The english word newspaper

A newspaper is a periodical publication containing written information about current events and is often typed in black ink with a white or gray background.

Newspapers can cover a wide variety of fields such as politics, business, sports, art, and science. They often include materials such as opinion columns, weather forecasts, reviews of local services, obituaries, birth notices, crosswords, editorial cartoons, comic strips, and advice columns.

Most newspapers are businesses, and they pay their expenses with a mixture of subscription revenue, newsstand sales, and advertising revenue. The journalism organizations that publish newspapers are themselves often metonymically called newspapers.

Newspapers have traditionally been published in print (usually on cheap, low-grade paper called newsprint). However, today most newspapers are also published on websites as online newspapers, and some have even abandoned their print versions entirely.

Newspapers developed in the 17th century, as information sheets for merchants. By the early 19th century, many cities in Europe, as well as North and South America, published newspapers.

Some newspapers with high editorial independence, high journalism quality, and large circulation are viewed as newspapers of record.

With the advent of the internet many newspapers are now digital, with their news presented online rather than in a physical format, with there now being a decline in sales for paper copies of newspapers.

Overview[edit]

Newspapers are typically published daily or weekly. News magazines are also weekly, but they have a magazine format. General-interest newspapers typically publish news articles and feature articles on national and international news as well as local news. The news includes political events and personalities, business and finance, crime, weather, and natural disasters; health and medicine, science, and computers and technology; sports; and entertainment, society, food and cooking, clothing and home fashion, and the arts.

Usually, the paper is divided into sections for each of those major groupings (labelled A, B, C, and so on, with pagination prefixes yielding page numbers A1-A20, B1-B20, C1-C20, and so on). Most traditional papers also feature an editorial page containing editorials written by an editor (or by the paper’s editorial board) and expressing an opinion on a public issue, opinion articles called «op-eds» written by guest writers (which are typically in the same section as the editorial), and columns that express the personal opinions of columnists, usually offering analysis and synthesis that attempts to translate the raw data of the news into information telling the reader «what it all means» and persuading them to concur. Papers also include articles that have no byline; these articles are written by staff writers.

A wide variety of material has been published in newspapers. Besides the aforementioned news, information and opinions, they include weather forecasts; criticism and reviews of the arts (including literature, film, television, theater, fine arts, and architecture) and of local services such as restaurants; obituaries, birth notices and graduation announcements; entertainment features such as crosswords, horoscopes, editorial cartoons, gag cartoons, and comic strips; advice columns, food, and other columns; and radio and television listings (program schedules). As of 2017, newspapers may also provide information about new movies and TV shows available on streaming video services like Netflix. Newspapers have classified ad sections where people and businesses can buy small advertisements to sell goods or services; as of 2013, the huge increase in Internet websites for selling goods, such as Craigslist and eBay has led to significantly less classified ad sales for newspapers.

Most newspapers are businesses, and they pay their expenses with a mixture of subscription revenue, newsstand sales, and advertising revenue (other businesses or individuals pay to place advertisements in the pages, including display ads, classified ads, and their online equivalents). Some newspapers are government-run or at least government-funded; their reliance on advertising revenue and profitability is less critical to their survival. The editorial independence of a newspaper is thus always subject to the interests of someone, whether owners, advertisers or a government. Some newspapers with high editorial independence, high journalism quality, and large circulation are viewed as newspapers of record.

Many newspapers, besides employing journalists on their own payrolls, also subscribe to news agencies (wire services) (such as the Associated Press, Reuters, or Agence France-Presse), which employ journalists to find, assemble, and report the news, then sell the content to the various newspapers. This is a way to avoid duplicating the expense of reporting from around the world. c. 2005, there were approximately 6,580 daily newspaper titles in the world selling 395  million print copies a day (in the U.S., 1,450 titles selling 55  million copies).^[1] The late 2000s–early 2010s global recession, combined with the rapid growth of free web-based alternatives, has helped cause a decline in advertising and circulation, as many papers had to retrench operations to stanch the losses.^[2] Worldwide annual revenue approached $100 billion in 2005–7, then plunged during the worldwide financial crisis of 2008–9. Revenue in 2016 fell to only $53  billion, hurting every major publisher as their efforts to gain online income fell far short of the goal.^[3]

The decline in advertising revenues affected both the print and online media as well as all other mediums; print advertising was once lucrative but has greatly declined, and the prices of online advertising are often lower than those of their print precursors. Besides remodelling advertising, the internet (especially the web) has also challenged the business models of the print-only era by crowdsourcing both publishing in general (sharing information with others) and, more specifically, journalism (the work of finding, assembling, and reporting the news). Besides, the rise of news aggregators, which bundle linked articles from many online newspapers and other sources, influences the flow of web traffic. Increasing paywalling of online newspapers may be counteracting those effects. The oldest newspaper still published is the Ordinari Post Tijdender, which was established in Stockholm in 1645.

Definitions[edit]

Newspapers typically meet four criteria:^[4][5]

• Public accessibility: Its contents are reasonably accessible to the public, traditionally by the paper being sold or distributed at newsstands, shops, and libraries, and, since the 1990s, made available over the Internet with online newspaper websites. While online newspapers have increased access to newspapers by people with Internet access, people without Internet or computer access (e.g., homeless people, impoverished people and people living in remote or rural regions) may not be able to access the Internet, and thus will not be able to read online news. Literacy is also a factor that prevents people who cannot read from being able to benefit from reading newspapers (paper or online).
• periodicity: They are published at regular intervals, typically daily or weekly. This ensures that newspapers can provide information on newly emerging news stories or events.
• Currency: Its information is as up to date as its publication schedule allows. The degree of up-to-date-ness of a print newspaper is limited by the need for time to print and distribute the newspaper. In major cities, there may be a morning edition and a later edition of the same day’s paper, so that the later edition can incorporate breaking news that have occurred since the morning edition was printed. Online newspapers can be updated as frequently as new information becomes available, even several times per day, which means that online editions can be very up-to-date.
• Universality: Newspapers covers a range of topics, from political and business news to updates on science and technology, arts, culture, and entertainment.

History[edit]

Gazettes and bulletins[edit]

In Ancient Rome, Acta Diurna, or government announcement bulletins, were produced. They were carved in metal or stone and posted in public places. In China, early government-produced news-sheets, called Dibao, circulated among court officials during the late Han dynasty (second and third centuries AD). Between 713 and 734, the Kaiyuan Za Bao («Bulletin of the Court») of the Chinese Tang dynasty published government news; it was handwritten on silk and read by government officials. In 1582, there was the first reference to privately published newssheets in Beijing, during the late Ming dynasty.^[6]

In early modern Europe, the increased cross-border interaction created a rising need for information which was met by concise handwritten news-sheets. In 1556, the government of Venice first published the monthly notizie scritte, which cost one gazetta, a small coin.^[7] These avvisi were handwritten newsletters and used to convey political, military, and economic news quickly and efficiently to Italian cities (1500–1700)—sharing some characteristics of newspapers though usually not considered true newspapers.^[8] However, none of these publications fully met the classical criteria for proper newspapers, as they were typically not intended for the general public and restricted to a certain range of topics.

Newspapers[edit]

Europe[edit]

The first mechanical, movable type printing that allowed the mass production of printed books was invented by Johann Gutenberg around 1450. In the 50 years after Gutenberg started printing, an estimated 500,000 books were in circulation, printed on about 1,000 presses across the continent. Gutenberg’s invention was a simple device, but it launched a revolution marked by repeated advances in technology and, as a result, a popularization of the ideals of liberty and freedom of information exchange.^[9]

The emergence of the new media in the 17th century has to be seen in close connection with the spread of the printing press from which the publishing press derives its name.^[10] The German-language Relation aller Fürnemmen und gedenckwürdigen Historien, printed from 1605 onwards by Johann Carolus in Strasbourg, is often recognized as the first newspaper.^[11][12] At the time, Strasbourg was a free imperial city in the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation; the first newspaper of modern Germany was the Avisa, published in 1609 in Wolfenbüttel. They distinguished themselves from other printed material by being published on a regular basis. They reported on a variety of current events to a broad public audience. Within a few decades, newspapers could be found in all the major cities of Europe, from Venice to London.

The Antwerp periodial De Nieuwe Tijdinghe^[13] was published in Brabant Dutch as from 1605 by Abraham Verhoeven^[14] and is thought to have been the first regularly appearing newssheet.

The Dutch Courante uyt Italien, Duytslandt, &c. (‘Courant from Italy, Germany, etc.’) of 1618 was the first to appear in folio- rather than quarto-size. Amsterdam, a center of world trade, quickly became home to newspapers in many languages, often before they were published in their own country.^[15] The first English-language newspaper, Corrant out of Italy, Germany, etc., was published in Amsterdam in 1620. A year and a half later, Corante, or weekely newes from Italy, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Bohemia, France and the Low Countreys was published in England by an «N.B.» (generally thought to be either Nathaniel Butter or Nicholas Bourne) and Thomas Archer.^[16] The first newspaper in France was published in 1631, La Gazette (originally published as Gazette de France).^[7]
The first newspaper in Italy, in accordance with the oldest issue still preserved, was Di Genova published in 1639 in Genoa.^[17] The first newspaper in Portugal, A Gazeta da Restauração, was published in 1641 in Lisbon.^[18] The first Spanish newspaper, Gaceta de Madrid, was published in 1661.

Post- och Inrikes Tidningar (founded as Ordinari Post Tijdender) was first published in Sweden in 1645, and is the oldest newspaper still in existence, though it now publishes solely online.^[19] Opregte Haarlemsche Courant from Haarlem, first published in 1656, is the oldest paper still printed. It was forced to merge with the newspaper Haarlems Dagblad in 1942 when Germany occupied the Netherlands. Since then the Haarlems Dagblad has appeared with the subtitle Oprechte Haerlemse Courant 1656. Merkuriusz Polski Ordynaryjny was published in Kraków, Poland in 1661. The first successful English daily, The Daily Courant, was published from 1702 to 1735.^[15][20]

Americas[edit]

In Boston in 1690, Benjamin Harris published Publick Occurrences Both Forreign and Domestick. This is considered the first newspaper in the American colonies even though only one edition was published before the paper was suppressed by the government. In 1704, the governor allowed The Boston News-Letter to be published and it became the first continuously published newspaper in the colonies. Soon after, weekly papers began being published in New York and Philadelphia. These early newspapers followed the British format and were usually four pages long. They mostly carried news from Britain and content depended on the editor’s interests. In 1783, the Pennsylvania Evening Post became the first American daily.^[21]

In 1752, John Bushell published the Halifax Gazette, which claims to be «Canada’s first newspaper». However, its official descendant, the Royal Gazette, is a government publication for legal notices and proclamations rather than a proper newspaper; In 1764, the Quebec Gazette was first printed 21 June 1764 and remains the oldest continuously published newspaper in North America as the Quebec Chronicle-Telegraph. It is currently published as an English-language weekly from its offices at 1040 Belvédère, suite 218, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. In 1808, the Gazeta do Rio de Janeiro^[22] had its first edition, printed in devices brought from England, publishing news favourable for the government of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves since it was produced by the official press service of the Portuguese crown.

In 1821, after the ending of the ban of private newspaper circulation, appears the first non-imperial printed publication, Diário do Rio de Janeiro, though there existed already the Correio Braziliense, published by Hipólito José da Costa at the same time as the Gazeta, but from London and with forcefully advocated political and critical ideas, aiming to expose the administration’s flaws. The first newspaper in Peru was El Peruano, established in October 1825 and still published today, but with several name changes.

Asia[edit]

During the Tang dynasty in China (618–906), the Kaiyuan Za Bao published the government news; it was block-printed onto paper. It is sometimes considered one of the earliest newspapers to be published. The first recorded attempt to found a newspaper of the modern type in South Asia was by William Bolts, a Dutchman in the employ of the British East India Company in September 1768 in Calcutta. However, before he could begin his newspaper, he was deported back to Europe. In 1780 the first newsprint from this region, Hicky’s Bengal Gazette, was published by an Irishman, James Augustus Hicky. He used it as a means to criticize the British rule through journalism.^[23]

The Jobo, which is discussed in the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty, is published in 1577 as a privately run commercial newspaper. It was printed daily, and covered a range of topics, including weather, constellations, and current affairs. In 2017, a Korean monk claimed to have discovered an extant copy of the Jobo.^[24][25]

Middle East[edit]

The history of Middle Eastern newspapers goes back to the 19th century. Many editors were not only journalists but also writers, philosophers and politicians. With unofficial journals, these intellectuals encouraged public discourse on politics in the Ottoman and Persian Empires. Literary works of all genres were serialized and published in the press as well.

