From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
These are some of the different types of data.
In the pursuit of knowledge, data (; ) is a collection of discrete values that convey information, describing quantity, quality, fact, statistics, other basic units of meaning, or simply sequences of symbols that may be further interpreted. A datum is an individual value in a collection of data. Data is usually organized into structures such as tables that provide additional context and meaning, and which may themselves be used as data in larger structures. Data may be used as variables in a computational process.[1][2] Data may represent abstract ideas or concrete measurements.[3]
Data is commonly used in scientific research, economics, and in virtually every other form of human organizational activity. Examples of data sets include price indices (such as consumer price index), unemployment rates, literacy rates, and census data. In this context, data represents the raw facts and figures which can be used in such a manner in order to capture the useful information out of it.
Data is collected using techniques such as measurement, observation, query, or analysis, and typically represented as numbers or characters which may be further processed. Field data is data that is collected in an uncontrolled in-situ environment. Experimental data is data that is generated in the course of a controlled scientific experiment. Data is analyzed using techniques such as calculation, reasoning, discussion, presentation, visualization, or other forms of post-analysis. Prior to analysis, raw data (or unprocessed data) is typically cleaned: Outliers are removed and obvious instrument or data entry errors are corrected.
Data can be seen as the smallest units of factual information that can be used as a basis for calculation, reasoning, or discussion. Data can range from abstract ideas to concrete measurements, including but not limited to, statistics. Thematically connected data presented in some relevant context can be viewed as information. Contextually connected pieces of information can then be described as data insights or intelligence. The stock of insights and intelligence that accumulates over time resulting from the synthesis of data into information, can then be described as knowledge. Data has been described as «the new oil of the digital economy».[4][5] Data, as a general concept, refers to the fact that some existing information or knowledge is represented or coded in some form suitable for better usage or processing.
Advances in computing technologies have led to the advent of big data, which usually refers to very large quantities of data, usually at the petabyte scale. Using traditional data analysis methods and computing, working with such large (and growing) datasets is difficult, even impossible. (Theoretically speaking, infinite data would yield infinite information, which would render extracting insights or intelligence impossible.) In response, the relatively new field of data science uses machine learning (and other artificial intelligence (AI)) methods that allow for efficient applications of analytic methods to big data.
Etymology and terminology[edit]
The Latin word data is the plural of datum, «(thing) given», neuter past participle of dare, «to give».[6]
The first English use of the word «data» is from the 1640s. The word «data» was first used to mean «transmissible and storable computer information» in 1946. The expression «data processing» was first used in 1954.[6]
When «data» is used more generally as a synonym for «information», it is treated as a mass noun in singular form. This usage is common in everyday language and in technical and scientific fields such as software development and computer science. One example of this usage is the term «big data».
When used more specifically to refer to the processing and analysis of sets of data, the term retains its plural form.
This usage is common in natural sciences, life sciences, social sciences, software development and computer science, and grew in popularity in the 20th and 21st centuries. Some style guides do not recognize the different meanings of the term, and simply recommend the form that best suits the target audience of the guide. For example, APA style as of the 7th edition requires «data» to be treated as a plural form.[7]
Meaning[edit]
Data, information, knowledge, and wisdom are closely related concepts, but each has its role concerning the other, and each term has its meaning. According to a common view, data is collected and analyzed; data only becomes information suitable for making decisions once it has been analyzed in some fashion.[8] One can say that the extent to which a set of data is informative to someone depends on the extent to which it is unexpected by that person. The amount of information contained in a data stream may be characterized by its Shannon entropy.
Knowledge is the awareness of its environment that some entity possesses, whereas data merely communicate that knowledge. For example, the entry in a database specifying the height of Mount Everest is a datum that communicates a precisely-measured value. This measurement may be included in a book along with other data on Mount Everest to describe the mountain in a manner useful for those who wish to decide on the best method to climb it. An awareness the characteristics represented by these data is knowledge.
