The doctor word of the week - Word и Excel - помощь в работе с программами

Welcome to The Words of the Week, in which we look over some of the good, the bad, and the semantically imprecise words that tickled your curiosity this past week. Please note that bad is used here in a vague fashion; we do not really think of any words as bad (although sometimes they are a bit unruly).

This week has a special cameo from a 7th century B.C. Athenian.

‘Archive’/’doctor’

Both archive and doctor both received considerable attention last week, after the the National Archives were found to have doctored a photo of a women’s march.

The large color photograph that greets visitors to a National Archives exhibit celebrating the centennial of women’s suffrage shows a massive crowd filling Pennsylvania Avenue NW for the Women’s March on Jan. 21, 2017, the day after President Trump’s inauguration.
— Joe Heim, The Washington Post, 17 Jan. 2020

But signs critical of the president that appeared in the photo — including one that said “God Hates Trump” — were doctored to blur out Mr. Trump’s name, according to The Washington Post, which first reported on the alterations.
—Maria Cramer, The New York Times, 18 Jan. 2020

The sense of archive employed here is “a place in which public records or historical materials (such as documents) are preserved.” It came into English in the 16th century, from French and Latin, and may be traced back to the Greek archē, meaning “rule, government.”

Finally in suche places as the goodes woulde not reache to foster the poore, many citirens béeing admonished, intreated, & persuaded by the Ministers of the churches, haue bequeathed something by their testaments, many also haue assigned rentes, and yerely pensions, out of their landes, gardens, or houses, as is to bée séene in the writinges, Instrumentes, and Euidence, which are kepte for the same purpose in the Archiues and Treasuries of the sayde Churches and almes houses.
— Andreas Hyperius (trans. by H. T.), The regiment of the pouertie, 1572

Doctor has been in use as a noun since the 14th century, and as a verb since the 18th. The earliest verb use of doctor was “to give medical treatment to,” but the word has also been used with the meanings “to adapt or modify for a desired end” and “to alter deceptively” since the 1720s. Among the first things to be so doctored were alcoholic drinks.

Sir, I say that when I drink a Cup of Beer, or Ale, of my own Brewing, I know the Ingredients, and Innocence of the Composition, and therefore drink with Safety and Pleasure; but when I drink Wine, I know not what Mixtures and Adulterations it has pass’d thro’, what Tricks has been play’d with it by Coopers, and Vintners, nay more, how it has been Sophisticated abroad; for it seems of late, that they have learn’d the Art of doctoring their own Wines, so that we may have it imported here, yet adulterated there; in that Cafe Men know not what they Drink.
– Saynought Slyboots, The tavern scuffle, 1726

The word photograph did not exist until the 1830s, and so we did not speak of doctoring them in the 18th century. However, by the end of the 19th century the alteration of such images was sufficiently common that they were commonly referred to as being doctored.

I replied that he had sold a “doctored” photograph for an original drawing, and requested him to tell Mr. Stebbins I said this, so the matter might be investigated while there was yet time to do justice to the buyer.
— The Art Amateur (New York, NY), Mar. 1889

On the other hand, how can a photograph lie, unless it is doctored?
— Turf, Field, and Farm (New York, NY) 27 Jun. 1890

‘Coronavirus’

The coronavirus was on the minds of many, a preoccupation reflected in the virus being among our top lookups last week.

Much is still unknown about the Wuhan coronavirus outbreak and health officials are urging vigilance. That means travelers crisscrossing the globe should be aware of the virus, steer clear of heavily impacted areas and exercise some of the same kinds of preventive measures they’d use to avoid influenza and other illnesses.
— Marnie Hunter, CNN (cnn.com), 23 Jan. 2020

We define coronavirus as “any of a family (Coronaviridae) of single-stranded RNA viruses that have a lipid envelope studded with club-shaped projections, infect birds and many mammals including humans, and include the causative agents of MERS and SARS.” The word was coined in 1968, by a group of virologists writing in the journal Nature; they noted that the virus had an appearance similar to that of a solar corona (“a usually colored circle often seen around and close to a luminous body (such as the sun or moon) caused by diffraction produced by suspended droplets or occasionally particles of dust”).