The first newspapers in the Ottoman Empire were owned by foreigners living there who wanted to make propaganda about the Western world.^[26] The earliest was printed in 1795 by the Palais de France in Pera. Indigenous Middle Eastern journalism started in 1828, when Muhammad Ali, Khedive of Egypt, ordered the local establishment of the gazette Vekayi-i Misriye (Egyptian Affairs).^[27] It was first paper written in Ottoman Turkish and Arabic on opposite pages, and later in Arabic only, under the title «al-Waqa’i’a al-Masriya«.^[28]

The first non-official Turkish newspaper, Ceride-i Havadis (Register of Events), was published by an Englishman, William Churchill, in 1840. The first private newspaper to be published by Turkish journalists, Tercüman-ı Ahvâl (Interpreter of Events), was founded by İbrahim Şinasi and Agah Efendi and issued in 1860.^[29] The first newspaper in Iran, Kaghaz-e Akhbar (The Newspaper), was created for the government by Mirza Saleh Shirazi in 1837.^[30] The first journals in the Arabian Peninsula appeared in Hijaz, once it had become independent of Ottoman rule, towards the end of World War I. One of the earliest women to sign her articles in the Arab press was the female medical practitioner Galila Tamarhan, who contributed articles to a medical magazine called «Ya’asub al-Tib» (Leader in Medicine) in the 1860s.^[31]

Industrial Revolution[edit]

By the early 19th century, many cities in Europe, as well as North and South America, published newspaper-type publications though not all of them developed in the same way; content was vastly shaped by regional and cultural preferences.^[32] Advances in printing technology related to the Industrial Revolution enabled newspapers to become an even more widely circulated means of communication, as new printing technologies made printing less expensive and more efficient. In 1814, The Times (London) acquired a printing press capable of making 1,100 impressions per hour.^[33] Soon, this press was adapted to print on both sides of a page at once. This innovation made newspapers cheaper and thus available to a larger part of the population.

In 1830, the first inexpensive «penny press» newspaper came to the market: Lynde M. Walter’s Boston Transcript.^[34] Penny press papers cost about one sixth the price of other newspapers and appealed to a wider audience, including less educated and lower-income people.^[35] In France, Émile de Girardin started La Presse in 1836, introducing cheap, advertising-supported dailies to France. In 1848, August Zang, an Austrian who knew Girardin in Paris, returned to Vienna to introduce the same methods with «Die Presse» (which was named for and frankly copied Girardin’s publication).^[36]

Categories[edit]

While most newspapers are aimed at a broad spectrum of readers, usually geographically defined, some focus on groups of readers defined more by their interests than their location: for example, there are daily and weekly business newspapers (e.g., The Wall Street Journal and India Today) and sports newspapers. More specialist still are some weekly newspapers, usually free and distributed within limited regional areas; these may serve communities as specific as certain immigrant populations, the local gay community or indie rock enthusiasts within a city or region.

Frequency[edit]

Daily[edit]

A daily newspaper is printed every day, sometimes with the exception of Sundays and occasionally Saturdays (and some major holidays).^{[note 1]} Saturday and, where they exist, Sunday editions of daily newspapers tend to be larger, include more specialized sections (e.g., on arts, films, entertainment) and advertising inserts, and cost more. Typically, the majority of these newspapers’ staff members work Monday to Friday, so the Sunday and Monday editions largely depend on content made in advance or content that is syndicated.

Most daily newspapers are sold in the morning. Afternoon or evening papers, once common but now scarce, are aimed more at commuters and office workers. In practice (though this may vary according to country), a morning newspaper is available in early editions from before midnight on the night before its cover date, further editions being printed and distributed during the night. The later editions can include breaking news which was first revealed that day, after the morning edition was already printed. Previews of tomorrow’s newspapers are often a feature of late night news programs, such as Newsnight in the United Kingdom. In 1650, the first daily newspaper appeared, Einkommende Zeitung,^[37] published by Timotheus Ritzsch in Leipzig, Germany.^[38]

In the United Kingdom and some other Commonwealth countries, unlike most other countries, «daily» newspapers do not publish on Sundays. In the past there were independent Sunday newspapers; nowadays the same publisher often produces a Sunday newspaper, distinct in many ways from the daily, usually with a related name; e.g., The Times and The Sunday Times are distinct newspapers owned by the same company, and an article published in the latter would never be credited to The Times.

In some cases a Sunday edition is an expanded version of a newspaper from the same publisher; in other cases, particularly in Britain, it may be a separate enterprise, e.g., The Observer, not affiliated with a daily newspaper from its founding in 1791 until it was acquired by The Guardian in 1993. Usually, it is a specially expanded edition, often several times the thickness and weight of the weekday editions and containing generally special sections not found in the weekday editions, such as Sunday comics and Sunday magazines (such as The New York Times Magazine and The Sunday Times Magazine).

In some countries daily newspapers are not published on Christmas Day, but weekly newspapers would change their day e.g. Sunday newspapers are published on Saturday December 24, Christmas Eve when Christmas Day falls on Sunday.

Semi-weekly[edit]

Some newspapers are published two times a week and are known as semi-weekly publications.

Triweekly[edit]

As the name suggests, a triweekly publishes three times a week. The Meridian Star is an example of such a publication.^[39]

Weekly[edit]

Weekly newspapers are published once a week, and tend to be smaller than daily papers.

Biweekly[edit]

Some publications are published, for example, fortnightly (or biweekly in American parlance). They may have a change from normal weekly day of the week during the Christmas period depending the day of the week Christmas Day is falling on.

Geographical scope and distribution[edit]

Local or regional[edit]

A local newspaper serves a region such as a city, or part of a large city.
Almost every market has one or two newspapers that dominate the area. Large metropolitan newspapers often have large distribution networks, and can be found outside their normal area, sometimes widely, sometimes from fewer sources.

National[edit]

Most nations have at least one newspaper that circulates throughout the whole country: a national newspaper. Some national newspapers, such as the Financial Times and The Wall Street Journal, are specialised (in these examples, on financial matters). There are many national newspapers in the United Kingdom, but only a few in the United States and Canada. In Canada, The Globe and Mail is sold throughout the country. In the United States, in addition to national newspapers as such, The New York Times is available throughout the country.^[40]

There is also a small group of newspapers which may be characterized as international newspapers. Some, such as The New York Times International Edition, (formerly The International Herald Tribune) have always had that focus, while others are repackaged national newspapers or «international editions» of national or large metropolitan newspapers. In some cases, articles that might not interest the wider range of readers are omitted from international editions; in others, of interest to expatriates, significant national news is retained. As English became the international language of business and technology, many newspapers formerly published only in non-English languages have also developed English-language editions. In places as varied as Jerusalem and Mumbai, newspapers are printed for a local and international English-speaking public, and for tourists. The advent of the Internet has also allowed non-English-language newspapers to put out a scaled-down English version to give their newspaper a global outreach.

Similarly, in many countries with a large foreign-language-speaking population or many tourists, newspapers in languages other than the national language are both published locally and imported. For example, newspapers and magazines from many countries, and locally published newspapers in many languages, are ready to be found on news-stands in central London. In the US state of Florida, so many tourists from the French-speaking Canadian province of Quebec visit for long stays during the winter («snowbirds») that some newsstands and stores sell French-language newspapers such as Le Droit.

Subject matter[edit]

General newspapers cover all topics, with different emphasis. While at least mentioning all topics, some might have good coverage of international events of importance; others might concentrate more on national or local entertainment or sports. Specialised newspapers might concentrate more specifically on, for example, financial matters. There are publications covering exclusively sports, or certain sports, horse-racing, theatre, and so on, although they may no longer be called newspapers.^{[citation needed]}

Technology[edit]

Print[edit]

For centuries newspapers were printed on paper and supplied physically to readers either by the local distribution or in some cases by mail, for example for British expatriates living in India or Hong Kong who subscribed to British newspapers. Newspapers can be delivered to subscribers homes and/or businesses by a paper’s own delivery people, sent via the mail, sold at newsstands, grocery stores and convenience stores, and delivered to libraries and bookstores. Newspaper organizations need a large distribution system to deliver their papers to these different distributors, which typically involves delivery trucks and delivery people. In recent years, newspapers and other media have adapted to the changing technology environment by starting to offer online editions to cater to the needs of the public. In the future, the trend towards more electronic delivery of the news will continue with more emphasis on the Internet, social media and other electronic delivery methods. However, while the method of delivery is changing, the newspaper and the industry still have a niche in the world.

Online[edit]

As of 2007, virtually all major printed newspapers produced online editions distributed over the Internet, which, depending on the country, may be regulated by journalism organizations such as the Press Complaints Commission in the UK.^[41] But as some publishers find their print-based models increasingly unsustainable,^[42] Web-based «newspapers» have also started to appear, such as the Southport Reporter in the UK and the Seattle Post-Intelligencer, which stopped publishing in print after 149 years in March 2009 and became an online-only paper.

Since 2005 in the UK more than 200 regional newspapers have closed down resulting in a 50% decline in the number of regional journalists. A 2016 study by King’s College, London, found that the towns that lost their local newspapers receded from democratic values and experienced the loss of public faith in the authorities.^[43]

A new trend in newspaper publishing is the introduction of personalization through on-demand printing technologies or with online news aggregator websites like Google news. Customized newspapers allow the reader to create their individual newspaper through the selection of individual pages from multiple publications. This «Best of» approach allows revival of the print-based model and opens up a new distribution channel to increase coverage beneath the usual boundaries of distribution. Customized newspapers online have been offered by MyYahoo, I-Google, CRAYON, ICurrent.com, Kibboko.com, Twitter. times and many others. With these online newspapers, the reader can select how much of each section (politics, sports, arts, etc.) they wish to see in their news.

Organization and personnel[edit]

In the U.S., the overall manager or chief executive of the newspaper is the publisher.^[44] In small newspapers, the owner of the publication (or the largest shareholder in the corporation that owns the publication) is usually the publisher.^{[citation needed]} Most newspapers have four main departments devoted to publishing the newspaper itself—editorial, production/printing, circulation, and advertising, although they are frequently referred to by a variety of other names. Most papers also have the non-newspaper-specific departments found in other businesses of comparable size, such as accounting, marketing, human resources, and IT.

Throughout the English-speaking world, the person who selects the content for the newspaper is usually referred to as the editor. Variations on this title such as editor-in-chief, executive editor, and so on are common. For small newspapers, a single editor may be responsible for all content areas. At large newspapers, the most senior editor is in overall charge of the publication, while less senior editors may each focus on one subject area, such as local news or sports. These divisions are called news bureaus or «desks», and each is supervised by a designated editor. Most newspaper editors copy edit the stories for their part of the newspaper, but they may share their workload with proofreaders and fact checkers.

Reporters are journalists who primarily report facts that they have gathered, and those who write longer, less news-oriented articles may be called feature writers. Photographers and graphic artists provide images and illustrations to support articles. Journalists often specialize in a subject area, called a beat, such as sports, religion, or science. Columnists are journalists who write regular articles recounting their personal opinions and experiences. Printers and press operators physically print the newspaper. Printing is outsourced by many newspapers, partly because of the cost of an offset web press (the most common kind of press used to print newspapers), and also because a small newspaper’s print run might require less than an hour of operation, meaning that if the newspaper had its own press it would sit idle most of the time. If the newspaper offers information online, webmasters and web designers may be employed to upload stories to the newspaper’s website.

The staff of the circulation department liaise with retailers who sell the newspaper; sell subscriptions; and supervise distribution of the printed newspapers through the mail, by newspaper carriers, at retailers, and through vending machines. Free newspapers do not sell subscriptions, but they still have a circulation department responsible for distributing the newspapers. Sales staff in the advertising department not only sell ad space to clients such as local businesses, but also help clients design and plan their advertising campaigns. Other members of the advertising department may include graphic designers, who design ads according to the customers’ specifications and the department’s policies. In an advertising-free newspaper, there is no advertising department.

Zoned and other editions[edit]

Newspapers often refine distribution of ads and news through zoning and editioning. Zoning occurs when advertising and editorial content change to reflect the location to which the product is delivered. The editorial content often may change merely to reflect changes in advertising—the quantity and layout of which affects the space available for editorial—or may contain region-specific news. In rare instances, the advertising may not change from one zone to another, but there will be different region-specific editorial content. As the content can vary widely, zoned editions are often produced in parallel. Editioning occurs in the main sections as news is updated throughout the night. The advertising is usually the same in each edition (with the exception of zoned regionals, in which it is often the ‘B’ section of local news that undergoes advertising changes). As each edition represents the latest news available for the next press run, these editions are produced linearly, with one completed edition being copied and updated for the next edition. The previous edition is always copied to maintain a Newspaper of Record and to fall back on if a quick correction is needed for the press. For example, both The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal offer a regional edition, printed through a local contractor, and featuring locale specific content. The Journal’s global advertising rate card provides a good example of editioning.^[45]

See also Los Angeles Times suburban sections.

Format[edit]

Most modern newspapers^[46] are in one of three sizes:

• Broadsheets: 600 mm × 380 mm (23+1⁄2 in × 15 in), generally associated with more intellectual newspapers, although a trend towards «compact» newspapers is changing this. Examples include The Daily Telegraph in the United Kingdom.
• Tabloids: half the size of broadsheets at 380 mm × 300 mm (15 in × 11+3⁄4 in), and often perceived as sensationalist in contrast to broadsheets.^{[citation needed]} Examples include The Sun, The National Enquirer, The Star Magazine, New York Post, the Chicago Sun-Times, and The Globe.
  • «Microdaily» is infrequently used to refer to a tabloid-sized free daily newspaper that offers lower ad rates than its broadsheet competitors. The content of a microdaily can range from intense local news coverage to a combination of local and national stories.
• Berliner or Midi: 470 mm × 315 mm (18+1⁄2 in × 12+1⁄2 in) used by European papers such as Le Monde in France, La Stampa in Italy, El País in Spain and, from 2005 until 2018, The Guardian in the United Kingdom.

