The eskimos have fifty words for types of snow though there is no word

Подробности

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Прочитайте текст. Заполните пропуски в предложениях под номерами В11-В16 соответствующими формами слов, напечатанных заглавными буквами справа от каждого предложения. TEST 20 (part 2)

The World’s Language

B11

The English language is famous for the richness of its vocabulary. Webster’s New International Dictionary lists 450,000 words, and the new Oxford English Dictionary has 615,000, but that is only part of the total. Technical and scientists terms would add millions more.

SCIENCE

B12

The wealth of existing synonyms means that speakers of English have two words for something denoted by one word in a different language. The French, for instance, do not distinguish between house and home, between mind and brain. The Spanish cannot differentiate a chairman from a president.

SPEAK

B13

In Russia, there are no native words for efficiency, challenge and engagement ring. Of course, every language has areas in which it needs, for practical purposes, to be more expressive than others.

PRACTICE

B14

The Eskimos have fifty words for types of snow, though there is no word for just plain snow. Naturally, African languages have no native word for snow.

NATURAL

B15

Nowadays, globalization influences the development of languages.

DEVELOP

B16

Some native words disappear, giving way to international terms.

APPEAR


esse edit

Задание №7172.
Грамматика и лексика. ЕГЭ по английскому

Вставьте слово, которое грамматически и лексически будет соответствовать содержанию текста.

The Eskimos have fifty words for types of snow, though there is no word for just plain snow. ___ (NATURAL), African languages have no native word for snow.

Решение:
The Eskimos have fifty words for types of snow, though there is no word for just plain snow. NATURALLY, African languages have no native word for snow.
У эскимосов есть пятьдесят слов для обозначения типов снега, хотя нет слова для обозначения просто снега. естественно, в африканских языках нет родного слова для обозначения снега.

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Задания Д31 № 927

i

Образуйте от слова APPEAR однокоренное слово так, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало содержанию текста.

Some native words ______ , giving way to international terms.

1

Преобразуйте, если это необходимо, слово CAN так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста.

Who really discovered America?

Everybody knows that Christopher Columbus discovered America. Was he really the first to reach the continent? The great Norwegian explorer Thor Heyerdal believed that ancient people were able to build boats that ______ cross oceans.


2

Преобразуйте, если это необходимо, слово WIDE так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста.

To test his ideas, Heyerdal decided to build a copy of the ancient Egyptian boat and sail across the Atlantic. On May 25, 1969 the boat called Ra left a port in Morocco and headed across the ______ part of the Atlantic.


3

Преобразуйте, если это необходимо, слово PROVE так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста.

On May 17, 1970 Ra successfully crossed the Atlantic, ______ that ancient civilizations had enough skill to reach America long before Columbus.


4

Преобразуйте, если это необходимо, слово WOMAN так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста.

Greek myths: Apollo and Cassandra

In ancient Greece there were many temples built for Apollo. He was the god of youth, beauty, music and poetry. Besides, Apollo had one very special skill  — he could see the future. One day Apollo came to the temple in Troy. Among other ______ he saw Cassandra, a young and beautiful priestess, who worked at the temple.


5

Преобразуйте, если это необходимо, слово IMPRESS так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста.

Apollo ______ by her grace.


6

Преобразуйте, если это необходимо, слово FALL так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста.

The minute Apollo saw Cassandra, he ______ in love. It was love at first sight. Apollo offered her a deal. He would give Cassandra the gift of being able to see the future, if she gave him a kiss. Cassandra agreed.


7

Задания Д25 № 921

Преобразуйте, если это необходимо, слово DREAM так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию текста.

With a laugh, Apollo gave her the gift, ______ about the reward. Instantly, Cassandra could see the future. She saw Apollo, in the future, helping to destroy Troy.


8

Образуйте от слова SCIENCE однокоренное слово так, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало содержанию текста.

The World’s Language

The English language is famous for the richness of its vocabulary. Webster’s New International Dictionary lists 450,000 words, and the new Oxford English Dictionary has 615,000, but that is only part of the total. Technical and ______ terms would add millions more.


9

Образуйте от слова SPEAK однокоренное слово так, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало содержанию текста.

The wealth of existing synonyms means that ______ of English have two words for something denoted by one word in a different language. The French, for instance, do not distinguish between house and home, between mind and brain. The Spanish cannot differentiate a chairman from a president.


10

Образуйте от слова PRACTICE однокоренное слово так, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало содержанию текста.

In Russia, there are no native words for efficiency, challenge and engagement ring. Of course, every language has areas in which it needs, for ______ purposes, to be more expressive than others.


11

Образуйте от слова NATURAL однокоренное слово так, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало содержанию текста.

The Eskimos have fifty words for types of snow, though there is no word for just plain snow. ______ , African languages have no native word for snow.


12

Образуйте от слова DEVELOP однокоренное слово так, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало содержанию текста.

Nowadays, globalization influences the ______ of languages.

Do the Eskimos Really have 50 Words for Snow

As Franz Boas travelled through the snowy landscape of Baffin Island during the 1880s on his quest to understand the Inuit people and their way of life, he became fascinated by the number of different words they used for the various types of snow, from piegnartoq, meaning snow that is firm enough for driving a sled on, to aqilokoq, meaning softly falling snow. His claim that there were more than 50 different words for snow was made in his 1911 publication A Dictionary of American Indian Languages and quickly became fixed in the public imagination.

Whether the claim is true or not, it led to a debate that has continued in linguistic circles ever since. Some of the confusion arises from the nature of Eskimo languages. Both Inuit and Yupik, the two main branches of the language, have many differing dialects, but they all have in common the feature of polysynthesis, which allows speakers to add a lot of information to a base word by adding suffixes. Information that would take a whole sentence in English can be communicated in a single (long) word. This makes the definition of words particularly difficult: does a base with various endings constitute different words or is it rather a single idiom with individual descriptive flourishes attached? Many linguists believe that the vocabulary lists compiled by Boas confused the two.

However, recent research undertaken by anthropologist Igor Krupnik at the Smithsonian Arctic Studies Center in Washington found that Inuit and Yupik languages do indeed have many different words for snow. He claims that Boas was careful to include only words with meaningful distinctions in his dictionary. Krupnik and other researchers studied the vocabulary of 10 dialects from both the Inuit and Yupik languages and conclude that there really are many more different words for snow than there are in English. The Inuit dialect of Canada’s Nunavik region has 53 words for snow, including pukak for powder snow that looks like salt crystals and matsaaruti for the slushy snow that is useful for icing a sled’s runners. In the other branch of the language, Central Siberian Yupik dialects have at least 40 such words.

In the hazardous Arctic environment, snow is not the only substance that requires such careful definition: the vocabulary used to describe sea-ice is even richer. The Inupiaq dialect of the Alaskan Inuits has around 70 words used to describe sea-ice, such as auniq, ice that contains holes like Emmental cheese, utuqaq, permanent ice that does not thaw from one season to the next and siguliaksraq, a layer of thin, crystalline ice that forms just as the sea begins to freeze.

It is not only the Eskimo peoples who have specialised words for the ice and snow of their surroundings: the Sami people of Northern Scandinavia and Russia have around 180 words that are used to describe snow and ice, according to Norwegian linguist Ole Henrik Magga. The Sami language is not polysynthetic so here it easier to define separate words. The Sami also have hundreds of words that are used to describe the reindeer that are central to their way of life. Linguists see this as no surprise: languages evolve to meet the needs of the people who use them and understanding weather conditions is crucial to survival in such a harsh environment. To understand whether snow and ice are safe to walk on or not can be a matter of life or death. Perhaps rather than wondering at the number of different words used in describing their environment, we should admire the Inuits’ expert knowledge of the snow that forms in various conditions.

As Inuits are increasingly turning away from the traditional Eskimo way of life, there is a danger that their ancestral knowledge may be lost and the rich vocabulary will fade away. This is why linguists are working to compile dictionaries of dialects in both Inuit and Yupik to encapsulate this knowledge so that local communities can understand their heritage and preserve it for future generations.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

«Eskimo snow» redirects here. For the album by Why?, see Eskimo Snow.

