The general service word list

The General Service List (GSL) is a list of roughly 2,000 words published by Michael West in 1953.[1] The words were selected to represent the most frequent words of English and were taken from a corpus of written English. The target audience was English language learners and ESL teachers. To maximize the utility of the list, some frequent words that overlapped broadly in meaning with words already on the list were omitted. In the original publication the relative frequencies of various senses of the words were also included.

DetailsEdit

The list is important because a person who knows all the words on the list and their related families would understand approximately 90–95 percent of colloquial speech and 80–85 percent of common written texts. The list consists only of headwords, which means that the word «be» is high on the list, but assumes that the person is fluent in all forms of the word, e.g. am, is, are, was, were, being, and been.

Researchers have expressed doubts about the adequacy of the GSL because of its age and the relatively low coverage provided by the words not in the first 1,000 words of the list.[2] Engels was, in particular, critical of the limited vocabulary chosen by West (1953), and while he concurred that the first 1,000 words of the GSL were good selections based on their high frequency and wide range, he was of the opinion that the words beyond the first 1,000 of the GSL could not be considered general service words because the range and frequency of these words were too low to be included in the list. Recent research by Billuroğlu and Neufeld (2005) confirmed that the General Service List was in need of minor revision, but the headwords in the list still provide approximately 80% text coverage in written English. The research showed that the GSL contains a small number of archaic terms, such as shilling, while excluding words that have gained currency since the first half of the twentieth century, such as plastic, television, battery, okay, victim, and drug.

The GSL evolved over several decades before West’s publication in 1953. The GSL is not a list based solely on frequency, but includes groups of words on a semantic basis.[3] Various versions float around the Internet, and attempts have been made to improve it.[4]

There are two major updates of the GSL:

  1. the New General Service List (new-GSL) by Brezina & Gablasova, originally published in Applied Linguistics in 2013. This wordlist is based on the analysis of four language corpora of a total size of over 12 billion words.[5]
  2. the New General Service List (NGSL), published in March 2013 by Browne, Culligan and Phillips. The NGSL was based on a 273 million-word subsection of the 2 billion-word Cambridge English Corpus. Preliminary results show that the new list provides a substantially higher degree of coverage with fewer words.[6]

Some ESL dictionaries use the General Service List as their controlled defining vocabulary. In the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, each definition is written using the 2000-word Longman Defining Vocabulary based on the GSL.[7]

See alsoEdit

  • New General Service List: a major update of the GSL which provides higher coverage with fewer words than the GSL, developed by Charles Browne, Brent Culligan and Joe Phillips
  • International English
  • Globish developed by Jean-Paul Nerrière
  • Basic English developed by Charles Kay Ogden.
  • Academic Word List developed as an extension to the General Service List by Averil Coxhead
  • Swadesh list
  • Dolch word list

NotesEdit

  1. ^ West, M. 1953. A General Service List of English Words. London: Longman, Green and Co.
  2. ^ Engels, 1968
  3. ^ Nation & Waring, 2004; Dickins
  4. ^ Bauman & Culligan, 1995
  5. ^ Brezina, V. & Gablasova, D. (2015) «Is There a Core General Vocabulary? Introducing the New General Service List», Applied Linguistics, 36(1), 1–22.
  6. ^ Browne, Charles (July 2013). «The New General Service List: Celebrating 60 years of Vocabulary Learning». The Language Teacher. 34. 7: 13–15.
  7. ^ Bullock, D. ‘NSM + LDOCE: A Non-Circular Dictionary of English’, International Journal of Lexicography, 24/2, 2011: 226–240.