Newspapers are usually printed on cheap, off-white paper known as newsprint. Since the 1980s, the newspaper industry has largely moved away from lower-quality letterpress printing to higher-quality, four-color process, offset printing. In addition, desktop computers, word processing software, graphics software, digital cameras and digital prepress and typesetting technologies have revolutionized the newspaper production process. These technologies have enabled newspapers to publish color photographs and graphics, as well as innovative layouts and better design.

To help their titles stand out on newsstands, some newspapers are printed on coloured newsprint. For example, the Financial Times is printed on a distinctive salmon pink paper, and Sheffield’s weekly sports publication derives its name, the Green ‘Un, from the traditional colour of its paper. The Italian sports newspaper La Gazzetta dello Sport is also printed on pink paper while L’Équipe (formerly L’Auto) is printed on yellow paper. Both the latter promoted major cycling races and their newsprint colours were reflected in the colours of the jerseys used to denote the race leader; for example the leader in the Giro d’Italia wears a pink jersey.

Circulation and readership[edit]

The number of copies distributed, either on an average day or on particular days (typically Sunday), is called the newspaper’s circulation and is one of the principal factors used to set advertising rates. Circulation is not necessarily the same as copies sold, since some copies or newspapers are distributed without cost. Readership figures may be higher than circulation figures, because many copies are read by more than one person, although this is offset by the number of copies distributed but not read (especially for those distributed free). In the United States, the Alliance for Audited Media maintains historical and current data on average circulation of daily and weekly newspapers and other periodicals.

According to the Guinness Book of Records, the daily circulation of the Soviet newspaper Trud exceeded 21,500,000 in 1990, while the Soviet weekly Argumenty i Fakty boasted a circulation of 33,500,000 in 1991. According to United Nations data from 1995 Japan has three daily papers—the Yomiuri Shimbun with circulations well above 5.5 million. Germany’s Bild, with a circulation of 1.15 million, was the only other paper in that category. In the United Kingdom, The Sun is the top seller, with around 1.2 million copies distributed daily. In the U.S., The Wall Street Journal has a daily circulation of approximately 2.02 million, making it the most widely distributed paper in the country.^[47]

While paid readership of print newspapers has been steadily declining in the developed OECD nations, it has been rising in the chief developing nations (Brazil, India, Indonesia, China and South Africa), whose paid daily circulation exceeded those of the developed nations for the first time in 2008.^[48] In India,^[49] The Times of India is the largest-circulation English newspaper, with 3.14 million copies daily. According to the 2009 Indian Readership Survey, the Dainik Jagran is the most-read, local-language (Hindi) newspaper, with 55.7 million readers.^[50] According to Tom Standage of The Economist, India currently has daily newspaper circulation of 110 million copies.^[51]

A common measure of a newspaper’s health is market penetration, expressed as a percentage of households that receive a copy of the newspaper against the total number of households in the paper’s market area. In the 1920s, on a national basis in the U.S., daily newspapers achieved market penetration of 123 percent (meaning the average U.S. household received 1.23 newspapers). As other media began to compete with newspapers, and as printing became easier and less expensive giving rise to a greater diversity of publications, market penetration began to decline. It wasn’t until the early 1970s, however, that market penetration dipped below 100 percent. By 2000, it was 53 percent and still falling.^[52] Many paid-for newspapers offer a variety of subscription plans. For example, someone might want only a Sunday paper, or perhaps only Sunday and Saturday, or maybe only a workweek subscription, or perhaps a daily subscription. Most newspapers provide some or all of their content on the Internet, either at no cost or for a fee. In some cases, free access is available only for a matter of days or weeks, or for a certain number of viewed articles, after which readers must register and provide personal data. In other cases, free archives are provided.

• 

  Newspaper vendor, Paddington, London, February 2005

• Attempting to buy a newspaper

Advertising[edit]

A newspaper typically generates 70–80% of its revenue from advertising, and the remainder from sales and subscriptions.^[53] The portion of the newspaper that is not advertising is called editorial content, editorial matter, or simply editorial, although the last term is also used to refer specifically to those articles in which the newspaper and its guest writers express their opinions. (This distinction, however, developed over time – early publishers like Girardin (France) and Zang (Austria) did not always distinguish paid items from editorial content.). The business model of having advertising subsidize the cost of printing and distributing newspapers (and, it is always hoped, the making of a profit) rather than having subscribers cover the full cost was first done, it seems, in 1833 by The Sun, a daily paper that was published in New York City. Rather than charging 6 cents per copy, the price of a typical New York daily at the time, they charged 1-cent, and depended on advertising to make up the difference.^[54]

Newspapers in countries with easy access to the web have been hurt by the decline of many traditional advertisers. Department stores and supermarkets could be relied upon in the past to buy pages of newspaper advertisements, but due to industry consolidation are much less likely to do so now.^[55] Additionally, newspapers are seeing traditional advertisers shift to new media platforms. The classified category is shifting to sites including Craigslist, employment websites, and auto sites. National advertisers are shifting to many types of digital content including websites, rich media platforms, and mobile.

In recent years, the advertorial emerged. Advertorials are most commonly recognized as an opposite-editorial which third parties pay a fee to have included in the paper. Advertorials commonly advertise new products or techniques, such as a new design for golf equipment, a new form of laser surgery, or weight-loss drugs. The tone is usually closer to that of a press release than of an objective news story. Such articles are often clearly distinguished from editorial content through either the design and layout of the page or with a label declaring the article as an advertisement. However, there has been growing concern over the blurring of the line between editorial and advertorial content.^[56]

• 

  1938 Dutch newspaper advertisement for women’s clothing sold at C&A stores

• 

  US newspaper advertising revenue—Newspaper Association of America published data^[57]

Journalism[edit]

Since newspapers began as a journal (record of current events), the profession involved in the making of newspapers began to be called journalism. In the yellow journalism era of the 19th century, many newspapers in the United States relied on sensational stories that were meant to anger or excite the public, rather than to inform. The restrained style of reporting that relies on fact checking and accuracy regained popularity around World War II. Criticism of journalism is varied and sometimes vehement. Credibility is questioned because of anonymous sources; errors in facts, spelling, and grammar; real or perceived bias; and scandals involving plagiarism and fabrication.

In the past, newspapers have often been owned by so-called press barons, and were used for gaining a political voice. After 1920 most major newspapers became parts of chains run by large media corporations such as Gannett, The McClatchy Company, Hearst Corporation, Cox Enterprises, Landmark Media Enterprises LLC, Morris Communications, The Tribune Company, Hollinger International, News Corporation, Swift Communications, etc. Newspapers have, in the modern world, played an important role in the exercise of freedom of expression. Whistle-blowers, and those who «leak» stories of corruption in political circles often choose to inform newspapers before other mediums of communication, relying on the perceived willingness of newspaper editors to expose the secrets and lies of those who would rather cover them. However, there have been many circumstances of the political autonomy of newspapers being curtailed. Recent research has examined the effects of a newspaper’s closing on the reelection of incumbents, voter turnout, and campaign spending.^[58]

Opinions of other writers and readers are expressed in the op-ed («opposite the editorial page») and letters to the editors sections of the paper. Some ways newspapers have tried to improve their credibility are: appointing ombudsmen, developing ethics policies and training, using more stringent corrections policies, communicating their processes and rationale with readers, and asking sources to review articles after publication.

Impact of television and Internet[edit]

By the late 1990s, the availability of news via 24-hour television channels and the subsequent availability of online journalism posed an ongoing challenge to the business model of most newspapers in developed countries. Paid newspaper circulation has declined, while advertising revenue—the bulk of most newspapers’ income—has been shifting from print to social media and news websites, resulting in a general decline. One of the challenges is that a number of online news websites are free to access. Other online news sites have a paywall and require paid subscription for access. In less-developed countries, cheaper printing and distribution, increased literacy, a growing middle class, and other factors have compensated for the emergence of electronic media, and newspaper circulation continues to grow.^[59]

In April 1995, The American Reporter became the first daily Internet-based newspaper with its own paid reporters and original content.^[60] The future of newspapers in countries with high levels of Internet access has been widely debated as the industry has faced down soaring newsprint prices, slumping ad sales, the loss of much classified advertising, and precipitous drops in circulation. Since the late-1990s, the number of newspapers slated for closure, bankruptcy, or severe cutbacks has risen—especially in the United States, where the industry has shed a fifth of its journalists since 2001.^[61] A June 2022 report estimated that 2 newspapers die each week, and revealed that the US dropped from 8,891 newspapers in 2005 to 6,377 at the end of May 2022. Journalism jobs dropped from about 75,000 in 2006 to 31,000 in 2022.^[62]

The debate has become more urgent lately, as the 2008–2009 recession shaved newspapers’ profits and as once-explosive growth in web revenue has leveled off, forestalling what the industry hoped would become an important source of revenue.^[63] At issue is whether the newspaper industry faces a cyclical trough (or dip), or whether new technology has rendered print newspapers obsolete. As of 2017, an increasing percentage of millennials get their news from social media websites. In the 2010s, many traditional newspapers have begun offering «digital editions», accessible via computers and mobile devices. Online advertising allows news websites to show catered ads, based on a visitor’s interests.

See also[edit]

• List of newspaper comic strips
• List of online newspaper archives
• Lists of newspapers
• Off stone

Notes[edit]

References[edit]

Further reading[edit]

• Willings Press Guide (134th ed. 3 vol. 2010), comprehensive guide to world press. Vol 1 UK, Vol 2 Europe and Vol 3 World. ISBN 1-906035-17-2
• Editor and Publisher International Year Book (90th ed. 2009), comprehensive guide to American newspapers
• Kevin G. Barnhurst, and John Nerone. The Form of News, A History (2001) excerpt and text search
• Bleyer, Willard Grosvenor. Newspaper Writing and Editing. (Houghton Mifflin Company, 1913, 364pp.).
• Conley, David, and Stephen Lamble. The Daily Miracle: An Introduction to Journalism (3rd ed. 2006), 518pp; global viewpoint
• Harrower, Tim. The Newspaper Designer’s Handbook (6th ed. 2007) excerpt and text search
• Jones, Alex. Losing the News: The Future of the News That Feeds Democracy (2009)
• Pettegree, Andrew. The Invention of News: How the World Came to Know About Itself (2014) ISBN 978-0300212761
• Shaw, Matthew J. An Inky Business: A History of Newspapers from the English Civil Wars to the American Civil War (2021) ISBN 978-1789143867
• Sousa, Jorge Pedro Sousa (Coord.); Maria do Carmo Castelo Branco; Mário Pinto; Sandra Tuna; Gabriel Silva; Eduardo Zilles Borba; Mônica Delicato; Carlos Duarte; Nair Silva; Patrícia Teixeira. A Gazeta «da Restauração»: Primeiro Periódico Português. Uma análise do discurso VOL. II — Reproduções(2011) ISBN 978-989-654-061-6
• Walravens, Hartmut, ed. Newspapers in Central And Eastern Europe (2004) 251pp
• Williams, Kevin. Read All About It!: A History of the British Newspaper (2009) excerpt and text search

External links[edit]

• «Newspaper» . The New Student’s Reference Work . 1914.
• NewsTornado – Worldwide Newspaper Circulation Map
• Print Culture at A History of Central Florida Podcast
• Chart – Real and Fake News (2016)/Vanessa Otero (basis) (Mark Frauenfelder)
• Chart – Real and Fake News (2014) (2016)/Pew Research Center

Newspaper archives[edit]

• Newspapercat – University of Florida Historical Digital Newspaper Catalog Collection
• Historical newspapers from 1700s–Present: Newspapers.com
• Historical newspaper database, from NewspaperARCHIVE.com
• More than 8m pages of Historic European newspapers (Free)
• Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers from National Digital Newspaper Program.

A newspaper is a scheduled publication containing news of current events, informative articles, diverse features and advertising. It usually is printed on relatively inexpensive, low-grade paper such as newsprint. By 2007, there were 6580 daily newspapers in the world selling 395 million copies a day. The worldwide recession of 2008, combined with the rapid growth of web-based alternatives, caused a serious decline in advertising and circulation, as many papers closed or sharply retrenched operations.^[1]

General-interest newspapers typically publish stories on local and national political events and personalities, crime, business, entertainment, society and sports. Most traditional papers also feature an editorial page containing editorials written by an editor and columns that express the personal opinions of writers. The newspaper is typically funded by paid subscriptions and advertising.

A wide variety of material has been published in newspapers, including editorial opinions, criticism, persuasion and op-eds; obituaries; entertainment features such as crosswords, sudoku and horoscopes; weather news and forecasts; advice, food and other columns; reviews of radio, movies, television, plays and restaurants; classified ads; display ads, radio and television listings, inserts from local merchants, editorial cartoons, gag cartoons and comic strips.

Definition

Newspapers typically meet four criteria:^[2][3]

• Publicity: Its contents are reasonably accessible to the public.
• Periodicity: It is published at regular intervals.
• Currency: Its information is up to date.
• Universality: It covers a range of topics.

History

Gazettes and bulletins

Before the invention of newspapers in the early 17th century, official government bulletins were circulated at times in some centralized empires.

In Ancient Rome, Acta Diurna, or government announcement bulletins, were produced. They were carved in metal or stone and posted in public places.