The claim that Eskimo words for snow (specifically Yupik and Inuit words) are unusually numerous, particularly in contrast to English, is often used to support the controversial linguistic-relativity hypothesis or «Whorfianism». The strongest interpretation of this hypothesis, which posits that a language’s vocabulary (among other features) shapes or defines its speakers’ view of the world, has been largely discredited,[1] though a 2010 study supports the core notion that these languages have many more words for «snow» than the English language.[2][3] The original claim is based in the work of anthropologist Franz Boas and was particularly promoted by his contemporary, Benjamin Lee Whorf, whose name is connected with the hypothesis.[4][5]

Overview[edit]

Franz Boas did not make quantitative claims[6] but rather pointed out that the Eskimo–Aleut languages have about the same number of distinct word roots referring to snow as English does, but the structure of these languages tends to allow more variety as to how those roots can be modified in forming a single word.[4][note 1] A good deal of the ongoing debate thus depends on how one defines «word», and perhaps even «word root».

The first re-evaluation of the claim was by linguist Laura Martin in 1986, who traced the history of the claim and argued that its prevalence had diverted attention from serious research into linguistic relativity. A subsequent influential and humorous, and polemical, essay by Geoff Pullum repeated Martin’s critique, calling the process by which the so-called «myth» was created the «Great Eskimo Vocabulary Hoax». Pullum argued that the fact that the number of word roots for snow is about equally large in Eskimoan languages and English indicates that there exists no difference in the size of their respective vocabularies to define snow. Other specialists in the matter of Eskimoan languages and Eskimoan knowledge of snow and especially sea ice argue against this notion and defend Boas’s original fieldwork amongst the Inuit of Baffin Island.[2][7]

Languages in the Inuit and Yupik language groups add suffixes to words to express the same concepts expressed in English and many other languages by means of compound words, phrases, and even entire sentences. One can create a practically unlimited number of new words in the Eskimoan languages on any topic, not just snow, and these same concepts can be expressed in other languages using combinations of words. In general and especially in this case, it is not necessarily meaningful to compare the number of words between languages that create words in different ways due to different grammatical structures.[4][8][note 2]

On the other hand, some anthropologists have argued that Boas, who lived among Baffin islanders and learnt their language, did in fact take account of the polysynthetic nature of Inuit language and included «only words representing meaningful distinctions» in his account.[3] Igor Krupnik, an anthropologist at the Smithsonian Arctic Studies Center in Washington, supports Boas’s work but notes that Boas was careful to include only words representing meaningful distinctions. Krupnik and others charted the vocabulary of about 10 Inuit and Yupik dialects and concluded that they indeed have many more words for snow than English does. Central Siberian Yupik has 40 terms. Inuit dialect spoken in Canada’s Nunavik region has at least 53, including “matsaaruti,” for wet snow that can be used to ice a sleigh’s runners, and “pukak,” for crystalline powder snow that looks like salt. Within these dialects, the vocabulary associated with sea ice is even richer. In the Inupiaq dialect of Wales, Alaska, Krupnik documented 70 terms for ice including: “utuqaq,” ice that lasts year after year; “siguliaksraq,” a patchwork layer of crystals that form as the sea begins to freeze; and “auniq,” ice that is filled with holes. Similarly, the Sami people, who live in the northern tips of Scandinavia and Russia, use at least 180 words related to snow and ice, according to Ole Henrik Magga, a linguist in Norway. (Unlike Inuit dialects, Sami ones are not polysynthetic, making it easier to distinguish words.)[9]

Studies of the Sami languages of Norway, Sweden and Finland, conclude that the languages have anywhere from 180 snow- and ice-related words and as many as 300 different words for types of snow, tracks in snow, and conditions of the use of snow.[10][11][12]

Origins and significance[edit]

The first reference[13] to Inuit having multiple words for snow is in the introduction to Handbook of American Indian languages (1911) by linguist and anthropologist Franz Boas. He says:

To take again the example of English, we find that the idea of WATER is expressed in a great variety of forms: one term serves to express water as a LIQUID; another one, water in the form of a large expanse (LAKE); others, water as running in a large body or in a small body (RIVER and BROOK); still other terms express water in the form of RAIN, DEW, WAVE, and FOAM. It is perfectly conceivable that this variety of ideas, each of which is expressed by a single independent term in English, might be expressed in other languages by derivations from the same term. Another example of the same kind, the words for SNOW in Eskimo, may be given. Here we find one word, aput, expressing SNOW ON THE GROUND; another one, qana, FALLING SNOW; a third one, piqsirpoq, DRIFTING SNOW; and a fourth one, qimuqsuq, A SNOWDRIFT.[14]

The essential morphological question is why a language would say, for example, «lake», «river», and «brook» instead of something like «waterplace», «waterfast», and «waterslow». English has many snow-related words,[15] but Boas’s intent may have been to connect differences in culture with differences in language.

Edward Sapir’s and Benjamin Whorf’s hypothesis of linguistic relativity holds that the language we speak both affects and reflects our view of the world. This idea is also reflected in the concept behind general semantics. In a popular 1940 article on the subject, Whorf referred to Eskimo languages having several words for snow:

We [English speakers] have the same word for falling snow, snow on the ground, snow hard packed like ice, slushy snow, wind-driven snow – whatever the situation may be. To an Eskimo, this all-inclusive word would be almost unthinkable….[16]

Later writers, prominently Roger Brown in his «Words and things» and Carol Eastman in her «Aspects of Language and Culture», inflated the figure in sensationalized stories: by 1978, the number quoted had reached fifty, and on February 9, 1984, an unsigned editorial in The New York Times gave the number as one hundred.[17] However, the linguist G. Pullum shows that Inuit and other related dialects do not possess an extraordinarily large number of terms for snow.

Inuit word roots[edit]

Three distinct word roots with the meaning «snow» are reconstructed for the Proto-Eskimo language: *qaniɣ ‘falling snow’,[18] *aniɣu ‘fallen snow’,[19] and *apun ‘snow on the ground’.[20] These three stems are found in all Inuit languages and dialects—except for West Greenlandic, which lacks *aniɣu.[21] The Alaskan and Siberian Yupik people (among others) however, are not Inuit, nor are their languages Inuit or Inupiaq, but all are classifiable as Eskimos, lending further ambiguity to the «Eskimo Words for Snow» debate.

See also[edit]

  • Classifications of snow – Methods for describing snowfall events and the resulting snow crystals; also discusses words for snow in other languages
  • 50 Words for Snow (album) – 2011 studio album by Kate Bush
  • Snowclone – Neologism for a type of cliché and phrasal template

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ The seven most common English words for snow are snow, hail, sleet, ice, icicle, slush, and snowflake.[citation needed] English also has the related word glacier and the four common skiing terms pack, powder, crud, and crust, so one[who?] can say that at least 12 distinct words for snow exist in English.
    Querying the electronic Merriam Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, 11th Edition for entries defined using «snow» allows one to add blizzard, corn, cornice, drift, graupel, igloo, névé, sastruga (also spelled zastruga), and whiteout, and arguably others like scud and windrift. Further afield, querying it for ice entries to add to glacier adds cirrus, floe, frost, hummock, iceberg, icicle, rime, and serac, and perhaps brash and meltwater.[original research?] Pullum’s book also mentions (p. 170) avalanche, dusting, flurry, and hardpack.
  2. ^ People who live in an environment in which snow or different kinds of grass, for example, play an important role are more aware of the different characteristics and appearances of different kinds of snow or grass and describe them in more detail than people in other environments. It is however not meaningful to say that people who see snow or grass as often but use another language have less words to describe it if they add the same kind of descriptive information as separate words instead of as «glued-on» (agglutinated) additions to a similar number of words. In other words, English speakers living in Alaska, for example, have no trouble describing as many different kinds of snow as Inuit speakers.