Data is often assumed to be the least abstract concept, information the next least, and knowledge the most abstract.[9] In this view, data becomes information by interpretation; e.g., the height of Mount Everest is generally considered «data», a book on Mount Everest geological characteristics may be considered «information», and a climber’s guidebook containing practical information on the best way to reach Mount Everest’s peak may be considered «knowledge». «Information» bears a diversity of meanings that ranges from everyday usage to technical use. This view, however, has also been argued to reverse how data emerges from information, and information from knowledge.[10] Generally speaking, the concept of information is closely related to notions of constraint, communication, control, data, form, instruction, knowledge, meaning, mental stimulus, pattern, perception, and representation. Beynon-Davies uses the concept of a sign to differentiate between data and information; data is a series of symbols, while information occurs when the symbols are used to refer to something.[11][12]
Before the development of computing devices and machines, people had to manually collect data and impose patterns on it. Since the development of computing devices and machines, these devices can also collect data. In the 2010s, computers are widely used in many fields to collect data and sort or process it, in disciplines ranging from marketing, analysis of social services usage by citizens to scientific research. These patterns in data are seen as information that can be used to enhance knowledge. These patterns may be interpreted as «truth» (though «truth» can be a subjective concept) and may be authorized as aesthetic and ethical criteria in some disciplines or cultures. Events that leave behind perceivable physical or virtual remains can be traced back through data. Marks are no longer considered data once the link between the mark and observation is broken.[13]
Mechanical computing devices are classified according to how they represent data. An analog computer represents a datum as a voltage, distance, position, or other physical quantity. A digital computer represents a piece of data as a sequence of symbols drawn from a fixed alphabet. The most common digital computers use a binary alphabet, that is, an alphabet of two characters typically denoted «0» and «1». More familiar representations, such as numbers or letters, are then constructed from the binary alphabet. Some special forms of data are distinguished. A computer program is a collection of data, which can be interpreted as instructions. Most computer languages make a distinction between programs and the other data on which programs operate, but in some languages, notably Lisp and similar languages, programs are essentially indistinguishable from other data. It is also useful to distinguish metadata, that is, a description of other data. A similar yet earlier term for metadata is «ancillary data.» The prototypical example of metadata is the library catalog, which is a description of the contents of books.
Data documents[edit]
Whenever data needs to be registered, data exists in the form of a data document. Kinds of data documents include:
- data repository
- data study
- data set
- software
- data paper
- database
- data handbook
- data journal
Some of these data documents (data repositories, data studies, data sets, and software) are indexed in Data Citation Indexes, while data papers are indexed in traditional bibliographic databases, e.g., Science Citation Index.
Data collection[edit]
Gathering data can be accomplished through a primary source (the researcher is the first person to obtain the data) or a secondary source (the researcher obtains the data that has already been collected by other sources, such as data disseminated in a scientific journal). Data analysis methodologies vary and include data triangulation and data percolation.[14] The latter offers an articulate method of collecting, classifying, and analyzing data using five possible angles of analysis (at least three) to maximize
the research’s objectivity and permit an understanding of the phenomena under investigation as complete as possible: qualitative and quantitative methods, literature reviews
(including scholarly articles), interviews with experts, and computer simulation. The data is thereafter «percolated» using a series of pre-determined steps so as to extract
the most relevant information.
Data longevity and accessibility[edit]
An important field in computer science, technology, and library science is the longevity of data. Scientific research generates huge amounts of data, especially in genomics and astronomy, but also in the medical sciences, e.g. in medical imaging. In the past, scientific data has been published in papers and books, stored in libraries, but more recently practically all data is stored on hard drives or optical discs. However, in contrast to paper, these storage devices may become unreadable after a few decades. Scientific publishers and libraries have been struggling with this problem for a few decades, and there is still no satisfactory solution for the long-term storage of data over centuries or even for eternity.