In China, early government-produced news sheets, called tipao, circulated among court officials during the late Han dynasty (second and third centuries AD). Between 713 and 734, the Kaiyuan Za Bao («Bulletin of the Court») of the Chinese Tang Dynasty published government news; it was handwritten on silk and read by government officials. In 1582, there was the first reference to privately published newssheets in Beijing, during the late Ming Dynasty.^[4]

In Early modern Europe the increased cross-border interaction created a rising need for information which was met by concise handwritten newssheets. In 1556, the government of Venice first published the monthly Notizie scritte, which cost one gazetta.^[5] These avvisi were handwritten newsletters and used to convey political, military, and economic news quickly and efficiently to Italian cities (1500–1700) — sharing some characteristics of newspapers though usually not considered true newspapers.^[6]

However, none of these publications fully met the classical criteria for proper newspapers, as they were typically not intended for the general public and restricted to a certain range of topics.

Newspapers

See also: List of the earliest newspapers

Europe

The emergence of the new media branch in the 17th century has to be seen in close connection with the spread of the printing press from which the publishing press derives its name.^[7]

The German-language Relation aller Fürnemmen und gedenckwürdigen Historien, printed from 1605 onwards by Johann Carolus in Strasbourg, is often recognized as the first newspaper.^[8][9] At the time, Strasbourg was a free imperial city in the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation; the first newspaper of modern Germany was the Avisa, published in 1609 in Wolfenbüttel.

Other early papers include:

The Dutch Courante uyt Italien, Duytslandt, &c. (‘Courant from Italy, Germany, etc.’) of 1618 was the first to appear in folio- rather than quarto-size. Amsterdam, a center of world trade, quickly became home to newspapers in many languages, often before they were published in their own country.^[10]

The first English-language newspaper, Corrant out of Italy, Germany, etc., was published in Amsterdam in 1620. A year and a half later, Corante, or weekely newes from Italy, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Bohemia, France and the Low Countreys. was published in England by an «N.B.» (generally thought to be either Nathaniel Butter or Nicholas Bourne) and Thomas Archer.^[11]

The first newspaper in France was published in 1631, La Gazette (originally published as Gazette de France).^[5]

The first newspaper in Portugal, Gazeta, was published in 1641 in Lisbon.^[12] The first Spanish newspaper, Gaceta de Madrid, was published in 1661.

Post- och Inrikes Tidningar (founded as Ordinari Post Tijdender) was first published in Sweden in 1645, and is the oldest newspaper still in existence, though it now publishes solely online.^[13]

Opregte Haarlemsche Courant from Haarlem, first published in 1656, is the oldest paper still printed. It was forced to merge with the newspaper Haarlems Dagblad in 1942 when Germany occupied the Netherlands. Since then the Haarlems Dagblad has appeared with the subtitle Oprechte Haerlemse Courant 1656. It considers itself to be the oldest newspaper still in print.

Merkuriusz Polski Ordynaryjny was published in Kraków, Poland in 1661.

The first successful English daily, The Daily Courant, was published from 1702 to 1735.^[10][14]

Americas

In Boston in 1690, Benjamin Harris published Publick Occurrences Both Forreign and Domestick. This is considered the first newspaper in the American colonies even though only one edition was published before the paper was suppressed by the government. In 1704, the governor allowed The Boston News-Letter to be published and it became the first continuously published newspaper in the colonies. Soon after, weekly papers began publishing in New York and Philadelphia. These early newspapers followed the British format and were usually four pages long. They mostly carried news from Britain and content depended on the editor’s interests. In 1783, the Pennsylvania Evening Post became the first American daily.

In 1752, John Bushell published the Halifax Gazette, the first Canadian newspaper.

The first newspaper in South America was Diario de Pernambuco, established in 1825.

By 2007, there were 1,456 daily newspapers in the U.S., selling 55 million copies a day.^[15]

Asia

See also: History of Chinese newspapers

Middle East

Industrial Revolution

By the early 19th century, many cities in Europe, as well as North and South America, published newspaper-type publications though not all of them developed in the same way; content was vastly shaped by regional and cultural preferences.^[16] Advances in printing technology related to the Industrial Revolution enabled newspapers to become an even more widely circulated means of communication. In 1814, The Times (London) acquired a printing press capable of making 1,100 impressions per minute.^[17]

Soon, it was adapted to print on both sides of a page at once. This innovation made newspapers cheaper and thus available to a larger part of the population. In 1830, the first penny press newspaper came to the market: Lynde M. Walter’s Boston Transcript.^[18] Penny press papers cost about one sixth the price of other newspapers and appealed to a wider audience.^[19] In France, Émile de Girardin started «La Presse» in 1836, introducing cheap, advertising-supported dailies to France. In 1848, August Zang, an Austrian who knew Girardin in Paris, returned to Vienna to introduce the same methods with «Die Presse» (which was named for and frankly copied Girardin’s publication).^[20]

Categories

While most newspapers are aimed at a broad spectrum of readers, usually geographically defined, some focus on groups of readers defined more by their interests than their location: for example, there are daily and weekly business newspapers and sports newspapers. More specialist still are some weekly newspapers, usually free and distributed within limited areas; these may serve communities as specific as certain immigrant populations, or the local gay community.

Daily

A daily newspaper is issued every day, sometimes with the exception of Sundays and occasionally Saturdays,^[21] and often of some national holidays. Saturday and, where they exist, Sunday editions of daily newspapers tend to be larger, include more specialized sections and advertising inserts, and cost more. Typically, the majority of these newspapers’ staff work Monday to Friday, so the Sunday and Monday editions largely depend on content done in advance or content that is syndicated. Most daily newspapers are published in the morning. Afternoon or evening papers are aimed more at commuters and office workers.

UK

In the UK, unlike most other countries, most «daily» newspapers do not publish on Sundays; in many cases the same publisher produces a Sunday newspaper, distinct in many ways from the daily, usually with a related name; e.g. The Times and The Sunday Times are distinct newspapers owned by the same company, and an article published in the latter would never be credited to The Times.

Weekly

Weekly newspapers are published once a week, and tend to be smaller than daily papers. Some newspapers are published two or three times a week; in the United States, such newspapers are generally called weeklies^{[citation needed]}.

National

Most nations have at least one newspaper that circulates throughout the whole country: a national newspaper, as contrasted with a local newspaper serving a city or region. Some national newspapers, such as The Financial Times and The Wall Street Journal, are specialised (in these examples, on financial matters). There are many national newspapers in the UK, but only few in the United States and Canada. In the United States, in addition to national newspapers as such, The New York Times is available throughout the country^{[citation needed]}.

Almost every market has one or two newspapers that dominate the area. Large metropolitan newspapers often have large distribution networks, and can be found outside their normal area, sometimes widely, sometimes from fewer sources.

International

There is also a small group of newspapers which may be characterized as international newspapers. Some, such as The International Herald Tribune, have always had that focus, while others are repackaged national newspapers or «international editions» of national or large metropolitan newspapers. In some cases articles that might not interest the wider range of readers are omitted from international editions; in others, of interest to expatriates, significant national news is retained.

As English became the international language of business and technology, many newspapers formerly published only in non-English languages have also developed English-language editions. In places as varied as Jerusalem and Mumbai, newspapers are printed for a local and international English-speaking public, and for tourists. The advent of the Internet has also allowed non-English-language newspapers to put out a scaled-down English version to give their newspaper a global outreach.

Similarly, in many countries with a large foreign-language-speaking population or many tourists, newspapers in languages other than the national language are both published locally and imported. For example, newspapers and magazines from many countries, and locally-published newspapers in many languages, are readily to be found on news-stands in central London.

Online

Virtually all printed newspapers have online editions, which depending on the country may be regulated by journalism organizations such as the Press Complaints Commission in the UK.^[22] But as some publishers find their print-based models increasingly unsustainable, Web-based «newspapers» have also started to appear, such as the Southport Reporter in the UK and the Seattle Post-Intelligencer,^[23] which stopped publishing in print after 149 years in March 2009 and went online only.

Customized

A new trend in newspaper publishing is the introduction of individualization through on-demand printing technologies. Customized newspapers allow the reader to create their individual newspaper through the selection of individual pages from multiple publications. This «Best of» approach allows to revive the print-based model and opens up a new distribution channel to increase coverage beneath the usual boundaries of distribution. Customized newspapers online have been offered by MyYahoo, I-Google, CRAYON, ICurrent.com, Kibboko.com, Twitter.times and many others.

Organization and personnel

In the United States, the overall manager or chief executive of the newspaper is the publisher.^[24] In small newspapers, the owner of the publication (or the largest shareholder in the corporation that owns the publication) is usually the publisher. Although he or she rarely or perhaps never writes stories, the publisher is legally responsible for the contents of the entire newspaper and also runs the business, including hiring editors, reporters, and other staff members. This title is less common outside the U.S. The equivalent position in the film industry and television news shows is the executive producer.^{[citation needed]}

Most newspapers have four main departments devoted to publishing the newspaper itself—editorial, production/printing, circulation, and advertising, although they are frequently referred to by a variety of other names—as well as the non-newspaper-specific departments also found in other businesses of comparable size, such as accounting, marketing, human resources, and IT.

Throughout the English-speaking world, the person who selects the content for the newspaper is usually referred to as the editor. Variations on this title such as editor-in-chief, executive editor, and so on are common. For small newspapers, a single editor may be responsible for all content areas. At large newspapers, the most senior editor is in overall charge of the publication, while less senior editors may each focus on one subject area, such as local news or sports. These divisions are called news bureaus or «desks», and each is supervised by a designated editor. Most newspaper editors copy edit the stories for their part of the newspaper, but they may share their workload with proofreaders and fact checkers.

Reporters are journalists who primarily report facts that they have gathered and those who write longer, less news-oriented articles may be called feature writers. Photographers and graphic artists provide images and illustrations to support articles. Journalists often specialize in a subject area, called a beat, such as sports, religion, or science. Columnists are journalists who write regular articles recounting their personal opinions and experiences.

Printers and press operators physically print the newspaper. Printing is outsourced by many newspapers, partly because of the cost of an offset web press (the most common kind of press used to print newspapers) and also because a small newspaper’s print run might require less than an hour of operation, meaning that if the newspaper had its own press it would sit idle most of the time. If the newspaper offers information online, webmasters and web designers may be employed to upload stories to the newspaper’s website.

The staff of the circulation department liaise with retailers who sell the newspaper; sell subscriptions; and supervise distribution of the printed newspapers through the mail, by newspaper carriers, at retailers, and through vending machines. Free newspapers do not sell subscriptions, but they still have a circulation department responsible for distributing the newspapers.

Sales staff in the advertising department not only sell space to clients such as local businesses, but also help advertisers design and plan their advertising campaigns. Other members of the advertising department may include graphic designers, who design ads according to the customers’ specifications and the department’s policies. In an advertising-free newspaper, there is no advertising department.

Zoned and other editions

Newspapers often refine distribution of ads and news through zoning and editioning. Zoning occurs when advertising and editorial content change to reflect the location to which the product is delivered. The editorial content often may change merely to reflect changes in advertising — the quantity and layout of which affects the space available for editorial — or may contain region-specific news. In rare instances, the advertising may not change from one zone to another, but there will be different region-specific editorial content. As the content can vary widely, zoned editions are often produced in parallel.

Editioning occurs in the main sections as news is updated throughout the night. The advertising is usually the same in each edition (with the exception of zoned regionals, in which it is often the ‘B’ section of local news that undergoes advertising changes). As each edition represents the latest news available for the next press run, these editions are produced linearly, with one completed edition being copied and updated for the next edition. The previous edition is always copied to maintain a Newspaper of Record and to fall back on if a quick correction is needed for the press. For example, both The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal offer a regional edition, printed through a local contractor, and featuring locale specific content. The Journal’s global advertising rate card provides a good example of editioning.^[25]

Format

Most modern newspapers are in one of three sizes:

• Broadsheets: 600 mm by 380 mm (23½ by 15 inches), generally associated with more intellectual newspapers, although a trend towards «compact» newspapers is changing this.
• Tabloids: half the size of broadsheets at 380 mm by 300 mm (15 by 11¾ inches), and often perceived as sensationalist in contrast to broadsheets. Examples include The Sun, The National Enquirer, The Star Magazine, New York Post, the Chicago Sun-Times, The Globe.
  • «Microdaily» is infrequently used to refer to a tabloid-sized free daily newspaper that offers lower ad rates than its broadsheet competitors. The content of a microdaily can range from intense local news coverage to a combination of local and national stories.
• Berliner or Midi: 470 mm by 315 mm (18½ by 12¼ inches) used by European papers such as Le Monde in France, La Stampa in Italy, El Pais in Spain and, since 2005, The Guardian in the United Kingdom.

Newspapers are usually printed on cheap, off-white paper known as newsprint. Since the 1980s, the newspaper industry has largely moved away from lower-quality letterpress printing to higher-quality, four-color process, offset printing. In addition, desktop computers, word processing software, graphics software, digital cameras and digital prepress and typesetting technologies have revolutionized the newspaper production process. These technologies have enabled newspapers to publish color photographs and graphics, as well as innovative layouts and better design.

To help their titles stand out on newsstands, some newspapers are printed on coloured newsprint. For example, the Financial Times is printed on a distinctive salmon pink paper, and Sheffield’s weekly sports publication derives its name, the Green ’Un, from the traditional colour of its paper. The Italian sports newspaper La Gazzetta dello Sport is also printed on pink paper while L’Équipe (formerly L’Auto) is printed on yellow paper. Both the latter promoted major cycling races and their newsprint colours were reflected in the colours of the jerseys used to denote the race leader; for example the leader in the Giro d’Italia wears a pink jersey.