References[edit]

  1. ^ Pinker, Steven (1994). The Language Instinct. New York: HarperCollins. pp. 54-55
  2. ^ a b Krupnik, Igor; Müller-Wille, Ludger (2010), Krupnik, Igor; Aporta, Claudio; Gearheard, Shari; Laidler, Gita J. (eds.), «Franz Boas and Inuktitut Terminology for Ice and Snow: From the Emergence of the Field to the «Great Eskimo Vocabulary Hoax»«, SIKU: Knowing Our Ice, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 377–400, doi:10.1007/978-90-481-8587-0_16, ISBN 978-90-481-8586-3, retrieved 2023-01-16
  3. ^ a b David Robson, New Scientist 2896, December 18 2012, Are there really 50 Eskimo words for snow?, «Yet Igor Krupnik, an anthropologist at the Smithsonian Arctic Studies Center in Washington DC believes that Boas was careful to include only words representing meaningful distinctions. Taking the same care with their own work, Krupnik and others have now charted the vocabulary of about 10 Inuit and Yupik dialects and conclude that there are indeed many more words for snow than in English (SIKU: Knowing Our Ice, 2010). Central Siberian Yupik has 40 such terms, whereas the Inuit dialect spoken in Nunavik, Quebec, has at least 53, including matsaaruti, wet snow that can be used to ice a sleigh’s runners, and pukak, for the crystalline powder snow that looks like salt. For many of these dialects, the vocabulary associated with sea ice is even richer.»
  4. ^ a b c Geoffrey K. Pullum’s explanation in Language Log: The list of snow-referring roots to stick [suffixes] on isn’t that long [in the Eskimoan language group]: qani— for a snowflake, apu— for snow considered as stuff lying on the ground and covering things up, a root meaning «slush», a root meaning «blizzard», a root meaning «drift», and a few others — very roughly the same number of roots as in English. Nonetheless, the number of distinct words you can derive from them is not 50, or 150, or 1500, or a million, but simply unbounded. Only stamina sets a limit.
  5. ^ Panko, Ben (2016). «Does the Linguistic Theory at the Center of the Film ‘Arrival’ Have Any Merit?». Smithsonian Magazine. Smithsonian Magazine.
  6. ^ «Bad science reporting again: the Eskimos are back». Language Log. 2013-01-15. Retrieved 2016-05-10.
  7. ^ Cichocki, Piotr; Kilarski, Marcin (2010-11-16). «On «Eskimo Words for Snow»: The life cycle of a linguistic misconception». Historiographia Linguistica. 37 (3): 341–377. doi:10.1075/hl.37.3.03cic. ISSN 0302-5160.
  8. ^ The Great Eskimo Vocabulary Hoax Archived 2018-12-03 at the Wayback Machine, Geoffrey Pullum, Chapter 19, p. 159-171 of The Great Eskimo Vocabulary Hoax and Other Irreverent Essays on the Study of Language, Geoffrey K. Pullum, With a Foreword by James D. McCawley. 246 p., 1 figure, 2 tables, Spring 1991, LC: 90011286, ISBN 978-0-226-68534-2
  9. ^ Robson, David (2013-01-14). «There really are 50 Eskimo words for ‘snow’«. The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2019-12-31.
  10. ^ Ole Henrik Magga, Diversity in Saami terminology for reindeer, snow, and ice, International Social Science Journal Volume 58, Issue 187, pages 25–34, March 2006.
  11. ^ Nils Jernsletten,- «Sami Traditional Terminology: Professional Terms Concerning Salmon, Reindeer and Snow», Sami Culture in a New Era: The Norwegian Sami Experience. Harald Gaski ed. Karasjok: Davvi Girji, 1997.
  12. ^ Yngve Ryd. Snö—en renskötare berättar. Stockholm: Ordfront, 2001.
  13. ^ «Martin, Laura. 1986. «Eskimo Words for Snow»: A Case Study in the Genesis and Decay of an Anthropological Example. American Anthropologist, 88(2):418″ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-06-29. Retrieved 2019-06-13.
  14. ^ Boas, Franz. 1911. Handbook of American Indian languages pp. 25-26. Boas «utilized» this part also in his book The Mind of Primitive Man. 1911. pp. 145-146.
  15. ^ Some of them are borrowed from other languages, like firn (German), névé (French), penitentes (Spanish) and sastrugi (Russian).
  16. ^ Whorf, Benjamin Lee. 1949. «Science and Linguistics» Reprinted in Carroll 1956.
  17. ^ «There’s Snow Synonym». The New York Times. February 9, 1984. Retrieved 2008-06-07.
  18. ^ Fortescue, Michael D.; Jacobson, Steven; Kaplan, Lawrence, eds. (2010). «PE qaniɣ ‘falling snow’«. Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: With Aleut Cognates (2nd ed.). Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks. p. 310. ISBN 978-1-555-00-109-4.
  19. ^ Fortescue, Michael D.; Jacobson, Steven; Kaplan, Lawrence, eds. (2010). «PE aniɣu ‘snow (fallen)’«. Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: With Aleut Cognates (2nd ed.). Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks. p. 31. ISBN 978-1-555-00-109-4.
  20. ^ Fortescue, Michael D.; Jacobson, Steven; Kaplan, Lawrence, eds. (2010). «PE apun ‘snow (on ground)’«. Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: With Aleut Cognates (2nd ed.). Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks. p. 40. ISBN 978-1-555-00-109-4.
  21. ^ Kaplan, Larry (June 2003). «Inuit Snow Terms: How Many and What Does It Mean? | Alaska Native Language Center». www.uaf.edu. Retrieved 2021-12-10.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)

Further reading[edit]

  • Martin, Laura (1986). «Eskimo Words for Snow: A case study in the genesis and decay of an anthropological example». American Anthropologist 88 (2), 418–23. [1] Archived 2012-06-29 at the Wayback Machine
  • Pullum, Geoffrey K. (1991). The Great Eskimo Vocabulary Hoax and other Irreverent Essays on the Study of Language. University of Chicago Press. [2]
  • Spencer, Andrew (1991). Morphological theory. Blackwell Publishers Inc. p. 38. ISBN 0-631-16144-9.
  • Kaplan, Larry (2003). Inuit Snow Terms: How Many and What Does It Mean?. In: Building Capacity in Arctic Societies: Dynamics and shifting perspectives. Proceedings from the 2nd IPSSAS Seminar. Iqaluit, Nunavut, Canada: May 26-June 6, 2003, ed. by François Trudel. Montreal: CIÉRA—Faculté des sciences sociales Université Laval. [3]
  • Cichocki, Piotr and Marcin Kilarski (2010). «On ‘Eskimo Words for Snow’: The life cycle of a linguistic misconception». Historiographia Linguistica 37 (3), 341–377. [4]
  • Kilarski, Marcin (2021). «Eskimo words for snow». A History of the Study of the Indigenous Languages of North America. Studies in the History of the Language Sciences. Vol. 129. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. pp. 275–322. doi:10.1075/sihols.129. ISBN 978-90-272-1049-4. S2CID 244025983.
  • Krupnik, Igor; Müller-Wille, Ludger (2010), «Franz Boas and Inuktitut Terminology for Ice and Snow: From the Emergence of the Field to the «Great Eskimo Vocabulary Hoax»«, in Krupnik, Igor; Aporta, Claudio; Gearheard, Shari; Laidler, Gita J.; Holm, Lene Kielsen (eds.), SIKU: Knowing Our Ice: Documenting Inuit Sea Ice Knowledge and Use, Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media, pp. 377–99, ISBN 9789048185870
  • Robson, David (2012). Are there really 50 Eskimo words for snow?, New Scientist no. 2896, 72–73. [5]
  • Weyapuk, Winton Jr, et al. (2012). Kiŋikmi Sigum Qanuq Ilitaavut [Wales Inupiaq Sea Ice Dictionary]. Washington DC: Arctic Studies Center Smithsonian.

External links[edit]

  • Geoffrey K. Pullum’s explanation from Language Log
  • «Eskimo» words for snow by Steven DeRose, including English lists
  • Snow’ lexemes in Yup’ik (reposted)
  • 100+ Inuit Words for Sea Ice by Igor Krupnik.

10 klass ForwardВербицкая М. В. Forward. Английский язык для 10 класса. ЕГЭ

ЕГЭ Раздел 1. Аудирование

1. Вы услышите 6 высказываний. Установите соответствие между высказываниями каждого говорящего A-F и утверждениями, данными в списке 1-7. Используйте каждое утверждение, обозначенное соответствующей цифрой, только один раз. В задании есть одно лишнее утверждение. Вы услышите запись дважды. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу.