ReferencesEdit

  • Bauer, L. and Nation, I.S.P. (1993). Word families, International Journal of Lexicography 6, 3 (1993) 1-27.
  • Billuroğlu, A. & Neufeld, S. (2005). The Bare Necessities in Lexis: a new perspective on vocabulary profiling. Retrieved September 2007 from http://lextutor.ca/vp/BNL_Rationale.doc[permanent dead link]
  • Brezina, V. & Gablasova, D. (2013). Is There a Core General Vocabulary? Introducing the New General Service List. Applied Linguistics, retrieved 4 April 2014 from http://applij.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2013/08/25/applin.amt018.abstract
  • Dickins, J. (n.d.). Extended Version of Rank Frequency List: Spoken English, retrieved 3 December 2007 from http://www.languages.salford.ac.uk/staff/dickins.php.
  • Engels, L.K. (1968). The fallacy of word counts. IRAL 6: 213–231. Retrieved August 2019 from https://www.degruyter.com/view/j/iral.1968.6.issue-1-4/iral.1968.6.1-4.213/iral.1968.6.1-4.213.xml
  • Hancioglu, N., Neufeld, S., & Eldridge, J. (2008). Through the looking glass and into the land of lexico-grammar. English for Specific Purposes 27/4, 459-479 doi:10.1016/j.esp.2008.08.001
  • Nation, P., & Waring, R. (2004). Vocabulary size, text coverage and word lists. Retrieved September 2007 from https://web.archive.org/web/20080111133710/http://www.wordhacker.com/

External linksEdit

  • Bauman’s revised GSL A 1995 revised version of the GSL with minor changes, along with a more detailed discussion about the problems in the GSL.
  • PC-based vocabulary profiling software that includes the GSL:
    • Heatley, Nation, and Coxhead’s RANGE and FREQUENCY programs, including the GSL and the AWL as TXT files for vocabulary profiling
  • Lextutor Vocabulary Profilers provided free by Tom Cobb includes several web-based vocabulary profilers, in which you can paste any text and the words are then ‘coloured’ according to frequency band profiles. Here are two:
    • Classic Vocabulary Profiler, which produces output in coloured form—blue for K1 (the first 1,000 words of the GSL), green for K2 (the second 1,000 words of the GSL), yellow for Academic word list, and red for words that are not in any of the lists
    • BNL profiler is a revised word list for students learning English which overcomes the problems of treating the GSL and AWL as separate and distinct constructs.
  • Other web-based vocabulary profilers include:
    • OGTE (Online Graded Text Editor) provided free by Charles Browne and Rob Waring. The tool allows teachers and authors to analyze and edit texts to a specific level using the GSL, NGSL, AWL and other important vocabulary lists.
    • OKAPI will return formatted CBA probes or a readability analysis, with bands for Grades 1-3 (US) and Grades 4+
    • WORDLE provides a graphic representation of words by frequency in any text, but is not as yet linked to any specific vocabulary profiling bands.

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The General Service List is a list of roughly 2000 words published by Michael West in 1953. The words were selected to represent the most frequent words of English and were taken from a corpus of written English. The target audience was English language learners and ESL teachers. To maximize the utility of the list, some frequent words that overlapped broadly in meaning with words already on the list were omitted. In the original publication the relative frequencies of various senses of the words were also included.

The list is important because a person who knows all the words on the list and their related families would understand approximately 90-95 percent of colloquial speech and 80-85 percent of common written texts. The list consists only of headwords, which means that the word «be» is high on the list, but assumes that the person is fluent in all forms of the word, e.g. am, is, are, was, were, being and been.

Researchers have expressed doubts about the adequacy of the GSL because of its age and the relatively low coverage provided by the words not in the first 1000 words of the list (Engels, 1968). Engels was, in particular, critical of the limited vocabulary chosen by West 1953, and while he concurred that the first 1000 words of the GSL were good selections based on their high frequency and wide range, he was of the opinion that that the words beyond the first 1000 of the GSL could not be considered general service words because the range and frequency of these words were too low to be included in the list. Recent research by Billuroğlu and Neufeld (2005) confirmed that the General Service List was in need of minor revision, but the headwords in the list still provide approximately 80% text coverage in written English. The research showed that the GSL contains a small number of archaic terms, such as shilling, while excluding words that have gained currency since the first half of the twentieth century, e.g. plastic, television, battery, okay, victim, drug, etc.