‘Draconian’

The name of a 7th century B.C. Athenian lawgiver was part of the conversation among a group of 21st century A.D. lawmakers last week, as a senator from New Mexico used the word draconian.

Sen. Martin Heinrich (D-N.M.) on Tuesday blasted “draconian” restrictions on the press during the Senate’s impeachment trial of President Trump. “Preventing credentialed reporters from moving freely around the Capitol and confining them to roped-off areas limits their ability to interview lawmakers about the impeachment proceedings. These restrictions are antithetical to a free press, good governance, and the ability of the public to be fully informed about what we as elected leaders do in their name,” Henrich wrote in a letter to Senate Sergeant-at-Arms Michael Stenger.
— Zack Budryk, The Hill (thehill.com), 21 Jan. 2020

When used in a legal context draconian means “of, relating to, or characteristic of Draco or the severe code of laws held to have been framed by him”; in a broader sense the word may also mean “cruel” or “severe.” Draco created a written code of law in the 7th century B.C., in an attempt to clarify existing laws. Draco’s revision contained a number of penalties of such severity (with minor offenses punished with death) that his name ended up becoming associated with cruelty and legal severity.

Our Antedating of the Week: ‘sleazebag’

For our antedating of the week we are looking at the word sleazebag, because everyone loves a sleazebag … or maybe it was because the President of the United States used the word last week.

President Donald Trump called House impeachment manager Jerry Nadler “a sleazebag” on Wednesday, hours before he and fellow Democrats were to begin laying out their case in the Senate for Trump’s conviction and removal from office.
— Kevin Breuninger, CNBC (cnbc.com), 22 Jan. 2020

A sleazebag is defined as “a sleazy person,” with this sense of sleazy meaning “marked by low character or quality” (sleazy can also mean “lacking firmness of texture” and “shoddy”). Our previous earliest record of use had come in the early 1980s, but recent findings show it in use in print several years prior.

It’s up to you to set your own community standards. If you don’t have the guts to stand up, then the sleazebags will set the standards for you.
— Charles Reese, The Orlando Sentinel (Orlando, FL), 26 Aug. 1977

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By Dr. Peter Kadile

Dr. Peter, I’ve been hearing a lot about Vitamin D. I’m outside a lot, how do I know if I’m getting enough? – Lisa, Cathedral City

Lisa, your body does make its own vitamin D from sunlight. Exposing your bare skin is the best way for your body to produce the vitamin. But, if you wear sunscreen or keep yourself covered with a hat or long sleeves or pants, you may not have adequate exposure to produce vitamin D. You can also get vitamin D from over the counter supplements and a very small amount comes from diet.

Vitamin D is important for good overall health and strong and healthy bones. It is also important in making sure your muscles, hearts, lungs and brain work well and that your body can fight infection. It may even have some anti-cancer effects.

Vitamin D deficiency has been linked to cancer, asthma, diabetes type 2, high blood pressure, depression, Alzheimer’s, multiple sclerosis and Crohn’s disease.

I have been routinely checking my patient’s vitamin D levels with a simple blood test for the past 6 years and I am no longer surprised to find that a majority of my patients are vitamin D deficient. You would think that since our desert climate is mostly sunny for the majority of the year, vitamin D deficiency would be rare, but it is not. We spend most of our time indoors and you can’t absorb the sunlight through a window. We have also been taught to wear sunscreen to protect against skin cancer if we spend a lot of time outdoors.

So, if you would like to know if you have enough vitamin D, ask your doctor to order a simple lab test (called the vitamin D, 25 – hydroxy level). If you don’t spend enough time outside, you can supplement with vitamin D3 to achieve optimum vitamin D levels. Different organizations recommend different daily intakes of vitamin D, so work with your doctor in determining which dose to start with depending on your lab results.