C-1. I like having the best of both worlds. — Мне нравится иметь лучшее из обоих миров.
E-2. Life in the countryside is good for my health. — Жизнь в сельской местности хороша для моего здоровья.
B-3. I love the countryside, because life there is very peaceful. — Я люблю деревню, потому что жизнь там очень спокойная.
F-4. The beauty of nature makes living in the country enjoyable. — Красота природы делает жизнь в сельской местности приятной.
Extra-5. I love the countryside, because life there is good for my children. — Я люблю деревню, потому что жизнь там хороша для моих детей.
A-6. I enjoyed moving to a town where life is more comfortable. – Мне нравится ездить в город, где жизнь более комфортная.
D-7. I dislike living in the country, because I need human company. — Я не люблю жить в деревне, потому что мне нужна человеческая компания.

2. Вы услышите диалог. Определите, какие из приведённых утверждений А-G соответствуют содержанию текста (1 — True), какие не соответствуют (2 — False) и о чём в тексте не сказано, то есть на основании текста нельзя дать ни положительный, ни отрицательный ответ (3 — Not stated). Занесите номер выбранного Вами варианта ответа в таблицу. Вы услышите запись дважды.

3-A John usually spends Christmas at his parents’ house. — Джон обычно проводит Рождество в доме своих родителей.
1-B Angela is rather pessimistic about her chances to get the job. — Анжела довольно пессимистична по поводу ее шансов получить работу.
2-C John considers Angela a workaholic. — Джон считает Анжелу трудоголиком.
2-D John is enthusiastic about Angela moving to Russia. — Джон с энтузиазмом относится к переезду Анжелы в Россию.
3-E Angela worked in an international company in Canada. — Анжела работала в международной компании в Канаде.
1-F John is more optimistic than Angela about her chances to get the job. — Джон более оптимистичен, чем Анжела о ее шансах получить работу.
3-G John is going to leave at 2 PM. — Джон собирается ехать в 2 часа дня.

Вы услышите интервью. В заданиях 3-9 запишите в поле ответа цифру 7, 2 или 3, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа. Вы услышите запись дважды.

3. Tony Stevens 2) watches his films once. — Тони Стивенс смотрел свои фильмы один раз.

4. What is the most important thing about writing for Tony Stevens? – Какая наиболее важная вещь о писательстве для Тони Стивенса?
1) Writing is NOT a team work like acting. – Писательство НЕ является командной работой как игра актеров (актерство).

5. Tony Stevens says that if, as a child, you are fascinated by a literary character, 2) you want to become that character. — Тони Стивенс говорит, что если, будучи ребенком, вы очарованы литературным персонажем, то вы хотите стать этим персонажем.

6. Tony Stevens wished he had had on the school curriculum 1) “Pickwick Papers” by Charles Dickens. — Тони Стивенсу хотелось, чтобы в его школьной программе было произведение «Записки Пиквикского клуба» Чарльза Диккенса.

7. What advice does he give to beginning writers? — Какой совет он дает начинающим писателям?
3) Go by your experience and write clearly. – Следовать своему опыту и писать ясно.

8. What is his present attitude to critical reviews? — Каково его настоящее отношение к критическим отзывам?
3) He pays no attention to them. — Он не обращает на них никакого внимания.

9. What made his career as an actor successful? — Что сделало его карьеру как актера успешной?
2) Determination and decisiveness. – Целеустремленность и решительность.

ЕГЭ Раздел 2. Чтение

10. Установите соответствие между текстами А-G и заголовками 1-8. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний.

F-1. Beware of rabbits — Остерегайтесь кроликов
A-2. Exotic pets — Экзотические домашние животные
B-3. Saving animals – Спасение животных
G-4. Teaching and entertaining – Обучение и развлечение
Extra-5. Protecting pets — Защита домашних животных
D-6. Tender pets — Нежные домашние животные
C-7. What’s in a name? — Что в имени?
E-8. Contribution to science — Вклад в науку

A. Little is known for certain about how guinea pigs were first introduced to Europe and North America as a domestic pet, but they most probably came during the 16th century. Holland, Portugal and Spain had colonies in South America, and the explorers brought to Europe gold and precious gems, along with other unusual and exciting finds. Colourful parrots became very popular status symbols in the homes of the wealthy, and with them came the guinea pig and other animals previously unknown in Europe.

Мало что наверняка известно о том, как морские свинки впервые были ввезены в Европу и Северную Америку в качестве домашнего питомца, но они, скорее всего, появились в 16-м веке. Голландия, Португалия и Испания были колониями в Южной Америке, и исследователи привезли в Европу золото и драгоценные камни, наряду с другими необычными и захватывающими находками. Красочные попугаи стали очень популярными символами статуса в домах богатых, а вместе с ними привезли морскую свинку и других животных, ранее неизвестных в Европе.

B. Many species of wild animals are in danger of complete extinction. This is usually due to loss of habitat as a result of human expansion, or it could be due to excessive hunting. A good, modern zoo has a valuable role to play in assisting with the protection of endangered species. This is both through education of the general public in the importance of conservation in general, and through breeding programmes to increase the population of endangered species in captivity and then reintroduce them into the wild.

Многие виды диких животных находятся под угрозой полного исчезновения. Это, как правило, из-за потери среды обитания в результате человеческой экспансии, или это может быть из-за чрезмерной охоты. Хороший, современный зоопарк играет ценную роль в оказании помощи в защите исчезающих видов. Это происходит как за счет образования широкой общественности в важности сохранения в целом, а также посредством программ разведения для увеличения популяции исчезающих видов в неволе, а затем вновь выпускать их в дикую природу.

C. The guinea pig is today one of the world’s most popular pets, ranking only a little way behind the rabbit. Though called guinea pigs, these animals are not pigs, nor do they come from Guinea. Why Guinea, then? Some say they could have originally changed hands at the cost of a guinea (twenty-one shillings — very expensive!). As for the “pig”, an explanation is much easier to guess — they run and squeal much as little piglets do!

Морская свинка сегодня является одним из самых популярных домашних животных в мире, лишь немного отстает от кролика. Хотя они и называются морскими свинками, эти животные не являются свиньями, и они не из Гвинеи. Почему тогда Гвинея? Некоторые говорят, что они первоначально были названы по стоимости «guinea» (двадцать один шиллинг — очень дорого). Что касается «свинка», объяснение гораздо проще угадать — они бегают и визжат как маленькие поросята!

D. Rabbits are among the most popular pets to keep due to their affectionate nature and love of cuddles. To show they are happy, they often grind their teeth softly when being petted, similar to cats purring. In general, rabbits are timid, non-aggressive and sociable with each other. With gentle handling they are generally quite tame. They are playful and entertaining to watch, but they need a great deal of interaction with their owners. Their cage should be relatively big, but they need some playtime outside it as well.

Кролики являются одними из самых популярных домашних животных, которых держат из-за их ласковой природы и любви объятий. Чтобы показать, что они счастливы, они часто скрипят зубами, когда их мягко поглаживаешь, похожие на кошачье мурлыканье. В общем, кролики пугливые, неагрессивные и общительные друг с другом. При бережном обращении они, как правило, совсем ручные. Они игривы и за ними интересно наблюдать, но они нуждаются во взаимодействии с их владельцами. Их клетка должна быть относительно большой, но им также нужно играть и за ее пределами.

E. For a long time guinea pigs were used as experimental animals. In 1890, the antitoxin for diphtheria was discovered using guinea pigs in the research, and as a result the lives of millions of children have been saved. In 1907 vitamin С was discovered due to guinea pigs. Like humans they cannot produce the vitamin and need it supplied in their diet. The guinea pig’s wide variety of hair types and colours has also made them a prime choice for studies of genetics and heredity. Later they were replaced by rats and mice.

Долгое время морских свинок использовали в качестве экспериментальных животных. В 1890 году антитоксин дифтерии был обнаружен с использованием морских свинок в исследованиях, и в результате жизни миллионов детей были спасены. В 1907 Витамин С был обнаружен из-за морских свинок. Как и люди, они не могут производить витамин и нужно, чтобы он присутствовал в их рационе. Широкое разнообразие морских свинок по типу шерсти и цвету также сделало их основным выбором для изучения генетики и наследственности. Позже они были заменены на крыс и мышей.

F. Security at Denver International Airport tries to protect cars from vandalism and theft, but there’s a new threat at its expansive parking lot. Ravenous rabbits. The animals are causing hundreds and sometimes thousands of dollars in damage to cars by devouring the wires under the hood. At least 100 rabbits are removed every month, but the problem persists. The airport is surrounded by prairie, and the rabbits are seeking warmth and food in the parked vehicles.