Circulation and readership

The number of copies distributed, either on an average day or on particular days (typically Sunday), is called the newspaper’s circulation and is one of the principal factors used to set advertising rates. Circulation is not necessarily the same as copies sold, since some copies or newspapers are distributed without cost. Readership figures may be higher than circulation figures because many copies are read by more than one person, although this is offset by the number of copies distributed but not read (especially for those distributed free).

According to the Guinness Book of Records, the daily circulation of the Soviet newspaper Trud exceeded 21,500,000 in 1990, while the Soviet weekly Argumenty i Fakty boasted the circulation of 33,500,000 in 1991.

According to United Nations data from 1995 Japan has three daily papers —the Yomiuri Shimbun, Asahi Shimbun, and Mainichi Shimbun — with circulations well above 5.5 million. Germany’s Bild, with a circulation of 3.8 million, was the only other paper in that category. In the United Kingdom, The Sun is the top seller, with around 3.24 million copies distributed daily.

In the U.S., The Wall Street Journal has a daily circulation of approximately 2.02 million, making it the most widely distributed paper in the country.^[26]

While paid readership of print newspapers has been steadily declining in the developed OECD nations, it has been rising in the chief developing nations (Brazil, India, Indonesia, China and South Africa), whose paid daily circulation exceeded those of the developed nations for the first time in 2008.^[27] In India, The Times of India is the largest-circulation English newspaper, with 3.14 million copies daily. According to the 2009 Indian Readership Survey, the Dainik Jagran is the most-read, local-language (Hindi) newspaper, with 55.7 million readers.^[28] According to Tom Standage of The Economist, India currently has daily newspaper circulation of 110 million copies.^[29]

A common measure of a newspaper’s health is market penetration, expressed as a percentage of households that receive a copy of the newspaper against the total number of households in the paper’s market area. In the 1920s, on a national basis in the U.S., daily newspapers achieved market penetration of 123 percent (meaning the average U.S. household received 1.23 newspapers). As other media began to compete with newspapers, and as printing became easier and less expensive giving rise to a greater diversity of publications, market penetration began to decline. It wasn’t until the early 1970s, however, that market penetration dipped below 100 percent. By 2000, it was 53 percent.^[30]

Many paid-for newspapers offer a variety of subscription plans. For example, someone might want only a Sunday paper, or perhaps only Sunday and Saturday, or maybe only a workweek subscription, or perhaps a daily subscription.

Most newspapers provide some or all of their content on the Internet, either at no cost or for a fee. In some cases, free access is available only for a matter of days or weeks, or for a certain number of viewed articles, after which readers must register and provide personal data. In other cases, free archives are provided.

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Advertising

A newspaper typically generates 70–80% of its revenue from advertising, and the remainder from sales and subscriptions.^[31] The portion of the newspaper that is not advertising is called editorial content, editorial matter, or simply editorial, although the last term is also used to refer specifically to those articles in which the newspaper and its guest writers express their opinions. (This distinction, however, developed over time – early publishers like Girardin (France) and Zang (Austria) did not always distinguish paid items from editorial content.)

The business model of having advertising subsidize the cost of printing and distributing newspapers (and, it is always hoped, the making of a profit) rather than having subscribers cover the full cost was first done, it seems, in 1833 by The Sun, a daily paper that was published in New York City. Rather than charging 6 cents per copy, the price of a typical New York daily at the time, they charged 1 cent, and depended on advertising to make up the difference.^[32]

Newspapers in countries with easy access to the web have been hurt by the decline of many traditional advertisers. Department stores and supermarkets could be relied upon in the past to buy pages of newspaper advertisements, but due to industry consolidation are much less likely to do so now.^[33] Additionally, newspapers are seeing traditional advertisers shift to new media platforms. The classified category is shifting to sites including Craigslist, employment websites, and auto sites. National advertisers are shifting to many types of digital content including websites, rich media platforms, and mobile.

In recent years, the advertorial emerged. Advertorials are most commonly recognized as an opposite-editorial which third-parties pay a fee to have included in the paper. Advertorials commonly advertise new products or techniques, such as a new design for golf equipment, a new form of laser surgery, or weight-loss drugs. The tone is usually closer to that of a press release than of an objective news story.

Journalism

Since newspapers began as a journal (record of current events), the profession involved in the making of newspapers began to be called journalism.

In the yellow journalism era of the 19th century, many newspapers in the United States relied on sensational stories that were meant to anger or excite the public, rather than to inform. The restrained style of reporting that relies on fact checking and accuracy regained popularity around World War II.

Criticism of journalism is varied and sometimes vehement. Credibility is questioned because of anonymous sources; errors in facts, spelling, and grammar; real or perceived bias; and scandals involving plagiarism and fabrication.

In the past, newspapers have often been owned by so-called press barons, and were used for gaining a political voice. After 1920 most major newspapers became parts of chains run by large media corporations such as Gannett, The McClatchy Company, Hearst Corporation, Cox Enterprises, Landmark Media Enterprises LLC, Morris Corporation, The Tribune Company, Hollinger International, News Corporation, Swift Communications, etc.

Newspapers have, in the modern world, played an important role in the exercise of freedom of expression. Whistle-blowers, and those who «leak» stories of corruption in political circles often choose to inform newspapers before other mediums of communication, relying on the perceived willingness of newspaper editors to expose the secrets and lies of those who would rather cover them. However, there have been many circumstances of the political autonomy of newspapers being curtailed.

Opinions of other writers and readers are expressed in the op-ed («opposite the editorial page») and letters to the editors sections of the paper.

Some ways newspapers have tried to improve their credibility are: appointing ombudsmen, developing ethics policies and training, using more stringent corrections policies, communicating their processes and rationale with readers, and asking sources to review articles after publication.

Impact of television and Internet

Further information: Online Newspapers

By the late 1990s, the availability of news via 24-hour television channels and then the Internet posed an ongoing challenge to the business model of most newspapers in developed countries. Paid circulation has declined, while advertising revenue — which makes up the bulk of most newspapers’ income — has been shifting from print to the new media, resulting in a general decline in profits. Many newspapers around the world launched online editions in an attempt to follow or stay ahead of their audience.

However, in the rest of the world, cheaper printing and distribution, increased literacy, the growing middle class and other factors have more than compensated for the emergence of electronic media and newspapers continue to grow.^[34]

On April 10, 1995, The American Reporter^[35] became the first daily newspaper, with its own paid reporters around the world and all-original content, to start on the Internet. The editor-in-chief and founder is Joe Shea. The site is owned by 400 journalists.^[36]

The future of newspapers in countries with easy internet access has been widely debated as the industry has faced down soaring newsprint prices, slumping ad sales, the loss of much classified advertising and precipitous drops in circulation. In recent years the number of newspapers slated for closure, bankruptcy or severe cutbacks has risen—especially in the United States, where the industry has shed a fifth of its journalists since 2001.^[37] Revenue has plunged while competition from internet media has squeezed older print publishers.^[37]

The debate has become more urgent lately, as a deepening recession has shaved profits,^[38] and as once-explosive growth in newspaper web revenues has leveled off, forestalling what the industry hoped would become an important source of revenue.^[39] At issue is whether the newspaper industry faces a cyclical trough, or whether new technology has rendered obsolete newspapers in their traditional format.

Reading newspaper print has a lower impact on global warming than reading online, according to one of the world’s leading paper-makers, because the impact of powering computers allegedly outweighs the impact of creating newsprint. «Reading a newspaper has a lower impact on global warming than reading the news online for 30 minutes,» according to Torraspapel’s Paper.^[40]

See also

• List of newspaper comic strips
• Lists of newspapers

Footnotes

Further reading

• Willings Press Guide (134th ed. 3 vol. 2010), comprehensive guide to world press. Vol 1 UK, Vol 2 Europe and Vol 3 World. ISBN 1-906035-17-2
• Editor and Publisher International Year Book (90th ed. 2009), comprehensive guide to American newspapers
• Conley, David, and Stephen Lamble. The Daily Miracle: An Introduction to Journalism (3rd ed. 2006), 518pp; global viewpoint
• Harrower, Tim. The Newspaper Designer’s Handbook (6th ed. 2007) excerpt and text search
• Jones, Alex. Losing the News: The Future of the News That Feeds Democracy (2009)
• Sousa, Jorge Pedro Sousa (Coord.); Maria do Carmo Castelo Branco; Mário Pinto; Sandra Tuna; Gabriel Silva; Eduardo Zilles Borba; Mônica Delicato; Carlos Duarte; Nair Silva; Patrícia Teixeira. A Gazeta “da Restauração”: Primeiro Periódico Português. Uma análise do discurso VOL. II — Reproduções (2011) ISBN 978-989-654-061-6 [2]
• Walravens, Hartmut, ed. Newspapers in Central And Eastern Europe (2004) 251pp
• Williams, Kevin. Read All About It!: A History of the British Newspaper (2009) excerpt and text search

External links

General

• Newspapers from List of Newspapers — Online Newspapers Directory

Newspaper archives

• Newspapercat – University of Florida Historical Digital Newspaper Catalog Collection
• Historical newspaper database, from NewspaperARCHIVE.com
• Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers from National Digital Newspaper Program.

A collection of useful vocabulary for newspapers. These words can be used for talking or writing about newspapers. There is also an audio for each section to help you improve your pronunciation. This topic can come in all parts of the IELTS speaking test, writing task 2 and also listening and reading. It’s well worth learning this useful newspaper vocabulary.

Types of Newspapers

• tabloids = gossip newspapers
• broadsheets = newspapers printed on large sheets which are usually considered more serious
• daily / weekly / monthly newspapers = papers printed once a day / once a week / once a month
• quarterly newspapers = newspapers printed once every 3 months
• heavy newspaper = a newspaper with serious content
• gutter press = newspapers which focus on sensational journalism, often about the lives of famous people
• periodical = a newspaper or magazine published at regular intervals
• local / regional newspaper = a newspaper which contains news from a particular area
• national newspaper = a newspaper which contains news from the whole country

Newspaper Content

• headlines = heading or title appearing at the top of a page or article
• columns = news that is printed in vertical columns rather than taking a whole page
• obituaries = a section in the newspaper about people who have recently died
• horoscope = a section in the newspaper about star signs and zodiac signs which foretell the future
• weather report = a section in the newspaper for weather forecasts
• business section = a section in the newspaper with business news
• international / world news section = a section in the newspaper which focuses on news from abroad
• caption = a explanation or title matching a picture or cartoon
• letter to the editor = a section in the newspaper for people to express their views to the editor of the newspaper
• special feature = a special story
• editorial = a news article containing the editor’s opinions
• comic strip = a cartoon series in the newspaper
• advice column = a column in the newspaper where advice is given to people who write in for it
• TV guide = a section in the newspaper with a guide for TV programs for the coming day or week

Other Useful Vocabulary for Newspapers

• circulation = the number of copies a newspaper distributes on an average day (some newspapers have a wider circulation than others)
• edition = a particular version of a text
• layout = the way articles are designed on a page (this can include the position of pictures, the number of columns and the size of headlines)
• attention-grabbing = a news story which draws public attention
• eye-catching = a picture or layout which catches a person’s eye
• in-depth = with many details
• sensational news = news which causes public excitement or interest
• black and white = without colour
• direct quotation = words taken directly from what a person has said
• paparazzi = a freelance photographer who follows celebrities
• front page = the first page of a newspaper
• supplementary magazine = a magazine which sometimes is given free with a newspaper
• back issue = an old newspaper edition
• subject matter = the topic dealt with in an article
• proof reader = a person who checks a text for errors
• fact checkers = a person (people) who checks if the newspaper facts and information in an article are correct
• hot off the press = news that has just been printed and is very recent
• readership = the collective readers of a newspaper (some newspapers have a large readership)
• issue (n) = 1. an important topic for a debate   2. a copy of a newspaper

Practice with Newspaper Vocabulary

Fill in the following sentences with word(s) from the above lists. Words can be adapted to make the sentences grammatically correct.

Try to fill in the answers before you listen to the audio below.

1.  I can’t understand why people buy ……………….. because they don’t contain real news, just gossip.
2. Famous people deserve the right to privacy and the government should do more to control and limit ……………
3. There are so many mistakes in that article with information that they’ve got wrong. They really should employ a …………….
4. I’m not keen on the …………… of some newspapers. It seems to me as though they are trying to fill the pages with pictures and big words to get people’s attention but I just think it’s messy.
5.  Did you read about that amazing hero in WWII that recently died? There was a wonderful article about her life in the …………….. today.
6. The reason that many people only glance through the papers to read the ……………….. is that they are so busy and don’t have time to read the details in the articles themselves.
7. Although we live in a global world, where international news is important to follow, it is still vital that people read their ……………… newspapers in order to learn about the community in which they live.
8. I quite like reading …………… because it’s interesting to read the views of the editor on particular issues.

Listen to the full sentences to check your answers.

https://ieltsliz.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/120518_007.mp3
Answers

Error Correction

Find the mistakes in the following sentences. There is one mistake in each sentence.

1. The paparazzi, who work freelance, are notorious for hound celebrities.
2. Gutter press focuses on mainly sensational news.
3. Tabloid are not popular newspapers among the educated people in my country.
4. Fact checkers do important work and are responsible to make sure that people are quote correctly in articles.
5. The recent article about marine environmental problems is hot of the press.
6. For my research, I had to go through a lot of back issues of various newspapers to find the articles relate to my degree thesis.
7. I’m pleased that newspapers are starting to include some colour photographs and pictures because it makes the articles more interesting and eye-catch.
8. One of my favourite parts of a newspaper is the comic strip because I find the message in the cartoons so relevent to the major issues of the day.