Data accessibility. Another problem is that much scientific data is never published or deposited in data repositories such as databases. In a recent survey, data was requested from 516 studies that were published between 2 and 22 years earlier, but less than 1 out of 5 of these studies were able or willing to provide the requested data. Overall, the likelihood of retrieving data dropped by 17% each year after publication.[15] Similarly, a survey of 100 datasets in Dryad found that more than half lacked the details to reproduce the research results from these studies.[16] This shows the dire situation of access to scientific data that is not published or does not have enough details to be reproduced.
A solution to the problem of reproducibility is the attempt to require FAIR data, that is, data that is Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable. Data that fulfills these requirements can be used in subsequent research and thus advances science and technology.[17]
In other fields[edit]
Although data is also increasingly used in other fields, it has been suggested that the highly interpretive nature of them might be at odds with the ethos of data as «given». Peter Checkland introduced the term capta (from the Latin capere, “to take”) to distinguish between an immense number of possible data and a sub-set of them, to which attention is oriented.[18] Johanna Drucker has argued that since the humanities affirm knowledge production as «situated, partial, and constitutive,» using data may introduce assumptions that are counterproductive, for example that phenomena are discrete or are observer-independent.[19] The term capta, which emphasizes the act of observation as constitutive, is offered as an alternative to data for visual representations in the humanities.
See also[edit]
- Biological data
- Computer data processing
- Computer memory
- Dark data
- Data acquisition
- Data analysis
- Data bank
- Data cable
- Data curation
- Data domain
- Data element
- Data farming
- Data governance
- Data integrity
- Data maintenance
- Data management
- Data mining
- Data modeling
- Data point
- Data preservation
- Data protection
- Data publication
- Data remanence
- Data science
- Data set
- Data structure
- Data visualization
- Data warehouse
- Database
- Datasheet
- Digital privacy
- Environmental data rescue
- Fieldwork
- Information engineering
- Machine learning
- Open data
- Scientific data archiving
- Secondary Data
- Statistics
References[edit]
- ^ OECD Glossary of Statistical Terms. OECD. 2008. p. 119. ISBN 978-92-64-025561.
- ^ «Statistical Language — What are Data?». Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2013-07-13. Archived from the original on 2019-04-19. Retrieved 2020-03-09.
- ^ «Data vs Information — Difference and Comparison | Diffen». www.diffen.com. Retrieved 2018-12-11.
- ^ Yonego, Joris Toonders (July 23, 2014). «Data Is the New Oil of the Digital Economy». Wired – via www.wired.com.
- ^ «Data is the new oil». July 16, 2018. Archived from the original on 2021-10-27.
- ^ a b «data | Origin and meaning of data by Online Etymology Dictionary». www.etymonline.com.
- ^ American Psychological Association (2020). «6.11». Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association: the official guide to APA style. American Psychological Association. ISBN 9781433832161.
- ^ «Joint Publication 2-0, Joint Intelligence» (PDF). Joint Chiefs of Staff, Joint Doctrine Publications. Department of Defense. 23 October 2013. pp. I-1. Retrieved July 17, 2018.
- ^ Akash Mitra (2011). «Classifying data for successful modeling». Archived from the original on 2017-11-07. Retrieved 2017-11-05.
- ^ Tuomi, Ilkka (2000). «Data is more than knowledge». Journal of Management Information Systems. 6 (3): 103–117. doi:10.1080/07421222.1999.11518258.
- ^ P. Beynon-Davies (2002). Information Systems: An introduction to informatics in organisations. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-96390-3.
- ^ P. Beynon-Davies (2009). Business information systems. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-230-20368-6.
- ^ Sharon Daniel. The Database: An Aesthetics of Dignity.
- ^ Mesly, Olivier (2015). Creating Models in Psychological Research. États-Unis : Springer Psychology : 126 pages. ISBN 978-3-319-15752-8
- ^ Vines, Timothy H.; Albert, Arianne Y. K.; Andrew, Rose L.; Débarre, Florence; Bock, Dan G.; Franklin, Michelle T.; Gilbert, Kimberly J.; Moore, Jean-Sébastien; Renaut, Sébastien; Rennison, Diana J. (2014-01-06). «The availability of research data declines rapidly with article age». Current Biology. 24 (1): 94–97. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2013.11.014. ISSN 1879-0445. PMID 24361065. S2CID 7799662.