Служба безопасности в международном аэропорту Денвера пытается защитить автомобили от вандализма и кражи, но есть новая угроза на открытой стоянке. Прожорливые кролики. Животные наносят ущерб в сотни, а иногда и тысячи долларов, в виде повреждения автомобилей, пожирая провода под капотом. По крайней мере, 100 кроликов, удаляются каждый месяц, но проблема не решена. Аэропорт окружен прерией, и кролики ищут тепло и еду в припаркованных транспортных средствах.

G. Our mission at Wild Adventures Zoo is to bring family entertainment back to Las Vegas, in an educational manner. Teaching respect for animals through hands-on applications, workshops and conservation efforts, as well as helping injured and abandoned wildlife and exotic pets, is the reason Wild Adventures Zoo was created. Our focus is on educating the public through fun and exciting activities that allow them to interact with the animals.

Наша миссия в зоопарке Уайлд Эдвенчерс принести развлечение для всей семьи обратно в Лас-Вегас, в образовательной манере. Обучение уважению к животным через практическое применение, мастерские и семинары по сохранению, а также помощь раненым и брошенным диким и экзотическим животным, это и есть причины создания зоопарка Уайлд Эдвенчерс. Наше внимание сосредоточено на просвещение общественности с помощью увлекательных и интересных мероприятий, которые позволяют им взаимодействовать с животными.

11. Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски А-F частями предложений, обозначенными цифрами 1-7. Одна из частей в списке 1-7 лишняя. Занесите цифры, обозначающие соответствующие части предложений, в таблицу.

Father’s Day
Father’s Day has been celebrated for over 100 years. It is also an event celebrated in many countries around the world, A 3. although at different times of the year. In North America and the United Kingdom, Father’s Day is celebrated on the third Sunday in June. Here are some tips to help you В 7. celebrate Father’s Day in a special way. Use this opportunity to get everyone in the family together for a day of fun. You don’t have to stay at home; you could go to the beach, a local park, one of dad’s favourite places!
Having a picnic during the summer months can be entertaining and a blast for the entire family. It’s a great boredom buster, but it also helps the family to get together and С 2. eat some delicious food and play fun games. It doesn’t take more than a picnic basket and a few food items. Among the healthier items good for a picnic there are apples, a watermelon, celery, and raisins, to name a few. Ask other members of the family to D5. help you choose some of their favourite food items that they’d like to have. You need to realize that it acts as glue for family bonds.
When it comes to making gifts for Father’s Day, perhaps steer clear of the E 6. traditional store-bought gifts of tie and socks. He has probably still got last year’s socks stuffed at the back of a drawer. Expensive gifts are not necessary, but the time and F 1. effort you put in to create a personalized present will be deeply appreciated.

Extra — 4. give advice on the best spot for the picnic – дать совет о лучшем месте для пикника

День отца
День отца отмечается уже более 100 лет. Кроме того, это событие отмечается во многих странах по всему миру, хотя в разное время года. В Северной Америке и Соединенном Королевстве, День отца празднуется в третье воскресенье июня. Вот несколько советов, которые помогут вам отметить День отца особым образом. Используйте эту возможность, чтобы собраться вместе всей семьей и повеселиться. Вы не должны оставаться дома; вы могли бы пойти на пляж, местный парк, в одно из самых любимых мест папы!
Устроить пикник в летние месяцы может быть интересным и является глотком свежего воздуха для всей семьи. Это отличный способ борьбы со скукой, но также помогает семье собраться вместе и поесть вкусной еды и поиграть в веселые игры. Не потребуется ничего больше, чем корзина для пикника и несколько продуктов питания. Среди здоровых продуктов хороших для пикника есть яблоки, арбуз, сельдерей, и изюм, вот всего несколько. Попросите у других членов семьи помочь вам выбрать некоторые из их любимых продуктов питания, которые они хотели бы иметь. Вы должны понимать, что оно действует как клей для семейных уз.
Когда дело доходит до дарения подарков на День отца, возможно, лучше держаться подальше от традиционных купленных в магазине подарков, таких как галстук и носки. У него, вероятно, все еще есть носки, подаренные в прошлом году в задней части ящика. Дорогие подарки не нужны, но время и усилия, которые вы приложили для создания персонального подарка, будут высоко оценены.

Прочитайте текст и выполните задания 12-18. В каждом задании запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.

Have you ever thought about cities of the future? Clean streets, flying cars and robots doing all the work? Almost half of the world’s population currently lives in cities, and by 2050 that is predicted to increase to 75%, but what kind of city will they be living in? Today, most city dwellers are dissatisfied because they have to live in overcrowded and polluted surroundings. Traffic jams are getting worse, queues longer, power cuts more common, bad air quality more threatening to human health.
There are various ideas about how a future city should look. Some of these revolve around the idea that better means greener. Experts predict carbon-neutral cities full of electric vehicles and bike-sharing schemes, with air quality so much improved that office workers can actually open their windows for the first time. Visions of a green city often include skyscrapers where living and office space comprises high-rise green-houses and vegetables growing on the roofs. Behind such greenification of cities lies a very pressing need.
Technology companies such as IBM believe that the best cities will become networks. In Rio de Janeiro, for example, IBM has already built an operations centre, which it describes as the “nerve centre” of the city. (отрывок из текста)

Вы когда-нибудь думали о городах будущего? Чистые улицы, летающие автомобили и роботы делают всю работу? Почти половина населения земного шара в настоящее время живет в городах, и по прогнозам к 2050 году увеличится до 75%, но, в каком городе они будут жить? В настоящее время большинство городских жителей недовольны, потому что они должны жить в перенаселенной и загрязненной среде. Пробки на дорогах становятся все хуже, очереди больше, отключения электроэнергии чаще, плохое качество воздуха представляет более серьезную угрозу для здоровья человека.
Есть различные идеи о том, как будущий город должен выглядеть. Некоторые из них вращаются вокруг идеи о том, что лучшее означает зеленее. Эксперты прогнозируют углерод-нейтральные города, полные электрических транспортных средств и схем движения велосипедистов, с качеством воздуха настолько улучшенным, что офисные работники могут фактически открыть свои окна в первый раз. Видения зеленого города часто включают в себя небоскребы, где жилые и офисные помещения включает в себя многоэтажные парники и теплицы, расположенные на крышах. За таким озеленением городов лежит очень острая необходимость.
Технологические компании, такие как IBM считают, что лучшие города станут электронными сообществами. В Рио-де-Жанейро, например, IBM уже построила центр управления, который она описывает как «нервный центр» города. Построенный изначально, чтобы помочь справиться с наводнениями, которые регулярно ставят под угрозу город, теперь он координирует 30 правительственных учреждений. Каждый человек с мобильным телефоном соединен с операционным центром. Оперативный центр отправляет сообщения на мобильные телефоны граждан и предоставляет информацию о потенциальных авариях, пробках и других обновлениях города.
Тот факт, что крупные корпорации стали настолько активно участвовать в проектировании городской инфраструктуры натолкнул критиков на вопрос, как быстро такой город может, как компьютерные системы, на которые они полагаются, стать устаревшими. Компьютеры и другие гаджеты обновляются все время, новые модели появляются два раза в год. Параллель также можно провести с офисными зданиями шестидесятых годов, которые могут быть описаны как места с низкими потолками стоящие грустные и пустые, так как передовые технологии посчитали их бесполезными.
Большинство проектов IBM обязуется привлекать сбор данных. Компания работает в тесном контакте с общественными группами, а также городскими советами. В штате Айова корпорация завершила проект, где домашним хозяйствам была предоставлена информация об их потреблении воды. Большинство быстро отреагировали и сэкономили воду при столкновении с данными. Интересно, что те, кто получил информацию о потреблении воды своих соседей, в два раза чаще вносили изменения.
Города имеют возможность предоставления чего-то для всех, только потому, и только тогда, когда они созданы всеми. Тем, кто строит города будущего, следует обратить внимание на эти советы.

12. Which of these problems of modern cities are NOT mentioned in paragraph 1? — Какие из этих проблем современных городов не упоминаются в пункте 1?
3) Water pollution — Загрязнение воды

13. The word “greenification” in paragraph 2 means… — Слово «озеленение» в пункте 2 означает
3) gardens on top of buildings — сады на крышах зданий

14. The pronoun “it” in sentence 3 of paragraph 3 refers to… — Местоимение «она» в предложении 3 пункта 3 относится к
1) the IBM company. — компания IBM.