Answers

Recommended

• Media & Advertising: IELTS Essay Questions
• Advertising Vocabulary

Let’s Talk About Newspapers

Here you can find a collection of useful newspapers vocabulary. These words can be used for talking or writing about newspapers.

Types of newspapers

• tabloid (таблоїд, бульварна газета) – gossip newspaper
• broadsheets – newspapers printed on large sheets which are usually considered more serious
• daily / weekly / monthly newspapers – papers printed once a day / once a week / once a month
• quarterly newspapers – newspapers printed once every three months
• heavy newspaper – a newspaper with serious content
• gutter press (бульварна преса) – newspapers which focus on sensational journalism, often about the lives of famous people
• periodical (періодичне видання) – a newspaper or magazine published at regular intervals
• local / regional newspaper – a newspaper which contains news from a particular area
• national newspaper – a newspaper which contains news from the whole country

Newspaper Content

• headline (заголовок) – heading or title appearing at the top of a page or article
• columns – news that is printed in vertical columns rather than taking a whole page
• obituaries (некрологи) – a section in the newspaper about people who have recently died
• horoscope – a section in the newspaper about star signs and zodiac signs which foretell the future
• weather report – a section in the newspaper for weather forecasts
• business section – a section in the newspaper with business news
• international / world news section – a section in the newspaper which focuses on news from abroad
• letter to the editor (лист до редакції)  – a section in the newspaper for people to express their views to the editor of the newspaper
• editorial (передовиця) – a news article containing the editor’s opinion
• comic strip – a cartoon series in the newspaper
• TV guide – a section in the newspaper with a guide for TV programs for the coming day or week

Useful Newspapers Vocabulary

• circulation (тираж) – the number of copies a newspaper sold each day or each week (some newspapers have a wider circulation than others)
• edition (видання) – a particular version of a text
• layout (компонування) – the way articles are designed on a page (this can include the position of pictures, the number of columns and the size of headlines)
• attention-grabbing (привертає увагу) – a news story which draws public attention
• eye-catching – a picture or layout which catches a person’s eye
• sensational news – which causes public excitement or interest
• black and white – without colour
• paparazzi – a freelance photographer who follows celebrities
• front page – the first page of a news paper
• subject matter (тема) – the topic dealt with in an article
• proof reader (коректор)– a person who checks a text for errors
• fact checker – a person who checks if the newspaper facts  and information in an article are correct
• readership (читацька аудиторія) – the collective readers of a newspaper (some newspapers have a large readership)
• issue (випуск, видання)– a copy of a newspaper; an important topic for a debate
• online news – Інтернет-новини
• a press conference – прес-конференція
• a media outlet – ЗМІ
• yellow journalism – journalism that is based upon sensationalism
• invasion of privacy – порушення приватності
• government censorship – урядова цензура
• to cover a story (висвітлити історію) – to report on an event
• in-depth coverage of (поглиблене висвітлення) – a detailed analysis of
• eyewitness reports (повідомлення очевидців) – descriptions of what happened by people who actually saw an event take place
• breaking news (останні новини) – news which is just coming in

Have practice using Newspapers Vocabulary

Fill in the sentences with the words:

editorials   tabloids   paparazzi   obituaries   fact checker   headlines  regional   layout

1. I don’t understand why people buy __________  because they don’t contain real news, just gossip.
2. Famous people deserve the right to privacy and the government should do more to control and limit __________ .
3. There are so many mistakes in that article with information that they’ve got wrong. They really should employ a __________ .
4. I’m not keen on the __________ of some newspapers. It seems to me as though they are trying to fill the pages with pictures and big words to get people’s attention but I just think it’s messy.
5. Did you read about that amazing hero in World War II that recently died? There was a wonderful article about her life in the __________ today.
6. The reason that many people only glance through the papers to read the  __________ is that they are so busy and don’t have time to read the details in the articles themselves.
7. Although we live in a global world, where international news is important to follow, it is still vital that people read their __________ newspapers in order to learn about the community in which they live.
8. I like reading __________ because it’s interesting to read the views of the editor on particular issues.

Answer the questions

1. Do you often read the news?
2. Which magazines and newspapers do you read?
3. What kinds of articles are you most interested in? Why?
4. Have you ever read a newspaper or magazine in a foreign language?
5. Do you think newspapers and magazines might one day disappear?
6. Why is it important to read the news?
7. Should the government control what is in our newspapers?
8. What kind of person can become a good journalist?
9. Can you describe a newspaper or a magazine that you like to read? You should say: what the publication is; what kind of information it contains; how often you read it; explain why you read it.

I hope you find Newspapers Vocabulary useful to speak and write about newspapers and their content.

Based on: ieltsliz.com/newspaper-vocabulary/

Topics in journalism
Professional issues
News • Reportage • Writing • Ethics • Objectivity • Values • Attribution • Defamation • Editorial independence • Education • Other topics
Fields
Arts • Business • Environment • Fashion • Music • Science • Sports • Trade • Video games • Weather
Genres
Advocacy journalism Citizen journalism Civic journalism Gonzo journalism Investigative journalism Literary journalism Narrative journalism New Journalism Visual journalism Watchdog journalism
Social impact
Fourth Estate Freedom of the press Infotainment Media bias News propaganda Public relations Yellow journalism
News media
Newspapers Magazines News agencies Broadcast journalism Online journalism Photojournalism Alternative media
Roles
Journalist • Reporter • Editor • Columnist • Commentator • Photographer • News presenter • Meteorologist

A newspaper is a publication containing news, information, and advertising, usually printed on low-cost paper called newsprint. The content may be general or special interest, and is most often published daily or weekly. The first printed newspapers appeared in the seventeenth century, and their circulation increased until the late twentieth century, when developments in technology, especially the internet, posed major challenges to its business model. Paid circulation declined in most countries, and advertising revenue, which makes up the bulk of a newspaper’s income, shifted from print to online, resulting in a general decline in newspaper profits. This has led to some predictions that newspapers’ role in society will shrink or even disappear, although historically new media technologies, such as radio and television, did not supplant print media.

History

The first newspapers appeared as a daily news posting known as Acta Diurna (Daily Events) in Rome in 59 B.C.E. The first printed paper appeared in Beijing in 748. The first paper using the printing press was published in Germany in 1502. The oldest direct ancestors of the modern newspaper were the handwritten news sheets that circulated widely in Venice as early as 1566. These weekly news sheets were filled with information on wars and politics in Italy and Europe.

The first printed newspapers were published weekly in Germany from 1609. On November 7, 1665, the London Gazette (at first called the Oxford Gazette) began publication. It decisively changed the look of English news printing, using two columns, a clear title, and a clear date. It was published twice a week.

Rising literacy, dense populations in urban centers, and new technology all led to the popularization of newspapers as a medium for spreading news. Previous methods, such as town criers, public postings, or word of mouth, gradually faded away as newspapers became more readily available.

Types of newspaper

Many ways to classify newspapers exist, including frequency of publication, language, region served, and topics covered.

A «daily newspaper» is issued every day, often with the exception of Sundays and some national holidays. Saturday and where they exist Sunday, editions of daily newspapers tend to be larger, include more specialized sections and advertising inserts, and cost more. Typically, the vast majority of these newspapers’ reporters work Monday to Friday, so the Sunday and Monday editions largely depend on content done in advance or content that is syndicated. «Weekly newspapers» are also common and tend to be smaller and less prestigious than daily papers. However, those «Sunday newspapers» that do not have weekday editions are not considered to be weekly newspapers, and are generally equivalent in size and prestige to daily newspapers.

Most nations have at least one newspaper that circulates throughout the whole country: a «national newspaper,» as contrasted with a «local newspaper» serving a city or region. In the United States and Canada, there are few truly national newspapers, with the notable exceptions the Wall Street Journal and USA Today in the U.S. and the Globe and Mail and the National Post in Canada. Large metropolitan newspapers with expanded distribution networks such as the New York Times and the Washington Post can fill the role of de facto national newspapers. In the United Kingdom, there are numerous national newspapers, including the Times, the Daily Telegraph, the Guardian, the Observer, and the Daily Mail.

Newspapers often refine distribution of advertisements and news through zoning and editioning. Zoning occurs when advertising and editorial content change to reflect the location to which the product is delivered. The editorial content often may change merely to reflect changes in advertising—the quantity and layout of which affects the space available for editorial—or may contain region-specific news. In rare instances, the advertising may not change from one zone to another, but there will be different region-specific editorial content. For example, both the New York Times and Wall Street Journal offer a regional edition, printed through a local contractor, and featuring locale-specific content. The Journal‘s advertising rate card provides a good example of editioning.^[1]

There has also been an emerging class of «international newspapers.» Some, such as the Stageman International Weekly, the Christian Science Monitor, and the International Herald Tribune, have always had that focus, while others are repackaged national newspapers or “international editions” of national-scale or large metropolitan newspapers. Often these international editions are scaled down to remove articles that might not interest the wider range of readers.

Newspapers have also been developed around very narrow topic areas, such as news for merchants in a specific industry, fans of particular sports, fans of the arts or of specific artists, and participants in the same sorts of activities or lifestyles.

Format

Print Newspapers

Most modern newspapers are printed in one of three sizes:

• Broadsheet: 600 mm by 380 mm (23½ by 15 inches), generally associated with more intellectual newspapers, although a trend towards “compact” newspapers is changing this.
• Tabloid: half the size of broadsheets at 380 mm by 300 mm (15 by 11¾ inches), and often perceived as sensationalist in contrast to broadsheets.
• Berliner or Midi: 470 mm by 315 mm (18½ by 12¼ inches) used by European papers such as Le Monde in France, La Stampa in Italy, and, since September 12, 2005, the Guardian in the United Kingdom.

Newspapers are usually printed on inexpensive, off-white paper known as newsprint. Since the 1980s, the newspaper industry has largely moved away from lower-quality letterpress printing to higher-quality, four-color process, offset printing. In addition, desktop computers, word processing software, graphics software, digital cameras, and digital prepress and typesetting technologies have revolutionized the newspaper production process. These technologies have enabled newspapers to publish color photographs and graphics, as well as innovative layouts and better design.

To help their titles stand out on newsstands, some newspapers are printed on colored newsprint. For example, the Financial Times is printed on a distinctive salmon pink paper, the Italian sports newspaper La Gazzetta dello Sport is printed on pink paper, while L’Équipe (formerly L’Auto) is printed on yellow paper. Both the latter promoted major cycling races and their newsprint colors were reflected in the colors of the jerseys used to denote the race leader; thus, the leader in the Giro d’Italia wears a pink jersey, while the Tour de France leader wears a yellow jersey, or maillot jaune.

Online Newspapers

In the digital information age, publishers developed online newspapers to supplement ore replace their print editions. Online newspapers allow for more frequent updating (or publishing) of news, and provide an avenue for instantaneous conversation about the events as they occur. It is not unusual for newspaper reporters and even editors to maintain «blogs» (online journals or forums), or for newspapers to add forums to their websites for easy response from readers.

Online newspapers must abide by the same legalities as do their sister publications. Professional journalists have some advantages, as editors are normally aware of the potential for legal problems. However, as independent citizen-journalists became more prevalent on the internet, the potential for lawsuits increases. These include suits over libel, questions regarding negligence or actual malice, or suits regarding invasion of privacy torts (such as appropriation, intrusion, private facts, and false light).

News reporters in progressive newsrooms and journalism students in schools around the world are now taught about the «convergence» of all media and the need to have knowledge and skills involving print, broadcast, and web.

Content

General-interest newspapers are usually journals of current news. Those can include political events, crime, business, culture, sports, and opinions (either editorials, columns, or political cartoons). Newspapers use photographs to illustrate stories; they use editorial cartoonists, usually to illustrate writing that is opinion, rather than news.

A newspaper may include weather news and forecasts, an advice column, critic reviews of movies, plays, restaurants, and so forth, editorial opinions, a gossip column, comic strips, and other entertainment, such as crosswords, sudoku, and horoscopes, a sports column or section, a humor column or section, or a food column.

In addition, newspapers carry significant amounts of commercial advertising, as well as classified and personal advertising.

Editorials

Editorials serve as the mouthpiece for the ownership or editorial boards of newspapers. They are normally unsigned to highlight that they are representative of the entire group of ownership and editors. Editorials are used for editors to comment on any situation in current events and are not presented as strictly news, but very much as opinions. It is from these editorials that the ideological leanings of the people running the paper are made most obvious. Another way by which editors and newspaper owners express their opinions is through the use of editorial or political cartoons.

Circulation and readership

The number of copies distributed, either on an average day or on particular days (typically Sunday), is called the newspaper’s “circulation” and is one of the principal factors used to set advertising rates. Circulation is not necessarily the same as copies sold, since some copies or newspapers are distributed without cost. Readership figures are higher than circulation figures because many copies are read by more than one person.

