The
modern approach to word studies is based on distinguishing between
the external
and
the
internal structures
of the word.
By
external
structure of the word we
mean its morphological
structure.
For example, in the word post-impressionists
the
following morphemes can be distinguished: the prefixes post-,
im-, the
root press,
the
noun-forming suffixes —ion,
—ist,
and the grammatical suffix of plurality -s.
All these morphemes constitute the external structure of the word
post-impressionists.
The
internal
structure of the word, or
its meaning,
is
commonly referred to as the word’s semantic
structure. This
is the word’s main aspect. Words can serve the purposes of human
communication solely due to their meanings.
The
area of lexicology specializing in the semantic studies of the word
is called semantics.
Another
structural aspect of the word is its unity.
The word possesses both external (or formal) unity and semantic
unity. Formal unity of the word is sometimes interpreted as
indivisibility. The example of post-impressionists
has
already shown that the word is not indivisible. Yet, its component
morphemes are permanently linked together in opposition to
word-groups, both free and with fixed contexts, whose components
possess a certain structural freedom, e.g. bright
light, to take for granted.
The
formal unity of the word can best be illustrated by comparing a word
and a word-group comprising identical constituents. The difference
between a
blackbird and
a black bird is
explained by their relationship with the grammatical system of the
language. The word blackbird,
which
is characterized by unity, possesses a single grammatical framing:
blackbird/s.
The
first constituent black
is
not subject to any grammatical changes. In the word-group a black
bird each
constituent can acquire grammatical forms of its own: the
blackest birds I’ve ever seen. Other
words can be inserted between the components: a
black night bird.
The
same example may be used to illustrate what we mean by semantic
unity.
In
the word-group a black
bird each
of the meaningful words conveys a separate concept: bird
– a
kind of living creature; black
– a
colour.
The
word blackbird
conveys
only one concept: the type of bird. This is one of the main features
of any word: it always conveys one concept, no matter how many
component morphemes it may have in its external structure.
A
further structural feature of the word is its susceptibility
to
grammatical employment. In speech most words can be used in different
grammatical forms in which their interrelations are realized.
All
that we have said about the word can be summed up as follows.
The
word
is
a speech unit used for the purposes of human communication,
materially representing a group of sounds, possessing a meaning,
susceptible to grammatical employment and characterized by formal and
semantic unity.
-
The main problems of lexicology
Two
of these have been already underlined. The
problem of word-building is
associated with prevailing morphological word-structures and with
processes of making new words. Semantics
is
the study of meaning. Modern approaches to this problem are
characterized by two different levels of study: syntagmatic
and
paradigmatic.
On
the syntagmatic
level, the
semantic structure of the word is analysed in its linear
relationships with neighbouring words in connected speech. In other
words, the semantic characteristics of the word are observed,
described and studied on the basis of its typical contexts.
On
the paradigmatic
level, the
word is studied in its relationships with other words in the
vocabulary system. So, a word may be studied in comparison with other
words of similar meaning. E.g. work
n – labour
n.
Work работа,
труд; 1
the
job that a person does especially in order to earn money. This word
has many meanings (in
Oxford Dictionary – 14),
many synonyms and idioms [`idiemz]: creative
work творческая
деятельность; public
work общественные
работы;
his life`s work дело
его жизни; dirty
work (difficult,
unpleasant) 1
чёрная работа; 2
грязное
дело, подлость.
Nice
work! Отлично!
Здорово!
Saying (поговорка):
All
work and no play makes Jack a dull boy (мешай
дело с бездельем, проживёшь век с
весельем)
–
it is not healthy to spend all your time working; you need to relax
too.
Labour:
“work”
и “labour” не взаимозаменимы; labour
– 1 work,
especially physical work: manual
labour,
a
labour camp
– исправительно-трудовой
лагерь; 2
people
who work: a
shortage of labour; cheap labour; skilled labour –
квалифицированные
рабочие, Labour
Party; labour relations; a labour of
Sisyphus;
Sisyphean
labour [,sisi‘fi:en]
сизифов труд; тяжёлый и бесплодный труд
– of a task impossible to complete. From the Greek myth in which
Sisyphus was punished for the bad things he had done in his life with
the never-ending task of rolling a large stone to the top of a hill,
from which it always rolled down again.
Other
words of similar meaning (e.g. to
refuse v – to reject v),
of
opposite meaning (e.g. busy
adj – idle adj; to accept v – to reject v),
of
different stylistic characteristics (e.g. man
n – chap n – bloke n – guy n).
Man
–
chap
(coll.)