- ^ Roche, Dominique G.; Kruuk, Loeske E. B.; Lanfear, Robert; Binning, Sandra A. (2015). «Public Data Archiving in Ecology and Evolution: How Well Are We Doing?». PLOS Biology. 13 (11): e1002295. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1002295. ISSN 1545-7885. PMC 4640582. PMID 26556502.
- ^ Eisenstein, Michael (April 2022). «In pursuit of data immortality». Nature. 604 (7904): 207–208. Bibcode:2022Natur.604..207E. doi:10.1038/d41586-022-00929-3. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 35379989. S2CID 247954952.
- ^ P. Checkland and S. Holwell (1998). Information, Systems, and Information Systems: Making Sense of the Field. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 86–89. ISBN 0-471-95820-4.
- ^ Johanna Drucker (2011). «Humanities Approaches to Graphical Display». Digital Humanities Quarterly. 005 (1).
External links[edit]
Look up data in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Data.
- Data is a singular noun (a detailed assessment)
often attributive
1
: factual information (such as measurements or statistics) used as a basis for reasoning, discussion, or calculation
the data is plentiful and easily available—
H. A. Gleason, Jr.
comprehensive data on economic growth have been published—N. H. Jacoby
2
: information in digital form that can be transmitted or processed
3
: information output by a sensing device or organ that includes both useful and irrelevant or redundant information and must be processed to be meaningful
Is data singular or plural?: Usage Guide
Data leads a life of its own quite independent of datum, of which it was originally the plural. It occurs in two constructions: as a plural noun (like earnings), taking a plural verb and plural modifiers (such as these, many, a few) but not cardinal numbers, and serving as a referent for plural pronouns (such as they, them); and as an abstract mass noun (like information), taking a singular verb and singular modifiers (such as this, much, little), and being referred to by a singular pronoun (it). Both constructions are standard. The plural construction is more common in print, evidently because the house style of several publishers mandates it.
Synonyms
Example Sentences
Smith, himself a stay-at-home dad and a journalist, mixes accessible summaries of social-science data with anecdotes drawn from interviews with couples in which the men have chosen, or have been compelled by economic circumstance, to become primary caregivers to their children.
—Eduardo M. Pealver, Commonweal, 11 Sept. 2009
He plays Chuck Bartowski, a computer-tech expert with the Buy More store’s Nerd Herd … who unwittingly becomes a secret agent when government data is downloaded to his brain.
—Michael Logan, TV Guide, September 10-16, 2007
As measurements get better and more data pour in, physicists will bring those errors under control and chart exciting new territory. But for many, the wait is a strain.
—Charles Seife, Science, 2 May 2003
By studying obscure demographic and economic data, he deduced that the Soviets were in crisis—and spending a far bigger slice of its national income on defense than anyone had suspected.
—John Barry et al., Newsweek, 21 May 2001
Recent Examples on the Web
Lack of chill bedevils plants The root of the problems now facing Georgia’s peach farmers can be traced to this past winter, which federal data shows was one of the hottest the state has experienced in the last 129 years of record-keeping.
—Drew Kann The Atlanta Journal-constitution (tns), al, 4 Apr. 2023
Kobek additionally points to age, height and physical appearance as data points that would support Doerr being the infamous killer, along with the fact that Doerr was an employee at a shipyard in Vallejo at the time of the murders.
—Anna Kaufman, USA TODAY, 3 Apr. 2023
For example, to get into a bar, a user can choose not to share data fields revealing their address, weight, height, or gender.
—Ron Hurtibise, Sun Sentinel, 2 Apr. 2023
Engineers also found their access to big data, data sheets and the log system revoked, the source said.