The GSL evolved over several decades before West’s publication in 1953. Contrary to popular belief, the GSL is not a list based solely on frequency, but includes groups of words on a semantic basis (Nation & Waring, 2004; Dickins). Today there is no version of the GSL in print; it only exists in virtual form via the Internet. Various versions float around the Internet, and attempts have been made to improve it (Bauman, 1995). However, for practical purposes, one of its most accessible formats exists in the Compleat Lexical Tutor web site created by Tom Cobb, where it can be viewed, downloaded or used for vocabulary profiling of texts. The headwords and family members in this version of the GSL conform to Bauer and Nation, level 6.

The Classic Vocabulary Profiler, produces output in coloured form—blue for K1 (the first 1,000 words of the GSL), green for K2 (the second 1,000 words of the GSL), yellow for Academic word list, and red for words that are not in any of the lists.

For other types of reading different lists may be required. For example when reading texts in the academic genre, a person may wish to consult the Academic word list. For students studying English as a foreign language, a person may wish to consult the BNL2709 and use the BNL profiler at the Compleat Lexical Tutor web site.

External links

The actual list, along with a more detailed discussion is available here

Heatley, Nation, and Coxhead have made their RANGE and FREQUENCY programs available for download and include the GSL and the AWL as TXT files for vocabulary profiling.

An extended version of the General Service List in Excel format produced by Dickins (http://www.languages.salford.ac.uk/staff/dickins.php) can be found on [1].

This provides in a manipulable format all the information in the General Service List, plus a semantic-field categorisation of each entry using the categories in the Longman Lexicon of Contemporary English(LLCE) by Tom McArthur (Longman, 1981). This latter allows entries to be ordered or extracted according to semantic categories. Details of the LLCE categories can be found on the same webpage. The full categories for the extended version of the General Service List are as follows:

  1. Line numbering (order in which entries appear in the printed version of the General Service List);
  2. Headword as given in the General Service List;
  3. Lemmatized headword, i.e. standard dictionary-type headword;
  4. McArthur category;
  5. Word-class;
  6. Word count 1, as given in the General Service List;
  7. Word count 2, ‘raw’ word count without additional information given in the General Service List;
  8. Percentage scores for occurrences of words in a particular sense in the General Service List;
  9. Word-in-sense frequency;
  10. Source of information (given throughout as GenSerList);
  11. Meaning (as given in General Service List).

See also

  • Word frequency lists
  • Basic English

References

Bauer, L. and Nation, I.S.P. (1993). Word families, International Journal of Lexicography 6, 3 (1993) 1-27.

Billuroğlu, A. & Neufeld, S. (2005). The Bare Necessities in Lexis: a new perspective on vocabulary profiling. Retrieved September 2007 from http://lextutor.ca/vp/BNL_Rationale.doc

Dickins, J. (n.d.). Extended Version of Rank Frequency List: Spoken English, retrieved 3 December 2007 from http://www.languages.salford.ac.uk/staff/dickins.php.

Engels, L.K. (1968). The fallacy of word counts. IRAL 6: 213-231.

Heatley, A., Nation, I.S.P. and Coxhead, A. 2002. RANGE and FREQUENCY programs. http://www.vuw.ac.nz/lals/staff/Paul_Nation

Nation, P., & Waring, R. (2004). Vocabulary size, text coverage and word lists. Retrieved September 2007 from http://www.wordhacker.com

«Everyone has a brain, but not everyone looks into its manual.» — Мозг есть у всех, просто не все разобрались с инструкцией