15. What is the purpose of Rio de Janeiro’s operations centre? — Какова цель оперативного центра Рио-де-Жанейро?
1) To inform citizens on traffic density and emergency situations. — информировать граждан о плотности дорожного движения и чрезвычайных ситуациях.

16. Why does the author draw a parallel between the offices of the 60s and the cities of tomorrow? — Почему автор проводит параллель между офисами 60-х и городами завтрашнего дня?
2) To demonstrate the speed of progress. — Для того, чтобы продемонстрировать скорость прогресса.

17. How can access to information influence the behaviour of citizens? — Каким образом может доступ к информации влиять на поведение граждан?
3) They change their habits. — Они меняют свои привычки.

18. Choose the best title for the text. — Выберите лучший заголовок для текста.
2) A City of the Future — Город будущего

ЕГЭ Раздел 3. Грамматика и лексика

Прочитайте приведённые ниже тексты. Преобразуйте, если необходимо, слова, напечатанные заглавными буквами в конце строк, обозначенных номерами 19-25, так, чтобы они грамматически соответствовали содер¬жанию текстов. Заполните пропуски полученными словами. Каждый про¬пуск соответствует отдельному заданию из группы 19-25.

Around the world: the Seychelles
Welcome to the Seychelles! This is an archipelago of 115 islands in the Indian Ocean. It’s not difficult to find a good tourist spot in the Seychelles. It’s difficult to say which of them is the 19) best.
As the Seychelles islands have a year-long warm, tropical climate, it’s always a good time to visit, although different times of year may be better suited to your particular interests. People interested in 20) diving can make a visit to Denis Island.
Families with 21) children should visit St Anne National Marine Park and the famous beaches.

По всему миру: Сейшельские острова
Добро пожаловать на Сейшелы! Это архипелаг из 115 островов в Индийском океане. Не трудно найти хорошее туристическое место в Сейшельских островах. Трудно сказать, какое из них является лучшим.
Поскольку Сейшельские острова имеют круглый год теплый, тропический климат, то это всегда хорошее время для посещения, хотя разные времена года могут лучше всего подходить для ваших конкретных интересов. Люди, заинтересованные дайвингом могут посетить Денис Айлэнд.
Семьи с детьми должны посетить Национальный морской парк Санкт-Энн и знаменитые пляжи.

Happy New Year
It was an exam before Christmas. One of the students 22) didn’t know how to answer the question.
He was trying hard, but couldn’t remember a single word from the textbook. So he 23) wrote, “God knows! I don’t. Merry Christmas!”
Some time 24) later, just before the New Year, the examination papers came back.
The student saw that the professor 25) had written on his paper, “God gets 100, you get 0. Happy New Year!”

С новым годом
Это был экзамен перед Рождеством. Один из студентов не знал, как ответить на вопрос.
Он изо всех сил старался, но не мог вспомнить ни одного слова из учебника. Таким образом, он написал: «Бог знает! Я нет. Счастливого Рождества!»
Через некоторое время, незадолго до Нового года, пришли экзаменационные работы.
Студент увидел, что профессор написал на его работе, «Бог получает 100, вы получаете 0. С Новым годом!»

Прочитайте приведённый ниже текст. Образуйте от слов, напечатанных заглавными буквами в конце строк, обозначенных номерами 26-31, однокоренные слова так, чтобы они грамматически и лексически соответствовали содержанию текста. Заполните пропуски полученными словами. Каждый пропуск соответствует отдельному заданию из группы 26-31.

The history of radio
Radio started with the discovery of “radio waves”. Radio waves are electromagnetic waves that can transmit music, speech, pictures and other data 26) invisibly through the air.
Many devices work by using electromagnetic waves, including radio, microwaves, cordless phones, remote controlled toys, television broadcasts, and more.
During the 1860s, Scottish physicist, J.C. Maxwell predicted the 27) existence of radio waves.
In 1886, German 28) scientist, H.R. Hertz demonstrated that rapid variations of electric current could be projected into space in the form of radio waves.
G. Marconi, an Italian 29) inventor, sent and received his first radio signal in Italy in 1895.
By 1899 he flashed the first 30) wireless signal across the English Channel and two years later received the letter “S”, telegraphed from England to Newfoundland.
This was the first 31) successful transatlantic radiotelegraph message.

История радио
Радио началось с открытия «радиоволн». Радиоволны представляют собой электромагнитные волны, которые могут передавать музыку, речь, изображения и другие данные незримо через воздух.
Многие устройства работают с помощью электромагнитных волн, в том числе радио, микроволновые печи, беспроводные телефоны, игрушки с дистанционным управлением, телевизионные передачи и многое другое.
В течение 1860-х годов, шотландский физик, Дж. К. Максвелл предсказал существование радиоволн.
В 1886 году, немецкий ученый, Г. Р. Герц показал, что быстрые изменения электрического тока могут быть спроецированы в космическое пространство в виде радиоволн.
Г. Маркони, итальянский изобретатель, послал и получил свой первый радиосигнал в Италии в 1895 году.
К 1899 году он отправил первый беспроводной сигнал через Ла-Манш и два года спустя получил букву «S», телеграфированную из Англии в Ньюфаундленд.
Это было первое успешное трансатлантическое радиотелеграфное сообщение.

Прочитайте текст с пропусками, обозначенными номерами 32-38. Эти номера соответствуют заданиям 32-38, в которых представлены возможные варианты ответов. Обведите номер выбранного Вами варианта ответа.

Tests and test-takers
You don’t have to be a psychologist to guess how students are feeling during a test or an exam. Just by observing their body language you can tell whether they will pass or 32) fail.
Just before the test starts, they will often 33) tell silly things and try nervously to hide their nervousness. A little tension or stress before and during a test is normal. When the examinees get their papers, some of them will 34) smile to themselves — a sure sign they know the answers. 35) However, if they feel the exam is hard, you may hear how disappointed they are or see how annoyed they are when they frown. Some will try to glance quickly at their neighbours’ tests, and some will yawn to pretend that they are bored or tired, while, in fact, they are just waiting for the teacher to turn 36) away so that one of their mates can quietly 37) whisper the answers to them. When they finish, some will immediately dash out as if they were desperate to check their answers in their course book, while others will 38) stroll out slowly, relaxed and sure they have passed.

Тесты и тестируемые
Вам не нужно быть психологом, чтобы догадаться, как студенты чувствуют себя во время теста или экзамена. Просто наблюдая за языком их тела, вы можете сказать, сдадут они, или по терпят неудачу.
Как раз перед началом теста, они часто говорят глупые вещи и пытаются нервно скрыть свою нервозность. Небольшое напряжение или стресс до и во время теста нормально. Когда испытуемые получают свои задания, некоторые из них будут улыбаться себе — верный признак того, что они знают ответы. Тем не менее, если они чувствуют, что экзамен трудный, вы можете услышать, как они разочарованы или увидеть, как они раздражены, когда они хмурятся. Некоторые из них будут пытаться заглянуть быстро в тест своих соседей, а некоторые будут зевать, делая вид, что им скучно или они устали, в то время как, на самом деле, они просто ждут, когда учитель отвернется, чтобы один из их товарищей смог спокойно прошептать им ответы. Когда они заканчивают, некоторые из них немедленно выскакивают, словно они спешат проверить свои ответы в учебнике, в то время как другие выходят неторопливо, спокойные и уверенные, что они сдали.

ЕГЭ Раздел 4. Письмо

Для ответов на задания 39 и 40 используйте бланк ответов № 2. Черновые пометки могут делаться прямо на листе с заданиями, или можно использовать отдельный черновик. При выполнении заданий 39 и 40 особое внимание обратите на то, что Ваши ответы будут оцениваться только по записям, сделанным в бланке ответов № 2. Никакие записи черновика не будут учитываться экспертом. Обратите внимание также на необходимость соблюдения указанного объёма текста. Тексты недостаточного объёма, а также часть текста, превышающая требуемый объём, не оцениваются. Запишите сначала номер задания (39, 40), а затем ответ на него. Если одной стороны бланка недостаточно, Вы можете использовать другую его сторону.