—Nectar Gan, CNN, 2 Apr. 2023
To participate, visit cranecount.org to find contact information for local coordinators as well as links to download data sheets and other information.
—Paul A. Smith, Journal Sentinel, 2 Apr. 2023
At the Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport, wind speeds reached up to 59 mph, the agency’s data shows.
—Quinlan Bentley, The Enquirer, 1 Apr. 2023
Ukraine was the world’s third and fifth biggest seller of corn and wheat, respectively, before the war, while Russia was the world’s largest exporter of wheat and fertilizers, according to the Observatory of Economic Complexity, a data website.
—Andrew Jeong, Washington Post, 1 Apr. 2023
The city saw about 15 more cloudy days this year compared with the previous years, the data show.
—Rebecca Ellis, Los Angeles Times, 31 Mar. 2023
See More
These examples are programmatically compiled from various online sources to illustrate current usage of the word ‘data.’ Any opinions expressed in the examples do not represent those of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback about these examples.
Word History
Etymology
Latin, plural of datum — see datum
First Known Use
1646, in the meaning defined at sense 1
Time Traveler
The first known use of data was
in 1646
Dictionary Entries Near data
Cite this Entry
“Data.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/data. Accessed 14 Apr. 2023.
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Merriam-Webster unabridged
Data is information such as facts and numbers used to analyze something or make decisions. Computer data is information in a form that can be processed by a computer.
Data is the plural of Latin datum, «something given.» In scientific use, the word data is often considered to be a plural noun meaning «pieces of information»: The data are reliable. But most people think of data as a mass noun meaning «information» and use the word with a singular verb and pronoun: The data is reliable because it was tested by experts.
Definitions of data
-
noun
a collection of facts from which conclusions may be drawn
“statistical
data”-
synonyms:
information
DISCLAIMER: These example sentences appear in various news sources and books to reflect the usage of the word ‘data’.
Views expressed in the examples do not represent the opinion of Vocabulary.com or its editors.
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Data means information, more specifically facts, figures, measurements and amounts that we gather for analysis or reference. The term’s meaning also includes descriptive information about things, plants, animals, and people. We collect and store data typically through observation.
We gather facts and numbers, which we exam and consider when trying to make, for example, a business decision. These facts and figures are data, as is electronic information that we store, and our computers or smartphone use.
Data is the plural of datum. However, most people tend to use the word data for both the plural and singular forms.
The Cambridge Dictionary has the following definition of the term:
“Information, especially facts or numbers, collected to be examined and considered and used to help decision-making, or information in an electronic form that can be stored and used by a computer.”
Quantitative and qualitative data
For scientists, mathematicians, statisticians, entrepreneurs, and lawmakers, there are two main types of data:
- Qualitative – it describes things, i.e., it is descriptive information.
- Quantitative – numerical information, i.e., numbers, statistics, measurements, etc.
Let’s look at an example of the two types in a context:
What do we know about Sammy the Cat?
Qualitative
- He is black all over except for his paws, chest, chin, and part of his tummy, which are white.
- His hair is short-to-medium in length.
- He spends most of the day asleep and tends to go out at night.
Quantitative
- His tail is 30cm (18″) long.
- He weighs 5kg (11.2lbs).
- Sammy has one sister and one brother.
- He is 40cm (15.7″) long (excluding tail).
Big data
Big data consists of at least one petabyte of information. One petabyte (PB) is 1015 or 10,000,000,000,000,000 bytes of digital information. We describe it as having the 5Vs: value, volume, variety, velocity, and veracity.
Wikipedia.org says the following:
“Big data is a field that treats ways to analyze, systematically extract information from, or otherwise deal with data sets that are too large or complex to be dealt with by traditional data-processing application software.”
In today’s fiercely competitive marketplace, companies are daily inundated with huge volumes of data; both unstructured and structured. However, what matters is not how much information there is, but what businesses do with it. CEOs and members of senior management analyze these massive pools of information for insights which can help them predict outcomes and make better decisions.