Dr. Peter, the local health food store is offering vitamin B12 injections, should I get one? – Mark, Palm Springs

Mark, vitamin B12 is found in every cell of the human body and is very important for energy production. It contributes to skin health, immune and nervous system functions and muscle function. Unfortunately, individuals may not be getting enough vitamin B12 in their diet or may have a problem absorbing it. Meat is a good source of vitamin B12, thus vegetarians may be lacking in vitamin B12, Taking over the counter and prescription antacids regularly, can interfere with vitamin B12 absorption. If you are low in vitamin B12, your body is not getting enough fuel for energy.

Vitamin B12 is a water soluble vitamin, so if your body doesn’t need it, it will flush away the excess. Since lack of vitamin B12 may be due to a gut absorption problem, injections or under the tongue would be the preferred routes for supplementation.

Vitamin B12 benefits

important for energy production, can decrease fatigue
healthy regulation of the nervous system, reduces depression, helps with stress
essential for healthy skin, hair and nails.

You can consult with your doctor and get a blood test to check your B12 level to see if you are deficient or you can try supplementing with vitamin B12 with daily sublingual (under the tongue) tablets or injections every 1-4 weeks and see if you feel any better.

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Lesson No :1 Unit -I

1. THE DOCTOR’S WORD

-R.K. NARAYAN

PEOPLE came to him when the patient was on his last legs. Dr. Raman often burst out, “Why couldn’t you have come a day earlier?” The reason was obvious visiting fee twenty-five rupees, and more than that people liked to shirk the fact that the time had come to call in Dr. Raman ; for them there was something ominous in the very association. As a result when the big man came on the scene it was always a quick decision one way or another. There was no scope or time for any kind of wavering or whitewashing. Long years of practice of this kind had bred in the doctor a certain curt truthfulness; for that very reason his opinion was valued ; he was not a mere doctor expressing an opinion but a judge pronouncing a verdict. The patient’s life hung on his words. This never unduly worried Dr. Raman. He never believed that agreeable words ever saved lives. He did not think it was any of his business to provide unnecessary dope when as a matter of course Nature would tell them the truth in a few hours. However, when he glimpsed the faintest sign of hope, he rolled up his sleeve and stepped into the arena: it might be hours or days, but he never withdrew till he wrested the prize from Yama’s hands.

Today, standing over a bed, the doctor felt that he himself needed someone to tell him soothing lies. He mopped his brow with his kerchief and sat down in i8 THE DOCTOR’S WORD the chair beside the bed. On the bed lay his dearest friend in the world: Gopal. They had known each other for forty years now, starting with their Kindergarten days. They could not, of course, meet as much as they wanted, each being wrapped in his own family and profession. Occasionally, on a Sunday, Gopal would walk into the consulting room, and wait patiently in a corner till the doctor was free. And then they would dine together, see a picture, and talk of each other’s life and activities. It was a classic friendship standing over, untouched by changing times, circumstances, and activities.

In his busy round of work, Dr. Raman had not noticed that Gopal had not called in for over three months now. He just remembered it when he saw Gopal’s son sitting on a bench in the consulting hall, one crowded morning. Dr. Raman could not talk to him for over an hour. When he got up and was about to pass on to the operation room, he called up the young man and asked, “What brings you here, sir? ” The youth was nervous and shy. “Mother sent me here.”

“What can I do for you?”

“Father is ill …”

It was an operation day and he was not free till three in the afternoon. He rushed off straight from the clinic to his friend’s house, in Lawley Extension.

Gopal lay in bed as if in sleep. The doctor stood over him and asked Gopal’s wife, ” How long has he been in bed ? ”

“A month and a half, doctor.”

“Who is attending him?”

“A doctor in the next street. He comes down once in three days and gives him medicine.”

“What is his name?” He had never heard of him. “Someone I don’t know, but I wish he had had the goodness to tell me about it. Why, why, couldn’t you have sent me word earlier? ”

“We thought you would be busy and did not wish to trouble you unnecessarily.” They were apologetic and miserable. There was hardly any time to be lost. He took off his coat and opened his bag. He took out an injection tube, the needle sizzled over the stove. The sick man’s wife whimpered in a corner and essayed to ask questions.