39. You have received a letter from your English-speaking pen-friend Tom who writes — Вы получили письмо от англоговорящего друга по переписке Тома, который пишет:

…This summer we are again going to Brighton. I wish I could go abroad to France or Spain — I have never been abroad. How do you usually spend your summer holidays? If you won a trip abroad, what country would you like to visit and what would you like to see there? How would you like to get there?
By the way, my sister is getting married in the autumn…
Write a letter to Tom.
In your letter
— answer his questions
— ask 3 questions about his sister
Write 100-140 words.
Remember the rules of letter writing.

Этим летом мы снова собираемся в Брайтон. Я хотел бы поехать за границу во Францию или Испанию — я никогда не был за границей. Как ты обычно проводишь свой летний отпуск? Если бы ты выиграл поездку за границу, какую страну ты хотел бы посетить и что ты хотел бы увидеть там? Как бы ты хотел туда попасть?
Кстати, моя сестра выходит замуж осенью …
Напишите письмо Тому.
В своем письме
— ответьте на его вопросы
— задайте 3 вопроса о его сестре
Напишите 100-140 слов.
Помните правила письма.

40. Comment on the following statement. – Прокомментируйте следующее утверждение.

There are no bad students — there are bad teachers. — Нет плохих учеников — есть плохие учителя.

What is your opinion? Do you agree with this statement? — Каково ваше мнение? Согласны ли вы с этим утверждением?
Write 200-250 words. — Напишите 200-250 слов.

Use the following plan — Используйте следующий план:
— make an introduction (state the problem) — введение (постановка задачи)
— express your personal opinion and give 2-3 reasons for your opinion — выскажите свое личное мнение и дайте 2-3 причины за ваше мнение
— express an opposing opinion and give 1-2 reasons for this opposing opinion – выразите противоположное мнение и дайте 1-2 причины для этого мнения
— explain why you don’t agree with the opposing opinion — Объясните, почему вы не согласны с противоположным мнением
— make a conclusion restating your position – сделайте вывод подтверждающий вашу позицию

From the UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA – BERKELEY, and ‘your tax dollars at work’ department:

Fresh look at trope about Eskimo words for snow

Researchers take on urban legend about Arctic vocabulary

That old trope about there being at least 50 Eskimo words for snow has a new twist.

Researchers at UC Berkeley and Carnegie Mellon University have taken a fresh look at words for snow, taking on an urban legend referred to by some as “the great Eskimo vocabulary hoax.”

But instead of counting the words for snow used by Inuit, Yupik and other natives of the Arctic regions, as others have done, they looked at how people in warmer climates speak of snow and ice compared to their cold-weather counterparts.

“We found that languages from warm parts of the world are more likely to use the same word for snow and ice,” said Alexandra Carstensen, a doctoral student in psychology and co-author of the study published today in the journal PLOS ONE.

The finding that people in warmer regions are less likely to distinguish between ice and snow indirectly supports a claim by anthropologist Franz Boas in 1911 that the words used to describe different types of snow in Arctic languages reflect the “chief interests of a people.”

By the same principle, people in warmer climates, where snow is less of a concern, are less likely to care as much about the difference between snow and ice, and so use one word to describe both, just as Hawaiians use the word hau for snow and ice.

To test that theory, researchers used multiple dictionaries and linguistic and meteorological data — as well as Google Translate and Twitter — to conduct an extensive search for words for snow and ice in nearly 300 diverse languages. They then linked those words to local climates and geography worldwide.

“We wanted to broaden the investigation past Eskimo languages in particular,” said study senior author Charles Kemp, an associate professor of psychology at Carnegie Mellon University. “The idea that languages reflect the needs of their speakers is general, and can be explored using data from all over the world.”

The study builds on the team’s previous research showing how language is shaped by our need to communicate precisely and efficiently.

“We think that terms for snow and ice reveal the same basic principle at work, modulated by local communicative need,” said study lead author Terry Regier, a professor of linguistics and cognitive science at UC Berkeley.

###

Контрольная
работа по английскому языку. Класс 11.

I variant

Task 1.

Установите соответствие между заголовками 1–8
и текстами
AG. Занесите свои ответы
в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок
лишний.

1. Plan beforehand

2. Carnival roots

3. The best viewpoints

4. Styles of dancing

5. A music group for a street

6. Carnival’s music

7. The time for pleasure

8. The time to attend the Carnival

A. Carnival is
the most famous holiday in Brazil and has become a world-famous annual
celebration. It is celebrated in towns and villages throughout Brazil for
almost a week 40 days before Easter, which is usually in February, the hottest
month in the Southern Hemisphere. Officially, it starts on Saturday and
finishes on Fat Tuesday with the beginning of Lent on Ash Wednesday, during
which some Christians give up something that they enjoy.

B. The most
colourful events take place in the Carnival World Capital, Rio de Janeiro. It
was the original place where, in 1723, Portuguese immigrants went out onto the
streets soaking each other with buckets of water and throwing mud and food,
often ending up in street brawls and riots. The concept kept changing
throughout the 1800s with more organized parades, where the Emperor with a
group of aristocrats joined in masks with luxurious costumes and music.

C. Now the parade
varies from state to state. It is a mixture of arts. The music played during
Rio Carnival is samba — a unique Brazilian music originating from Rio.
It’s also a dance form that was invented by the poor Afro-Brazilians as a type
of ritual music. The word «samba» meant to pray to the spirits of the ancestors
and the gods of the African Pantheon. As a noun, it could mean a complaint or a
cry.

D. Even today,
the most involved groups in Rio Carnival are the poorest, the so-called
«favelas», where houses are made of cardboard or other metal remains, and there
is often no water, electricity or sewage system. However, the favelas’
residents always join in the festivities and actually make the Carnival, which
really means a lot to them. Because, for once during the year, they get to go
out and have as much fun as they can.

E. Residents of the
favelas are often members of local samba schools and are deeply involved with
the performance and costumes of their groups. Each neighborhood in Rio has its
favorite Carnival street band. There are more than 300 of them in Rio nowadays,
and each year this number increases. Each band has its place or street for its
parade and the big ones usually close the streets to the traffic.

F. Rio de Janeiro is
usually divided into three zones. The so-called Zona Sul is by far the most
pleasant place to stay in Rio, as it is by the sea and is the most civilized
part of the city. Districts Copacabana and Ipanema together form a big stage
offering a carnival happening at every corner. Leblon, being a bit more
upscale, is also an excellent location.

G. Except the
industries, malls and the carnival-related workers, the country stops
completely for almost a week and festivities are intense, day and night. If you
plan to go to watch the Carnival, you should organize your trip well in
advance. The best hotels, especially in the Zona Sul, are booked up early, so
it’s a good idea to make a reservation at least 3 or 4 months in advance.

Task 2.

The legends of ancient Greece tell us about the half
man-half bull called the Minotaur. People were afraid of this strange and
terrible beast _______ in a deep, dark Labyrinth on the island of Crete. LIVE

The Labyrinth _______by the cunning and ingenious mind of
Daedalus. DESIGN

Daedalus was a brilliant architect and inventor – in fact,
he was so brilliant that King Minos of Crete _______ to let him go back to his
home in Athens. NOT WANT

Instead, he _________ him as a prisoner. KEEP

Daedalus lived with his son Icarus in a tower of the
palace, and King Minos made him invent weapons of war that would make his army
and navy even ______ than they already were. POWERFUL

Although Daedalus and Icarus had every comfort that they
________ ask for, the father longed to return home to Athens. Icarus hardly
remembered his city, but he too wanted to leave, because he longed to run and
play in the open, rather than be in a tower all day. CAN

Daedalus looked out over the waves of the sea, and he
realised that even if they managed to slip out of the tower and find a little
boat, they would not be able to sail far. One of King Minos’s ______ would spot
and catch them very soon. SEAMAN

Task 3.