 Friday [ʹfraıdı] , 14 April [ʹeıprəl] 2023

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Список из примерно 2800 ключевых слов, опубликованных доктором Чарльзом Брауном, доктором Брент Каллиганом и Джозефом Филлипсом в марте 2013 года. Слова в NGSL представляют собой наиболее важные высокочастотные слова английского языка для учащихся у которых английский является вторым языком. Хотя в английском языке насчитывается более 600 000 слов, 2800 слов, NGSL даёт более 90% охвата слов, котрые встречаются в большинстве общих текстов английского языка.

a

(an)

accident

(accidents)

activity

(activities)

adult

(adults)

against

abandon

(abandons abandoned abandoning abandonings)

accommodation

(accommodations)

actor

(actors)

advance

(advances advanced advancing advanceing advanceings)

age

(ages aged aging ageing ageings)

ability

(abilities)

accompany

(accompanies accompanied accompanying accompanyings)

actual

(actuals)

advantage

(advantages advantaged advantaging advantagings)

agency

(agencies)

able

(abler ablest ables abled abling ablings)

accomplish

(accomplishes accomplished accomplishing accomplishings)

actually

adventure

(adventures adventured adventuring adventurings)

agenda

(agendas)

abortion

(abortions)

accord

(accords accorded according accordings)

ad

(ads)

advertise

(advertises advertised advertising advertize advertizes advertized advertizing advertizings)

agent

(agents)

about

(abouts)

account

(accounts accounted accounting accountings)

adapt

(adapts adapted adapting adaptings)

advertisement

(advertisements advertisment advertisments)

aggressive

above

accurate

add

(adds added adding addings)

advice

(advices)

ago

abroad

(abroads)

accuse

(accuses accused accusing accusings)

addition

(additions)

advise

(advises advised advising advisings)

agree

(agrees agreed agreeing agreeings)

absence

(absences)

achieve

(achieves achieved achieving achieveing achieveings)

additional

(additionals)

adviser

(advisers)

agreement

(agreements)

absolute

(absolutes)

achievement

(achievements)

address

(addresses addressed addressing addressings)

advocate

(advocates advocated advocating advocatings)

agricultural

(agriculturals)

absolutely

acknowledge

(acknowledges acknowledged acknowledging acknowledgings)

adequate

affair

(affairs)

ahead

abstract

(abstracts abstracted abstracting abstractings)

acquire

(acquires acquired acquiring acquirings)

adjust

(adjusts adjusted adjusting adjustings)

affect

(affects affected affecting affectings)

aid

(aids aided aiding aidings)

abuse

(abuses abused abusing abusings)

acquisition

(acquisitions)

adjustment

(adjustments)

afford

(affords afforded affording affordings)

academic

(academics academick)

across

administration

(administrations)

afraid

accept

(accepts accepted accepting acceptings)

act

(acts acted acting actings)

admire

(admires admired admiring admirings)

after

acceptable

(acceptables)

action

(actions actioned actioning actionings)

admit

(admits admited admitting admitted)

afternoon

(afternoons)

access

(accesses accessed accessing accessings)

active

(actives)

adopt

(adopts adopted adopting adoptings)

again

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Список общих услуг (GSL ) — это список примерно из 2000 слов опубликовано Майклом Уэстом в 1953 году. Слова были отобраны так, чтобы представлять наиболее часто употребляемые слова английского языка, и взяты из корпуса письменного английского языка. Целевая аудитория — изучающие английский язык и преподаватели ESL. Чтобы максимизировать полезность списка, некоторые часто встречающиеся слова, которые в значительной степени совпадали по значению со словами, уже включенными в список, были опущены. В первоначальную публикацию также были включены относительные частоты различных значений слов.

Содержание

  • 1 Подробности
  • 2 См. Также
  • 3 Примечания
  • 4 Ссылки
  • 5 Внешние ссылки

Подробности

Список важен, потому что человек, который знает все слова в списке и их родственные семейства поймут примерно 90–95 процентов разговорной речи и 80–85 процентов обычных письменных текстов. Список состоит только из заглавных слов, что означает, что слово «быть» занимает первое место в списке, но предполагает, что человек свободно владеет всеми формами этого слова, например есть, есть, были, были, были, были и были.