“Please don’t ask questions,” snapped the doctor. He looked at the children who were watching the sterilizer, and said, “Send them all away somewhere, except the eldest.”

He shot in the drug, sat back in his chair, and gazed on the patient’s face for over an hour. The patient still remained motionless. The doctor’s face gleamed with perspiration, and his eyelids drooped with fatigue. The sick man’s wife stood in a corner and watched silently. She asked timidly, ” Doctor, shall I make some coffee for you ? ” “No,” he replied, although he felt famished, having missed his midday meal. He got up and said, “I will be back in a few minutes. Don’t disturb him on any account.” He picked up his bag and went to his car. In a quarter of an hour he was back, followed by an assistant and a nurse. The doctor told the lady of the house, “I have to perform an operation.”

“Why, why ? Why? ” she asked faintly.”

I will tell you all that soon. Will you leave your son here to help us, and go over to the next house and stay there till I call you ? ”

The lady felt giddy and sank down on the floor, unable to bear the strain. The nurse attended to her and led her out. At about eight in the evening the patient opened his eyes and stirred slightly in bed. The assistant was overjoyed. He exclaimed enthusiastically, “Sir, he will pull through.” The doctor looked at him coldly and whispered: ” I would give anything to see him through but, but the heart . . .”

“The pulse has improved, Sir.”

“Well, well,” replied the doctor. “Don’t trust it. It is only a false flash-up, very common in these cases.” He ruminated for a while and added, “If the pulse will keep up till eight in the morning, it will go on for the next forty years, but I doubt very much if we shall see anything of it at all after two tonight.”

He sent away the assistant and sat beside the patient. At about eleven the patient opened his eyes and smiled at his friend. He showed a slight improvement, he was able to take in a little food. A great feeling of relief and joy went through the household. They swarmed around the doctor and poured out their gratitude. He sat in his seat beside the bed, gazing sternly at the patient’s face, hardly showing any signs of hearing what they were saying to him. The sick man’s wife asked, “Is he now out of danger?” Without turning his head the doctor said, “Give glucose and brandy every forty minutes; just a couple of spoons will do.” The lady went away to the kitchen. She felt restless. She felt she must know the truth whatever it was. Why was the great man so evasive? The suspense was unbearable. Perhaps he could not speak so near the patient’s bed. She beckoned to him from the kitchen doorway. The doctor rose and went over. She asked, ” What about him now? How is he? “The doctor bit his lips and replied, looking at the floor,” Don’t get excited. Unless you must know about it, don’t ask now.” Her eyes opened wide in terror. She clasped her hands together and implored: “Tell me the truth.” The doctor replied, “I would rather not talk to you now.” He turned round and went back to his chair. A terrible wailing shot through the still house; the patient stirred and looked about in bewilderment. The doctor got up again, went over to the kitchen door, drew it in securely and shut off the wail.

When the doctor resumed his seat the patient asked in the faintest whisper possible, ” Is that someone crying ? ” The doctor advised, ” Don’t exert yourself. You mustn’t talk.” He felt the pulse. It was already agitated by the exertion. The patient asked, “Am I going? Don’t hide it from me.” The doctor made a deprecating noise and sat back in his chair. He had never faced a situation like this. It was not in his nature to whitewash. People attached great value to his word because of that. He stole a look at the other. The patient motioned a finger to draw him nearer and whispered, ” I must know how long I am going to last. I must sign the will. It is all ready. Ask my wife for the despatch box. You must sign as a witness.”

“Oh!” the doctor exclaimed. “You are exerting yourself too much. You must be quieter.” He felt idiotic to be repeating it. ” How fine it would be,” he reflected, ” to drop the whole business and run away somewhere without answering anybody any question ! ” The patient clutched the doctor’s wrist with his weak fingers and said, ” Ramu, it is my good fortune that you are here at this moment. I can trust your word. I can’t leave my property unsettled. That will mean endless misery for my wife and children. You know all about Subbiah and his gang. Let me sign before it is too late. Tell me. . . .”

