е.Е. Лемешко, Н.Н. Лемешко.
   М.: Компьютер Пресс, 1998.

3. Русско-английский
   толковый словарь по информатике.-3-е
   перераб. изд./В.И. Першиков, А.С. Марков,
   В.И. Савинков. М.: Финансы и статистика,1999.

4. Free
   On-Line Dictionary of Computing
   http://wombat.doc.ic.ac.uk

5. Getting
   Started. Microsoft Windows 98. Document № X03-73523. — Microsoft
   Corporation, 1998.

6. Glossary and Acronyms.
   http://www.microsoft.com/hwdev/glossary.htm#intro

7. Glossary Page …
   http://www.basichardware.com/glossary.html

8. Net
   Dictionary http://www.netdictionary.com/

9. Night
   Flight Computing Dictionary http://nightflight.com/foldoc/
   

10. ORA
    reference section http://www.ora.com/reference/dictionary/
    

11. PC
    WebPedia http://www.pcwebopaedia.com/
    

12. Satellite User’s Guide for
    Models: 2590CDT, 2595CDS/CDT, 2595XDVD. – Toshiba America
    Information Systems, 1998.

13. Technical Information
    Network. March 98. Microsoft corporation, 1998.

14. The
    Comprehensive Russian Computer Dictionary English-Russian
    Russian-English. Paul
    Druker, Yury Avrutin
    http://www.russian-dictionary.org/

15. The
    homePCnetwork Glossary. http://www.homepcnetwork.com/glossary.htm

16. Web
    Directory. http://www.dictionary.com/Dir/Computers/

17. Whatis.com
    http://whatis.com/
    

CONTENTS

ВВЕДЕНИЕ 3

Unit
1. EVERY DAY USES OF COMPUTERS 5

Text.
Computers in Everyday Life 5

Text.
Intelligent Machines 6

Grammar:
Articles. The Verb “to be” 8

Problem-solving 10

Unit
2. TYPES OF COMPUTERS 10

Word-building:
Suffixes –er,
-or 10

Text.
What is a Computer? 11

Text.
Types of Computers. 13

Grammar:Degrees
of Comparison of Adjectives 17

Problem-solving 18

Unit
3. PARTS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM. 19

Word-building:
Suffixes –tion,
-sion
19

Text.
Main Parts of the System. 19

Text.
The Keyboard 22

Text.
The Mouse 24

Grammar:
Construction There
is/are 26

Problem-solving 28

Unit
4. INPUT AND OUTPUT DEVICES. 28

Word-building:
Suffixes –able,
-ible 28

Text.
Hardware. 29

Text.
Input devices. 34

Text.
Output devices. Printers. 35

Grammar:
Structure of Phrases 36

Problem-solving 36

Unit
5. STORAGE DEVICES. 36

Word-building:
Negative prefixes 36

Text.
Hard disk drive. 37

Text.
Memory. 38

Text.
Storage devices. 39

Grammar:
Present Indefinite Tense, Active Voice 40

Problem-solving 41

Supplementary
reading. DVD technology overview. 41

Unit
6. BUSES AND INTERFACES 43

Word-building:
prefix re- 43

Text.
What is a bus? 43

Text.
Dialog box. 44

Text.
WIMP 45

Grammar:
Imperative Sentences 46

Problem-solving 47

Unit
7. SOFTWARE 1 47

Text.
Types of Software 48

Text.
Operating Systems 51

Grammar:
Past Indefinite Tense, Active Voice 55

Problem-solving 56

Unit 8. SOFTWARE 2

Abbreviation 56

Text.
MS-DOS and its Main Terms 57

Text.
Windows 60

Grammar:Future
Indefinite Tense, Active Voice 64

Problem-solving 66

Unit
9. NETWORKS 66

Abbreviation 66

Text.
What is a Network? 67

Text.
Network Topologies. 69

Grammar:
Revision (Indefinite Tenses, Active Voice) 70

Problem-solving 71

Unit
10. INTERNET 1: INTRODUCTION TO
THE WWW AND

THE
INTERNET 71

Abbreviation 71

Text.
Introduction to the WWW and the Internet 72

Text.
Email. 75

Grammar:
Indefinite Tenses, Passive Voice 77

Problem-solving 78

Supplementary
reading. History of Internet 78

Unit
11. INTERNET 2: THE WORLD WIDE WEB 79

Abbreviation 79

Text.
Yahoo 80

Text.
Webpages 81

Text.
Website designer 82

Grammar:
Modal Verbs (Indicating Importance) 85

Problem-solving 85

Unit
12. LANGUAGES 86

Abbreviation 86

Text.
Computing Languages 86

Grammar:
Revision (Indefinite Tenses, Passive Voice) 88

Problem-solving 89

Unit
13. PROBLEMS IN COMPUTING 89

Abbreviation 89

Text.
Computer Viruses 90

Text.
Access System 91

Grammar:
Indefinite pronouns “SOME,
ANY”
and

negative
pronoun “NO” 92

Problem-solving 93

Unit
14. FUTURE TRENDS 94

Text.
Virtual Reality 94

Text.
Future Developments 95

Text.
Future Trends 98

Grammar:
Revision (Phrases) 99

Problem-solving 99

Supplementary
reading. History of Robotics 99

Unit
15. CAREERS IN COMPUTING 100

Text.
Computing Jobs 100

Text.
Talking about Work 102

Grammar:
Revision 103

Problem-solving 104

GLOSSARY 105

ACTIVE
VOCABULARY 115

LIST
OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS 119

LIST
OF IRREGULAR VERBS 121

ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ 123

BIBLIOGRAPHY 124