Исследователи выразили сомнения в адекватности GSL из-за его возраста и относительно низкого охвата слов, не входящих в первые 1000 слов списка. Энгельс, в частности, критически относился к ограниченному словарному запасу, выбранному Вестом (1953), и, хотя он соглашался с тем, что первые 1000 слов GSL были хорошими выборками, исходя из их высокой частоты и широкого диапазона, он придерживался мнения, что слова сверх первой 1000 слов GSL нельзя было считать служебными словами, потому что диапазон и частота этих слов были слишком малы для включения в список. Недавнее исследование Биллуроглу и Нойфельд (2005) подтвердило, что Список общих услуг нуждался в незначительной доработке, но заголовки в списке по-прежнему обеспечивают примерно 80% покрытия текста на письменном английском языке. Исследование показало, что GSL содержит небольшое количество архаичных терминов, таких как шиллинг, при этом исключая слова, получившие распространение с первой половины двадцатого века, такие как пластик, телевизор, батарея, хорошо, жертва и наркотик.

GSL развился за несколько десятилетий до публикации Уэста в 1953 году. GSL — это не список, основанный исключительно на частоте, но включает группы слов на семантической основе. В Интернете ходят различные версии, и были предприняты попытки улучшить его.

Есть два основных обновления GSL:

  1. Новый список общих услуг (new-GSL), созданный Брезиной и Габласовой, первоначально опубликовано в журнале Applied Linguistics в 2013 году. Этот список слов основан на анализе четырех языковых корпусов общим объемом более 12 миллиардов слов.
  2. New General Service List (NGSL), опубликованный в марте 2013 года Брауном, Каллиганом и Филлипсом. NGSL был основан на подразделе из 2 миллиардов слов Cambridge English Corpus, состоящего из 273 миллионов слов. Предварительные результаты показывают, что новый список обеспечивает значительно более высокую степень охвата при меньшем количестве слов.

Некоторые словари ESL используют список общих услуг в качестве контролируемого определяющего словаря. В Словаре современного английского языка Longman каждое определение написано с использованием словаря Longman Defining Vocabulary из 2000 слов на основе GSL.

См. Также

  • New General Service List : крупное обновление GSL, обеспечивающее более широкий охват меньшим количеством слов, чем GSL, разработанное Чарльзом Брауном, Брентом Каллиганом и Джо Филлипсом
  • Международный английский
  • Глобиш разработанный Жан-Полем Нерриером
  • Базовый английский разработан Чарльзом Каем Огденом.
  • Список академических слов, разработанный Аверилом Коксхедом как расширение списка общих услуг
  • Список Сводеша
  • Список слов Дольча

Примечания

Ссылки

Внешние ссылки

  • Пересмотренный GSL Баумана Пересмотренная версия GSL 1995 года с небольшими изменениями, а также более подробное обсуждение проблем в GSL.
  • Краткая история Пересмотренный GSL Баумана Краткая история GSL со ссылками на переводы на 11 языков.
  • Программное обеспечение для профилирования словарного запаса на базе ПК, которое включает GSL:
    • Программы Heatley, Nation и Coxhead RANGE и FREQUENCY, включая GSL и AWL в виде файлов TXT для профилирования словаря
    • AntWordProfiler, бесплатный профилировщик словаря, также включающий GSL в виде файла TXT.
  • Lextutor Vocabulary Profilers, бесплатно предоставляемый Томом Коббом, включает несколько сетевых профилировщиков словарного запаса, в которые вы можете вставлять любой текст, и слова затем «раскрашиваются» в соответствии с профилями частотных диапазонов. Вот два:
    • Classic Vocabulary Profiler, который производит вывод в цветной форме: синий для K1 (первые 1000 слов GSL), зеленый для K2 (вторые 1000 слов GSL), желтый для Список академических слов, и красный цвет для слов, которых нет ни в одном из списков.
    • Профилировщик BNL — это пересмотренный список слов для студентов, изучающих английский, который преодолевает проблемы, связанные с рассмотрением GSL и AWL как отдельных и различные конструкции.
  • К другим профилировщикам словаря на базе Интернета относятся:
    • OGTE (онлайн-редактор текстовых оценок), бесплатно предоставляемый Чарльзом Брауном и Робом Уорингом. Инструмент позволяет учителям и авторам анализировать и редактировать тексты до определенного уровня, используя GSL, NGSL, AWL и другие важные словарные списки.
    • OUP3000 средство проверки текста.
    • OKAPI вернет отформатированные зонды CBA или анализ читабельности с полосами для классов 1-3 (США) и классов 4+
    • WORDLE обеспечивает графическое представление слов по частоте в любом тексте, но еще не связано с какими-либо конкретными полосами профилирования словаря.