–
парень, малый; a
good chap
–
славный малый; old
chap – старина;
chap
– BrE,
informal,
becoming old-fashioned – used to talk about a man in a friendly
way: He
isn`t such a bad chap really. Bloke
(coll.)
тип,
парень: He
seemed like a nice bloke.
Guy
– coll.
US – малый;
tough
guy железный
малый; wise
guy умник;
guys
(informal,
especially US) a
group of people of either sex: Come
on, you guys!
Consequently,
the main problems of paradigmatic studies are synonymy,
antonymy, functional styles.
Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]
- #
- #
- #
- #
- #
- #
- #
- #
- #
- #
- #
1. The internal structure of the word is its …:
• external structure
• meaning
• morphological structure
• vocabulary
2. Употребление словосочетания «cope with» — это:
• использование сленга
• использование диалекта
• использование канцеляризма
• использование разговорной речи
3. Укажите пропущенное слово: «On the … level, the semantic structure of the word is analyzed in its linear relationships with neighboring words in connected speech.»
• morphemic
• paradigmatic
• syntagmatic
• grammar
4. Укажите слова, составляющие этимологический триплет:
• to change
• to capture
• to catch
• to chase
5. Вставьте пропущенное слово «… — the words in a language or a special set of words you are trying to learn.»
• grammar
• vocabulary
• linguistics
• lexicology
6. Informal words and word-groups are divided into some types:
• slang
• official words
• dialect words
• colloquial
7. Mark Greek borrowings:
• moderate
• intelligent
• philosophy
• bourgeois
8. Вставьте пропущенное слово: «… is a branch of linguistics, is the study of words».
• grammar
• literature
• vocabulary
• lexicology
9. Mark gradational reduplication:
• chit-chat
• riff-raff
• ping-pong
• bye-bye
10. Употребление слова «nivver» вместо «never» — это:
• использование диалекта
• использование разговорной речи
• использование нецензурного выражения
• использование сленга
11. Употребление слова «to leg» вместо «to walk» — это:
• использование сленга
• использование нецензурного выражения
• использование диалекта
• использование разговорной речи
12. Вставьте пропущенное слово: «… is a system of expressive means peculiar to a specific sphere of communication».
• functional style
• slang style
• informal style
• colloquial style
13. Укажите пропущенное словое: «… is the branch of lexicology specializing in word-groups which are characterized by stability of structure and transferred meaning.»
• collocation
• vocabulary
• morpheme
• phraseology
14. Укажите синонимы слова «child» в неформальном стиле:
• kid
• brat
• infant
• babe
15. External structure of the word is its …:
• meaning
• morphological structure
• semantic structure
• internal structure
16. Укажите пропущенный термин: » Such words as these two originating from the same etymological source, but differing in phonemic shape and in meaning are called …».
• semantic doubles
• etymological doublets
• etymological twins
• vocabulary copies
17. Укажите пропущенное слово: «On the … level, the word is studied in its relationships with other words in the vocabulary system».
• morphemic
• paradigmatic
• syntagmatic
• grammar
18. Mark Parisian borrowings:
• regime
• minor
• technique
• ballet
19. Укажите синонимы слова «continue» в неформальном стиле:
• go on
• proceed
• get on
• commence
20. Употребление слова «endeavour» вместо «try» — это:
• использование канцеляризма
• использование разговорной речи
• использование диалекта
• использование сленга
1. Ефименко А.З. Цены и ценовая политика. // Экономика строительства. — 2000. — №1. — С.54-61.
2. Цены и ценообразование: Учебник для вузов / Под ред. И.К. Салимжанова. — М.: ЗАО «Финстатинформ», 2003.
3. Дерябин А.А. Система ценообразования и финансов, пути совершенствования. М., Экономика, 2001
4. Певший Ф.М. Мировой рынок, конъюнктура, цены и маркетинг. М., МО, 2003
5. Ценообразование и рынок под ред. Салижманова И.K. М., Финстатинформ, колл. авторов, М., Прогресс, 2002
The Object of Lexicology
Antrushina G.B. English Lexicology
(pp. 6 – 11)
1. What is lexicology?
2. The structure of the word.
3. The main problems of lexicology.
4. Phraseology.
5. Vocabulary as a system.
What’s in a name? that which we call a rose
By any other name would smell as sweet…
(W. Shakespeare. Romeo and Juliet)
Что в имени твоём? То, что зовём мы розой, —
И под другим названьем сохраняло б
Свой сладкий запах!
(перевод Щепкиной-Куперник)
1. What is lexicology?
These famous lines reflect one of the fundamental problems of linguistic research: what is in a name, in a word? Is there any direct connection between a word and the object it represents? Could a rose have been called by “any other name” as Juliet says?