The world’s language

The English language is famous for the richness of its
vocabulary. Webster’s New International Dictionary lists 450,000 words, and the
new Oxford English Dictionary has 615,000, but that is only part of the total.
Technical and ___________ terms would add millions more.
SCIENCE

The wealth of existing synonyms means that ____________ of
English have two words for something denoted by one word in a different
language. The French, for instance, do not distinguish between house and home,
between mind and brain. The Spanish cannot differentiate a chairman from a
president. SPEAK

In Russia, there are no native words for efficiency,
challenge and engagement ring. Of course, every language has areas in which it
needs, for __________ purposes, to be more expressive than others. PRACTICE

The Eskimos have fifty words for types of snow, though
there is no word for just plain snow. ________, African languages have no
native word for snow. NATURAL

Nowadays, globalization influences the __________________
of languages. DEVELOP

Some native words ____________, giving way to international
terms. APPEAR

Контрольная
работа по английскому языку. Класс 11.

II variant

Task 1.

Установите соответствие между заголовками 1–8
и текстами
AG. Занесите свои ответы
в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок
лишний.

1. То play any tune

2. A brand new shore museum

3. Still moving along

4. Back from the seas

5. Not a bank but…

6. Magic as attraction

7. A museum of popular drinks

8. One tool museum

A. The Salem Witch Museum brings you back to
Salem of 1692 for a dramatic overview of the Witch Trials, including stage sets
with life-size figures, lighting and a narration. There is also a possibility
to go on a candlelight tour to four selected homes. The museum is open all year
round and closed on Thanksgiving, Christmas and New Year’s Day. Salem is also
famous for its Haunted Happenings, a 24-day Halloween festival.

B. The Discover Sea Shipwreck Museum opened
its doors in 1995, and has one of the largest collections of shipwreck and
recovered artifacts in the Mid-Atlantic. It contains about 10,000 artifacts
from local and worldwide locations, including an intact blown-glass hourglass
from a 200-year-old shipwreck, which is also the world’s deepest wooden wreck
at the heart of the Bermuda Triangle.

C. The Seashore Trolley Museum is the oldest
and largest electric railway museum in the world. It was founded in 1939 with
one open trolley car, No. 31 from the Biddeford & Saco Railroad Company.
The Seashore Trolley Museum contains over 250 transit vehicles, mostly
trolleys, from the United States, Canada and abroad. Visitors can even take a
trip along the Maine countryside aboard a restored early-1900s electric
streetcar.

D. American Hop Museum is dedicated to the
brewing industry and located in the heart of the Yakima Valley’s hop fields,
which gather the best harvest for producing beer. It chronicles the American
hop industry from the New England colonies to its expansion into California and
the Pacific Northwest, and includes historical equipment, photos and artifacts
that pay tribute to hop, the everlasting vine that is still an integral part of
the brewing industry.

E. The Money Museum in Colorado Springs is
America’s largest museum dedicated to numismatics (the study of collecting
coins and metals). The collection contains over 250,000 items from the earliest
invention of money to modern day, with items including paper money, coins,
tokens, medals, and traditional money from all over the world. Highlights
include the 1804 dollar, the 1913 V Nickel, the 1866 no motto series, a comprehensive
collection of American gold coins, and experimental pattern coins and paper
money.

F. The Kenneth G. Fiske Museum of Musical
Instruments in California has one of the most diverse collections of musical
instruments in the United States. This museum is home to over 1,400 American,
European and ethnic instruments from the 17th-20th centuries. Selections from
all parts of the world also include keyboards, brass, woodwind, stringed,
percussion, mechanical and electronic instruments. Other highlights are rare
pieces from the violin and viola families, reed organs and instruments from the
Orient and Tibet.

G. The Hammer Museum in Alaska is the world’s
first museum dedicated to hammers. The Museum provides a view of the past
through the use of man’s first tool. You will find over 1500 hammers on
display, ranging from ancient times to the present. The museum does not have
any paid staff, and it is run by volunteers. This quaint and quirky museum is
an interesting and informative stop for the whole family.

Task 2.

Among the e-mails waiting for me at work one morning was one
from a member of my staff. It was sent from his personal e-mail address and
there was only his home phone number. Thinking something was wrong, I
immediately called ____. HE

A sleepy female voice answered and told me he was at work
and __________________ home late in the evening.  COME

The __________________ moment was when I remembered that I
had recently asked staff members to give me their home numbers. I went right
down to the employee’s office to apologize for my call. BAD

______, however, he thanked me. I had awakened his daughter,
who had an exam that morning but had forgotten to set her alarm. Thanks to my
call, she hadn’t missed the exam. LATE

New Seven Wonders of the World: Machu Picchu

Machu Picchu, often called «The Lost City of the
Incas», is probably the most famous symbol of the Incan Empire. Machu
Picchu is situated 7,875 ______ above sea level in Peru. FOOT

Machu Picchu __________________ around the year 1460 by the
Inca as a secret ceremonial city, very well hidden and protected. BUILD

The ruins of Machu Picchu were rediscovered in 1911 by an
American archaeologist. Since then, Machu Picchu ___________ an important
tourist attraction. Thousands of visitors come here every year to admire its
wonders. BECOME

Task 3.

Global Language

It is difficult to tell exactly how many languages there are
in the world today. ________ say there are about 2,700 languages, but no one
has ever made a more definite count. SCIENCE

In most countries there are at least two native languages,
and in some cases — as in Cameroon — there are hundreds. The number of
languages _______ changes as tribes die out or linguistic groups are absorbed.
NATURAL

Nowadays, globalization influences the ________ of
languages. New words appear, existing words acquire new meanings, native words
give way to international terms. DEVELOP

Almost all languages change. A rare exception is written
Icelandic, which has changed so little that _________ of modern Icelandic can
read sagas written a thousand years ago. SPEAK

If you drew a map of Europe based on languages, it would be
different from a conventional map. For example, Switzerland would practically
_________, becoming part of the surrounding areas of French, Italian, and
German. APPEAR

Italy, too, would appear on the map not as one language, but
as a whole ________ of broadly related but often mutually incomprehensible
dialects. VARY

Ключи.

Вариант 1.

Task 1.

A−8: The Carnival is the most famous holiday in Brazil and
has become a world—famous annual celebration.

B−2: It was the original place where, in 1723, Portuguese
immigrants went out onto the streets soaking each other with buckets of water
and throwing mud and food, often ending up in street brawls and riots.

C−6: It is a mixture of arts. The music played during Rio
Carnival is samba — a unique Brazilian music originating from Rio. It’s also a
dance form that was invented by the poor Afro—Brazilians as a type of ritual
music.

D−7: Even today, the most involved groups in Rio Carnival
are the poorest,… Because, for once during the year, they get to go out and
have as much fun as they can.

E−5: Each neighborhood in Rio has its favorite Carnival
street band.

F−3: The so—called Zona Sul is by far the most pleasant
place to stay in Rio, as it is by the sea and is the most civilized part of the
city.

G−1: If you plan to go to watch the Carnival, you should
organize your trip well in advance. The best hotels, especially in the Zona
Sul, are booked up early, so it’s a good idea to make a reservation at least 3
or 4 months in advance.

Task 2.

LIVING

WASDESIGNED

DIDN’TWANT

KEPT

MOREPOWERFUL

COULD

SEAMEN

Task 3.

SCIENTIFIC

SPEAKERS

PRACTICAL

NATURALLY

DEVELOPMENT

DISAPPEAR

Вариант 2.

Task 1.

A−6: There is also a possibility to
go on a candlelight tour to four selected homes.

B−4: The Discover Sea Shipwreck
Museum opened its doors in 1995, and has one of the largest collections of
shipwreck and recovered artifacts in the Mid—Atlantic

C−3: The Seashore Trolley Museum is
the oldest and largest electric railway museum in the world. Visitors can even
take a trip along the Maine countryside aboard a restored early—1900s electric
streetcar.

D−7: American Hop Museum is dedicated
to the brewing industry and located in the heart of the Yakima Valley’s hop
fields, which gather the best harvest for producing beer.

E−5: The collection contains over
250,000 items from the earliest invention of money to modern day, with items
including paper money, coins, tokens, medals, and traditional money from all
over the world.

F−1: The Kenneth G. Fiske Museum of
Musical Instruments in California has one of the most diverse collections of
musical instruments in the United States.

G−8: The Hammer Museum in Alaska is
the world’s first museum dedicated to hammers.

Task 2.

HIM

HADCOME

WORST

LATER

FEET

WASBUILT

HASBECOME

Task 3.

SCIENTISTS

NATURALLY

DEVELOPMENT

SPEAKERS

DISAPPEAR

VARIETY

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