According to the Guinness Book of Records, the daily circulation of the Soviet newspaper Trud exceeded 21.5 million in 1990, while the Soviet weekly Argumenty i fakty boasted circulation of 33.5 million in 1991. Japan has three daily papers, the Asahi Shimbun, Mainichi Shimbun, and Yomiuri Shimbun, with circulations well above four million. Germany’s Bild, with a circulation of 4.5 million, was the only other paper in that category. In the United Kingdom, the Sun is the top seller, with around 3.2 million copies distributed daily. In India, the Times of India is the largest English newspaper, with over 2 million copies daily. In the U.S., the estimated total daily newspaper circulation (print and digital combined) in 2018 was 28.6 million for weekday and 30.8 million for Sunday, down 8 percent and 9 percent, respectively, from the previous year; the print circulation decrease was slightly greater at 12 percent for weekdays and Sunday print circulation at 13 percent decrease.^[2]

A common measure of a newspaper’s health is market penetration. Market penetration is expressed as a percentage of households that receive a copy of the newspaper against the total number of households in the paper’s market area. In the 1920s, on a national basis in the U.S., daily newspapers achieved market penetration of 130 percent (meaning the average U.S. household received 1.3 newspapers). As other media, such as radio and television, began to compete with newspapers, and as printing became easier and less expensive, giving rise to a greater diversity of publications, market penetration began to decline. It was not until the early 1970s, however, that market penetration dipped below 100 percent.

Advertising

Most newspapers make nearly all their money from advertising; the income from the customer’s payment at the newsstand is small in comparison. For that reason, newspapers are inexpensive to buy, and some are free. The portion of the newspaper that is not advertising is called «editorial content,» «editorial matter,» or simply «editorial,» although the last term is also used to refer specifically to those articles in which the newspaper and its guest writers express their opinions.

A more recent development is the «advertorial.» «Advertorials» are most commonly recognized as an opinion-editorial that third-parties pay to have included in the paper. They commonly advertise new products or techniques, and the tone is usually closer to that of a press release than of an objective news story.

Publishers of commercial newspapers strive for higher circulation, so that advertising in their newspaper becomes more effective, allowing the newspaper to attract more advertisers and to charge more for the service. But some advertising sales also relate to market demographics: some newspapers might sacrifice higher circulation numbers in favor of an audience with a higher income.

Classified advertising

Classified advertising is a form of paid advertising which is particularly common in newspapers and other periodicals. A «free ads paper» is a newspaper containing only classified ads, usually grouped into an extensive set of categories.

Classified advertising is so called because it is generally grouped within the publication under headings classifying the product or service being offered (headings such as Accounting, Automobiles, Clothing, Farm Produce, For Sale, For Rent, and so forth) and is grouped entirely in a distinct section of the periodical, which makes it distinct from display advertising, which often contains graphics or other artwork and that is more typically distributed throughout a publication, adjacent to editorial content. Business opportunities often use classifieds to sell their services. Classified ads are also among the tools used by many companies in recruitment for available job opportunities.

Classified advertising is usually textually based and charges are calculated according to the number of words or lines of text. Thus, it can consist of as little as the type of item being sold (such as «Clothing») and a telephone number to call for more information. It can also have much more detail, such as name to contact, address to contact or visit, a detailed description of the product or products.

Personal advertisement

A «personal ad» or «personal» is an item or notice traditionally in the newspaper, similar to a classified ad but personal in nature. Personals are generally meant to find romance or friendship, and usually include a basic description of the person posting it, and their interests.

Due to newspaper prices being based on characters or lines of text, a jargon of abbreviations and acronyms has developed for use in personals.

Newspaper journalism

Since newspapers began as a journal (record of current events), the profession involved in the making of newspapers began to be called «journalism.» Much emphasis has been placed upon the accuracy and fairness of the journalist. Criticism of journalism is varied and sometimes vehement. Credibility is questioned because of anonymous sources; errors in facts, spelling, and grammar; real or perceived bias; and scandals involving plagiarism and fabrication.

In the yellow journalism era of the nineteenth century, many newspapers in the United States relied on sensational stories that were meant to anger or excite the public, rather than to inform. The more restrained style of reporting that relies on fact checking and accuracy regained popularity around World War II.

In the past, newspapers have often been owned by so-called press barons, and were used either as a rich man’s toy, or a political tool. By the beginning of the twenty-first century in the United States, a greater number of newspapers (and all of the largest ones) were run by large media corporations. This move led to concerns that the growing need for profit growth natural to corporations would have a negative impact on the overall quality of journalism.

Newspapers, however, have played an important role in the exercise of freedom of expression in the modern world. «Whistle-blowers» and those who “leak” stories of corruption in political circles often choose to inform newspapers before other mediums of communication, relying on the perceived willingness of newspaper editors to expose the secrets and lies of those who would rather cover them. However, there have been many instances of the political autonomy of newspapers being curtailed.

Even though the opinions of the owners are often relegated to the «editorial» section, and the opinions of other writers and readers are in the «op-ed» (opposite the editorial page) and «letters to the editor» sections of the paper, newspapers have been used for political purposes by insinuating some kind of bias outside of the editorial section and into straight news. For example, the New York Times is often criticized for a perceived left-wing political slant to its stories, or, by others, for supporting the American political establishment, whereas the opinion pages (but not the news pages) of the the Wall Street Journal generally take right-wing positions.

Some ways newspapers have tried to improve their credibility are by appointing ombudsmen, developing ethics policies and training, using more stringent correction policies, communicating their processes and rationale with readers, and asking sources to review articles after publication. Many larger newspapers are now using more aggressive random fact checking to further improve the chances that false information will be found before it is printed.

The future of newspapers

The future of newspapers is uncertain, with overall readership slowly declining in most developed countries due to increasing competition from television and the Internet. From its highest market penetration of 130 percent in the 1920s, newspaper penetration in the United States fell to just over 50 percent by the end of the twentieth century. However, at that time, newspaper influence and profitability were still strong.^[3]

The 57th annual World Newspaper Congress, held in Istanbul in June 2004, reported circulation increases in only 35 of 208 countries studied. Most of the increases came in developing countries, notably China. A report at the gathering indicated that China tops total newspaper circulation, with more than 85 million copies of papers sold every day, followed by India with 72 million—China and India are the two most populous countries in the world—followed by Japan with 70 million and the United States with 55 million. The report said circulation declined by an average of 2.2 percent across 13 of the 15 countries that made up the European Union before May 1, 2004. The biggest declines were in Ireland, down 7.8 percent; Britain, down 4.7 percent; and Portugal, where numbers fell by 4.0 percent.

One growth area is the distribution of free daily newspapers, which are not reflected in the above circulation data, and which grew 16 percent in 2003. Another growth area is high-quality tabloids, particularly in the UK, where several of the major broadsheets are experimenting with the format. Smaller and easier to hold than broadsheets, but presenting serious journalism rather than traditional tabloid content, they appear to have drawn some younger readers who are otherwise abandoning newspapers.

Newspapers also face increased competition from internet sites for classified ads, especially for jobs, real estate, and cars, the advertising of which has long been a key source of newspaper revenue. However, many believe that the internet can itself be used to newspapers’ advantage. For instance, it allows newspapers to effectively compete with broadcast journalism in presenting breaking news online in a timelier manner than printing allows.

Another challenge to newspapers is the rise of fake news, a type of yellow journalism or propaganda that consists of deliberate disinformation or hoaxes spread via traditional news media (print and broadcast) or online social media. Such news is then often reverberated as misinformation in social media but occasionally finds its way to the mainstream media as well. Fake news undermines serious media coverage and makes it more difficult for journalists to cover significant news stories.

Some newspapers have attempted to integrate the internet into every aspect of their operations, for example with reporters writing stories for both print and online, and classified advertisements appearing in both media; others operate websites that are more distinct from the printed newspaper. Many in both camps believe that newspapers will increasingly leave breaking news to online and broadcast media, with print publications focused on comment and analysis.

Though physical newspapers themselves are becoming less profitable, there is still a great demand to own one. This demand stems from a number of factors. Owning a newspaper (or chain of newspapers) is highly prestigious and seen as a sign of legitimacy for major broadcasting or publishing empires such as that of Rupert Murdoch. Newspapers are also seen as a public good and play a role in maintaining an informed base of citizens, which is vital in a democracy. Newspapers also offer corporations or wealthy individuals a voice on public matters and allow them a chance to be heard by many people on whatever matter they deem important through the use of editorials.

The future of newspapers may have serious ramifications for human society. In order for democracy to work, people need information. The change from mass media information to the more individualized information provided by the internet affects the nature of the information the public receives:

Democracy was more manageable when the mass media and their associated advertising for mass-produced goods tended to mold us into one culture. But that started to change after World War II. For some time now, historians have seen the world in three stages: a pre-industrial period when social life was local and small in scale; the industrial period, which made both mass communication and mass production possible; and the third or post-industrial stage, which shifted economic activity from manufacturing to services.… The mass media were already starting to break up the audience into smaller and smaller segments.… If we’re all attending to different messages, our capacity to understand one another is diminished.^[3]

For newspapers to survive and flourish as new technologies continue to advance methods of communication, they must adjust their product to match consumer demand. Newspapers as brands still hold tremendous sway with the public. The credibility and strong brand recognition of well-established newspapers, and the close relationships they have with advertisers (particularly in the case of local newspapers), are also seen by many in the newspaper industry as strengthening their chances of survival. The movement away from the printing process can also help decrease costs. While they may no longer be the purveyors of information regarding current events, the opinions they present on such matters, and on new products and services being developed, continue to have great influence over the public. As such, newspapers may indeed continue to hold an important place in society.

Notes

References

ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

• Meyer, Philip. The Vanishing Newspaper: Saving Journalism in the Information Age. University of Missouri, 2006. ISBN 978-0826215680
• Nord, David Paul. Communities of Journalism: A History of American Newspapers and Their Readers. University of Illinois Press, 2006. ISBN 978-0252074042
• Schudson, Michael. Discovering The News: A Social History Of American Newspapers. Basic Books, 1981. ISBN 978-0465016662

External links

All links retrieved November 14, 2022.

• All You Can Read 25,000 Newspapers and Magazines from 200 Countries.
• Today’s Front Pages
• Online Newspapers in all Countries in the World
• Small Town Papers Current editions of 250 newspapers from small U.S. towns.
• Utah Digital Newspapers
• History of Newspapers

Hello friends,

In today’s lesson we are going to talk
about the most traditional medium of delivering news to the people – the
newspapers.

But what is a newspaper?

A newspaper is a paper that is usually
printed daily, weekly or monthly that has news, articles of opinion,
advertising and other features.

Nowadays with convenient reading gadgets
why would anyone read, subscribe and pay for a paper newspaper?

Let’s consider the advantages of a print
media versus its digital edition.

1. People prefer the printed form more
because not everyone can afford an «eye-friendly» electronic device.

2. You can carry it anywhere, fold it any
way you like, read while leaning back, standing, sleeping, etc. The iPad does
that, but is too expensive for most of the world.

3. The printed newspaper is
designed and shaped for your eyes. You don’t have ads flickering or
popping up.

4. Newspapers have well-ordered and
detailed information on all types of news which includes business, science,
law, medicine, art and etc. in a limited space. So, when you look through
the entire newspaper, there is a feeling of satisfaction that you have covered
all the news for the day.

5. Newspaper makes for an impromptu
umbrella during a surprise rain. Can you do that with your laptop?

Now let’s have a look at a brief history
of the newspapers.

·                  
The first newspaper appeared
in China between 713 and 734. It was hand written on silk and contained
political issues.

·                  
In Ancient Rome the important
announcements were carved in stone tablets and placed in highly
populated areas where citizens could read them.

·                  
In 1477 Johann Guttenberg
invented the printing press. His invention led to a printing revolution.

·                  
Newspapers began circulating
in the 17th century.

·                  
The first successful daily
newspaper in Britain “The Daily Courant” was printed in 1702.

·                  
In 1785 The Times was first
published.

·                  
1806 – the first use of
illustration in The Times – the Admiral Lord Nelson’s funeral.

·                  
In 1791 The Observer was
founded – the UK’s oldest surviving Sunday newspaper.

·                  
In 1833 – first recorded
newspaper cartoon.

·                  
In the 19^th century
newspaper reporters began to use the telegraph to send news to their newspapers
quickly.

·                  
Then in 1890 The Daily Graphic
became the first newspaper in Britain to print a photo.

·                  
The Daily Express was the
first, to publish gossips, sport and crossword in 1900.

·                  
In 1903 the first tabloid for
women and run by a woman – The Daily Mirror was launched.

Look at these British newspapers. Which of
them would you like to buy? Why?

Now listen to the descriptions of two main
types of British newspapers and match them with the pictures.

broadsheet – a newspaper that used to be printed on large paper; a
quality paper. It has a lot of detailed articles about national and
international events. Besides they also carry financial reports, travel news
and book and film reviews.

tabloid – a type of popular newspaper with small pages which has many
pictures and short simple articles, often about not serious events or about the
private lives of well-known people. The language of a tabloid is much more
colloquial, than that of quality newspapers.

The broadsheets are: The Times and The
Guardian

The Sun and The Daily Star are tabloids.

National newspapers in the UK were
traditionally divided by format, between serious, intelligent, quality
newspapers – broadsheets – and the sensational, popular or red-top tabloids.

Several of the broadsheet newspapers (the
Guardian, the Observer) have now changed to Berliner formats.

“Berliner” is about the same size as
tabloid, but taller. This format is more economic and easy to open in public
transport.

Broadsheet newspapers are: “The Daily
Telegraph”, “The Sunday Times”, “The Independent”.

Tabloids are “The Daily Express”, “The
Daily Mail”, “The Mirror”, “The People”.

Altogether there are about 130 daily and
Sunday papers in Britain … some national, some local.

Let’s look at the front page/cover page
of the newspaper and study its structure.