In the retail sector, big data today has become essential. Without it, any online store would struggle to compete effectively.
According to sas.com, if we analyze this type of information carefully, we might achieve the following benefits for our businesses:
- Lower costs.
- Better use of time.
- Development of new products.
- Optimized offerings.
- Smarter decision-making.
Sas.com makes the following comment about how we use business information today:
“Big data – and the way organizations manage and derive insight from it – is changing the way the world uses business information.”
Etymology
Etymology refers to where words come from. It also includes the study of how the meanings of words evolved over time. Did you know that the word nice once meant silly, simple, or foolish? Awful used to mean worthy of awe.
The term Data first emerged in the English language in the 1640s. At that time, it meant “a fact given or granted.” It was the classical plural of Datum, which came from the Latin word Datum, which meant “(thing) given.” The Latin word for Give is Dare. Datum is the past participle of Dare.
The term did not acquire the meaning “numerical facts collected for future reference” until 1897.
It entered the world of computing jargon in 1946, with the meaning “transmittable and storable information by which computer operations are performed.”
The terms data processing, database, and data entry appeared in 1954, 1962, and 1970 respectively.
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As long as government is allowed to collect all Internet data, the perceived exigency will drive honest civil servants to reach more broadly and deeply into our networked lives.
Yochai Benkler
ETYMOLOGY OF THE WORD DATA
From Latin, literally: (things) given, from dare to give.
Etymology is the study of the origin of words and their changes in structure and significance.
PRONUNCIATION OF DATA
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY OF DATA
Data is a noun.
A noun is a type of word the meaning of which determines reality. Nouns provide the names for all things: people, objects, sensations, feelings, etc.
WHAT DOES DATA MEAN IN ENGLISH?
Data
Data is a set of values of qualitative or quantitative variables; restated, data are individual pieces of information. Data in computing are represented in a structure that is often tabular, a tree, or a graph. Data are typically the results of measurements and can be visualized using graphs or images. Data as an abstract concept can be viewed as the lowest level of abstraction, from which information and then knowledge are derived. Raw data, i.e., unprocessed data, refers to a collection of numbers, characters and is a relative term; data processing commonly occurs by stages, and the «processed data» from one stage may be considered the «raw data» of the next. Field data refers to raw data that is collected in an uncontrolled in situ environment. Experimental data refers to data that is generated within the context of a scientific investigation by observation and recording. The word data is the traditional plural form of the now-archaic datum, neuter past participle of the Latin dare, «to give», hence «something given».
Definition of data in the English dictionary
The definition of data in the dictionary is a series of observations, measurements, or facts; information. Other definition of data is Also called: information the information operated on by a computer program.
WORDS THAT RHYME WITH DATA
Synonyms and antonyms of data in the English dictionary of synonyms
SYNONYMS OF «DATA»
The following words have a similar or identical meaning as «data» and belong to the same grammatical category.
Translation of «data» into 25 languages
TRANSLATION OF DATA
Find out the translation of data to 25 languages with our English multilingual translator.
The translations of data from English to other languages presented in this section have been obtained through automatic statistical translation; where the essential translation unit is the word «data» in English.