The General Service List (GSL) is a list of 2000-2284 words that are most frequently used in English.  These words cover between 85%-95% of all written and spoken English.  It is very important that you know these words.   It is an excellent first word list for beginning learners for optimal vocabulary growth. If you are already an intermediate or advanced English learner, you should check to make sure you know all these words.

Growth - example of a word from the General Service List

Growth is a word on the GSL.

This General Service List web page conveniently displays all the GSL headwords on one page, numbered and ordered from most frequent to less frequent. The headword is the main, often shortest root form of a word in a word family.  For example, one headword is nation.  The word family includes national, nationalize, and nationality.  By knowing the meaning of the headword, it will be easier to understand the meaning of all the words in the word family.This GSL wiktionary page groups the vocabulary in sets of 200 words, ordered by frequency.  Each word is then linked to a wiktionary (dictionary) entry, that includes an .ogg file pronunciation audio clip, a definition, one or more example sentences, plural forms for nouns, tense and participle forms for verbs, and more useful information.

This Centre for Independent Language Learning page has a long list of the words, ordered by frequency.  Next to each word is a link to a web page to view a definition, example sentences, a pronunciation audio file, and a Chinese translation of the word.

This .PDF page lists the first 1000 words alphabetically in five columns, then this  .PDF page lists the next 2000 in alphabetical order, also in five columns.  This Michigan’s Adult Literacy Project .PDF file is 23 pages long, and lists the first 1000 words alphabetically into four columns and then the second 2000 words in the same way.

This set of pdf files show the first, second and third 250 most frequently used words from the GSL.  The next sets of 250 words do not appear to have been posted by this resource provider. However, in addition to providing the part of speech and a definition of each word, it lists Spanish equivalents of the words, so I’ve included this partial list here anyway.

To help make your learning easier, I have sorted the headwords of the General Service List according to parts of speech.  I have put the nouns together in one table, then verbs in another table, then adverbs, pronouns, conjunctions, prepositions, and other words into tables or columns.  Some headwords may be frequently used as more than one part of speech.  Such words are listed in each applicable part of speech table or column, with their multiple parts of speech marked as well.

My lists make it easier to see which words you need to learn the plurals for (the nouns) and which words you need to learn how to conjugate (the verbs).  When you are creating sentences and you know the part of speech you want, but cannot think of the exact word, it is easier to find it using my lists.  For example,  if you need a verb that means “to go down in water,” you can look through the words in the verb table and see the word you want is “sink.”

You can test your knowledge of the meaning of these words with these excellent quizzes.  These quizzes are useful for intermediate and advanced learners. (They are probably too difficult for beginners.)

Do you know all the words in the General Service List?  Do you find any of the links above useful for your English language learning?  Do you know of other General Service List web pages links that show translations of the words in other languages?  Please share with us your learning experiences and resources!

Growth image: FreeDigitalPhotos.net

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