Here the most important articles
are usually placed. Each newspaper article has a title (called the headline)
that is printed in large letters. Headlines are written in a specific
abbreviated style. The article consists of paragraphs.

A page of a newspaper is divided into
vertical columns.

An accidental mistake in print is called a
misprint.

A close-up photo is another structural element of the front page.

A short piece of text under a picture
which describes the picture or explains it is called a caption.

Inside the newspaper the articles are
usually split into sections: international/world news, local or national news,
finance/business, science, celebrity gossip, letter page and sport.

Close to the end of the newspaper you’ll
find a Classified ads section in which people and businesses advertise
items for sale and post job notices.

Entertainment, travel, fashion information, comics and
puzzles, reviews of movies and books are put on the back page.

Newspapers are worth reading! They are a
daily source news, education and fun.

But who are those smart and brave people,
who discover and describe the news events for us?

I’ll give you a clue: this word is
synonymous to “journalist”.

If none, then do the crossword and you’ll
guess the key word.

1. A newspaper report.

2. A title of the article.

3. Part of an article which starts on a
new line and has at least one sentence.

4. A vertical block of print into which a
page of a newspaper is divided.

5. The first page of a newspaper.

6. Information attached to image.

7. It can be either front or back.

8. An announcement in a newspaper about
something such as a product, event, or job.

By the way, would you like to be a
reporter and keep up with the news?

Here are the headlines of newspapers
published on the same day. Match the headlines to the topics.

1. Lose weight and live longer.	Health news
2. Snow alert for Scotland.	Weather forecast
3. Election date set.	Political news
4. Breakthrough in research for cancer drug.	Science news
5. New Star Wars movie coming soon	Cultural reviews
6. Mayor to open shopping hall	Business reviews
7. Brazil win final	Sports news
8.  Man killed in Accident	National/Local News

Many say that newspapers are dying, because
the Internet is just a better place to get news. It can offer many things that
papers can’t.

Others claim, that newspapers have been
with us for hundreds of years. Radio, TV and now the Internet were all supposed
to kill them off, but they’re still here.

Newspapers make history every day
preserving important moment on their pages.

On videos the moments are viewed and gone
in seconds. Front pages from important events become social archives recording
both the facts of the story and the feelings of the moments.

It’s the same as holding history in your
hands.

The news and the truth are not the same thing.

Новости и правда – это не одно и то же.

Прежде всего, необходимо помнить, что слово news в английском языке используется как существительное в единственном числе, хоть оно и заканчивается на -s, что часто указывает на множественное число существительного. Взгляните на пример:

No news is good news. – Отсутствие новостей – тоже хорошая новость.

Новости можно охарактеризовать по-разному, например: hard news (важные политические новости), soft news (развлекательные новости), fake news (ложные новости, сфабрикованные материалы). Упоминая информацию, которую вы услышали или увидели в новостях, следует говорить in the news.

Online education has been in the news a lot this week. — На этой неделе онлайн-образование часто появлялось в новостях.

Когда мы комментируем какую-либо новость, необходимо использовать грамматическое время Present Perfect. Рассмотрим следующие примеры:

They have just said in the news that Somali pirates attacked large Japanese oil tanker. – В новостях только что сказали, что сомалийские пираты напали на японский нефтяной танкер.

They have just announced that the president has left his office. – Только что объявили, что президент покидает свой пост.

• О том, в каких еще случаях используется это грамматическое время, читайте в статье «Present Perfect — правила и примеры».

Если мы более детально описываем случившееся, то следует использовать прошедшие времена и помнить о правилах косвенной речи. Взгляните на пример:

They’ve just said that a woman was killed in a house fire. Most probably it started because of the broken gas oven which woman had bought a week ago. – Только что сообщили, что при пожаре в доме погибла женщина. Вероятнее всего он начался из-за неисправной газовой духовки, которую женщина приобрела неделю назад.

• Вспомните правила косвенной речи, прочитав статью «Полезные приемы для передачи чужих слов».

Словосочетания со словом news

В английском языке существует множество сочетаний со словом news. Мы собрали для вас наиболее употребляемые.

Слово/Словосочетание	Перевод	Пример
front page news	сенсационные новости, главные события дня	The story about the boy in the desert made front page news. – История о мальчике в пустыне стала сенсационной новостью.
to make news	стать предметом обсуждения в СМИ	I’m sure their marriage will make news around the world. – Я уверен, их брак станет предметом обсуждения в мировых СМИ.
to hit the headlines	попасть в газетные заголовки	Do you really want Denny to hit the headlines in the news of the world? – Ты действительно хочешь, чтобы Дэнни попал в газетные заголовки мировых новостей?
a newsflash	молния, самые последние новости	A newsflash from Middle East says some of the French diplomats have been kidnapped and are being held as hostages. – Самые последние новости с Ближнего Востока сообщают, что нескольких французских дипломатов захватили в заложники.
a news agency	агентство новостей	According to the news agency Spectrum, Jack Davidson was the third member of city authorities to be arrested on bribery charges. – Как сообщает агентство новостей «Спектр», Джек Дэвидсон был третьим арестованным членом городской администрации по подозрению во взяточничестве.
a news item	новостное сообщение	Samantha read quickly over the short news item. – Саманта бегло прочитала короткое новостное сообщение.
a news analyst	обозреватель новостей, комментатор	Working as a news analyst means to analyse items and give the audience a better understanding of the events that are reported. – Работа обозревателя новостей предполагает анализ освещаемых событий для лучшего понимания их зрительской аудиторией.
a foreign news bureau	бюро зарубежных новостей	She has been working as a foreign news bureau chief for 10 years. – Она работает главой бюро зарубежных новостей в течение 10 лет.
daily news	ежедневные новости	The CBN news agency reports daily news on the number of injured and dead. – Агентство новостей CBN предоставляет ежедневные новости о количестве раненых и погибших.
a news ticker	бегущая строка	This new channel included a news ticker that provided news updates. – Этот новый канал стал использовать бегущую строку, которая содержит последнюю сводку новостей.

Какие профессии, связанные с миром новостей, вы знаете? В таблице мы представили подборку основных.

Слово	Перевод
a reporter	репортер, корреспондент
a journalist	журналист
a columnist	журналист, ведущий рубрику в журнале/газете
an editor	редактор
an editorialist	автор редакционных статей
a copy editor	редактор печатного издания
a paparazzo, a paparazzi	папарацци (фотожурналист, специализирующийся на съемке звезд шоу-бизнеса и знаменитостей в неформальной обстановке)
an announcer	диктор
an anchor (AmE), a newsreader (BrE)	ведущий новостей на радио или телевидении
an assignment reporter	специальный корреспондент
Weather person/man/woman	ведущий погоды
Weather reporter	ведущий погоды
Sports reporter	ведущий спортивных новостей

Лексика новостных выпусков

В следующей таблице представлены фразы, которые встречаются практически во всех новостных выпусках.

Фраза	Перевод
Hello and welcome to BFC news. I am John Bricks with the latest headlines.	Здравствуйте! Вас приветствует информационная служба канала BFC. В студии Джон Брикс с последней сводкой новостей.
Our sources tell us that…	Наши источники сообщают, что…
Here is an exclusive interview with…	Представляем вашему вниманию эксклюзивное интервью с…
Let’s hear from Mike Midleton, who is reporting live at the scene.	Давайте послушаем Майка Мидлтона, который ведет репортаж с места событий.
Stay with us, we’ll be right back after this short break.	Оставайтесь с нами, мы вернемся к вам сразу после короткого перерыва.
Welcome back!	Мы снова приветствуем вас!
We’ve got some important breaking news for you tonight.	Сегодня вечером мы предлагаем вашему вниманию главные события дня.
And that’s all from us for now. Thanks for staying with us.	На этом пока все. Благодарим за то, что были с нами.
We will be back with the latest news at 10 p. m. Thanks for watching BFC news.	Мы вернемся к вам с последними новостями в 10 вечера. Спасибо, что смотрите новости BFC.

Сообщая новости, дикторы, ведущие и репортеры часто используют следующие глаголы:

Слово	Перевод
to report	сообщать, рассказывать, приводить данные
to announce (a result, a decision)	объявлять, сообщать, оповещать (результат, решение)
to state	сообщать, утверждать, заявлять
to be on record as saying…, to go on record to say…	делать публичное заявление…
to be off the record	не для публичного оглашения
to leak out	просачиваться (об информации)
to publish (findings, the results of a survey, financial results)	обнародовать, опубликовать (находки, результаты опроса, финансовые результаты)
to publicise	обнародовать (информацию)
to broadcast	транслировать, вести телерадиовещание

Новости бывают разные: экстренные, трагические, приятные, важные. В английском даже есть выражение: News events are like Texas weather. If you don’t like it, wait a minute. (Новости подобны погоде в Техасе. Если они тебе не нравятся, подожди минуту.)

Вы следите за новостями регулярно? Тогда вам обязательно пригодится список слов, которые чаще других могут упоминаться в новостных выпусках.

Слово	Перевод
a tragedy	трагедия
a disaster	бедствие, катастрофа
a catastrophe	катастрофа
a calamity	бедствие, катастрофа, опасность
(a) death	смерть
destruction	разрушение
(a) disease	заболевание
starvation, famine	голод
(a) misery	нищета, страдание, горе
(a) hardship	невзгоды, лишения, трудности
an infrastructure	инфраструктура
a flood	наводнение, подтопление
an earthquake	землетрясение
landslides	оползни
a drought	засуха
a hurricane	ураган
a tornado	торнадо
a heatwave	период аномальной жары
a wildfire	пожар (степной, лесной)
a strike	забастовка
(a) murder	убийство
a road accident	ДТП
a robbery	ограбление
a victim	жертва
a hostage	заложник
an epidemic	эпидемия
a virus	вирус
quarantine	карантин
sanctions	санкции
a resident	житель, гражданин
an inhabitant	житель, обитатель
the homeless	бездомные
the injured	пострадавшие, раненые
a refugee	беженец
the destitute, the displaced	перемещенные лица

• Если вы интересуетесь политикой, советуем прочитать статью «Говорим о политике по-английски».

Как реагировать на новости

Вас удивила, напугала или вдохновила услышанная новость? Обсудить ее вам поможет лексика из таблицы.

Фраза	Перевод
The Guardian usually has well-balanced coverage of the news.	The Guardian обычно очень выдержанно освещают новости.
There’s some very fair reporting about the protests.	Репортаж о протестах очень объективный.
The BBC is usually objective/impartial.	BBC обычно объективны/беспристрастны.
This is a really in-depth article about the economy.	Это действительно содержательная статья об экономике.
That’s just sensational!	Это просто сенсация!
They should check facts.	Им следует проверять факты.
I think they’re biased.	Я считаю, что они предвзяты.
They shouldn’t be allowed to say/write things like this.	Нельзя разрешать им сообщать/писать подобные вещи.
You shouldn’t believe everything you read in the paper.	Не следует верить всему, что читаешь в газетах.

Идиомы

Приведем интересные идиомы с переводом и примерами к ним:

1. To hit someone for six – ошеломить (неожиданной новостью).
   

   News of his father’s sudden death completely hit him for six. – Новости о кончине его отца абсолютно его ошеломили.

2. Don’t shoot the messenger! – Не убивайте гонца, принесшего дурную весть!
   

   – What does it mean I’m being sued by my ex-wife?
   – Hey buddy, I’m just doing my job. Don’t shoot the messenger!
   – Что значит, моя бывшая жена подает на меня в суд?
   – Эй, дружище, я просто делаю свою работу. Не убивайте гонца, принесшего дурную весть.

3. Film at 11 – неактуальные новости.
   

   – Have you heard the news about John’s promotion?
   – Film at 11.
   – Ты слышал новости о повышение Джона?
   – Неактуально.

4. Believe it or not – хотите верьте, хотите нет.
   

   Believe it or not, 24 hours later we did receive a letter. – Хотите верьте, хотите нет, спустя 24 часа мы все-таки получили письмо.

5. Gooseberry season – мертвый сезон (в мире СМИ).
   

   When it’s gooseberry season newspapers are glad of any subject to fill their columns and amuse their readers. – Когда у СМИ мертвый сезон, газеты радуются любой теме, чтобы разместить в своих колонках и развлечь читателей.

6. A media darling – любимец СМИ.
   

   Everybody knows what happens to media darlings who get too big too fast. – Все знают, что случается с любимцами СМИ, которые достигают слишком многого слишком быстро.

7. A publicity hound – человек, стремящийся видеть свое имя в СМИ.
   

   Duke is a publicity hound, obsessed with fame and glamour. – Дюк – это человек, стремящийся видеть свое имя в СМИ, одержимый славой и гламуром.

8. Word on the wire – слухи в интернете.
   

   You shouldn’t believe this! It’s just the word on the wire. – Не стоит в это верить! Это всего лишь слухи в интернете.

Лексика из этой статьи поможет вам научиться понимать англоязычные новости. Однако словарный запас — не единственное, что можно вынести из новостных выпусков. В статье «Breaking English – как изучать английский по новостям» мы рассказали, как научиться понимать грамматическую структуру новостных заголовков, а также привели список новостных ресурсов для изучения английского. Начните смотреть короткие выпуски, адаптированные специально для тех, кто изучает английский. Постепенно вы сможете перейти от просмотра подобных видео к неадаптированным новостям. Желаем вам успехов!

↓ Список выражений по теме «Английская лексика в новостных СМИ»(*.pdf, 141 Кб)

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