These and similar questions are answered by lexicological research. Lexicology,a branch of linguistics, is the study of words.
“Lexicology (from Gr lexis ‘word’ and logos ‘learning’) is the part of linguistics dealing with the vocabulary of a language and the properties of words as the main units of language. The term vocabulary is used to denote the system formed by the sum total of all the words that the language possesses.
The term word denotes the basic unit of a given language resulting from the association of a particular meaning with a particular group of sounds capable of a particular grammatical employment. A word therefore is simultaneously a semantic, grammatical and phonological unit.”
(I. Arnold, Lexicology, p.9)
We do not know much about the origin of language and, consequently, of the origin of words. We know almost nothing about the mechanism by which a speaker’s mental process is converted into sound groups called “words”, nor about the reverse process whereby a listener’s brain converts the acoustic phenomena into concepts and ideas, thus establishing a two-way process of communication.
We know very little about the nature of relations between the word and the referent (i.e. object, phenomenon, quality, action, etc. denoted by the word). If we assume that there is a direct relation between the word and the referent it gives rise to another question: how should we explain the fact that the same referent is designated by quite different sound groups in different languages.
We do know by now that there is nothing accidental about the vocabulary of the language (the total sum of its words);that each word is a small unit within a vast, efficient and perfectly balanced system.
What do we know about the nature of the word?
First, we know that the word is a unit of speech which serves the purposes of human communication. Thus, the word can be defined as a unit of communication.
Secondly, the word can be perceived as the total of the sounds which comprise it.
Third, the word, viewed structurally, possesses several characteristics.
The structure of the word
The modern approach to word studies is based on distinguishing between the external and the internal structures of the word.
By external structure of the word we mean its morphological structure. For example, in the word post-impressionists the following morphemes can be distinguished: the prefixes post-, im-, the root press, the noun-forming suffixes — ion, — ist, and the grammatical suffix of plurality -s. All these morphemes constitute the external structure of the word post-impressionists.
The internal structure of the word,or its meaning,is commonly referred to as the word’s semantic structure. This is the word’s main aspect. Words can serve the purposes of human communication solely due to their meanings.
The area of lexicology specializing in the semantic studies of the word is called semantics.
Another structural aspect of the word is its unity. The word possesses both external (or formal) unity and semantic unity. Formal unity of the word is sometimes interpreted as indivisibility. The example of post-impressionists has already shown that the word is not indivisible. Yet, its component morphemes are permanently linked together in opposition to word-groups, both free and with fixed contexts, whose components possess a certain structural freedom, e.g. bright light, to take for granted.
The formal unity of the word can best be illustrated by comparing a word and a word-group comprising identical constituents. The difference between a blackbird and a black bird is explained by their relationship with the grammatical system of the language. The word blackbird, which is characterized by unity, possesses a single grammatical framing: blackbird/s. The first constituent black is not subject to any grammatical changes. In the word-group a black bird each constituent can acquire grammatical forms of its own: the blackest birds I’ve ever seen. Other words can be inserted between the components: a black night bird.
The same example may be used to illustrate what we mean by semantic unity.
In the word-group a black bird each of the meaningful words conveys a separate concept: bird – a kind of living creature; black – a colour.
The word blackbird conveys only one concept: the type of bird. This is one of the main features of any word: it always conveys one concept, no matter how many component morphemes it may have in its external structure.
A further structural feature of the word is its susceptibility to grammatical employment. In speech most words can be used in different grammatical forms in which their interrelations are realized.
All that we have said about the word can be summed up as follows.
The word is a speech unit used for the purposes of human communication, materially representing a group of sounds, possessing a meaning, susceptible to grammatical employment and characterized by formal and semantic unity.
|
Шрифт зодчего Шрифт зодчего состоит из прописных (заглавных), строчных букв и цифр… |
Картограммы и картодиаграммы Картограммы и картодиаграммы применяются для изображения географической характеристики изучаемых явлений… |
Практические расчеты на срез и смятие При изучении темы обратите внимание на основные расчетные предпосылки и условности расчета… |
Функция спроса населения на данный товар Функция спроса населения на данный товар: Qd=7-Р. Функция предложения: Qs= -5+2Р,где… |
Описание
Лексикология английского языка ответы на тест
Mark Greek borrowings:
intelligent
bourgeois
moderate
philosophy
Mark Parisian borrowings:
regime
technique
ballet
minor
Вставьте пропущенное слово: «… is a system of expressive means peculiar to a specific sphere of communication».