“Yes, presently,” replied the doctor. He walked off to his car, sat in the back seat and reflected. He looked at his watch. Midnight. If the will was to be signed, it must be done within the next two hours, or never. He could not be responsible for a mess there; he knew too well the family affairs and about those wolves, Subbiah and his gang . . . But what could he do ? If he asked him to sign the Will, it would virtually mean a death sentence and destroy the thousandth part of a chance that the patient had of survival. He got down from the car and went in. He resumed his seat in the chair. The patient was staring at him appealingly. The doctor said to himself, ” If my word can save his life, he shall not die. The will be damned.” He called, ” Gopal, listen.” This was the first time he was going to do a piece of acting before a patient, simulate a feeling, and conceal his judgment. He stooped over the patient and said with deliberate emphasis, ” Don’t worry about the will now. You are going to live. Your heart is absolutely sound.” A new glow suffused the patient’s face as he heard it. He asked in a tone of relief, ” Do you say so ? If it comes from your lips it must be true . . .”

The doctor said, ” Quite right. You are improving every second. Sleep in peace. You must not exert yourself on any account. You must sleep very soundly. I will see you in the morning.” The patient looked at him gratefully for a moment and then closed his eyes. The doctor picked up his bag and went out shutting the door softly behind him.

On his way home he stopped for a moment at his hospital, called out his assistant, and said, “That Lawley Extension case. You might expect the collapse any second now. Go there with a tube of … in hand, and give it in case the struggle is too hard at the end. Hurry up.”

Next morning he was back at Lawley Extension at ten. From his car he made a dash for the sick bed. The patient was awake and looked very well. The assistant reported satisfactory pulse. The doctor put his tube at his heart, listened for a while, and told the sick man’s wife, ” Don’t look so unhappy, lady. Your husband will live to be ninety.” When they were going back to the hospital, the assistant sitting beside him in the car asked, “Is he going to live, sir?”

“I will bet on it. He will live to be ninety. He has turned the corner. How he has survived this attack will be a puzzle to me all my life,” replied the doctor.

Источник

November 20^th 2008

[display_podcast]

iTunes users can subscribe to this podcast

I have been told by one person with lots of post graduate education that PhD stands for “pig-headed determination.”

Another less charitable soul explained it as “piled higher and deeper.”

In truth PhD is the abbreviation of Philosophiae Doctor, which is the Latin for “Doctor of Philosophy.”

These degrees are the highest that are awarded by universities and originally the title was given because once a candidate had achieved this level he—and back in the 1300s it was always he—was qualified to teach.

In fact at first doctor meant “teacher.”

The root of the word doctor is from the Latin word docere, meaning “to teach” and also unexpectedly shows up in the roots of the word docile because someone who is docile is easy to teach, and also the word document, which was originally the thing from which you took information that was to be taught.

Some sources point to an Indo-European root dek meaning “to take” or “to accept.”

The sense as it moved from accepting to teaching was that a teacher caused one to accept information.

Right from the entry of the word doctor into English in it also referred to physicians. So there has always been that mild confusion as to whether someone with the title doctor actually has patients.

Although the verb to doctor must have originated with a sense that a doctor changes things for the better, the sense of doctoring things for the worse emerged first in the written record. A meaning of “patch up” and “set to rights” isn’t seen before 1829 but doctoring wine shows up in 1820. Altering someone’s appearance “doctoring his face” comes through 1774.

Like doctor the word physician came to English with the French of the Norman Conquest and so had to wait until after 700 or 800 years ago before being called an English word.

Skilled medical personnel before that were known as leeches in Old English.

Five days a week Charles Hodgson produces Podictionary – the podcast for word lovers, Thursday episodes here at OUPblog. He’s also the author of Carnal Knowledge – A Navel Gazer’s Dictionary of Anatomy, Etymology, and Trivia as well as the audio book Global Wording – The Fascinating Story of the Evolution of English.

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Dec 24, 2019

Let The Yule Times Roll — WOTW #50

This week’s word is YULE — how related to Christmas is it? What’s it got to do with winter? Where does it come from? Why am I singing about it? Happy Merry everyone!

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