Translator English — Chinese
数据
1,325 millions of speakers
Translator English — Spanish
datos
570 millions of speakers
English
data
510 millions of speakers
Translator English — Hindi
डेटा
380 millions of speakers
Translator English — Arabic
بَيَانَات
280 millions of speakers
Translator English — Russian
данные
278 millions of speakers
Translator English — Portuguese
dados
270 millions of speakers
Translator English — Bengali
উপাত্ত
260 millions of speakers
Translator English — French
données
220 millions of speakers
Translator English — Malay
Data
190 millions of speakers
Translator English — German
Daten
180 millions of speakers
Translator English — Japanese
データ
130 millions of speakers
Translator English — Korean
데이터
85 millions of speakers
Translator English — Javanese
Data
85 millions of speakers
Translator English — Vietnamese
số liệu
80 millions of speakers
Translator English — Tamil
தகவல்கள்
75 millions of speakers
Translator English — Marathi
डेटा
75 millions of speakers
Translator English — Turkish
veri
70 millions of speakers
Translator English — Italian
dati
65 millions of speakers
Translator English — Polish
dane
50 millions of speakers
Translator English — Ukrainian
дані
40 millions of speakers
Translator English — Romanian
date
30 millions of speakers
Translator English — Greek
δεδομένα
15 millions of speakers
Translator English — Afrikaans
data
14 millions of speakers
Translator English — Swedish
data
10 millions of speakers
Translator English — Norwegian
data
5 millions of speakers
Trends of use of data
TENDENCIES OF USE OF THE TERM «DATA»
The term «data» is very widely used and occupies the 422 position in our list of most widely used terms in the English dictionary.
FREQUENCY
Very widely used
The map shown above gives the frequency of use of the term «data» in the different countries.
Principal search tendencies and common uses of data
List of principal searches undertaken by users to access our English online dictionary and most widely used expressions with the word «data».
FREQUENCY OF USE OF THE TERM «DATA» OVER TIME
The graph expresses the annual evolution of the frequency of use of the word «data» during the past 500 years. Its implementation is based on analysing how often the term «data» appears in digitalised printed sources in English between the year 1500 and the present day.
Examples of use in the English literature, quotes and news about data
10 QUOTES WITH «DATA»
Famous quotes and sentences with the word data.
The weaker the data available upon which to base one’s conclusion, the greater the precision which should be quoted in order to give the data authenticity.
There will soon be streams of data coming from all manner of products — appliances, clothing, sporting goods, you name it. Wouldn’t you rather live in a world where you can export the data from your son’s football helmet to a new app that monitors force and impact against a cohort of high school players around the country?
Let me tell you — when I was standing there on top of the world, you become so humble. You don’t think about breaking records anymore, you don’t think about gaining scientific data — the only thing that you want is to come back alive.
As long as government is allowed to collect all Internet data, the perceived exigency will drive honest civil servants to reach more broadly and deeply into our networked lives.
Facebook is by far the largest of these social networking sites, and starting with its ill-fated Beacon service, privacy concerns have more than once been raised about how the ubiquitous social networking site handles its user data.
We’re rapidly entering a world where everything can be monitored and measured. But the big problem is going to be the ability of humans to use, analyze and make sense of the data.
There is a reasonable concern that posting raw data can be misleading for those who are not trained in its use and who do not have the broader perspective within which to place a particular piece of data that is raw.
Forget artificial intelligence — in the brave new world of big data, it’s artificial idiocy we should be looking out for.
The whole enterprise of teaching managers is steeped in the ethic of data-driven analytical support. The problem is, the data is only available about the past. So the way we’ve taught managers to make decisions and consultants to analyze problems condemns them to taking action when it’s too late.
I have a computer screen near my seat where I monitor the overall health of the vehicle and pick up any problems that might be occurring early on or once we see any kind of a malfunction or anything unusual that’s happening, we can look at the data and figure out what that is.
10 ENGLISH BOOKS RELATING TO «DATA»
Discover the use of data in the following bibliographical selection. Books relating to data and brief extracts from same to provide context of its use in English literature.
1
Big Data: A Revolution That Will Transform How We Live, …
Big Data is the first big book about the next big thing. www.big-data-book.com
Viktor Mayer-Schönberger, Kenneth Cukier, 2013
2
Purely Functional Data Structures
This book describes data structures and data structure design techniques for functional languages.
3
Bayesian Data Analysis, Second Edition
Incorporating new and updated information, this second edition of THE bestselling text in Bayesian data analysis continues to emphasize practice over theory, describing how to conceptualize, perform, and critique statistical analyses from a …
Andrew Gelman, John B. Carlin, Hal S. Stern, 2003
4
Beautiful Data: The Stories Behind Elegant Data Solutions
In this insightful book, you’ll learn from the best data practitioners in the field just how wide-ranging — and beautiful — working with data can be.