informal style
functional style
slang style
colloquial style
Укажите пропущенный термин: » Such words as these two originating from the same etymological source, but differing in phonemic shape and in meaning are called …».
etymological doublets
semantic doubles
vocabulary copies
etymological twins
Mark gradational reduplication:
riff-raff
bye-bye
chit-chat
ping-pong
Informal words and word-groups are divided into some types:
colloquial
slang
official words
dialect words
Укажите слова, составляющие этимологический триплет:
to chase
to capture
to catch
to change
Укажите синонимы слова «continue» в неформальном стиле:
get on
proceed
go on
commence
Укажите пропущенное слово: «On the … level, the word is studied in its relationships with other words in the vocabulary system».
morphemic
paradigmatic
grammar
syntagmatic
Укажите синонимы слова «child» в неформальном стиле:
kid
babe
brat
infant
Укажите пропущенное слово: «On the … level, the semantic structure of the word is analyzed in its linear relationships with neighboring words in connected speech.»
morphemic
syntagmatic
grammar
paradigmatic
The internal structure of the word is its …:
external structure
meaning
vocabulary
morphological structure
Вставьте пропущенное слово «… — the words in a language or a special set of words you are trying to learn.»
grammar
vocabulary
linguistics
lexicology
Употребление слова «nivver» вместо «never» — это:
использование сленга
использование нецензурного выражения
использование диалекта
использование разговорной речи
External structure of the word is its …:
internal structure
semantic structure
morphological structure
meaning
Вставьте пропущенное слово: «… is a branch of linguistics, is the study of words».
grammar
lexicology
vocabulary
literature
Употребление слова «endeavour» вместо «try» — это:
использование сленга
использование диалекта
использование канцеляризма
использование разговорной речи
Употребление слова «to leg» вместо «to walk» — это:
использование разговорной речи
использование сленга
использование диалекта
использование нецензурного выражения
Употребление словосочетания «cope with» — это:
использование канцеляризма
использование диалекта
использование разговорной речи
использование сленга
Укажите пропущенное словое: «… is the branch of lexicology specializing in word-groups which are characterized by stability of structure and transferred meaning.»
phraseology
vocabulary
morpheme
collocation
Оплата и получение
Оплата производится на банковскую карту. Необходимо уточнить у менеджера, на какую карту банка вам удобно совершать оплату.
После оплаты, свяжитесь пожалуйста с менеджером и пришлите ему чек (фото или скриншот). Тем самым вы подтверждаете, что оплату совершили именно вы.
Курсовую вы можете заказать любым удобным для Вас способом, достаточно обратиться к менеджеру, он поможет осуществить заказ.
Работу можно скачать из личного кабинета, или её продублируют Вам на почту.
Работаем по всей России и СНГ:
Denote main characteristics of words.
The modern approach to word studies is based on distinguishing between the external and the internal structures of the word.
When we consider the “external structure” of the word, we mean its morphological structure. For instance, in the word post-impressionists the following morphemes can be distinguished: the prefix: post-, im-, the root press, the noun-forming suffixes -ion, -ist, and the grammatical suffix of plurality -s. All these morphemes constitute the external structure of the word post-impressionists
We will study the external structure of words, and also typical word-formation patterns in the session on word-building.
The internal structure of word, or its meaning, is nowadays commonly referred to as the word’s semantic structure.
This is certainly the word’s major aspect. Word can serve the purposes of human communication solely due to their meanings, and it is the most unfortunate when this fact is ignored by some contemporary scholars who, in their obsession with the fetish of structure, tend to condemn as irrelevant anything that eludes mathematical analysis. And this is exactly what meaning, with its subtle variation and shifts, is apt to do.
The area of lexicology specializing in the semantic studies of the word is called semantics. Another structural aspect of the word is sometimes inaccurately interpreted as indivisibility. The example of post-impressionists has already shown that the word is not, strictly speaking, indivisible.
Its component morphemes are permanently linked together in opposition to word-groups, both free and with fixed contexts, whose components possess a certain structural freedom, example bright light, to take for granted .
A further structural feature of the word is its susceptibility to grammatical employment. In speech most words can be used in different grammatical forms in which their interrelations are realized.
So far we have only underlined the word main peculiarities, but this suffices to convey the general idea of the difficulties and questions faced by the scholars attempting to give a detail definition of the word.
The difficulty does not merely consist in the considerable number of aspects that are to be taken into account, but, also in the essential unanswered questions of word theory which concern the nature of its meaning.
All that we have studied the word can be summed up as follows:
The word is a speech unit used for the purposes of human communication, materially representing a group of sounds, possessing a meaning, susceptible to grammatical employment and characterized by formal and semantic unity.