Toby Segaran, Jeff Hammerbacher, 2009
5
Pacific Crest Trail Data Book: Mileages, Landmarks, …
The essential, cut-to-the-chase handbook to the Pacific Crest Trail, based on the comprehensive Wilderness Press guidebooks to the PCT, has been updated for 2005.
6
Data Streams: Algorithms and Applications
The applications for this scenario include IP network traffic analysis, mining text message streams and processing massive data sets in general.
7
Data Mining: Practical Machine Learning Tools and …
This highly anticipated third edition of the most acclaimed work on data mining and machine learning will teach you everything you need to know about preparing inputs, interpreting outputs, evaluating results, and the algorithmic methods at …
Ian H. Witten, Eibe Frank, Mark A. Hall, 2011
Table of Contents: Introduction / Data Stream Management Systems / Streaming Data Warehouses / Conclusions
Lukasz Golab, M. Tamer Ozsu, M. Tamer Özsu, 2010
9
Data Mining Techniques: For Marketing, Sales, and Customer …
This third edition of Data Mining Techniques covers such topics as: How to create stable, long-lasting predictive models Data preparation and variable selection Modeling specific targets with directed techniques such as regression, decision …
Gordon S. Linoff, Michael J. A. Berry, 2011
10
Beginning Data Structures Using C
Intended for those students who want to learn Data Structure programs in C language, this resource has a proper step-by-step explanation of each line of code.
10 NEWS ITEMS WHICH INCLUDE THE TERM «DATA»
Find out what the national and international press are talking about and how the term data is used in the context of the following news items.
How To Make A Bad Data-Driven Decision In Three Easy Steps
Bad decisions make interesting stories. In today’s world of big data, bad decisions often come from hard work, complex mathematics, and smart … «Forbes, Jul 15»
Genome data could outgrow YouTube, Twitter content by 2025 …
Scientists have warned that the computing resources designed to handle genome data may soon exceed those of giants like Twitter and … «RT, Jul 15»
Sugar, Spice, Hadoop And Everything Nice: A Recipe For More Data …
Ask ten people to define “data scientist” and you’re likely to get twelve different answers. It would be comical if the demand for their abilities … «Forbes, Jul 15»
This big data startup with roots from LinkedIn just raised millions of …
It used to be that if you were a company that’s been accumulating tons of data about your business, it would take a day or two (or longer) to sift … «Fortune, Jul 15»
How to use a VPN to keep your network data safe
When you connect to sites such as Amazon.com or your web banking service your network traffic is usually encrypted to keep your data safe, … «Macworld, Jul 15»
Oil Prices Turn Negative on Inventory Data
NEW YORK—Oil prices turned negative Wednesday after weekly U.S. inventory data showed a second-straight unexpected increase in crude … «Wall Street Journal, Jul 15»
APAC firms still stuck with data silos
Businesses in Asia-Pacific are still managing data in silos and lacking a centralized data management strategy, resulting in challenges such as … «ZDNet, Jul 15»
Facebook’s New Fort Worth Data Center Will Be Powered Entirely …
Facebook has announced that it’s building a fifth data center—adding to other four in Oregon, Iowa, North Carolina, and Sweden. The latest … «Gizmodo, Jul 15»
New Cloud2Cloud service will keep your cloud data protected
You might think that by moving applications to the cloud your data is automatically protected and worrying about backups is a thing of the past. «ITProPortal, Jul 15»
Ad-blockers could cut enterprise data load 25%, study suggests
The tools can spare users the annoyance of intrusive ads but, when used on an institutional level, could also reduce network and data costs … «Fortune, Jul 15»
REFERENCE
« EDUCALINGO. Data [online]. Available <https://educalingo.com/en/dic-en/data>. Apr 2023 ».
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